ci: debian: Switch to Debian Trixie release

ci: debian: Switch to Debian Trixie release

Debian Trixie CI images are generated now [1], so use them with the
following changes:

- detect_stack_use_after_return=0 option is added to the ASAN_OPTIONS
  because ASAN uses a "shadow stack" to track stack variable lifetimes
  and this confuses Postgres' stack depth check [2].

- Perl is updated to the newer version (perl5.40-i386-linux-gnu).

- LLVM-14 is no longer default installation, no need to force using
  LLVM-16.

- Switch MinGW CC/CXX to x86_64-w64-mingw32ucrt-* to fix build failure
  from missing _iswctype_l in mingw-w64 v12 headers.

[1] https://github.com/anarazel/pg-vm-images/commit/35a144793f
[2] https://postgr.es/m/20240130212304.q66rquj5es4375ab%40awork3.anarazel.de

Author: Nazir Bilal Yavuz <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CAN55FZ1_B1usTskAv+AYt1bA7abVd9YH6XrUUSbr-2Z0d5Wd8w@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch: 15-, where CI support was added