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articles/controlling_slicer_g-code_order.md

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@@ -63,5 +63,5 @@ To force the g-code ordering, place any of the following g-codes from the follow
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### Example
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Forces both bed and hotend to heat up fully before executing `PRINT_START` (SS):
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- ![](./images/controlling_slicer_g-code_order/StartGcode-CustomOrder.png)
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- [![](./images/controlling_slicer_g-code_order/StartGcode-CustomOrder.png)](./images/controlling_slicer_g-code_order/StartGcode-CustomOrder.png){:target="_blank"}
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articles/cooling_and_layer_times.md

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---
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## Signs of Overheating
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![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-1.png) ![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-4.png)
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![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-2.png)
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![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-3.png)
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![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-5.png)
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![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-6.jpg)
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[![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-1.png)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-1.png){:target="_blank"} [![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-4.png)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-4.png){:target="_blank"}
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[![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-2.png)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-2.png){:target="_blank"}
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[![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-3.png)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-3.png){:target="_blank"}
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[![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-5.png)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-5.png){:target="_blank"}
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[![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-6.jpg)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Overheating-6.jpg){:target="_blank"}
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## How to Fix It
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### Increase Fan Speeds
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People often start printing by ABS with no cooling. While this is valid advice for unenclosed printers, it's not a universal rule. **ABS often needs some cooling, especially in an enclosure.**
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### Give Objects Some Break Time Between Layers
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- You can achieve this by printing more objects at once, and spreading them out.
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- ![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Cooling-Spread.png)
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- [![](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Cooling-Spread.png)](./images/cooling_and_layer_times/Cooling-Spread.png){:target="_blank"}
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- This allows each object some "break time" between layers. Otherwise you are pumping more and more heat into the object before the previous layer has had a chance to fully solidify.
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articles/determining_max_speeds_accels.md

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@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ There is some interplay between accelerations and speeds.
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- The "desired speed" field is mostly arbitrary for our purposes. Enter anything or use the default.
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- This **yellow line** shows that we would theoretically max out a bit over **900mm/s** at this acceleration/distance.
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- ![](./images/determining_max_speeds_accels/TEST_SPEED_Calc.png)
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- [![](./images/determining_max_speeds_accels/TEST_SPEED_Calc.png)](./images/determining_max_speeds_accels/TEST_SPEED_Calc.png){:target="_blank"}
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- The **blue line** just shows how far a given speed would be maintained (400mm/s in this example - arbitrarily chosen)
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- Inspect the g-code terminal output:
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- Compare the numbers for the X and Y steppers for the first and second homing.
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- ![](./images/determining_max_speeds_accels/TEST_SPEED_Compare.png)
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- [![](./images/determining_max_speeds_accels/TEST_SPEED_Compare.png)](./images/determining_max_speeds_accels/TEST_SPEED_Compare.png){:target="_blank"}
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- These numbers represent the microstep position of the toolhead at X/Y max position.
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- Ensure that the difference between these numbers **has not exceeded a full step.**

articles/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate.md

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- This means that you can change layer heights, nozzle sizes, line widths, and speeds without worrying about outrunning your hotend.
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- You can also set any print speeds to a high "absolute maximum" speed (like infill) and let it be limited by the volumetric flow limit. This essentially prints at the maximum speed your hotend will allow:
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- This is utilized by my published SuperSlicer profile (see its [:page_facing_up: "Volumetric Speed Limiting"](https://github.com/AndrewEllis93/Ellis-SuperSlicer-Profiles#volumetric-speed-limiting) section for more information.)
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- ![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-ss.png)
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- [![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-ss.png)](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-ss.png){:target="_blank"}
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- :warning: **In Prusa Slicer, this must be set in the filament settings instead.** The setting in the "auto speed" section only applies in specific circumstances in PS.
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## Approximate Values
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- ABS typically achieves high flow rates. Other materials may cap out at a lower flow rate.
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- ![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-default.png)
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- [![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-default.png)](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-default.png){:target="_blank"}
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- Then, in the filament profiles, put the higher per-filament value.
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- Example ABS profile:\
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![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-faster.png)
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[![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-faster.png)](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-faster.png){:target="_blank"}
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- Example speed ABS profile with elevated temperatures:\
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![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-fastest.png)
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[![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-fastest.png)](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/volumetric-fastest.png){:target="_blank"}
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- Cura [:page_facing_up: has not yet added this feature](https://github.com/Ultimaker/Cura/issues/5248). You will have to manually determine your max print speeds for each line width / layer height using the formulas above. You may need different profiles for different materials/temps (or just use a moderate default).
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I don't want to steal his work, so here's an artist's rendition:
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![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/flow-dropoff.png)
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[![](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/flow-dropoff.png)](./images/determining_max_volumetric_flow_rate/flow-dropoff.png){:target="_blank"}
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*(you should really just visit the link)*
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articles/determining_motor_currents.md

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- Some multimeters come with a k-type thermocouple. You can kapton tape it to the motor housing.
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- *You cannot accurately gauge this by feel.* Even lower temperatures will feel "too hot".
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- The motors themselves can generally handle much more. This temp limit comes from the printed parts rather than the motors themselves.
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## Determining `hold_current`
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Recently, Klipper docs have started to [:page_facing_up: recommend against using a separate `hold_current`.](https://github.com/Klipper3d/klipper/pull/4977) You can achieve this by commenting out `hold_current`, or by setting it to the same value as your `run_current`.
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articles/extruder_calibration.md

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4. Take a ruler and place a piece of tape at the 120mm mark.
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- You can use a marker too - I just find tape easier and a bit more precise.
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- ![](./images/extruder_calibration/1.png)
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- [![](./images/extruder_calibration/1.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/1.png){:target="_blank"}
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- *Don't worry if your ruler has extra length at the ends. We're only taking a relative measurement.*
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- ![](./images/extruder_calibration/ruler.png)
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- [![](./images/extruder_calibration/ruler.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/ruler.png){:target="_blank"}
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5. Where your filament enters your extruder, pull your filament as straight as you can against the ruler. Transfer the tape to mark 120mm.
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- ![](./images/extruder_calibration/2.png) ![](./images/extruder_calibration/3.png)
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- [![](./images/extruder_calibration/2.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/2.png){:target="_blank"} [![](./images/extruder_calibration/3.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/3.png){:target="_blank"}
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6. Extrude 100mm :warning: **at 1mm/s**. :warning:
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- `G1 E100 F60 ; Extrude 100mm at 1mm/s (60mm/min)`
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- **Only use the LCD to extrude if it allows you to choose a speed.**
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- ![](./images/extruder_calibration/4.png)
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- [![](./images/extruder_calibration/4.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/4.png){:target="_blank"}
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7. Measure how much is left. Subtract it from 120 and note the value for later.
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- **Example**
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- I had 21mm left.
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- 120mm - 21mm = **99mm actual extrusion**.
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- ![](./images/extruder_calibration/5.png)
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- [![](./images/extruder_calibration/5.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/5.png){:target="_blank"}
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8. Calculate your new `rotation_distance` / e-steps and activate it:
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---
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![]({{ "/assets/img/marlin.png" | absolute_url }}) Marlin
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- Run `M503`. In the output, find the `M92` line and note your current E value.
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- ![](./images/extruder_calibration/M503.png)
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- [![](./images/extruder_calibration/M503.png)](./images/extruder_calibration/M503.png){:target="_blank"}
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- Calculate your new e-steps using this formula:
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- \<new_e-steps\> = \<current_e-steps\> * ( 100 / \<actual_extrude_distance\> )
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- Temporarily set your new e-steps with `M92`.

articles/extrusion_multiplier.md

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- **SuperSlicer**
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1. **:warning: Set your EM to 1 in the filament settings.** \
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The per-object EM settings are **multiplied by** this value.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-1.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-1.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-1.png){:target="_blank"}
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2. Import the cube STL. Right-click it and select add settings > filament.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject.png){:target="_blank"}
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3. Check "extrusion multiplier".\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-2.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-2.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-2.png){:target="_blank"}
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6. Set your EM for each test cube.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-3.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-3.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-3.png){:target="_blank"}
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7. Save the project for reuse later.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-Save.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-Save.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-Save.png){:target="_blank"}
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- **Cura**
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1. Select each cube and enable the "flow" setting.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-Cura.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-Cura.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-PerObject-Cura.png){:target="_blank"}
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3. Set the EM on each.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-SetFlow-Cura.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-SetFlow-Cura.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-SetFlow-Cura.png){:target="_blank"}
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4. Save the project for reuse later.\
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-Save-Cura.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-Save-Cura.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EM-Save-Cura.png){:target="_blank"}
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2. Print it!
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Here you'll narrow down a general range to work in.
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-Coarse-Annotated.png)
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<sup>*Click the image to open. Ctrl + scroll up / down to zoom.*</sup>\
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-Coarse-Annotated.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-Coarse-Annotated.png){:target="_blank"}
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The center cube is looking pretty close.
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Now you can fine-tune in 0.5% intervals.
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-Fine.png)
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<sup>*Click the image to open. Ctrl + scroll up / down to zoom.*</sup>\
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-Fine.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-Fine.png){:target="_blank"}
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In this example, I chose the second cube, as this particular filament started to look nice and shiny with no gapping. Your particular filament may not shine like this.
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For clarity, you are **not** tuning so the lines are "just touching".\
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Your infill lines should overlap a bit, and **fill the print in as much as possible without going over**.
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/overlap.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/overlap.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/overlap.png){:target="_blank"}
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<sup>Source: https://help.prusa3d.com/article/layers-and-perimeters_1748</sup>
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<sup>[Source](https://help.prusa3d.com/article/layers-and-perimeters_1748)</sup>
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Some find magnification to help, but I don't personally find it necessary.
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Holding it up with the infill lines pointing towards a light source can help. This cube's EM is too low - you can see between the lines.
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/em-light.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/em-light.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/em-light.png){:target="_blank"}
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### Slightly Too Low
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{: .no_toc }
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These cubes need a little more EM - you can see slight gapping / valleys / shadows between the lines.
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A bit too high is better than a bit too low.
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![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-SlightlyLow.png)
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[![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-SlightlyLow.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrints-SlightlyLow.png){:target="_blank"}
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## Further Tips
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**When assessing extrusion multiplier, *always* look at the widest areas in a given print.**
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It's fairly normal for [:page_facing_up: smaller infill areas to look a bit overextruded](./troubleshooting/small_infill_areas_overextruded.md) *(though there are a few things that can help a bit in that link- that's another topic)*
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In this example, I would look at the circled area. While some of the smaller areas look overextruded, the overall EM is actually pretty good.
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- ![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/em-wheretolook.png)
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- [![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/em-wheretolook.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/em-wheretolook.png){:target="_blank"}
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## Tuned Print Examples
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(ABS)
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- ![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/zoom.png)
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- ![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example4.png)
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- [![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/zoom.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/zoom.png){:target="_blank"}
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- [![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example4.png)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example4.png){:target="_blank"}
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(eSun ABS+ - more matte)
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- ![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example2.jpg)
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- ![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example3.jpg)
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- [![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example2.jpg)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example2.jpg){:target="_blank"}
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- [![](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example3.jpg)](./images/extrusion_multiplier/EMPrint-Example3.jpg){:target="_blank"}
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