test_json_parser: Speed up 002_inline.pl

test_json_parser: Speed up 002_inline.pl

Some macOS machines are having trouble with 002_inline, which executes
the JSON parser test executables hundreds of times in a nested loop.
Both developer machines and buildfarm critters have shown excessive test
durations, upwards of 20 seconds.

Push the innermost loop of 002_inline, which iterates through differing
chunk sizes, down into the test executable. (I'd eventually like to push
all of the JSON unit tests down into C, but this is an easy win in the
short term.) Testers have reported a speedup between 4-9x.

Reported-by: Robert Haas <[email protected]>
Suggested-by: Andres Freund <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Andrew Dunstan <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Tom Lane <[email protected]>
Tested-by: Robert Haas <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CA%2BTgmobKoG%2BgKzH9qB7uE4MFo-z1hn7UngqAe9b0UqNbn3_XGQ%40mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 17