This version is the minimum required to support the UTF-8 code page
(CP_UTF8).

Additionally, this change adds app manifests to targets that were
previously missing them.

This change removes one use case of `std::wstring_convert`, which is
deprecated in C++17 and removed in C++26. Other uses remain for now.

This reverts commit 53372f2.

The other code in this file is using this pattern to throw when a key is
unset, instead of silently returning a None when using os.getenv(key)
with no default value specified.

So use the pattern here as well. As the env vars are always set, this
should be a refactor that does not change the behavior.

The bool is forced to check=True, but some commands may want to
explicitly use kwargs to disable it.

This refactor is needed for the next commit.

The build scripts inside the image retry after a failure. However, there
may be some rare network failures inside the container engine. For
example, when pulling the underlying base image, or when pulling the
docker cache.

Thus, retry after a failure once, which should hopefully fix
bitcoin/bitcoin#33640.

This refactor does not change behavior, but it has a few benefits:

* The shellcheck SC2086 warning is disabled for the whole command, but
  is only needed for the CI_CONTAINER_CAP env var. So in Python, only
  pass this one env var to shlex.split() for proper word splitting.
* Future logic improvements can be implemented in Python.

The comments are moved, which can be checked via the git options:
--color-moved=dimmed-zebra --color-moved-ws=ignore-all-space

This was added in commit b705bad, but I
keep forgetting the background that this is needed for the retry Bash
script. So document it.

Drop using the git clone & install.

53e4951 Switch to ANSI Windows API in `fsbridge::fopen()` function (Hennadii Stepanov)
dbe770d Switch to ANSI Windows API in `Win32ErrorString()` function (Hennadii Stepanov)
06d0be4 Remove no longer necessary `WinCmdLineArgs` class (Hennadii Stepanov)
f366408 cmake: Set process code page to UTF-8 on Windows (Hennadii Stepanov)
dccbb17 Set minimum supported Windows version to 1903 (May 2019 Update) (Hennadii Stepanov)

Pull request description:

  The main goal is to remove [deprecated](bitcoin/bitcoin#32361) code (removed in C++26).

  This PR employs Microsoft's modern [approach](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/apps/design/globalizing/use-utf8-code-page) to handling UTF-8:
  > Until recently, Windows has emphasized "Unicode" -W variants over -A APIs. However, recent releases have used the ANSI code page and -A APIs as a means to introduce UTF-8 support to apps. If the ANSI code page is configured for UTF-8, then -A APIs typically operate in UTF-8. This model has the benefit of supporting existing code built with -A APIs without any code changes.

  TODO:
  - [x] Handle application manifests properly when building with MSVC.
  - [x] Bump the minimum supported Windows version to 1903 (May 2019 Update).
  - [x] Remove all remaining use cases of the deprecated `std:wstring_convert`.
      - The instance in `subprocess.h` will be addressed in a follow-up PR, as additional tests are likely needed.
      - The usage in `common/system.cpp` is handled in bitcoin/bitcoin#32566.

  Resolves partially bitcoin/bitcoin#32361.

ACKs for top commit:
  laanwj:
    re-ACK 53e4951
  hodlinator:
    re-ACK 53e4951
  davidgumberg:
    untested crACK bitcoin/bitcoin@53e4951

Tree-SHA512: 0dbe9badca8b979ac2b4814fea6e4a7e53c423a1c96cb76ce894253137d3640a87631a5b22b9645e8f0c2a36a107122eb19ed8e92978c17384ffa8b9ab9993b5

53b34c8 ci: use pycapnp 2.2.1 in mac native job (fanquake)
8654328 ci: remove Python version comment from mac config (fanquake)

Pull request description:

  Switch to using v2.2.1 in the mac native job. Remove the git clone & install step.

ACKs for top commit:
  maflcko:
    lgtm ACK 53b34c8
  l0rinc:
    crACK 53b34c8
  hebasto:
    ACK 53b34c8.

Tree-SHA512: e756694c14431aacb3e48104331da88285c7500b4c4599c698f50d721d428ffe61258be075ef526b93c15aa3331f38535ca95249a2ef3ebfc804f61479095d9b

5555bce ci: Document why IN_GETOPT_BIN env var is needed on macOS (MarcoFalke)
fabe516 ci: Export the container id in python script (MarcoFalke)
fa6aa9f ci: Retry image building once on failure (MarcoFalke)
fa4dbe0 ci: Allow overwriting check option in run() helper (MarcoFalke)
fa8e4de ci: Use os.environ[key] access when value must be set (MarcoFalke)

Pull request description:

  This should fix bitcoin/bitcoin#33640.

  It also contains a few refactor cleanups, which are explained in the corresponding commits.

ACKs for top commit:
  l0rinc:
    Code review reACK 5555bce
  kevkevinpal:
    ACK [5555bce](bitcoin/bitcoin@5555bce)
  davidgumberg:
    crACK bitcoin/bitcoin@5555bce

Tree-SHA512: f1ea95b0650e57d6a9f97c575a11ee461832c0715c3d1a24dbfe12ccc5366f295639d4c4827f1d01da460ddf00917ecaa627e7dbd12e405770db6c53c3778a9c

…ion to 17

fa0fa0f refactor: Revert "disable self-assign warning for tests" (MarcoFalke)
faed118 build: Bump clang minimum supported version to 17 (MarcoFalke)

Pull request description:

  Most supported operating systems ship with clang-17 (or later), so bump the minimum to that and allow new code to drop workarounds for previous clang bugs.

  (Apart from dropping the small workaround, this bump allows the `ci_native_nowallet_libbitcoinkernel` CI to run on riscv64 without running into an ICE with clang-16.)

  This patch will only be released in version 31.x, next year (2026).

  For reference:

  * https://packages.debian.org/bookworm/clang-19
  * https://packages.ubuntu.com/noble/clang (clang-18)
  * CentOS-like 8/9/10 ship clang-17 (and later) via Stream
  * FreeBSD 12/13 ship clang-17 (and later) via packages
  * OpenSuse Tumbleweed ships with https://software.opensuse.org/package/clang (clang21); No idea about OpenSuse Leap

  On operating systems where the clang version is not shipped by default, the user would have to use GCC, or install clang in a different way. For example:

  * https://packages.debian.org/bookworm/g++ (g++-12)
  * https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/g++ (g++-11)
  * https://apt.llvm.org/, or nix, or guix, or compile clang from source, ...

  *Ubuntu 22.04 LTS does not ship with clang-16 (the previous minimum required), nor with clang-17, so one of the above workarounds is needed there.*

  macOS 14 is unaffected, and the previous minimum requirement of Xcode15.0 remains, see also https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/919e6d01e93a57d991ed456bc67c43605583ada8/depends/hosts/darwin.mk#L3-L4. (Modulo compiling the fuzz tests, which requires https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/blob/919e6d01e93a57d991ed456bc67c43605583ada8/.github/workflows/ci.yml#L149)

ACKs for top commit:
  janb84:
    Concept ACK fa0fa0f
  l0rinc:
    Code review ACK fa0fa0f
  hebasto:
    ACK fa0fa0f.

Tree-SHA512: 5973cec39982f80b8b43e493cde012d9d1ab75a0362300b007d155db9f871c6341e7e209e5e63f0c3ca490136b684683de270136d62cb56f6b00b0ac0331dc36