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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/manual/Checking_for_updates.html
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<p>Updates for Praat are available from <code><fontsize=+1>praat.org</font></code> or <code><fontsize=+1>www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat</font></code>.</p>
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<p>Your current version (if you are reading this from the manual inside the Praat program, rather than from the website) is:</p>
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<codestyle="color:red">=></code><br>
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<code> 6.4.43, from September 14, 2025<br></code>
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<code> 6.4.44, from September 25, 2025<br></code>
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<p>Given that we tend to release new Praat versions once or twice a month, you can probably guess whether it would be worth your while to have a look at <code><fontsize=+1>praat.org</font></code> or <code><fontsize=+1>www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat</font></code> to see what is new, and perhaps download a new version.</p>
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<p>Praat improves continually, and old features will almost always continue to work, so there should never be a reason to continue to work with older versions.</p>
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/manual/Create_TextGrid___.html
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<dt><b>Tier names</b>
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<dd>a list of the names of the tiers that you want to create, separated by spaces.</dd>
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<dt><b>Point tiers</b>
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<dd>a list of the names of the tiers that you want to be <i>point tiers</i>; the rest of the tiers will be <i>interval tiers</i>.</dd>
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<dd>a list of the names of the tiers that you want to be <i>point tiers</i>; the rest of the tiers will be <i>interval tiers</i>. If you want to create no point tiers, you can leave this setting empty.</dd>
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/manual/FAQ__How_to_cite_Praat.html
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<p><b>Question</b>: how do I cite Praat in my articles?</p>
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<p>Answer: nowadays most journals allow you to cite computer programs and web sites. The style approved by the American Psychological Association, and therefore by many journals, is like the following (change the dates and version number as needed):</p>
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<code> Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David (2025). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.4.43, retrieved 14 September 2025 from https://praat.org<br></code>
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<code> Boersma, Paul & Weenink, David (2025). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.4.44, retrieved 25 September 2025 from https://praat.org<br></code>
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<p>If the journal does not allow you to cite a web site, then try:</p>
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<p>Boersma, Paul (2001). Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. <i>Glot International</i><b>5:9/10</b>, 341-345.</p>
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<p>This paper can be downloaded from Boersma’s website.</p>
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/manual/PointProcess__To_TextGrid___.html
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<dt><b>Tier names</b>
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<dd>a list of the names of the tiers that you want to create, separated by spaces.</dd>
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<dt><b>Point tiers</b>
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<dd>a list of the names of the tiers that you want to be <i>point tiers</i>; the rest of the tiers will be <i>interval tiers</i>.</dd>
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<dd>a list of the names of the tiers that you want to be <i>point tiers</i>; the rest of the tiers will be <i>interval tiers</i>. If you want to create no point tiers, you can leave this setting empty.</dd>
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</dl>
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<h2>Example</h2>
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<p>If <b>Tier names</b> is "a b c", and <b>Point tiers</b> is "b", the resulting TextGrid object will contain an interval tier named "a", a point tier named "b", and another interval tier named "c".</p>
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/manual/Programming_with_Praat.html
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<p>Consult the README file on GitHub for directions to compile and link Praat for your platform.</p>
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<h2>4. Extending Praat</h2>
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<p>To start extending Praat’s functionality, you can edit <code><fontsize=+1>main/main_Praat.cpp</font></code>. This example shows you how to create a very simple program with all the functionality of the Praat program, and a single bit more (namely an additional command in the New menu):</p>
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<code> #include "praatM.h"<br></code>
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<code> #include "praatM.h" // for macros such as DIRECT and INCLUDE_LIBRARY<br></code>
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<code><br></code>
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<code> DIRECT (HelloFromJane) {<br></code>
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<code> DIRECT (INFO_HelloFromJane) { // a macro to include commands without parameters<br></code>
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<code> Melder_information (U"Hello, I am Jane.");<br></code>
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<code> }<br></code>
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<code><br></code>
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<code> int main (int argc, char **argv) {<br></code>
<code> praat_addMenuCommand (U"Objects", U"New", U"Hello from Jane...", nullptr, 0, DO_HelloFromJane);<br></code>
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<code> praat_init (<br></code>
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<code> U"Praat_Jane", // the name of your app<br></code>
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<code> U"1.2.01", // the version of your app, as a string<br></code>
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<code> 1201, // the version of your app, as a number<br></code>
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<code> 2025, // the year of your app's version<br></code>
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<code> 9, // the month of your app's version (here: September)<br></code>
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<code> 18, // the day of your app's version (between 1 and 31)<br></code>
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<code> U"jane.doe", // the first part of your contact email address<br></code>
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<code> U"univ.edu", // the second part of your contact email address<br></code>
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<code> argc, // the number of command line arguments (0 if started from GUI)<br></code>
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<code> argv // the command line arguments (empty if started from GUI)<br></code>
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<code> );<br></code>
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<code> INCLUDE_LIBRARY (praat_uvafon_init) // include all Praat functionality <br></code>
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<code> praat_addMenuCommand (<br></code>
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<code> U"Objects", // the window in which this command will appear<br></code>
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<code> U"New", // the menu under which this command will appear<br></code>
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<code> U"Hello from Jane...", // the title of the menu command<br></code>
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<code> nullptr, // to insert after another command (unused here)<br></code>
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<code> 0, // the depth at which this command will appear (0 for top level)<br></code>
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<code> INFO_HelloFromJane // the command defined above<br></code>
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<code> );<br></code>
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<code> praat_run ();<br></code>
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<code> return 0;<br></code>
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<code> return 0; // obligatory<br></code>
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<code> }<br></code>
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<h2>5. Learning how to program</h2>
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<p>To see how objects are defined, take a look at <code><fontsize=+1>sys/Thing.h</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>sys/Daata.h</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>sys/oo.h</font></code>, the <code><fontsize=+1>XXX_def.h</font></code> files in the <code><fontsize=+1>fon</font></code> folder, and the corresponding <code><fontsize=+1>XXX.cpp</font></code> files in the <code><fontsize=+1>fon</font></code> folder. To see how commands show up on the buttons in the fixed and dynamic menus, take a look at the large interface description file <code><fontsize=+1>fon/praat_Fon.cpp</font></code>.</p>
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: docs/manual/Reporting_a_problem.html
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Reporting a problem
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</b></font></table></table>
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<p>Anything that you consider incorrect behaviour of Praat (a “bug”) can be reported to the authors by email (<code><fontsize=+1>[email protected]</font></code>). This includes any crashes.</p>
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<p>Questions about how to use Praat for your specific cases can be posed to the Praat User List (<code><fontsize=+1>https://groups.io/g/Praat-Users-List</font></code>). This includes any questions on why your self-written Praat script does something unexpected.</p>
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<p>Questions about how to use Praat for your specific cases can be posed to the Praat Users List (<code><fontsize=+1>https://groups.io/g/Praat-Users-List</font></code>). This includes any questions on why your self-written Praat script does something unexpected.</p>
<p>All of the variables you saw earlier in this tutorial were defined at the first moment a value was assigned to them. Some variables, however, are already defined implicitly at the start of your script.</p>
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<p>Some predefined <b>numeric variables</b> are <code><fontsize=+1>macintosh</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>windows</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>unix</font></code>, which are 1 if your edition of Praat was built for the Macintosh, Windows, or Unix platform (respectively), and which are otherwise zero. Likewise, we have <code><fontsize=+1>praat_32bit</font></code> and <code><fontsize=+1>praat_64bit</font></code>, of which one is 1 and the other 0, depending on whether your edition of Praat was built for 32-bit or 64-bit computers. More precisely, we have <code><fontsize=+1>praat_intel32</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>praat_intel64</font></code> and <code><fontsize=+1>praat_arm64</font></code>, one of which is 1 (and the others 0) depending on whether the type of processor chip that your edition of Praat was made for is 32-bit Intel (= x86, i386, i686), or 64-bit Intel (= AMD64), or ARM64 (= Aarch64). Another predefined numeric variable is <code><fontsize=+1>praatVersion</font></code>, which is something like 6421.</p>
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<p>Some <b>predefined string variables</b> are <code><fontsize=+1>newline$</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>tab$</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>shellDirectory$</font></code>. The last one specifies the folder that was the default folder when Praat started up; you can use it in scripts that run from the Unix or Windows command line. Likewise, there exist the predefined string variables <code><fontsize=+1>homeDirectory$</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>preferencesDirectory$</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>temporaryDirectory$</font></code>. These three refer to your home folder (which is where you log in), the Praat <ahref="preferences_folder.html">preferences folder</a>, and a folder for saving temporary files; if you want to know what they are on your computer, try to write them into a script window. The variable <code><fontsize=+1>defaultDirectory$</font></code> is available for formulas in scripts; it is the folder that contains the script file. Finally, we have <code><fontsize=+1>praatVersion$</font></code>, which is something like “6.4.21”."</p>
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<p>Some predefined <b>numeric variables</b> are <code><fontsize=+1>macintosh</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>windows</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>unix</font></code>, which are 1 if your edition of Praat was built for the Macintosh, Windows, or Unix platform (respectively), and which are otherwise zero. Likewise, we have <code><fontsize=+1>praat_32bit</font></code> and <code><fontsize=+1>praat_64bit</font></code>, of which one is 1 and the other 0, depending on whether your edition of Praat was built for 32-bit or 64-bit computers. More precisely, we have <code><fontsize=+1>praat_intel32</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>praat_intel64</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>praat_arm64</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>praat_s390x</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>praat_armv7</font></code>, one of which is 1 (and the others 0) depending on whether the type of processor chip that your edition of Praat was made for is 32-bit Intel (= x86, i386, i686), or 64-bit Intel (= AMD64), or ARM64 (= Aarch64), or s390x (LinuxONE), or ARMv7 (smaller Raspberry Pi). Another predefined numeric variable is <code><fontsize=+1>praatVersion</font></code>, which is something like 6443.</p>
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<p>Some <b>predefined string variables</b> are <code><fontsize=+1>newline$</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>tab$</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>shellDirectory$</font></code>. The last one specifies the folder that was the default folder when Praat started up; you can use it in scripts that run from the Unix or Windows command line. Likewise, there exist the predefined string variables <code><fontsize=+1>homeDirectory$</font></code>, <code><fontsize=+1>preferencesDirectory$</font></code>, and <code><fontsize=+1>temporaryDirectory$</font></code>. These three refer to your home folder (which is where you log in), the Praat <ahref="preferences_folder.html">preferences folder</a>, and a folder for saving temporary files; if you want to know what they are on your computer, try to write them into a script window. The variable <code><fontsize=+1>defaultDirectory$</font></code> is available for formulas in scripts; it is the folder that contains the script file. Finally, we have <code><fontsize=+1>praatVersion$</font></code>, which is something like “6.4.43”."</p>
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<p>A disadvantage of predefined variables is that they can be changed, in which case they take on a different meaning. For this reason you are advised to use functions instead (if they exist), because these always have the same meaning:</p>
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<ddstyle="position:relative;padding-left:1em;text-indent:-2em">• <ahref="_appVersion_.html"><b><code><fontsize=+1>appVersion</font></code></b></a>() instead of <code><fontsize=+1>praatVersion</font></code></dd>
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