|
9 | 9 | import urllib.request
|
10 | 10 | import http.cookiejar
|
11 | 11 |
|
| 12 | +# 首先定义下边可能需要的变量 |
| 13 | +url = "https://www.baidu.com" |
| 14 | +headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"} |
12 | 15 |
|
13 |
| -# 最简单的方式 |
14 |
| -response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com", timeout=10) |
| 16 | +# 最简单的网页抓取方式 |
| 17 | +response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=10) |
15 | 18 | html = response.read().decode("utf-8")
|
16 | 19 |
|
17 | 20 |
|
18 |
| -# 使用Request类 |
19 |
| -request = urllib.request.Request("http://www.baidu.com/") |
| 21 | +# 使用Request实例代替url |
| 22 | +request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=None, headers={}) |
20 | 23 | response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
21 | 24 |
|
22 | 25 |
|
23 |
| -# 发送数据,即在urlopen()或者Request()中添加data参数 |
24 |
| -url = "http://localhost/login.php" |
| 26 | +# 发送数据,即在Request()中添加data参数 |
25 | 27 | data = urllib. parse. urlencode({ "act": "login", "email": "[email protected]", "password": "123456"})
|
26 |
| -request1 = urllib.request.Request(url, data) # POST方法 |
27 |
| -request2 = urllib.request.Request(url + "?%s" % data) # GET方法 |
| 28 | +request1 = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data) # POST方法 |
| 29 | +request2 = urllib.request.Request(url+"?%s" % data) # GET方法 |
28 | 30 | response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
29 | 31 |
|
30 | 32 |
|
31 |
| -# 发送Header,即在urlopen()或者Request()中添加headers参数 |
32 |
| -headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"} |
| 33 | +# 发送Header,即在Request()中添加headers参数 |
33 | 34 | request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, headers=headers) # 参数中添加header参数
|
34 |
| -request.add_header("Referer", "http://www.baidu.com") # add_header函数,另一种添加header的方法 |
| 35 | +request.add_header("Referer", "http://www.baidu.com") # 另一种添加header的方式,添加Referer是为了应对"反盗链" |
35 | 36 | response = urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
36 | 37 |
|
37 | 38 |
|
38 |
| -# 对付"反盗链":所谓的反盗链设置,就是检查header里的referer站点是不是他自己。所以只需要像把headers的referer改成某个网站自己即可 |
39 |
| -headers = {"Referer": "http://www.baidu.com/"} |
40 |
| - |
41 |
| - |
42 |
| -# 引发异常:urllib.error.HTTPError, urllib.error.URLError, 两者存在继承关系 |
| 39 | +# 网页抓取引发异常:urllib.error.HTTPError, urllib.error.URLError, 两者存在继承关系 |
43 | 40 | try:
|
44 | 41 | urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=10)
|
45 | 42 | except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
|
46 | 43 | print(e.code, e.reason)
|
| 44 | +except urllib.error.URLError as e: |
| 45 | + print(e.errno, e.reason) |
47 | 46 |
|
48 | 47 |
|
49 | 48 | # 使用代理,以防止IP被封或IP次数受限:
|
50 |
| -proxy = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({"http": "111.123.76.12:8080"}) |
51 |
| - |
52 |
| -opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy) # 利用代理创建opener实例(OpenerDirector实例) |
53 |
| -response = opener.open("https://www.baidu.com/") # 直接利用opener实例打开url |
| 49 | +proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies={"http": "111.123.76.12:8080"}) |
54 | 50 |
|
55 |
| -urllib.request.install_opener(opener) # 安装、设置全局的opener,然后利用urlopen打开url |
56 |
| -response = urllib.request.urlopen("https://www.baidu.com/") |
| 51 | +opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler) # 利用代理创建opener实例 |
| 52 | +response = opener.open(url) # 直接利用opener实例打开url |
57 | 53 |
|
58 |
| - |
59 |
| -# 抓取网页中的图片:同样适用于抓取网络上的文件。右击鼠标,找到图片属性中的地址,然后进行保存。 |
60 |
| -url = "http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/7d742c99tw1ee7dac2766j204q04qmxq.jpg" |
61 |
| -response = urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=120) |
62 |
| -with open("test.jpg", "wb") as file_img: |
63 |
| - file_img.write(response.read()) |
| 54 | +urllib.request.install_opener(opener) # 安装全局opener,然后利用urlopen打开url |
| 55 | +response = urllib.request.urlopen(url) |
64 | 56 |
|
65 | 57 |
|
66 |
| -# 使用cookie和cookiejar |
| 58 | +# 使用cookie和cookiejar,应对服务器检查 |
67 | 59 | cookie_jar = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
|
68 |
| -opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar=cookie_jar)) |
69 |
| -response = opener.open("https://www.baidu.com/") |
70 |
| -for cookie in cookie_jar: |
71 |
| - print(cookie) |
| 60 | +cookie_jar_handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar=cookie_jar) |
| 61 | +opener = urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_jar_handler) |
| 62 | +response = opener.open(url) |
72 | 63 |
|
73 | 64 |
|
74 |
| -# 发送在浏览器中获取的cookie,两种方式:(1)直接放到headers里,(2)构建cookie,添加到cookiejar中 |
75 |
| -headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)", |
76 |
| - "Cookie": "PHPSESSID=btqkg9amjrtoeev8coq0m78396; USERINFO=n6nxTHTY%2BJA39z6CpNB4eKN8f0KsYLjAQTwPe%2BhLHLruEbjaeh4ulhWAS5RysUM%2B; "} |
| 65 | +# 发送在浏览器中获取的cookie,两种方式: |
| 66 | +# (1)直接放到headers里 |
| 67 | +headers = { |
| 68 | + "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)", |
| 69 | + "Cookie": "PHPSESSID=btqkg9amjrtoeev8coq0m78396; USERINFO=n6nxTHTY%2BJA39z6CpNB4eKN8f0KsYLjAQTwPe%2BhLHLruEbjaeh4ulhWAS5RysUM%2B; " |
| 70 | +} |
77 | 71 | request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
|
78 | 72 |
|
79 |
| -cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(name="xx", value="xx", domain="xx") |
| 73 | +# (2)构建cookie,添加到cookiejar中 |
| 74 | +cookie = http.cookiejar.Cookie(name="xx", value="xx", domain="xx", ...) |
80 | 75 | cookie_jar.set_cookie(cookie)
|
81 |
| -response = opener.open("https://www.baidu.com/") |
| 76 | +response = opener.open(url) |
82 | 77 |
|
83 | 78 |
|
84 | 79 | # 同时使用代理和cookiejar
|
85 |
| -opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookiejar=cookie_jar)) |
86 |
| -opener.add_handler(urllib.request.ProxyHandler(proxies={"http": "http://www.example.com:8888/"})) |
| 80 | +opener = urllib.request.build_opener(cookie_jar_handler) |
| 81 | +opener.add_handler(proxy_handler) |
87 | 82 | response = opener.open("https://www.baidu.com/")
|
| 83 | + |
| 84 | + |
| 85 | +# 抓取网页中的图片:同样适用于抓取网络上的文件。右击鼠标,找到图片属性中的地址,然后进行保存。 |
| 86 | +response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/7d742c99tw1ee7dac2766j204q04qmxq.jpg", timeout=120) |
| 87 | +with open("test.jpg", "wb") as file_img: |
| 88 | + file_img.write(response.read()) |
| 89 | + |
| 90 | + |
| 91 | +# HTTP认证:即HTTP身份验证 |
| 92 | +password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() # 创建一个PasswordMgr |
| 93 | +password_mgr.add_password(realm=None, uri=url, user='username', passwd='password') # 添加用户名和密码 |
| 94 | +handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr) # 创建HTTPBasicAuthHandler |
| 95 | +opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) # 创建opner |
| 96 | +response = opener.open(url, timeout=10) # 获取数据 |
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