From: Bruce Momjian
+Last updated: Fri Jun 2 11:32:13 EDT 2000
+
+Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
+
+The most recent version of this document can be viewed at the postgreSQL
+Web site, http://www.PostgreSQL.org.
+
+Linux-specific questions are answered in http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-linux.html.
+
+HPUX-specific questions are answered in http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-hpux.html.
+
+Solaris-specific questions are answered in http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq-solaris.html.
+
+Irix-specific questions are answered in http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-irix.html.
+
+
+
+
+
+PostgreSQL is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database management system,
+a next-generation DBMS research prototype. While PostgreSQL retains the
+powerful data model and rich data types of POSTGRES, it replaces the
+PostQuel query language with an extended subset of SQL. PostgreSQL is
+free and the complete source is available.
+
+PostgreSQL development is being performed by a team of Internet
+developers who all subscribe to the PostgreSQL development mailing list.
+The current coordinator is Marc G. Fournier (scrappy@postgreSQL.org). (See
+below on how to join). This team is now responsible for all current and
+future development of PostgreSQL.
+
+The authors of PostgreSQL 1.01 were Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen. Many
+others have contributed to the porting, testing, debugging and
+enhancement of the code. The original Postgres code, from which
+PostgreSQL is derived, was the effort of many graduate students,
+undergraduate students, and staff programmers working under the
+direction of Professor Michael Stonebraker at the University of
+California, Berkeley.
+
+The original name of the software at Berkeley was Postgres. When SQL
+functionality was added in 1995, its name was changed to Postgres95. The
+name was changed at the end of 1996 to PostgreSQL.
+
+It is pronounced Post-Gres-Q-L.
+
+
+
+PostgreSQL is subject to the following COPYRIGHT.
+
+PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
+
+Portions copyright (c) 1996-2000, PostgreSQL, Inc
+
+Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written
+agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
+and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all
+copies.
+
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
+FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
+INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS
+DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
+THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
+INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER
+IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO
+OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR
+MODIFICATIONS.
+
+
+
+
+
+The authors have compiled and tested PostgreSQL on the following
+platforms (some of these compiles require gcc):
+
+
+
+
+It is possible to compile the libpq C library, psql, and other
+interfaces and binaries to run on MS Windows platforms. In this case,
+the client is running on MS Windows, and communicates via TCP/IP to a
+server running on one of our supported Unix platforms.
+
+A file win31.mak is included in the distribution for making a
+Win32 libpq library and psql.
+
+The database server is now working on Windows NT using the Cygnus
+Unix/NT porting library. See pgsql/doc/README.NT in the distribution.
+There is also a web page at
+http://www.freebsd.org/~kevlo/postgres/portNT.html.
+
+There is another port using U/Win at http://surya.wipro.com/uwin/ported.html.
+
+
+
+The primary anonymous ftp site for PostgreSQL is
+ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub
+
+For mirror sites, see our main web site.
+
+
+
+There is no official support for PostgreSQL from the University of
+California, Berkeley. It is maintained through volunteer effort.
+
+The main mailing list is: pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org.
+It is available for discussion of matters pertaining to PostgreSQL.
+To subscribe, send a mail with the lines in the body (not
+the subject line)
+
+
+
+to pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org.
+
+There is also a digest list available. To subscribe to this list, send
+email to:
+pgsql-general-digest-request@postgreSQL.org with a BODY of:
+
+
+
+The bugs mailing list is available. To subscribe to this list, send email
+to bugs-request@postgreSQL.org
+with a BODY of:
+
+
+
+
+
+Additional mailing lists and information about PostgreSQL can be found
+via the PostgreSQL WWW home page at:
+
+
+
+There is also an IRC channel on EFNet, channel #PostgreSQL.
+I use the unix command
+
+Commercial support for PostgreSQL is available at http://www.pgsql.com/
+
+
+
+
+The latest release of PostgreSQL is version 7.0.2.
+
+We plan to have major releases every four months.
+
+
+
+
+Several manuals, manual pages, and some small test examples are
+included in the distribution. See the /doc directory. You can also
+browse the manual on-line at
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/postgres.
+in the distribution.
+
+
+There is a PostgreSQL book availiable at
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html
+
+psql has some nice \d commands to show information about types,
+operators, functions, aggregates, etc.
+
+The web site contains even more documentation.
+
+
+
+PostgreSQL supports an extended subset of SQL-92. See our
+
+TODO for a list of known bugs, missing features, and future plans.
+
+
+
+The PostgreSQL book at
+http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html teaches SQL.
+
+There is a nice tutorial at
+http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm and at
+http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM.
+
+Another one is "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition" at
+http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm
+
+Many of our users like The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman et al.,
+Addison Wesley. Others like The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al.,
+McGraw-Hill.
+
+
+
+
+Yes, we easily handle dates past the year 2000AD, and before 2000BC.
+
+
+
+
+First, download the latest sources and read the PostgreSQL Developers
+documentation on our web site, or in the distribution.
+Second, subscribe to the pgsql-hackers and pgsql-patches mailing lists.
+Third, submit high-quality patches to pgsql-patches.
+
+There are about a dozen people who have COMMIT privileges to
+the PostgreSQL CVS archive. All of them have submitted so many
+high-quality patches that it was a pain for the existing
+committers to keep up, and we had confidence that patches they
+committed were likely to be of high quality.
+
+
+
+Fill out the "bug-template" file and send it to: bugs@postgreSQL.org
+
+Also check out our ftp site ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub to
+see if there is a more recent PostgreSQL version or patches.
+
+
+
+
+There are several ways of measuring software: features, performance,
+reliability, support, and price.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+There are two ODBC drivers available, PsqlODBC and OpenLink ODBC.
+
+PsqlODBC is included in the distribution. More information about it can
+be gotten from:
+ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/odbc/index.html
+
+OpenLink ODBC can be gotten from
+http://www.openlinksw.com. It works with their standard ODBC client
+software so you'll have PostgreSQL ODBC available on every client
+platform they support (Win, Mac, Unix, VMS).
+
+They will probably be selling this product to people who need
+commercial-quality support, but a freeware version will always be
+available. Questions to postgres95@openlink.co.uk.
+
+See also the
+ODBC chapter of the Programmer's Guide.
+
+
+
+
+A nice introduction to Database-backed Web pages can be seen at: http://www.webtools.com
+
+There is also one at
+http://www.phone.net/home/mwm/hotlist/.
+
+For web integration, PHP is an excellent interface. It is at:
+http://www.php.net
+
+PHP is great for simple stuff, but for more complex cases, many
+use the perl interface and CGI.pm.
+
+A WWW gateway based on WDB using perl can be downloaded from http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95
+
+
+
+We have a nice graphical user interface called pgaccess, which is
+shipped as part of the distribution. Pgaccess also has a report
+generator. The web page is http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
+
+We also include ecpg, which is an embedded SQL query language interface for
+C.
+
+
+
+We have:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The simplest way is to specify the --prefix option when running configure.
+If you forgot to do that, you can edit Makefile.global and change POSTGRESDIR
+accordingly, or create a Makefile.custom and define POSTGRESDIR there.
+
+
+
+
+It could be a variety of problems, but first check to see that you
+have system V extensions installed in your kernel. PostgreSQL requires
+kernel support for shared memory and semaphores.
+
+
+
+
+You either do not have shared memory configured properly in kernel or
+you need to enlarge the shared memory available in the kernel. The
+exact amount you need depends on your architecture and how many buffers
+and backend processes you configure postmaster to run with.
+For most systems, with default numbers of buffers and processes, you
+need a minimum of ~1MB.
+
+
+
+If the error message is IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space
+left on device) then your kernel is not configured with enough
+semaphores. Postgres needs one semaphore per potential backend process.
+A temporary solution is to start the postmaster with a smaller limit on
+the number of backend processes. Use -N with a parameter less
+than the default of 32. A more permanent solution is to increase your
+kernel's SEMMNS and SEMMNI parameters.
+
+If the error message is something else, you might not have semaphore
+support configured in your kernel at all.
+
+
+
+
+By default, PostgreSQL only allows connections from the local machine
+using Unix domain sockets. Other machines will not be able to connect
+unless you add the -i flag to the postmaster,
+and enable host-based authentication by modifying the file
+$PGDATA/pg_hba.conf accordingly. This will allow TCP/IP connections.
+
+
+
+
+The default configuration allows only unix domain socket connections
+from the local machine. To enable TCP/IP connections, make sure the
+postmaster has been started with the -i option, and add an
+appropriate host entry to the file
+pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf. See the pg_hba.conf manual page.
+
+
+
+
+You should not create database users with user id 0 (root). They will be
+unable to access the database. This is a security precaution because
+of the ability of any user to dynamically link object modules into the
+database engine.
+
+
+
+
+This problem can be caused by a kernel that is not configured to support
+semaphores.
+
+
+
+
+Certainly, indices can speed up queries. The EXPLAIN command
+allows you to see how PostgreSQL is interpreting your query, and which
+indices are being used.
+
+If you are doing a lot of INSERTs, consider doing them in a large
+batch using the COPY command. This is much faster than single
+individual INSERTS. Second, statements not in a BEGIN
+WORK/COMMIT transaction block are considered to be in their
+own transaction. Consider performing several statements in a single
+transaction block. This reduces the transaction overhead. Also
+consider dropping and recreating indices when making large data
+changes.
+
+There are several tuning things that can be done. You can disable
+fsync() by starting the postmaster with a -o -F option. This will
+prevent fsync()'s from flushing to disk after every transaction.
+
+You can also use the postmaster -B option to increase the number of
+shared memory buffers used by the backend processes. If you make this
+parameter too high, the postmaster may not start up because you've exceeded
+your kernel's limit on shared memory space.
+Each buffer is 8K and the default is 64 buffers.
+
+You can also use the backend -S option to increase the maximum amount
+of memory used by the backend process for temporary sorts. The -S value
+is measured in kilobytes, and the default is 512 (ie, 512K).
+
+You can also use the CLUSTER command to group data in base tables to
+match an index. See the cluster(l) manual page for more details.
+
+
+
+
+PostgreSQL has several features that report status information that can
+be valuable for debugging purposes.
+
+First, by running configure with the --enable-cassert option, many
+assert()'s monitor the progress of the backend and halt the program when
+something unexpected occurs.
+
+Both postmaster and postgres have several debug options available.
+First, whenever you start the postmaster, make sure you send the
+standard output and error to a log file, like:
+
+
+This will put a server.log file in the top-level PostgreSQL directory.
+This file contains useful information about problems or errors
+encountered by the server. Postmaster has a -d option that allows even
+more detailed information to be reported. The -d option takes a number
+that specifies the debug level. Be warned that high debug level values
+generate large log files.
+
+If the postmaster is not running, you can actually run the
+postgres backend from the command line, and type your SQL statement
+directly. This is recommended only for debugging purposes. Note
+that a newline terminates the query, not a semicolon. If you have
+compiled with debugging symbols, you can use a debugger to see what is
+happening. Because the backend was not started from the postmaster, it
+is not running in an identical environment and locking/backend
+interaction problems may not be duplicated.
+
+If the postmaster is running, start psql in one window,
+then find the PID of the postgres process used by
+psql. Use a debugger to attach to the postgres
+PID. You can set breakpoints in the debugger and issue
+queries from psql. If you are debugging postgres startup,
+you can set PGOPTIONS="-W n", then start psql. This will cause
+startup to delay for n seconds so you can attach with the
+debugger and trace through the startup sequence.
+
+The postgres program has -s, -A, and -t options that can be very useful
+for debugging and performance measurements.
+
+You can also compile with profiling to see what functions are taking
+execution time. The backend profile files will be deposited in the
+pgsql/data/base/dbname directory. The client profile file will be put
+in the client's current directory.
+
+
+
+
+You need to increase the postmaster's limit on how many concurrent backend
+processes it can start.
+
+In Postgres 6.5 and up, the default limit is 32 processes. You can
+increase it by restarting the postmaster with a suitable -N
+value. With the default configuration you can set -N as large as
+1024; if you need more, increase MAXBACKENDS in
+include/config.h and rebuild. You can set the default value of
+-N at configuration time, if you like, using configure's
+--with-maxbackends switch.
+
+Note that if you make -N larger than 32, you must also increase
+-B beyond its default of 64; -B must be at least twice -N, and
+probably should be more than that for best performance. For large
+numbers of backend processes, you are also likely to find that you need
+to increase various Unix kernel configuration parameters. Things to
+check include the maximum size of shared memory blocks,
+SHMMAX, the maximum number of semaphores,
+SEMMNS and SEMMNI, the maximum number of
+processes, NPROC, the maximum number of processes per
+user, MAXUPRC, and the maximum number of open files,
+NFILE and NINODE. The reason that Postgres
+has a limit on the number of allowed backend processes is so that you
+can ensure that your system won't run out of resources.
+
+In Postgres versions prior to 6.5, the maximum number of backends was
+64, and changing it required a rebuild after altering the MaxBackendId
+constant in include/storage/sinvaladt.h.
+
+
+
+They are temporary files generated by the query executor. For
+example, if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an ORDER BY, and
+the sort requires more space than the backend's -S parameter allows,
+then temp files are created to hold the extra data.
+
+The temp files should go away automatically, but might not if a backend
+crashes during a sort. If you have no transactions running at the time,
+it is safe to delete the pg_tempNNN.NN files.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Check your locale configuration. PostgreSQL uses the locale settings of
+the user that ran the postmaster process. There are postgres and psql
+SET commands to control the date format. Set those accordingly for
+your operating environment.
+
+
+
+
+See the DECLARE manual page for a description.
+
+
+
+See the FETCH manual page, or use SELECT ... LIMIT....
+
+The entire query may have to be evaluated, even if you only want the
+first few rows. Consider a query that has an ORDER BY.
+If there is an index that matches the ORDER BY,
+PostgreSQL may be able to evaluate only the first few records requested,
+or the entire query may have to be evaluated until the desired rows have
+been generated.
+
+
+
+You can read the source code for psql, file
+pgsql/src/bin/psql/psql.c. It contains SQL commands that generate the
+output for psql's backslash commands. You can also start psql
+with the -E option so that it will print out the queries it uses
+to execute the commands you give.
+
+
+
+
+We do not support ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN, but do
+this:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+These are the limits:
+
+
+
+To change the maximum row size, edit include/config.h and change
+BLCKSZ. To use attributes larger than 8K, you can also
+use the large object interface.
+
+Row length limit will be removed in 7.1.
+
+
+
+
+A Postgres database can require about six and a half times the disk space
+required to store the data in a flat file.
+
+Consider a file of 300,000 lines with two integers on each line. The
+flat file is 2.4MB. The size of the PostgreSQL database file containing
+this data can be estimated at 14MB:
+
+
+Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
+
+
+
+1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
+1.2) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
+1.3) What Unix platforms does PostgreSQL run on?
+1.4) What non-unix ports are available?
+1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
+1.6) Where can I get support for PostgreSQL?
+1.7) What is the latest release of PostgreSQL?
+1.8) What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?
+1.9) How do I find out about known bugs or missing features?
+1.10) How can I learn SQL?
+1.11) Is PostgreSQL Y2K compliant?
+1.12) How do I join the development team?
+1.13) How do I submit a bug report?
+1.14) How does PostgreSQL compare to other DBMS's?
+
+
+
+
+2.1) Are there ODBC drivers for
+PostgreSQL?
+2.2) What tools are available for hooking
+PostgreSQL to Web pages?
+2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface?
+A report generator? An embedded query language interface?
+2.4) What languages are available to communicate
+with PostgreSQL?
+
+
+
+
+3.1) Why does initdb fail?
+3.2) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than
+/usr/local/pgsql?
+3.3) When I start the postmaster, I get a
+Bad System Call or core dumped message. Why?
+3.4) When I try to start the postmaster, I get
+IpcMemoryCreate errors3. Why?
+3.5) When I try to start the postmaster, I get
+IpcSemaphoreCreate errors. Why?
+3.6) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my
+PostgreSQL database?
+3.7) Why can't I connect to my database from
+another machine?
+3.8) Why can't I access the database as the
+root user?
+3.9) All my servers crash under concurrent
+table access. Why?
+3.10) How do I tune the database engine for
+better performance?
+3.11) What debugging features are available in
+PostgreSQL?
+3.12) I get 'Sorry, too many clients' when trying to
+connect. Why?
+3.13) What are the pg_psort.XXX files in my
+database directory?
+
+
+
+4.1) The system seems to be confused about commas,
+decimal points, and date formats.
+4.2) What is the exact difference between
+binary cursors and normal cursors?
+4.3) How do I select only the first few rows of
+a query?
+
+4.4) How do I get a list of tables, or other
+things I can see in psql?
+4.5) How do you remove a column from a table?
+
+4.6) What is the maximum size for a
+row, table, database?
+4.7) How much database disk space is required
+to store data from a typical flat file?
+
+4.8) How do I find out what indices or
+operations are defined in the database?
+4.9) My queries are slow or don't make use of the
+indexes. Why?
+4.10) How do I see how the query optimizer is
+evaluating my query?
+4.11) What is an R-tree index?
+4.12) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
+
+4.13) How do I do regular expression searches
+and case-insensitive regexp searching?
+4.14) In a query, how do I detect if a field
+is NULL?
+4.15) What is the difference between the
+various character types?
+4.16.1) How do I create a serial/auto-incrementing field?
+4.16.2) How do I get the value of a serial insert?
+4.16.3) Don't currval() and nextval() lead to a
+race condition with other concurrent backend processes?
+
+4.17) What is an oid? What is a tid?
+4.18) What is the meaning of some of the terms
+used in PostgreSQL?
+
+4.19) Why do I get the error "FATAL: palloc
+failure: memory exhausted?"
+4.20) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version I
+am running?
+4.21) My large-object operations get invalid
+large obj descriptor. Why?
+4.22) How do I create a column that will default to the
+current time?
+4.23) Why are my subqueries using IN
so
+slow?
+4.24) How do I do an outer join?
+
+
+
+5.1) I wrote a user-defined function. When I run
+it in psql, why does it dump core?
+5.2) What does the message:
+NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 not in alloc set! mean?
+5.3) How can I contribute some nifty new types and functions
+for PostgreSQL?
+5.4) How do I write a C function to return a
+tuple?
+5.5) I have changed a source file. Why does the
+recompile does not see the change?
+
+
+
+
+
+1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
1.2) What's the copyright on
+PostgreSQL?
1.3) What Unix platforms does PostgreSQL run
+on?
+
+1.4) What non-unix ports are available?
1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
1.6) Where can I get support for PostgreSQL?
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+
+Digests are sent out to members of this list whenever the main list has
+received around 30k of messages.
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+
+There is also a developers discussion mailing list available. To
+subscribe to this list, send email to hackers-request@postgreSQL.org
+with a BODY of:
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+http://postgreSQL.org
+
irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER"
+irc.phoenix.net
1.7) What is the latest release of PostgreSQL?
1.8) What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?
1.9) How do I find out about known bugs or missing features?
+
1.10) How can I learn SQL?
1.11) Is PostgreSQL Y2K compliant?
1.12) How do I join the development team?
1.13) How do I submit a bug report?
1.14) How does PostgreSQL compare to other
+DBMS's?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+In comparison to MySQL or leaner database systems, we are slower on
+inserts/updates because we have transaction overhead. Of course, MySQL
+doesn't have any of the features mentioned in the Features
+section above. We are built for flexibility and features, though we
+continue to improve performance through profiling and source code
+analysis. There is an interesting web page comparing PostgreSQL to MySQL
+at
+http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html
+
+We handle each user connection by creating a Unix process. Backend
+processes share data buffers and locking information. With multiple
+CPU's, multiple backends can easily run on different CPU's.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+2.1) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
2.2) What tools are available for hooking
+PostgreSQL to Web pages?
2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface?
+A report generator? An embedded query language interface?
2.4) What languages are available to
+communicate with PostgreSQL?
+
+
+3.1) Why does initdb fail?
+
3.2) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere
+other than /usr/local/pgsql?
3.3) When I start the postmaster, I get a Bad
+System Call or core dumped message. Why?
3.4) When I try to start the postmaster, I
+get IpcMemoryCreate errors. Why?
3.5) When I try to start the postmaster, I
+get IpcSemaphoreCreate errors. Why?
3.6) How do I prevent other hosts from
+accessing my PostgreSQL database?
3.7) Why can't I connect to my database from
+another machine?
3.8) Why can't I access the database as the root
+user?
3.9) All my servers crash under concurrent
+table access. Why?
3.10) How do I tune the database engine for
+better performance?
3.11) What debugging features are available in
+PostgreSQL?
+ cd /usr/local/pgsql
+ ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
+
3.12) I get 'Sorry, too many clients' when trying
+to connect. Why?
3.13) What are the pg_tempNNN.NN files in my
+database directory?
+
+4.1) The system seems to be confused about
+commas, decimal points, and date formats.
4.2) What is the exact difference between
+binary cursors and normal cursors?
4.3) How do I SELECT only the first few
+rows of a query?
4.4) How do I get a list of tables, or other
+information I see in psql?
4.5) How do you remove a column from a
+table?
+ SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
+ INTO TABLE new_table
+ FROM old_table;
+ DROP TABLE old_table;
+ ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
+
4.6) What is the maximum size for a
+row, table, database?
+Maximum size for a database? unlimited (60GB databases exist)
+Maximum size for a table? unlimited on all operating systems
+Maximum size for a row? 8k, configurable to 32k
+Maximum number of rows in a table? unlimited
+Maximum number of columns table? unlimited
+Maximum number of indexes on a table? unlimited
+
+
+Of course, these are not actually unlimited, but limited to available
+disk space.4.7)How much database disk space is required to
+store data from a typical flat file?
+ 36 bytes: each row header (approximate)
+ + 8 bytes: two int fields @ 4 bytes each
+ + 4 bytes: pointer on page to tuple
+ ----------------------------------------
+ 48 bytes per row
+
+ The data page size in PostgreSQL is 8192 bytes (8 KB), so:
+
+ 8192 bytes per page
+ ------------------- = 171 rows per database page (rounded up)
+ 48 bytes per row
+
+ 300000 data rows
+ -------------------- = 1755 database pages
+ 171 rows per page
+
+1755 database pages * 8192 bytes per page = 14,376,960 bytes (14MB)
+
+ +
+ +psql has a variety of backslash commands to show such information. Use +\? to see them.
+ +Also try the file pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source. It +illustrates many of the SELECTs needed to get information from +the database system tables.
+ + +
+ +PostgreSQL does not automatically maintain statistics. One has to make +an explicit VACUUM call to update the statistics. After +statistics are updated, the optimizer knows how many rows in the table, +and can better decide if it should use indices. Note that the optimizer +does not use indices in cases when the table is small because a +sequential scan would be faster.
+ +For column-specific optimization statistics, use VACUUM +ANALYZE. VACUUM ANALYZE is important for complex +multi-join queries, so the optimizer can estimate the number of rows +returned from each table, and choose the proper join order. The backend +does not keep track of column statistics on its own, so VACUUM +ANALYZE must be run to collect them periodically.
+ +Indexes are usually not used for ORDER BY operations: a +sequential scan followed by an explicit sort is faster than an indexscan +of all tuples of a large table, because it takes fewer disk accesses. +
+ +When using wild-card operators such as LIKE or ~, indices can +only be used if the beginning of the search is anchored to the start of +the string. So, to use indices, LIKE searches should not +begin with %, and ~(regular expression searches) should +start with ^. + +
+ +See the EXPLAIN manual page.
+ +
+ +An r-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index can't +handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range searches in a +single dimension. R-tree's can handle multi-dimensional data. For +example, if an R-tree index can be built on an attribute of type point, +the system can more efficient answer queries like select all points +within a bounding rectangle.
+ +The canonical paper that describes the original R-Tree design is:
+ +Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." +Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.
+ +You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database +Systems"
+ +Builtin R-Trees can handle polygons and boxes. In theory, R-trees can +be extended to handle higher number of dimensions. In practice, +extending R-trees require a bit of work and we don't currently have any +documentation on how to do it.
+ + +
+ +The GEQO module in PostgreSQL is intended to solve the query +optimization problem of joining many tables by means of a Genetic +Algorithm (GA). It allows the handling of large join queries through +non-exhaustive search.
+ +For further information see the documentation. + + + +
+ +The ~ operator does regular-expression matching, and ~* +does case-insensitive regular-expression matching. There is no +case-insensitive variant of the LIKE operator, but you can get the +effect of case-insensitive LIKE with this: +
+ WHERE lower(textfield) LIKE lower(pattern) ++ +
+ +You test the column with IS NULL and IS NOT NULL.
+ + +
+Type Internal Name Notes +-------------------------------------------------- +"char" char 1 character +CHAR(#) bpchar blank padded to the specified fixed length +VARCHAR(#) varchar size specifies maximum length, no padding +TEXT text length limited only by maximum row length +BYTEA bytea variable-length array of bytes +
+ +You will see the internal name when examining system catalogs +and in some error messages.
+ +The last four types above are "varlena" types (i.e. the first four bytes +are the length, followed by the data). char(#) allocates the +maximum number of bytes no matter how much data is stored in the field. +text, varchar(#), and bytea all have variable length on the disk, +and because of this, there is a small performance penalty for using +them. Specifically, the penalty is for access to all columns after the +first column of this type.
+ + +
+ +PostgreSQL supports SERIAL data type. It auto-creates a +sequence and index on the column. For example, this... +
+ CREATE TABLE person ( + id SERIAL, + name TEXT + ); ++...is automatically translated into this... +
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq; + CREATE TABLE person ( + id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'), + name TEXT + ); + CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id ); ++See the create_sequence manual page for more information about sequences. + +You can also use each row's oid field as a unique value. However, if +you need to dump and reload the database, you need to use pg_dump's -o +option or COPY WITH OIDS option to preserve the oids.
+ +For more details, see Bruce Momjian's chapter on +Numbering Rows. + +
+Probably the simplest approach is to to retrieve the next SERIAL value from the sequence object with the nextval() function before inserting and then insert it explicitly. Using the example table in 4.16.1, that might look like this: +
+ $newSerialID = nextval('person_id_seq'); + INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES ($newSerialID, 'Blaise Pascal'); ++You would then also have the new value stored in
$newSerialID
for use in other queries (e.g., as a foreign key to the person
table). Note that the name of the automatically-created SEQUENCE object will be named <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq, where table and serialcolumn are the names of your table and your SERIAL column, respectively.
++Similarly, you could retrieve the just-assigned SERIAL value with the currval() function after it was inserted by default, e.g., +
+ INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal'); + $newID = currval('person_id_seq'); ++Finally, you could use the oid returned from the +INSERT statement to lookup the default value, though this is probably +the least portable approach. In perl, using DBI with Edmund Mergl's +DBD::Pg module, the oid value is made available via +$sth->{pg_oid_status} after $sth->execute(). + +
+ +No. That has been handled by the backends. + + +
+ +Oids are PostgreSQL's answer to unique row ids. Every row that is +created in PostgreSQL gets a unique oid. All oids generated during +initdb are less than 16384 (from backend/access/transam.h). All +user-created oids are equal or greater that this. By default, all these +oids are unique not only within a table, or database, but unique within +the entire PostgreSQL installation.
+ +PostgreSQL uses oids in its internal system tables to link rows between +tables. These oids can be used to identify specific user rows and used +in joins. It is recommended you use column type oid to store oid +values. See the sql(l) manual page to see the other internal columns. +You can create an index on the oid field for faster access.
+ +Oids are assigned to all new rows from a central area that is used by +all databases. If you want to change the oid to something else, or if +you want to make a copy of the table, with the original oid's, there is +no reason you can't do it: + +
+ CREATE TABLE new_table(old_oid oid, mycol int); + SELECT INTO new SELECT old_oid, mycol FROM old; + COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable'; + DELETE FROM new; + COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable'; + +
+ +Tids are used to identify specific physical rows with block and offset +values. Tids change after rows are modified or reloaded. They are used +by index entries to point to physical rows.
+ + +
+ +Some of the source code and older documentation use terms that have more +common usage. Here are some: + +
+ +
+ +It is possible you have run out of virtual memory on your system, or +your kernel has a low limit for certain resources. Try this before +starting the postmaster: + +
+ ulimit -d 65536 + limit datasize 64m ++ +Depending on your shell, only one of these may succeed, but it will set +your process data segment limit much higher and perhaps allow the query +to complete. This command applies to the current process, and all +subprocesses created after the command is run. If you are having a problem +with the SQL client because the backend is returning too much data, try +it before starting the client.
+ +
+
+From psql, type select version();
+ +
+
+You need to put BEGIN WORK
and COMMIT
+
around any use of a large object handle, that is,
+surrounding lo_open
... lo_close.
+ +Current PostgreSQL enforces the rule by closing large object handles at +transaction commit, which will be instantly upon completion of the +lo_open command if you are not inside a transaction. So the +first attempt to do anything with the handle will draw invalid large +obj descriptor. So code that used to work (at least most of the +time) will now generate that error message if you fail to use a +transaction.
+
+If you are using a client interface like ODBC you may need to set
+auto-commit off.
+ +
+Use now():
+
+
+ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime timestamp default now() );
+
+
IN
so
+slow?
+Currently, we join subqueries to outer queries by sequential scanning
+the result of the subquery for each row of the outer query. A workaround
+is to replace IN
with EXISTS
. For example,
+change:
+
+to:
+
+ SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE col1 IN (SELECT col2 FROM TAB2)
+
+We hope to fix this limitation in a future release.
+
+
+ SELECT *
+ FROM tab
+ WHERE EXISTS (SELECT col2 FROM TAB2 WHERE col1 = col2)
+
+PostgreSQL does not support outer joins in the current release. They can +be simulated using UNION and NOT IN. For +example, when joining tab1 and tab2, the following query +does an outer join of the two tables: +
+ SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2 + FROM tab1, tab2 + WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1 + UNION ALL + SELECT tab1.col1, NULL + FROM tab1 + WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2) + ORDER BY tab1.col1 ++ +
+ + +
+ +The problem could be a number of things. Try testing your user-defined +function in a stand alone test program first. + +
+ +You are pfree'ing something that was not palloc'ed. +Beware of mixing malloc/free and palloc/pfree. + + +
+ + +Send your extensions to the pgsql-hackers mailing list, and they will +eventually end up in the contrib/ subdirectory.
+ + +
+ +This requires wizardry so extreme that the authors have never +tried it, though in principle it can be done.
+ +
+ +The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies for include files. You +have to do a make clean and then another make. + You +have to do a make clean and then another make.
+ + + + + diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba60c157c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_DEV.html @@ -0,0 +1,486 @@ + +
++Last updated: Fri Jun 9 21:54:54 EDT 2000 +
+Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
+
+The most recent version of this document can be viewed at +the postgreSQL Web site, http://PostgreSQL.org. +
+
+ +
+ +Aside from the User documentation mentioned in the regular FAQ, there +are several development tools available. First, all the files in the +/tools directory are designed for developers. + +
+ RELEASE_CHANGES changes we have to make for each release + SQL_keywords standard SQL'92 keywords + backend description/flowchart of the backend directories + ccsym find standard defines made by your compiler + entab converts tabs to spaces, used by pgindent + find_static finds functions that could be made static + find_typedef get a list of typedefs in the source code + make_ctags make vi 'tags' file in each directory + make_diff make *.orig and diffs of source + make_etags make emacs 'etags' files + make_keywords.README make comparison of our keywords and SQL'92 + make_mkid make mkid ID files + mkldexport create AIX exports file + pgindent indents C source files + pginclude scripts for adding/removing include files + unused_oids in pgsql/src/include/catalog ++ +Let me note some of these. If you point your browser at the +file:/usr/local/src/pgsql/src/tools/backend/index.html directory, +you will see few paragraphs describing the data flow, the backend +components in a flow chart, and a description of the shared memory area. +You can click on any flowchart box to see a description. If you then +click on the directory name, you will be taken to the source directory, +to browse the actual source code behind it. We also have several README +files in some source directories to describe the function of the module. + The browser will display these when you enter the directory also. The +tools/backend directory is also contained on our web page under +the title How PostgreSQL Processes a Query.
+ + +Second, you really should have an editor that can handle tags, so you +can tag a function call to see the function definition, and then tag +inside that function to see an even lower-level function, and then back +out twice to return to the original function. Most editors support this +via tags or etags files.
+ + +Third, you need to get id-utils from: +
+ ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/id-utils-3.2d.tar.gz + ftp://tug.org/gnu/id-utils-3.2d.tar.gz + ftp://ftp.enst.fr/pub/gnu/gnits/id-utils-3.2d.tar.gz ++ +By running tools/make_mkid, an archive of source symbols can be +created that can be rapidly queried like grep or edited. Others +prefer glimpse.
+ + +make_diff has tools to create patch diff files that can be +applied to the distribution.
+
+
+Our standard format is to indent each code level with one tab, where
+each tab is four spaces. You will need to set your editor to display
+tabs as four spaces:
+
+
+ vi in ~/.exrc: + set tabstop=4 + set sw=4 + more: + more -x4 + less: + less -x4 + emacs: + M-x set-variable tab-width + or + ; Cmd to set tab stops &etc for working with PostgreSQL code + (c-add-style "pgsql" + '("bsd" + (indent-tabs-mode . t) + (c-basic-offset . 4) + (tab-width . 4) + (c-offsets-alist . + ((case-label . +)))) + t) ; t = set this mode on + + and add this to your autoload list (modify file path in macro): + + (setq auto-mode-alist + (cons '("\\`/usr/local/src/pgsql/.*\\.[chyl]\\'" . pgsql-c-mode) + auto-mode-alist)) + or + /* + * Local variables: + * tab-width: 4 + * c-indent-level: 4 + * c-basic-offset: 4 + * End: + */ ++
+pgindent is run on all source files just before each beta test
+period. It auto-formats all source files to make them consistent.
+Comment blocks that need specific line breaks should be formatted as
+block comments, where the comment starts as
+/*------
. These comments will not be reformatted in any
+way.
+
+pginclude contains scripts used to add needed #include's to
+include files, and removed unneeded #include's.
+
+When adding system types, you will need to assign oids to them.
+There is also a script called unused_oids in
+pgsql/src/include/catalog that shows the unused oids.
+
+
+ +I have four good books, An Introduction to Database Systems, by +C.J. Date, Addison, Wesley, A Guide to the SQL Standard, by C.J. +Date, et. al, Addison, Wesley, Fundamentals of Database Systems, +by Elmasri and Navathe, and Transaction Processing, by Jim Gray, +Morgan, Kaufmann
+ +There is also a database performance site, with a handbook on-line +written by Jim Gray at http://www.benchmarkresources.com. + + + +
+ +palloc() and pfree() are used in place of malloc() and +free() because we automatically free all memory allocated when a +transaction completes. This makes it easier to make sure we free memory +that gets allocated in one place, but only freed much later. There are +several contexts that memory can be allocated in, and this controls when +the allocated memory is automatically freed by the backend.
+ + +
+ +We do this because this allows a consistent way to pass data inside the +backend in a flexible way. Every node has a NodeTag which +specifies what type of data is inside the Node. Lists are groups +of Nodes chained together as a forward-linked list.
+Here are some of the List manipulation commands: +
++You can print nodes easily inside gdb. First, to disable +output truncation when you use the gdb print command: ++
+- lfirst(i) +
- return the data at list element i. +
- lnext(i) +
- return the next list element after i. +
- foreach(i, list) +
- loop through list, assigning each list element to i. +It is important to note that i is a List *, not the data in the +List element. You need to use lfirst(i) to get at the data. +Here is a typical code snipped that loops through a List containing +Var *'s and processes each one: +
+++ List *i, *list; + + foreach(i, list) + { + Var *var = lfirst(i); + + /* process var here */ + } +
+- lcons(node, list) +
- add node to the front of list, or create a new list with +node if list is NIL. +
- lappend(list, node) +
- add node to the end of list. This is more expensive +that lcons. +
- nconc(list1, list2) +
- Concat list2 on to the end of list1. +
- length(list) +
- return the length of the list. +
- nth(i, list) +
- return the i'th element in list. +
- lconsi, ... +
- There are integer versions of these: lconsi, lappendi, nthi. +List's containing integers instead of Node pointers are used to +hold list of relation object id's and other integer quantities. +
+
+ (gdb) set print elements 0
+
+
+Instead of printing values in gdb format, you can use the next two
+commands to print out List, Node, and structure contents in a verbose
+format that is easier to understand. List's are unrolled into nodes,
+and nodes are printed in detail. The first prints in a short format,
+and the second in a long format:
+
+
+ (gdb) call print(any_pointer)
+ (gdb) call pprint(any_pointer)
+
+
+The output appears in the postmaster log file, or on your screen if you
+are running a backend directly without a postmaster.
++ +
+ +The source code is over 250,000 lines. Many problems/features are +isolated to one specific area of the code. Others require knowledge of +much of the source. If you are confused about where to start, ask the +hackers list, and they will be glad to assess the complexity and give +pointers on where to start.
+ +Another thing to keep in mind is that many fixes and features can be +added with surprisingly little code. I often start by adding code, then +looking at other areas in the code where similar things are done, and by +the time I am finished, the patch is quite small and compact.
+ +When adding code, keep in mind that it should use the existing +facilities in the source, for performance reasons and for simplicity. +Often a review of existing code doing similar things is helpful.
+ + +
+ + +There are several ways to obtain the source tree. Occasional developers +can just get the most recent source tree snapshot from +ftp.postgresql.org. For regular developers, you can use CVS. CVS +allows you to download the source tree, then occasionally update your +copy of the source tree with any new changes. Using CVS, you don't have +to download the entire source each time, only the changed files. +Anonymous CVS does not allows developers to update the remote source +tree, though privileged developers can do this. There is a CVS FAQ on +our web site that describes how to use remote CVS. You can also use +CVSup, which has similarly functionality, and is available from +ftp.postgresql.org.
+ +To update the source tree, there are two ways. You can generate a patch +against your current source tree, perhaps using the make_diff tools +mentioned above, and send them to the patches list. They will be +reviewed, and applied in a timely manner. If the patch is major, and we +are in beta testing, the developers may wait for the final release +before applying your patches.
+ +For hard-core developers, Marc(scrappy@postgresql.org) will give you a +Unix shell account on postgresql.org, so you can use CVS to update the +main source tree, or you can ftp your files into your account, patch, +and cvs install the changes directly into the source tree.
+ +
+ +First, use psql to make sure it is working as you expect. Then +run src/test/regress and get the output of +src/test/regress/checkresults with and without your changes, to +see that your patch does not change the regression test in unexpected +ways. This practice has saved me many times. The regression tests test +the code in ways I would never do, and has caught many bugs in my +patches. By finding the problems now, you save yourself a lot of +debugging later when things are broken, and you can't figure out when it +happened.
+ + +
+ +The structures passing around from the parser, rewrite, optimizer, and +executor require quite a bit of support. Most structures have support +routines in src/backend/nodes used to create, copy, read, and output +those structures. Make sure you add support for your new field to these +files. Find any other places the structure may need code for your new +field. mkid is helpful with this (see above).
+ + +
+ +Table, column, type, function, and view names are stored in system +tables in columns of type Name. Name is a fixed-length, +null-terminated type of NAMEDATALEN bytes. (The default value +for NAMEDATALEN is 32 bytes.) + +
+ typedef struct nameData
+ {
+ char data[NAMEDATALEN];
+ } NameData;
+ typedef NameData *Name;
+
+
+Table, column, type, function, and view names that come into the
+backend via user queries are stored as variable-length, null-terminated
+character strings.+ +Many functions are called with both types of names, ie. heap_open(). +Because the Name type is null-terminated, it is safe to pass it to a +function expecting a char *. Because there are many cases where on-disk +names(Name) are compared to user-supplied names(char *), there are many +cases where Name and char * are used interchangeably.
+ +
+ +You first need to find the tuples(rows) you are interested in. There +are two ways. First, SearchSysCacheTuple() and related functions +allow you to query the system catalogs. This is the preferred way to +access system tables, because the first call to the cache loads the +needed rows, and future requests can return the results without +accessing the base table. The caches use system table indexes +to look up tuples. A list of available caches is located in +src/backend/utils/cache/syscache.c. +src/backend/utils/cache/lsyscache.c contains many column-specific +cache lookup functions.
+ +The rows returned are cached-owned versions of the heap rows. They are +invalidated when the base table changes. Because the cache is local to +each backend, you may use the pointer returned from the cache for short +periods without making a copy of the tuple. If you send the pointer +into a large function that will be doing its own cache lookups, it is +possible the cache entry may be flushed, so you should use +SearchSysCacheTupleCopy() in these cases, and pfree() the +tuple when you are done.
+ +If you can't use the system cache, you will need to retrieve the data +directly from the heap table, using the buffer cache that is shared by +all backends. The backend automatically takes care of loading the rows +into the buffer cache.
+ +Open the table with heap_open(). You can then start a table scan +with heap_beginscan(), then use heap_getnext() and +continue as long as HeapTupleIsValid() returns true. Then do a +heap_endscan(). Keys can be assigned to the scan. +No indexes are used, so all rows are going to be compared to the keys, +and only the valid rows returned.
+ +You can also use heap_fetch() to fetch rows by block +number/offset. While scans automatically lock/unlock rows from the +buffer cache, with heap_fetch(), you must pass a Buffer +pointer, and ReleaseBuffer() it when completed. + +Once you have the row, you can get data that is common to all tuples, +like t_self and t_oid, by merely accessing the +HeapTuple structure entries. + +If you need a table-specific column, you should take the HeapTuple +pointer, and use the GETSTRUCT() macro to access the +table-specific start of the tuple. You then cast the pointer as a +Form_pg_proc pointer if you are accessing the pg_proc table, or +Form_pg_type if you are accessing pg_type. You can then access +the columns by using a structure pointer: + +
+
+ ((Form_pg_class) GETSTRUCT(tuple))->relnatts
+
+
+
+You should not directly change live tuples in this way. The best
+way is to use heap_tuplemodify() and pass it your palloc'ed
+tuple, and the values you want changed. It returns another palloc'ed
+tuple, which you pass to heap_replace().
+
+You can delete tuples by passing the tuple's t_self to
+heap_destroy(). You can use it for heap_update() too.
+
+Remember, tuples can be either system cache versions, which may go away
+soon after you get them, buffer cache versions, which go away when
+you heap_getnext(), heap_endscan, or
+ReleaseBuffer(), in the heap_fetch() case. Or it may be a
+palloc'ed tuple, that you must pfree() when finished.
+
++ +elog() is used to send messages to the front-end, and optionally +terminate the current query being processed. The first parameter is an +elog level of NOTICE, DEBUG, ERROR, or +FATAL. + +NOTICE prints on the user's terminal and the postmaster logs. +DEBUG prints only in the postmaster logs. ERROR prints in +both places, and terminates the current query, never returning from the call. +FATAL terminates the backend process. + +The remaining parameters of elog are a printf-style set of +parameters to print. + +
+ +The files configure and configure.in are part of the +GNU autoconf package. Configure allows us to test for various +capabilities of the OS, and to set variables that can then be tested in +C programs and Makefiles. Autoconf is installed on the PostgreSQL main +server. To add options to configure, edit configure.in, and then +run autoconf to generate configure.
+ +When configure is run by the user, it tests various OS +capabilities, stores those in config.status and +config.cache, and modifies a list of *.in files. For +example, if there exists a Makefile.in, configure generates a +Makefile that contains substitutions for all @var@ parameters +found by configure.
+ +When you need to edit files, make sure you don't waste time modifying +files generated by configure. Edit the *.in file, and +re-run configure to recreate the needed file. If you run make +distclean from the top-level source directory, all files derived by +configure are removed, so you see only the file contained in the source +distribution.
+ +
+ +There are a variety of places that need to be modified to add a new +port. First, start in the src/template directory. Add an +appropriate entry for your OS. Also, use src/config.guess to add +your OS to src/template/.similar. You shouldn't match the OS +version exactly. The configure test will look for an exact OS +version number, and if not found, find a match without version number. +Edit src/configure.in to add your new OS. (See configure item +above.) You will need to run autoconf, or patch src/configure +too.
+ +Then, check src/include/port and add your new OS file, with +appropriate values. Hopefully, there is already locking code in +src/include/storage/s_lock.h for your CPU. There is also a +src/makefiles directory for port-specific Makefile handling. +There is a backend/port directory if you need special files for +your OS.
+ + + + diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_german.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_german.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b8c012bfe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_german.html @@ -0,0 +1,1136 @@ + +
++Last updated: Sat Jul 10 00:37:57 EDT 1999 +
+Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
+
+Deutsche Übersetzung von Karsten Schulz (schulz@linux-systemhaus.de)
+
+Letzte Aktualisierung der deutschen Übersetzung: Don, den 05.08.1999, 09:00 CET +
+Die aktuellste Version dieses Dokuments kann auf der PostgreSQL Website http://www.PostgreSQL.org angesehen werden. +
+Linux-spezifische Fragen werden in http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-linux.html +beantwortet (deutsche Übersetzung in Arbeit!).
+ +Irix-spezifische Fragen werden in http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-irix.html beantwortet. +
+ +HPUX-spezifische Fragen werden in http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-hpux.shtml beantwortet. +
+ +
+ +
+ +PostgreSQL ist eine Verbesserung des POSTGRES-Datenbank-Managementsystems, ein +"Next-Generation" DBMS-Forschungsprototyp. Während PostgreSQL das leistungsfähige Datenmodell und +die reichhaltigen Datentypen von POSTGRES beibehält, ersetzt es die PostQuel-Abfragesprache durch +eine ausgedehnte Teilmenge von SQL. PostgreSQL ist frei und der komplette Quellcode ist verfügbar. +
+ +Die PostgreSQL-Entwicklung wird von einem Team von Internet-Entwickler durchgeführt, die alle an +der PostgreSQL-Entwicklungs-Mailingliste teilnehmen. Der aktuelle Koordinator ist Marc G. Fournier +(scrappy@postgreSQL.org) (siehe unten, wie +man sich anmelden kann). Dieses Team ist jetzt für alle aktuellen und zukünftigen Entwicklungen von PostgreSQL +verantwortlich. + +
+ + +Die Autoren von PostgreSQL 1.01 waren Andrew Yu und Jolly Chen. Viele andere haben zur Portierung, +zu den Tests, zur Fehlersuche und zur Verbesserung des Codes beigetragen. +Der ursprüngliche Postgres-Code, von dem PostgreSQL abstammt, ist auf die Bemühungen von +vielen Studierenden und Diplomanden, sowie Programmierern, die unter +der Weisung des Professors Michael Stonebraker an der Universität von Kalifornien, Berkeley +arbeiteteten, zurückzuführen. + +
+ +Der ursprüngliche Name der Software bei Berkeley war Postgres. Als die SQL-Funktionalität 1995 +hinzugefügt wurde, wurde sein Name zu Postgres95 geändert. Der Name wurde Ende 1996 zu +PostgreSQL geändert. +
+ +
+ +PostgreSQL steht unter folgendem COPYRIGHT (Originaltext):
+ +PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
+ +Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
+ +Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its +documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written +agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice +and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all +copies.
+ +IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY +FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, +INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS +DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF +THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ +THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, +INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY +AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER +IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO +OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR +MODIFICATIONS.
+
+Es gilt die Copyright-Klausel im Original! Informativ folgt hier eine
+Übersetzung. Die Übersetzung besitzt keinerlei rechtlichen Status.
+Insbesondere kann sich niemand auf diese Übersetzung berufen:
+
+ +PostgreSQL Datenbank Management System
+ +Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
+ +Die Erlaubnis, diese Software und seine Unterlagen für jeden möglichen Zweck, ohne Gebühr und ohne +eine schriftliche Vereinbarung zu benutzen, zu kopieren, zu ändern und zu verteilen wird hiermit +bewilligt, vorausgesetzt daß der oben genannte Urheberrechtsvermerk und dieser Paragraph und die +folgenden zwei Paragraphen in allen Kopien erscheinen.
+ +IN KEINEM FALL IST DIE UNIVERSITÄT VON KALIFORNIEN GEGENÜBER JEDEM MÖGLICHEN BETEILIGTEN FÜR DIE DIREKTEN, +INDIREKTEN, SPEZIELLEN, BEILÄUFIGEN ODER FOLGESCHÄDEN, EINSCHLIEßLICH DER VERLORENEN PROFITE +VERANTWORTLICH, DIE AUS DEM GEBRAUCH VON DIESER SOFTWARE UND SEINEN UNTERLAGEN +HERAUS ENTSTEHEN, SELBST WENN DIE UNIVERSITÄT VON KALIFORNIEN VON DER MÖGLICHKEIT SOLCHEN SCHADENS +BENACHRICHTIGT WORDEN IST.
+ +DIE UNIVERSITÄT VON KALIFORNIEN LEHNT SPEZIELL ALLE MÖGLICHE GARANTIEN AB, +EINSCHLIESSLICH, ABER NICHT BEGRENZT AUF, DIE IMPLIZIERTEN GARANTIEN VON +GESCHÄFTSNUTZEN UND EIGNUNG ZU EINEM BESTIMMTEN ZWECK. DIE SOFTWARE, DIE +NACHSTEHEND BEREITGESTELLT WIRD, BASIERT AUF EINER "SO WIE SIE IST"-GRUNDLAGE, UND DIE UNIVERSITÄT +VON KALIFORNIEN HAT KEINE VERPFLICHTUNGEN, WARTUNG, SUPPORT, +AKTUALISIERUNGSVORGÄNGE, VERBESSERUNGEN ODER ÄNDERUNGEN ZUR VERFÜGUNG +ZU STELLEN. + +
+ +Die Autoren haben PostgreSQL auf folgenden Plattformen kompiliert und getestet +(einige dieser Kompilierungen benötigen den C-Compiler gcc): +
+ +
+ +Es ist möglich, die libpq C-Bibliothek, psql und andere Schnittstellen und Binaries zu +kompilieren, um sie auf der MS-Windows-Plattform laufen zu lassen. +In diesem Fall läuft der Client auf MS-Windows und steht über TCP/IP mit einem +Server in Verbindung, der auf einer unserer unterstützten Unixplattformen läuft. + +Es gibt die Datei win31.mak in der Distribution, um die Win32 libpq-Bibliothek und psql +zu erzeugen.
+ +Der Datenbankserver arbeitet jetzt auch unter Benutzung der Cygnus Unix/NT-Porting-Bibliotheken +auf Windows NT. Siehe auch pgsql/doc/README.NT in der Distribution.
+ +Es gibt eine weitere Portierung, die U/Win benutzt bei http://surya.wipro.com/uwin/ported.html. + + +
+Die erste Anlaufadresse für PostgreSQL ist der ftp-Server ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub +
+ +Die entsprechenden Spiegelserver sind auf der Hauptwebseite aufgelistet. + +
+ +Es gibt keinen offiziellen Support für PostgreSQL von der Universität von Kalifornien, Berkeley. Der +Support wird durch freiwilligen Einsatz geleistet. +
+ +Die Mailing-Liste ist: pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org. +Die Liste ist für PostgreSQL betreffende Themen vorbehalten. Um sich anzumelden, sende eine +Email mit folgenden Zeilen im Text (nicht in der Betreffzeile): + +
+
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+
+ +an pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org.
+ +Es gibt auch eine Digest-Liste (Eine Liste, die Mails zusammengefasst sendet). +Um sich an dieser Digestliste anzumelden, sende eine Email an: +pgsql-general-digest-request@postgreSQL.org +mit folgendem Text: + +
+
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+
+
+Die Digests werden an die Mitglieder der Liste geschickt, wenn ca. 30kB an Mails
+zusammengekommen sind.+ +Die Bug-Mailingliste ist verfübar. Um sich an dieser Liste anzumelden, +sende eine Email an bugs-request@postgreSQL.org +mit folgendem Text:
+ +
+
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+
+
+Es gibt ebenfalls eine Entwickler-Diskussionsliste. Um sich an dieser Liste anzumelden,
+sende eine Email an hackers-request@postgreSQL.org
+mit diesem Text:+ +
+
+ subscribe
+ end
+
+
+ +Weitere Mailinglisten und Informationen zu PostgreSQL können auf der PostgreSQL-Homepage im WWW +gefunden werden: +
+http://postgreSQL.org +
+
+Es gibt außerdem einen IRC-Channel im EFNet, Kanal #PostgreSQL.
+Bruce nutzt den Unix-Befehl: irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net
um teilzunehmen
+ +Kommerzieller Support für PostgreSQL ist bei http://www.pgsql.com/ verfügbar
+ + +
+ +Das neueste Release von PostgreSQL ist die Version 6.5.
+ +Wir planen alle 4 Monate Hauptreleases herauszugeben.
+ + +
+ +Einige Handbücher, Man-Pages und einige kleine Testprogramme sind in der Distribution enthalten. +Siehe im /doc-Verzeichnis.
+ +psql +hat einige nette \d-Befehle, um Informationen über Typen, Operatoren, Funktionen, Aggregate, usw. zu zeigen.
+ +Die Website enthält sogar noch mehr Unterlagen.
+ +
+ + +PostgreSQL unterstützt eine ausgedehnte Untermenge von SQL-92. +Siehe unser TODO +für eine Auflistung der bekannten Fehler, fehlende Eigenschaften und zukünftige Pläne.
+ + +
+ +Es gibt nette SQL-Tutorials bei +http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm und bei +http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Graeme_Birchall/DB2_COOK.HTM.
+ +Viele unserer User mögen The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman et al., +Addison Wesley.
+ + +
+ +Ja, wir können Datumsangaben nach dem Jahr 2000 n.Chr. und vor 2000 v.Chr. leicht +verarbeiten.
+ +
+ +Zuerst lade die neuesten Quellen herunter und lies die PostgreSQL-Entwicklerunterlagen +auf unserer Website oder in der Distribution. Zweitens melde Dich zu den Mailinglisten +pgsql-hackers und pgsql-patches an. Drittens sende qualitativ hochwertige Programmänderungen +an die pgsql-patches Mailingliste.
+ +Es gibt ungefähr ein Dutzend Leute, die das commit-Recht im PostgreSQL-CVS Archiv haben. +Alle haben so viele hochwertige Patches eingebracht, daß es schwer für die +CVS-Verwalter war, mitzuhalten. Und wir hatten das Vertrauen, daß +die Änderungen, die sie festlegten, sehr wahrscheinlich von hoher Qualität sind.
+ +
+ +Fülle die "Fehler-Vorlage"-Datei (bug.template im doc-Verzeichnis) aus und sende sie an: +bugs@postgreSQL.org
+ +Überprüfe auch den ftp-Server ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub, +um nachzusehen, ob es eine neuere PostgreSQL-Version oder neue Patches gibt. +
+ + +
+ +Es gibt verschiedene Methoden, Software zu messen: Eigenschaften, Leistung, +Zuverlässigkeit, Support und Preis.
+ +
+ +
+ +Im no-fsync-Modus sind wir normalerweise schneller als kommerzielle Datenbanken. In +diesem Modus kann ein Betriebssystemabsturz jedoch Datenkorruption zur Folge haben. +Wir arbeiten daran, einen Zwischenmodus zur Verfügung zu stellen, der unter weniger Leistungseinbuße +leidet als der fsync-Modus und die Datenintegrität innerhalb 30 Sekunden +im Falle eines Betriebssystemabsturzes erlaubt. Der Modus ist durch den Datenbankverwalter +auswählbar.
+ +Im Vergleich zu MySQL oder schlankeren Datenbanksystemen sind wir hinsichtlich INSERTs/UPDATEs langsamer, +weil wir einen Transaktions-Overhead haben. +Selbstverständlich hat MySQL kaum eine der Eigenschaften, die oben im Kapitel Eigenschaften erwähnt werden. +PostgreSQL ist für Flexibilität und gute Eigenschaften designed, trotzdem fahren wir fort, +die Leistung durch Profiling und Quellcodeanalyse zu verbessern.
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +Es sind zwei ODBC-Treiber verfügbar: PostODBC und OpenLink ODBC.
+ +PostODBC ist in der Distribution enthalten. Mehr Informationen können unter +http://www.insightdist.com/psqlodbc abgerufen werden.
+ +OpenLink ODBC kann unter http://www.openlinksw.com +geholt werden. +Die Software arbeitet mit OpenLinks Standard-ODBC-Client, so daß PostgreSQL-ODBC auf +jeder Client-Plattform zur Verfügung steht, die unterstützt wird (Win, Mac, Unix, VMS).
+ +Sie werden dieses Produkt wahrscheinlich an Leute verkaufen, die kommerziellen Qualitäts-Support +brauchen, aber es wird immer eine Freeware-Version verfügbar sein. +Fragen dazu bitte an postgres95@openlink.co.uk.
+ + + +
+ +Eine nette Einführung zu Datenbank-gestützten Webseiten kann unter +http://www.webtools.com abgerufen werden.
+ +Eine weitere gibt es bei +http://www.phone.net/home/mwm/hotlist/.
+ +Für die Web-Integration ist PHP eine ausgezeichnete Schnittstelle. +PHP gibt es bei http://www.php.net
+ +PHP ist hervorragend für einfache Anbindungen geeignet. Für komplexere +Aufgaben nutzen viele die Perl-Schnittstelle mit CGI.pm.
+ +Einen WWW-Gateway, basierend auf WDB, kann man bei +http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95 herunterladen. + +
+ +Wir haben eine nette grafische Benutzerschnittstelle mit Namen +pgaccess, welche in der Distribution enthalten ist. +pgaccess hat auch einen Reportgenerator. Die Webpage liegt hier: +http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
+ +In der Distribution gibt es außerdem ecpg,, +welches eine eingebundene SQL-Query-Schnittstelle für C zur Verfügung stellt. + + +
+ +Wir haben: +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
WARN:heap_modifytuple: repl is \ 9
, ist das das Problem.)
++ + +
+ +Der einfachste Weg ist mittels der --prefix Option beim configure den Pfad anzugeben. +Falls Du das vergessen haben solltest, kannst Du die Datei Makefile.global ändern und +POSTGRESDIR entsprechend anpassen, oder Du erzeugst ein Makefile.custom und definierst POSTGRESDIR dort. +
+ + +
+ +Das kann verschiedene Ursachen haben. Überprüfe zuerst, ob Dein Kernel System V Extensions +enthält. PostgreSQL benötigt die Kernel-Unterstützung für Shared Memory und Semaphoren. +
+ + +
+ +Du hast entweder den Kernel nicht für Shared Memory konfiguriert, oder Du mußt den +Shared Memory Bereich vergrößern. +Die genaue Größe hängt von Deiner Systemarchitektur ab und mit wievielen +Puffern und Serverprozessen Du postmaster konfiguriert hast. +Für die meisten Systeme, mit Standardangaben für Puffer und Prozessen benötigst +Du ein Minimum von ca. 1 MB. + + +
+ +Falls die Fehlermeldung IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space +left on device) lautet, dann ist Dein Kernel mit zu wenig Semaphoren konfiguriert. + +Postgres benötigt eine Semaphore pro möglichen Backend-Prozess. +Eine Zwischenlösung wäre, postmaster mit einer geringeren Anzahl an Backend-Prozessen zu starten. +Benutze dazu die -N Option mit einem Wert kleiner als die standardmäßigen 32. + +Eine dauerhafte Lösung wäre es, die Kernel-Parameter +SEMMNS und SEMMNI zu erhöhen.
+ +Falls die Fehlermeldung anders aussieht, hast Du möglicherweise keine Semaphoren-Unterstützung +in Deinem Kernel aktiviert.
+ + +
+ +Die Standardeinstellung ist, daß PostgreSQL Verbindungen von der lokalen Maschine über +Unix-Domain-Sockets erlaubt. Andere Maschinen werden keine Verbindung aufbauen können, bis +der postmaster mit der -i Option gestartet ist und die Host-basierte Authentizierung +in der Datei $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf entsprechend angepasst ist. +Das erlaubt TCP/IP-Verbindungen. +
+ +
+ +Die Standardeinstellung erlaubt nur Unix-Domain-Socket-Verbindungen der lokalen Maschine. +Um TCP/IP Verbindungen zu ermöglichen, stelle sicher, daß der postmaster +mit der -i Option gestartet wurde, und füge einen passenden Host-Eintrag in die Datei +pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf ein. Siehe auch die pg_hba.conf Man-Page.
+ + +
+ +Du solltest keine Datenbank-Benutzer mit der User-ID 0 (root) erzeugen. +Sie werden auf keine Datenbank zugreifen können. Das ist eine Sicherheitsmaßnahme, +wegen der Möglichkeit Objekt-Module dynamisch in die Datenbank zu linken. +
+ + +
+ +Dieses Problem kann durch einen Kernel verursacht werden, der ohne Support für Semaphoren +konfiguriert wurde. + + +
+ +Sicherlich können Indizes Abfragen beschleunigen. Der explain Befehl +erlaubt Dir zu sehen, wie PostgreSQL Deine Abfrage interpretiert und welche Indizes +benutzt werden. +
+ +Wenn Du eine Menge INSERTs machst, überprüfe, ob Du sie als Stapelverarbeitung +mit dem copy-Befehl abarbeiten kannst. +Das ist viel schneller als einzelne INSERTs. + +Zweitens, SQL-Statements, die nicht in einem begin work/commit Transaktions-Block eingegeben werden, +werden als eigene Transaktion behandelt. Überprüfe, ob die Statements nicht +in einen einzelnen Transaktions-Block zusammengefasst werden können. Das reduziert den Transaktions-Overhead. + +Du kannst auch erwägen, Indizes zu löschen und neu zu erstellen, wenn Du große +Datenmengen änderst.
+ +Es gibt verschiedene Tuning-Maßnahmen, die man ergreifen kann. +Du kannst fsync() abschalten, indem Du beim Starten des postmasters die Optionen -o -F angibst. +Das hindert fsync()´s daran, nach jeder Transaktion die Daten auf die Platte zu schreiben. + +Du kannst auch mit der -B Option des postmasters die Anzahl der Shared Memory Puffer für den Backend-Prozess erhöhen. +Falls Du diesen Wert zu hoch einstellst, kann es sein, daß der postmaster nicht startet, weil +der Shared Memory Speicherplatz Deines Kernels aufgebraucht wird. +Jeder Puffer ist 8 kB groß und es gibt standardmäßig 64 Puffer.
+ +Du kannst ebenfalls die -S Option des Backends nutzen, um die Größe des Speicherplatzes für +temporäres Sortieren zu erhöhen. +Der -S Wert wird in Kilobyte gemessen und ist standardmäßig auf 512 kB festgelegt. Es wäre +jedoch unklug, den Wert zu hoch anzugeben, da ein Query möglicherweise Speicherplatzmangel verursacht, +wenn es viele gleichzeitige Sortierungen durchführen muß.
+ +Der cluster Befehl kann benutzt werden, um Daten in Basistabellen zu gruppieren, so daß sie +auf einen Index zusammengebracht werden. Siehe auch die cluster(l) Man-Page für weitere Details. + + +
+ +PostgreSQL hat einige Möglichkeiten, Statusinformationen zu berichten, die +nützlich für die Fehlersuche sein können.
+ +Erstens, wenn beim configure-Lauf die Option --enable-cassert angegeben wurde, +verfolgen viele assert()´s den Fortschritt des Backends und halten das Programm +an, wenn etwas Unerwartetes passiert. +
+ +Postmaster und postgres, haben mehrere Fehlersuch-Optionen zur Verfügung. +Stelle zuerst sicher, daß Du den Standard-Output und Fehlerkanal in eine Datei umleitest, wenn Du den postmaster startest, : +
+
+ cd /usr/local/pgsql
+ ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
+
+
+ +Das erzeugt eine server.log Datei im PostgreSQL-Verzeichnis. +Diese Datei enthält nützliche Informationen über Probleme oder Fehler, die im Server +aufgetreten sind. Postmaster hat eine -d Option, die noch detailliertere Informationen liefert. +Zur -d Option wird eine Nummer angegeben, die den Debug-Level - also die Menge der berichteten Information - angibt. +Achtung, hohe Debug-Level erzeugen schnell große Logdateien! +
+ +Du kannst tatsächlich das Postgres-Backend auf der Kommandozeile +laufen lassen und SQL-Statements direkt eingeben. +Diese Vorgehensweise wird aber nur zur Fehlersuche empfohlen. +Beachte, daß ein Zeilenumbruch das SQL-Statement beendet, nicht das Semikolon. +Wenn Du PostgreSQL mit Debugging-Symbolen kompiliert hast, kannst Du einen Debugger +benutzen, um zu beobachten, was passiert. +Da das Backend nicht vom postmaster gestartet wurde, läuft es nicht in der +gleichen Umgebung und deshalb können einige locking/backend Operationen +nicht reproduziert werden. +Einige Betriebssysteme können sich an einen Backend-Prozess direkt +anhängen, um Probleme zu diagnostizieren. +
+ +Das Programm postgres hat -s, -A und -t Optionen, die bei der Fehlersuche +und Leistungsmessung sehr nützlich sein können. + +Du kannst das Paket auch mit Profiling kompilieren, um zu sehen, welche Funktionen wieviel +Ausführungszeit beanspruchen. +Das Backend Profil wird im Verzeichnis pgsql/data/base/dbname abgelegt. +Das Client Profil wird in das aktuelle Verzeichnis abgelegt. +
+ + +
+ +Du mußt die Grenze des postmasters, die festlegt, + wieviele gleichzeitige Backend-Prozesse gestartet werden können, hochsetzen.
+ +In Postgres 6.5 sind das normalerweise 32 Prozesse. Du kannst diesen Wert dadurch erhöhen, +daß Du den postmaster mit einem entsprechenden -N Wert neu startest. +In der Standardkonfiguration kannst Du -N auf maximal 1024 setzen. +Falls Du mehr brauchst, erhöhe MAXBACKENDS in include/config.h und +kompiliere das Paket neu. +Du kannst den Standardwert von -N während der Konfiguration +setzen, indem Du --with-maxbackends angibst. + +Anmerkung: Falls Du -N größer als 32 einstellst, solltest +Du -B auf einen Wert, höher als 64 setzen. +Für eine hohe Anzahl an Backend-Prozessen, solltest Du möglicherweise einige +Unix-Kernel Parameter ebenfalls erhöhen. +Folgendes Parameter solltest Du prüfen: +die Maximalgröße der Shared Memory Blocks SHMMAX, +die Maximalanzahl der Semaphoren SEMMNS und SEMMNI, + die maximale Anzahl von Prozessen NPROC, +die maximale Anzahl von Prozessen pro User MAXUPRC, +und die Maximalzahl der geöffneten Dateien NFILE und NINODE. + +Der Grund für die Begrenzung der erlaubten Backend-Prozesse liegt darin, daß +verhindert werden soll, daß das System seine freien Ressourcen aufbraucht. +
+ +In den Postgres-Versionen vor 6.5 war die maximale Anzahl von Backends auf +64 festgelegt und eine Änderung setzte eine erneute Kompilierung voraus, +bei der die Konstante MaxBackendId in include/storage/sinvaladt.h. +entsprechend angepasst wurde.
+ +
+ +Dies sind temporäre Dateien, die durch den Query-Ausführer erzeugt werden. +Wenn zum Beispiel eine Sortierung durchgeführt werden muß, um ein ORDER BY +auszuführen, und diese Sortierung mehr Platz benötigt, als mit dem Backend-Parameter -S +erlaubt wurde, dann werden diese temporären Dateien erzeugt, um die Daten dort zu halten. +
+ +Die temporären Dateien sollten automatisch gelöscht werden, falls das Backend jedoch +während einer Sortierung abstürzt, bleiben sie erhalten. +Wenn zu diesem Zeitpunkt keine Transaktion läuft, kannst Du die +pg_tempNNN.NN Dateien ohne Gefahr löschen.
+ +
+ +Zur Zeit gibt es keine einfache Schnittstelle, um Benutzergruppen einzurichten +Du mußt explizit die pg_group-Tabelle mittels INSERT/UPDATE modifizieren. +Zum Beispiel: + +
+
+ jolly=> INSERT into pg_group (groname, grosysid, grolist)
+ jolly=> values ('posthackers', '1234', '{5443, 8261}');
+ INSERT 548224
+ jolly=> grant INSERT on foo to group posthackers;
+ CHANGE
+ jolly=>
+
+
+ + Die Felder in pg_group sind: +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +Überprüfe die Konfiguration Deiner Locale-Einstellung. PostgreSQL benutzt die +Einstellungen des jeweiligen Users und nicht die des postmaster Prozesses. +Es gibt postgres und psql SET Befehle, um das Datumsformat zu kontrollieren. +Setzte diese entsprechend Deiner Arbeitsumgebung. +
+ + +
+ +Vgl. die declare Man-Page für eine Beschreibung.
+ +
+ +Vgl. die fetch Man-Page, oder benutze SELECT ... LIMIT....
+ +Das verhindert nur, daß alle Ergebniszeilen zum Client übermittelt werden. +Die komplette Abfrage muß abgearbeitet werden, selbst wenn Du nur die ersten paar Zeilen haben möchtest. +Ziehe ein Query in Erwägung, das ein ORDER BY benutzt. Es gibt keine Möglichkeit Zeilen +zurückzuliefern, bevor nicht die komplette Abfrage abgearbeitet ist. +
+ +
+ +Du kannst Dir die Datei pgsql/src/bin/psql/psql.c mit dem Quellcode für psql ansehen. +Sie enthält die SQL-Befehle, die die Backslash-Kommandos (\) ausführen. +Seit Postgres 6.5 kannst Du psql auch mit der -E Option starten. Dadurch gibt +psql die Queries aus, die es bei der Ausführung der Befehle benutzt. +
+ + +
+ +Wir unterstützen alter table drop column nicht, aber mache es so: +
+ SELECT ... -- wähle alle Spalten außer die, die Du entfernen willst
+ INTO TABLE new_table
+ FROM old_table;
+ DROP TABLE old_table;
+ ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
+
+
+ + +
+ +Zeilen sind auf 8 kB begrenzt, aber das kann geändert werden, indem Du in +include/config.h die Konstante BLCKSZ änderst. +Um Attribute mit mehr als 8 kB zu nutzen, kannst Du auch das "Large Object Interface" benutzen.
+Zeilen überschreiten keine 8 kB-Grenzen. Eine Zeile mit 5 kB wird 8 kB Speicherplatz benötigen. +
+ +Tabellen- und Datenbankgrößen haben keine Grenzen. Es gibt viele Datenbanken mit zig Gigabytes und +wahrscheinlich einige mit hunderten Gigabyte. + +
+ +Eine Postgres Datenbank kann ungefähr sechseinhalb mal soviel Platz brauchen, +wie eine einfache Textdatei.
+ +Betrachten wir eine Datei mit 300.000 Zeilen, mit jeweil zwei Integern pro Zeile. +Die einfache Textdatei benötigt 2,4 MB Speicherplatz. +Die Größe der Postgres Datenbankdatei, die diese Daten enthält, liegt +ungefähr bei 14 MB. + +
+ 36 Bytes: jeder Zeilenkopf (ungefähr) + + 8 Bytes: zwei Integer-Felder @ jedes 4 Bytes + + 4 Bytes: Zeiger auf den Datensatz + ----------------------------------------------- + 48 Bytes pro Zeile + + Die Größe einer Datenseite in PostgreSQL ist 8192 Bytes (8 KB), also: + + 8192 Bytes pro Seite + --------------------- = 171 Zeilen pro Seite (aufgerundet) + 48 Bytes pro Zeile + + 300000 Datenzeilen + ----------------------- = 1755 Datenbankseiten + 171 Zeilen pro Seite + +1755 Datenbankseiten * 8192 Bytes pro Seite = 14,376,960 Bytes (14MB) ++ +Indizes haben nicht einen solchen Overhead, sie beinhalten jedoch die Daten, die sie +indizieren und können so auch sehr groß werden. +
+ +
+ +psql hat eine Vielzahl von Backslash Befehlen, um solche Informationen zu zeigen. +Benutze \?, um sie zu sehen. +
+ +Schaue Dir auch die Datei pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source. an. +Sie illustriert viele der SELECTs, die benötigt werden, um diese Informationen +von der Datenbank-Systemtabelle zu erhalten +
+ + +
+ +PostgeSQL pflegt automatische Statistiken nicht. +Um die Statistiken zu aktualisieren, mußt Du ein explizites vacuum eingeben. +Nach dieser Aktualisierung weiß der Optimierer +wieviele Zeilen in der Tabelle sind und kann besser entscheiden, ob Indizes benutzt werden sollten. +Der Optimierer benutzt keine Indizes, wenn die Tabelle klein ist, weil ein sequentieller Suchlauf +dann schneller sein würde.
+ +Benutze den Befehl vacuum analyze für die spaltenspezifische Optimierung. + Vacuum analyze ist für komplexe Multi-Join-Abfragen wichtig, damit der Optimierer +die Anzahl der Zeilen von jeder Tabelle schätzen und dann die passende Join-Reihenfolge +wählen kann. +Das Backend verfolgt die Spaltenstatistik nicht selbst, so daß vacuum analyze +regelmäßig aufgerufen werden sollte. +
+ +Indizes werden nicht für ORDER BY Operationen benutzt.
+ +Bei der Nutzung von Wildcard-Operatoren wie LIKE oder ~, können Indizes +nur benutzt werden, wenn die Suche mit dem Anfang eines Strings startet. +Um also Indizes zu nutzen, sollten LIKE-Suchen nicht mit +%, und ~ beginnen (Die Sucheparameter regulärer Ausdrücke sollten +mit ^. beginnen. + +
+ +Vgl. die EXPLAIN Man-Page.
+ +
+ +Ein R-Tree Index wird benutzt, um räumliche Daten zu indizieren. +Ein Hash-Index kann nicht für Bereichssuchen genutzt werden. +Ein B-Tree Index kann nur für Bereichssuchen in eindimensionalen Daten +genutzt werden. R-Trees können multi-dimensionale Daten abhandeln. +Ein Beispiel: Wenn ein R-Tree Index auf ein Attribut vom Typ POINT +gebildet wird, dann kann das System Abfragen wie z.B. "Zeige alle Punkte, +die sich in einem umgebenden Rechteck befinden" effizienter beantworten. +
+ +Die kanonische Veröffentlichung , die das originale R-Tree Design beschreibt ist: +
+ +Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." +Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.
+ +Du kannst dieses Werk ebenfalls in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database +Systems" finden.
+ +Die eingebauten R-Trees können Polygone und Rechtecke verarbeiten. +Theoretisch können R-Trees auf eine hohe Anzahl von Dimensionen erweitert werden. +Praktisch bedingt diese Erweiterung eine Menge Arbeit und wir haben derzeit +keinerlei Dokumentation darüber, wie das zu machen wäre. +
+ + +
+ +Das GEQO-Modul in PostgreSQL soll dazu dienen, das Optimierungsproblem beim +Joining vieler Tabellen auf der Basis genetischer Algorithmen (GA) zu lösen. +Es erlaubt die Behandlung von großen Join-Queries ohne erschöpfende Suche. +
+Für weitere Informationen siehe die Dokumentation. + + +
+ +~ und ~* sind wahrscheinlich das, was Du willst. +Vgl. psql's \do Befehl.
+ + +
+ +Du testest die Spalte mit IS NULL und IS NOT NULL.
+ + +
+Typ interner Name Bemerkungen +-------------------------------------------------- +CHAR char 1 Zeichen +CHAR(#) bpchar mit Leerzeichen gefüllt bis zur angegebenen Länge +VARCHAR(#) varchar Die Größe legt die Maximallänge fest, kein Ausfüllen mit Leerzeichen +TEXT text Die Länge wird nur durch die maximale Zeilenlänge beschränkt +BYTEA bytea Bytearray mit variabler Länge +
+ +Du mußt die internen Namen benutzen, wenn Du interne Operationen durchführen willst. +
+ +Die letzten vier Typen sind "varlena"-Typen (d.h. die ersten vier Bytes geben die Länge an, gefolgt +von den Daten). +CHAR(#) belegt die maximale Anzahl von Bytes, unabhängig davon, wieviele Daten im +Feld gespeichert werden. +TEXT, VARCHAR(#) und BYTEA haben alle eine variable Länge auf dem Datenträger, +deshalb gibt es einen leichten Geschwindigkeitsnachteil bei der Nutzung dieser Typen. +Genauer, der Nachteil gilt für den Zugriff auf alle Spalten nach der ersten Spalte dieses Typs. +
+ + +
+ +PostgreSQL unterstützt einen SERIAL Datentyp. Er erzeugt automatisch eine +Sequenz und einen Index auf die Spalte. Siehe die create_sequence Man-Page +für weitere Informationen über Sequenzen. + +Du kannst aber auch das Oid Feld jeder Zeile als eindeutigen Wert nutzen. +Jedoch mußt Du, falls Du Deine Datenbank einmal komplett ausgeben und wieder einlesen willst, +die pg_dump's -o oder die copy with oids Option benutzen, um die Oids zu retten.
+ +
+ +Oids sind PostgreSQLs Antwort auf eindeutige Zeilen-IDs. Jede Zeile, die in PostgreSQL +erzeugt wird, bekommt eine eindeutige Oid. Alle Oids, die während initdb erzeugt werden, sind kleiner +als 16384 (nach backend/access/transam.h). +Alle Oids, die durch den Benutzer erzeugt werden, sind gleich oder größer als dieser Wert. +Standardmäßig sind all diese Oids nicht nur innerhalb einer Tabelle oder Datenbank, sondern +in der gesamten PostgreSQL Installation eindeutig. +
+PostgreSQL benutzt Oids in seinen internen Systemtabellen, um Zeilen zwischen den Tabellen zu +verbinden. Diese Oids können zur Identifikation spezifischer Benutzerzeilen und in Joins +genutzt werden. +Es wird empfohlen, den Spaltentyp OID zu nutzen, um Oids-Werte zu speichern. +Siehe die sql(l) Man-Page, um die anderen internen Spalten kennenzulernen. +Du kannst einen Index auf ein Oid-Feld erzeugen, um schnelleren Zugriff zu erreichen. +
+ +Oids werden allen neuen Zeilen von einem zentralen Bereich, der von allen Datenbanken +genutzt wird, zugewiesen. Es gibt keinen Grund, warum Du nicht die Oid ändern, oder eine Kopie der +Tabelle mit den originalen Oids anlegen könntest. +
+ CREATE TABLE new_table(old_oid oid, mycol int); + SELECT INTO new SELECT old_oid, mycol FROM old; + COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable'; + DELETE FROM new; + COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable'; + +
+ +Tids werden genutzt, um spezifische physische Zeilen mit Block und +Versatzwert zu identifizieren. Tids ändern sich, wenn Zeilen geändert oder +neu geladen werden. Sie werden von Index-Einträgen genutzt, um die +Zeilen physisch zu adressieren. + +
+ +Einige der Quelltexte und die ältere Dokumentation nutzen allgemeine Begriffe. +Hier sind einige aufgeführt: + +
+ +
+ +Möglicherweise ist der virtuelle Speicher verbraucht oder Dein Kernel hat +eine niedrige Grenze für bestimmte Ressourcen. +Versuche dieses, bevor Du den postmaster startest: + +
+
+ ulimit -d 65536
+ limit datasize 64m
+
+
+
+Je nach Deiner eingesetzten Shell mag nur einer dieser Befehle funktionieren.
+Aber es wird die Grenze des Datensegments für Prozesse erhöhen und vielleicht
+läuft so Dein Query durch.
+Dieser Befehl wirkt sich auf den aktuellen Prozess und alle seine Unterprozesse
+aus, die nach diesem Befehl gestartet werden. Falls Du ein Problem mit dem SQL-CLient hast,
+weil das Backend zu viele Daten zurückliefert, versuche diesen Befehl, bevor Du den
+SQL-Client startest.
++ +
+
+Gib in psql SELECT version();
ein
+ +
+
+Du solltest die Befehle BEGIN WORK
und COMMIT
+
bei jeden Gebrauch von Large Objects benutzen. Also um
+lo_open
... lo_close.
+ +Die Dokumentation hat schon immer darauf hingewiesen, daß +lo_open in eine Transaktion eingebunden werden muß, aber die PostgreSQL Versionen vor 6.5 +haben diese Regel nicht erzwungen. +Statt dessen scheiterten sie gelegentlich, wenn Du diese Regel gebrochen hattest.
+ +Das aktuelle PostgreSQL erzwingt diese Regel, indem es die Handles der Large Objects +beim COMMIT der Transaktion schließt, was sofort nach dem lo_open passiert, +wenn Du nicht innerhalb einer Transaktion bist. +So führt der erste Versuch, etwas mit dem Large Object zu machen zu einem +invalid large obj descriptor. +Also wird der Code, der bisher benutzt wurde, nun diese Fehlermeldung erzeugen, wenn Du +keine Transaktionen benutzt hast. +
+Falls Du eine Client-Schnittstelle wie ODBC benutzt, kann es sein, daß Du
+auto-commit off
setzen mußt.
+ +
+ + +
+ +Dieses Problem kann viele Ursachen haben. Teste deine Funktion zuerst in einem +Extra-Testprogramm. Stelle außerdem sicher, daß Deine Funktion nicht etwa elog-Nachrichten sendet, wenn der Client Daten erwartet, +wie in den type_in() oder type_out() Funktionen
+ + +
+ +Du pfreest etwas, das Du nicht palloct hast! +Stelle sicher, daß Du nicht malloc/free und palloc/pfree durcheinanderwürfelst. + + +
+ +Sende Deine Erweiterungen zur pgsql-hackers Mailing Liste, +und sie werden eventuell im contrib/ Verzeichnis enden.
+ + +
+ +Das erfordert derart extreme Genialität, daß die Autoren es niemals versucht haben, +obwohl es im Prinzip zu machen wäre.
+ +
+ +Die Makefiles finden nicht die richtigen Abhängigkeiten. Du mußt ein make clean und dann ein weiteres make machen. + + + + + + diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_hpux.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_hpux.html new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..8ef9ccd76e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_hpux.html @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +
+======================================================= +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL V6.4 +HP-UX Specific +TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NORMAL FAQ +======================================================= +last updated: Sat Nov 28 16:21:25 EST 1998 + +current maintainer: Tom Lane (tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us) +original author: Tom Lane (tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us) + + +Questions covered here: +1.1) What do I need to install PostgreSQL on HP-UX? +1.2) Anything special about the build/install procedure? +1.3) yacc dies trying to process src/backend/parser/gram.y. +1.4) Linking the main postgres executable fails, complaining that + there's no "alloca" function. +1.5) OK, it seemed to build and install, but the regression test fails. + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 1: Installing PostgreSQL +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +1.1) What do I need to install PostgreSQL on HP-UX? + +PostgreSQL 6.4 is known to build and pass regression test on HPUX 9.03, +9.05, and 10.20, given appropriate system patch levels and build tools. +It should work on other HPUX 9.* and 10.* releases for Series 700/800 +machines, too. (No one has reported trying it with HPUX 11 yet.) +Since this is a new FAQ, I don't yet have a lot of information about the +exact prerequisites, but I'd appreciate hearing from anyone who fails to +build a working copy, so that we can add more info about exactly what is +needed. + +Aside from PostgreSQL 6.4 or later sources, you will need GNU make +(HP's make will not do), and either GNU gcc or HP's full ANSI C compiler. +You must also get flex (GNU lex) 2.5.4 or later --- all versions of +HP's lex fail on the Postgres lexer files. + +I'd also recommend making sure you are fairly up-to-date on HP patches, +particularly if you are using HPUX 9. At a minimum, if you are on HPUX 9, +you *must* have PHSS_4630 (libm update) or a successor patch; otherwise +Postgres' date/time functions will misbehave. On general principles you +should be current on libc and ld/dld patches, as well as compiler +patches if you are using HP's C compiler (but I don't currently know of +any specific failures due to not having recent patches for these files). +See HP's support websites, such as http://us-support.external.hp.com/, +for free copies of their latest patches. + +PostgreSQL 6.3.2 and earlier required quite a few small tweaks to +install on HPUX, so I recommend you not bother with anything older +than 6.4. + + +1.2) Anything special about the build/install procedure? + +When you run configure, you will want to explicitly select either the +hpux_cc or hpux_gcc template depending on which compiler you plan to +use: + ./configure --with-template=hpux_cc +for HP's C compiler, or + ./configure --with-template=hpux_gcc +for GNU gcc. (If you omit --with-template, configure may either +default to hpux_cc or give up entirely, depending on which HPUX and +PostgreSQL releases you have.) + +You may want to tweak the CFLAGS setting in template/hpux_[g]cc before +you configure; the distributed files contain neither -O nor -g switches, +which is hardly optimal for any situation. I've seen no problems using +-O with gcc 2.7.2.*. + +The default install target location is /usr/local/pgsql, which +(particularly on HPUX 10) you might want to change to something under +/opt. If so, use the --prefix switch to configure. + +If you have both HP and GNU C++ compilers in your PATH, keep an eye on +whether configure picks the right one --- you want the HP c++ if you are +using HP C, or g++ if you are using gcc. Mixing HP and GNU compilers +won't work. You may need to provide a --with-CXX=compiler switch to +force configure to pick the matching C++ compiler, or even say +--without-CXX if you have a C++ compiler but it doesn't match the C +compiler you want to use. + +Otherwise the standard build/install procedure described in the +PostgreSQL documentation works fine. + + +1.3) yacc dies trying to process src/backend/parser/gram.y. + +HP's yacc doesn't create its tables large enough to handle the Postgres +grammar (a lot of other vendors' yaccs have this problem too). There +are three possible workarounds: + +1. The quickest answer is just to "touch" src/backend/parser/gram.c +and src/backend/parser/parse.h and repeat the build. Any PostgreSQL +distribution file should have up-to-date copies of those files included, +so you shouldn't need to run yacc on gram.y at all ... but sometimes +gram.y mistakenly has a newer timestamp in the distribution than the +derived files do. + +2. Install "bison" (GNU yacc) and reconfigure. Bison doesn't have a +problem with large grammars. Note this is not the right choice if you +are using HP's cc on HPUX 9 --- see next item. + +3. Increase yacc's table sizes enough to cope. With a pre-6.4 +PostgreSQL grammar, I was able to get HPUX 9's yacc to work by +setting YFLAGS to + -d -Np2000 -Ns3000 -Nm100000 -Nl2000 -Na30000 -Nc10000 +(You can edit YFLAGS either in the template file before running +configure, or in src/Makefile.global afterwards.) Future PostgreSQL +releases might require even larger tables, but this should do for +a starting point. + + +1.4) Linking the main postgres executable fails, complaining that + there's no "alloca" function. + +If you're using HP's cc on HPUX 9, it's right: there's no alloca +function. The only place in PostgreSQL that uses alloca is the parser +(gram.c), and that does so only if it was generated with GNU bison. +Unfortunately the distribution copy of gram.c is made with bison. +There are several possible answers: + + 1. Remake gram.c with HP's yacc (see above item for switch settings). + You might also need to remake src/backend/bootstrap/bootparse.c. + + 2. Build with gcc, which treats alloca as a compiled-in-line function. + + 3. Install HPUX 10, which has alloca. You're gonna have to do that + before Y2K anyway... + + +1.5) OK, it seemed to build and install, but the regression test fails. + +There are several "expected failures" due to differences between HPUX +and the regression test reference platform used by the PostgreSQL group. +A look at the textual differences between the expected and actual +outputs will usually reveal that the differences are minor. You should +expect these differences: + +TEST(S) COMMENTS + +int2, int4: pg_atoi generates a differently worded error + message for integer overflow. + +float8: In 6.4, float8 shows some differences due to + different handling of overflow/underflow errors in + exp() and pow(). This should be fixed in 6.4.1 + and later. + +float8, geometry: Lots of differences in the last digit or two + because of different roundoff errors in floating + arithmetic. Also, HPUX does not distinguish + -0 from 0 during printout, but the reference + platform does. + +horology: HPUX time library does not know about daylight + savings time before 1970, so there are some + places in horology where a time will be shown + in PST instead of PDT. + +In addition, the int8 regression test will fail massively on HPUX 9, +because int8 doesn't actually work on this platform (sprintf/sscanf +don't cope with long long int). Either upgrade to HPUX 10, or don't +use int8 data. + +Any other error is cause for suspicion. In particular, if you see +failures in the datetime test on HPUX 9, you probably forgot to +install the libm patch PHSS_4630 --- see item 1.1 above. +diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_irix.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_irix.html new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..fb7fc0a22e --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_irix.html @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ +
+====================================================== +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL >=V6.1 +IRIX Specific +TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NORMAL FAQ +====================================================== +last updated: Mon Mar 05 17:00:00 GMT 1998 + +current maintainer: Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) +original author: Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) + + +Changes in this version (* = modified, + = new, - = removed): +*1.5) Can I install PostgreSQL (diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_linux.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_linux.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d89fcc4d8a --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_linux.html @@ -0,0 +1,704 @@ +) + +*** ./backend/Makefile.orig Thu May 22 00:00:15 1997 +--- ./backend/Makefile Thu Jun 5 16:47:27 1997 +*************** +*** 54,60 **** + all: postgres $(POSTGRES_IMP) global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source + + postgres: $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o +! $(CC) -o postgres $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) + + $(OBJS): $(DIRS:%=%.dir) + +--- 54,64 ---- + all: postgres $(POSTGRES_IMP) global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source + + postgres: $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o +! # $(CC) -o postgres $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) +! -rm -f *.o +! find . -name "*.o" -exec cp \{\} . \; +! rm -f SUBSYS.o +! $(CC) -o postgres *.o ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) + + $(OBJS): $(DIRS:%=%.dir) + + + + +1.6) The make fails with the following message: + ld32: ERROR 4: Conflicting flag setting: -call_shared + + If gmake fails in .../src/backend while building obj/ACCESS.o + with a message from ld32, you can work around this by using + ld for the LD environment variable rather than cc. + + The problem has been observed under Irix 5.3 when compiling both + Postgres95-1.09 and PostgreSQL-6.2Beta6, but on some systems + these appear to compile with no such problems. + + Fix supplied by Brian Sanders (bsanders@netcom.com, + brian@fresnelsoft.com) + + +1.7) Why won't it link? (Problems with lorder) + + According to the IRIX man pages, lorder is useless, but harmless + under IRIX. However, it has caused problems for some people + using both IRIX 6.2. + + The solution is to add the following line to + .../src/makefiles/Makefile.irix5 + + MK_NO_LORDER=true + + +1.8) I have major problems with IRIX 6! + + The following is quoted directly from Bob Bruccoleri + +There is a really nasty loader bug in the compiler system (7.1) +on Irix 6.x, and the error that Lasse Petersen is the result of it. +Here is the original message. I don't know if all the changes have been +folded into the current release. + +Date: Fri, 06 Jun 1997 17:12:20 -0400 (EDT) +From: bruc@bms.com (Robert Bruccoleri) +Subject: [PORTS] Patches for Irix 6.4 + +I have worked out how to compile PostgreSQL on Irix 6.4 using the -n32 compiler +mode and version 7.1 of the C compiler. (The n32 compiler use 32 bits addressing, +but allows access to all the instructions in the MIPS4 instruction set.) +There were several problems: + +1) The ld command is not referenced as a macro in all the Makefiles. On +this platform, you have to include -n32 on all the ld commands. Makefiles +were changed as needed. + +2) There is a bug in "ld" which mishandles the addresses of static procedures +when object files are assembled into larger object files using "ld -r". +Because of this, I put a hack into src/backend/Makefile to avoid all the +SUBSYS.o files and just link all the objects. I have contacted SGI about the +problem, and hopefully, it will be fixed in the near future. + +3) Lots of warnings are generated from the compiler. Since the regression +tests worked OK, I didn't attempt to fix them. If anyone wants the compilation +log, please let me know, and I'll email it to you. + +The version of postgresql was 970602. Here is Makefile.custom: + +CUSTOM_COPT = -O2 -n32 +MK_NO_LORDER = 1 +LD = ld -n32 +CC += -n32 + +Here are the patches: + +*** ./backend/access/Makefile.orig Sun Nov 10 00:00:15 1996 +- --- ./backend/access/Makefile Tue Jun 3 10:22:32 1997 +*************** +*** 8,13 **** +- --- 8,16 ---- + # + #------------------------------------------------------------------------- + ++ SRCDIR = ../.. ++ include ../../Makefile.global ++ + OBJS = common/SUBSYS.o gist/SUBSYS.o hash/SUBSYS.o heap/SUBSYS.o \ + index/SUBSYS.o rtree/SUBSYS.o nbtree/SUBSYS.o transam/SUBSYS.o + + +*** ./backend/bootstrap/Makefile.orig Fri Apr 18 06:00:23 1997 +- --- ./backend/bootstrap/Makefile Tue Jun 3 10:23:59 1997 +*************** +*** 38,44 **** + all: SUBSYS.o + + SUBSYS.o: $(OBJS) +! ld -r -o SUBSYS.o $(OBJS) + + # bootstrap.o's dependency on bootstrap_tokens.h is computed by the + # make depend, but we state it here explicitly anyway because +- --- 38,44 ---- + all: SUBSYS.o + + SUBSYS.o: $(OBJS) +! $(LD) -r -o SUBSYS.o $(OBJS) + + # bootstrap.o's dependency on bootstrap_tokens.h is computed by the + # make depend, but we state it here explicitly anyway because + +*** ./backend/Makefile.orig Thu May 22 00:00:15 1997 +- --- ./backend/Makefile Thu Jun 5 16:47:27 1997 +*************** +*** 54,60 **** + all: postgres $(POSTGRES_IMP) global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source + + postgres: $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o +! $(CC) -o postgres $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) + + $(OBJS): $(DIRS:%=%.dir) + +- --- 54,64 ---- + all: postgres $(POSTGRES_IMP) global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source + + postgres: $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o +! # $(CC) -o postgres $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) +! -rm -f *.o +! find . -name "*.o" -exec cp \{\} . \; +! rm -f SUBSYS.o +! $(CC) -o postgres *.o ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) + + $(OBJS): $(DIRS:%=%.dir) + +*************** +*** 116,122 **** + install: $(LIBDIR) $(BINDIR) $(HEADERDIR) postgres $(POSTGRES_IMP) fmgr.h\ + global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source \ + libpq/pg_hba.conf.sample optimizer/geqo/pg_geqo.sample +! + $(INSTALL) $(INSTL_EXE_OPTS) postgres $(BINDIR)/postgres + ifeq ($(MAKE_EXPORTS), true) + $(INSTALL) $(INSTLOPTS) $(POSTGRES_IMP) $(LIBDIR)/$(POSTGRES_IMP) +- --- 120,126 ---- + install: $(LIBDIR) $(BINDIR) $(HEADERDIR) postgres $(POSTGRES_IMP) fmgr.h\ + global1.bki.source local1_template1.bki.source \ + libpq/pg_hba.conf.sample optimizer/geqo/pg_geqo.sample +! + $(INSTALL) $(INSTL_EXE_OPTS) postgres $(BINDIR)/postgres + ifeq ($(MAKE_EXPORTS), true) + $(INSTALL) $(INSTLOPTS) $(POSTGRES_IMP) $(LIBDIR)/$(POSTGRES_IMP) + +*** ./backend/optimizer/Makefile.orig Wed Feb 19 12:00:34 1997 +- --- ./backend/optimizer/Makefile Tue Jun 3 10:39:47 1997 +*************** +*** 8,13 **** +- --- 8,16 ---- + # + #------------------------------------------------------------------------- + ++ SRCDIR= ../.. ++ include ../../Makefile.global ++ + all: submake SUBSYS.o + + OBJS = path/SUBSYS.o plan/SUBSYS.o prep/SUBSYS.o util/SUBSYS.o geqo/SUBSYS.o + +*** ./backend/libpq/pqcomprim.c.orig Mon May 26 00:00:23 1997 +- --- ./backend/libpq/pqcomprim.c Fri Jun 6 16:02:24 1997 +*************** +*** 32,40 **** + # define hton_l(n) (ntoh_l(n)) + # else /* BYTE_ORDER != BIG_ENDIAN */ + # if BYTE_ORDER == PDP_ENDIAN +! # #error PDP_ENDIAN macros not written yet + # else /* BYTE_ORDER != anything known */ +! # #error BYTE_ORDER not defined as anything understood + # endif /* BYTE_ORDER == PDP_ENDIAN */ + # endif /* BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN */ + #endif /* BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN */ +- --- 32,40 ---- + # define hton_l(n) (ntoh_l(n)) + # else /* BYTE_ORDER != BIG_ENDIAN */ + # if BYTE_ORDER == PDP_ENDIAN +! # error PDP_ENDIAN macros not written yet + # else /* BYTE_ORDER != anything known */ +! # error BYTE_ORDER not defined as anything understood + # endif /* BYTE_ORDER == PDP_ENDIAN */ + # endif /* BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN */ + #endif /* BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN */ + +*** ./backend/storage/Makefile.orig Sun Nov 10 00:01:06 1996 +- --- ./backend/storage/Makefile Tue Jun 3 10:41:29 1997 +*************** +*** 8,13 **** +- --- 8,16 ---- + # + #------------------------------------------------------------------------- + ++ SRCDIR= ../.. ++ include ../../Makefile.global ++ + all: submake SUBSYS.o + + OBJS = buffer/SUBSYS.o file/SUBSYS.o ipc/SUBSYS.o large_object/SUBSYS.o \ + + + + +1.9) Why does lex fail with PostgreSQL 6.2.1? + + IRIX 5.3 lex has been reported to fail in + postgresql-6.2.1/src/backend/parser with the error: + + lex scan.l + "scan.l":line 86: Error: Invalid request %x xc + gmake[2]: *** [scan.c] Error 1 + + The answer is to use GNU flex 2.5.4 or later. Use the command + flex --version + to check you have a new enough version of flex + + +1.10) How do I install PostgreSQL V6.3 under Irix 6.x? + + Irix 6.2-6.4 has a bug in ld which mishandles the addresses of + static procedures when object files are assembled into + larger object files using 'ld -r'. This bug has been reported + to Silicon Graphics. + + Depending on your Irix installation you may also encounter + 2 other problems detailed below: Conflict in C standards, + Conflict in library functions. + + a) Solving the ld bug + --------------------- + + One option is to use the Gnu version of ld. Alternatively, + the following patch should be applied as a workaround. + (Supplied by Bob Bruccoleri and modified for + PostgreSQL V6.3 by Lasse Hiller Petersen ) + + Apply the following patch: + +*** ./backend/Makefile.orig Tue Mar 3 15:33:58 1998 +--- ./backend/Makefile Tue Mar 3 15:39:27 1998 +*************** +*** 63,69 **** + global1.description +local1_template1.description + + postgres: $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o +! $(CC) -o postgres $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) + + $(OBJS): $(DIRS:%=%.dir) + +--- 63,73 ---- + global1.description +local1_template1.description + + postgres: $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o +! # $(CC) -o postgres $(OBJS) ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) +! -rm -f *.o +! find . -name "*.o" -exec cp \{\} . \; +! rm -f SUBSYS.o +! $(CC) -o postgres *.o ../utils/version.o $(LDFLAGS) + + $(OBJS): $(DIRS:%=%.dir) + + + + + Lasse configured with ./configure --enable-locale + and modified Makefile.custom to contain: +CC = cc -n32 +LD = ld -n32 + + He reports that the installation without -n32 works fine too, + but the -n32 was required for compatibility with his Perl + installation. His system was an Origin200 running IRIX64 v6.4. + + + b) Conflict in C standards + -------------------------- + + I have found that the following patch is also necessary in order + to prevent a duplicate definition of a Union used for semaphores. + Apply the following patch to: + .../src/makefile/Makefile.irix5: + +*** src/makefiles/Makefile.irix5.orig Thu Mar 5 16:59:58 1998 +--- src/makefiles/Makefile.irix5 Thu Mar 5 17:01:13 1998 +*************** +*** 6,9 **** + %.so: %.o + $(LD) -G -Bdynamic -shared -o $@ $< + +! +--- 6,9 ---- + %.so: %.o + $(LD) -G -Bdynamic -shared -o $@ $< + +! CFLAGS+= -U_NO_XOPEN4 + + i.e. the addition of the line: + CFLAGS+= -U_NO_XOPEN4 + + This is needed to stop the semun union being redefined in + /usr/include/sys/sem.h + + c) Conflict in library functions + -------------------------------- + + In addition, if you have the nsl and crypt libraries these will + conflict with the required definitions. I think that libnsl.a + may be the Netware socket library (or something similar). In + any case, if you have these libraries, they will be added to + Makefile.global and you will need to remove them. + + Thus, you should edit .../src/Makefile.global. Goto (approximately) + line 217 where LDFLAGS= is set and remove -lnsl and -lcrypt + from this line. + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 2: Deinstalling PostgreSQL +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +2.1) Why can't I move the executable files? + + By default, the IRIX port uses the BSD compatible version of + install from /usr/bin/X11. If you read the man page for this + version of install, you will see that it is not meant for + end-user use; it has the interesting side-effect of chowning + files it installs to root. + + You should still be able to delete the files as you (the + postgres user) will own the directory in which they are + stored. + + The normal IRIX install program cannot be used easily as it + takes its arguments in the reverse order. It is therefore + recommended to use the GNU version of install (ginstall). + See Question 1.4 + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 3: Extending PostgreSQL +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +3.1) How do I compile a C program to create a function for extending + PostgreSQL + + Here is a sample command line: + + cc -I/usr/local/PostgreSQL/include/ -I/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend + -shared -o funcs.so funcs.c + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin University College London +EMAIL: (Work) martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk (Home) andrew@stagleys.demon.co.uk +URL: http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin +Tel: (Work) +44(0)171 419 3890 (Home) +44(0)1372 275775 +
+======================================================= +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL >= V6.1 +Linux Specific +TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NORMAL FAQ +======================================================= +last updated: Fri Jun 19 13:35:00 BST 1998 + +current maintainer: Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) +original author: Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) + + +Changes in this version (* = modified, + = new, - = removed): + ++1.23) Why does the compile fail with messages about F_BOOLIN, F_BOOLOUT + and F_BYTEAIN being undeclared? + +This file is divided approximately as follows: +1.*) Installing PostgreSQL +2.*) Compiling accessory programs +3.*) Runtime Problems + + +Questions answered: +1.1) What changes do I need to make to src/Makefile.global or + src/Makefile.custom and are there any other changes needed? +1.2) Why do I get problems with missing libreadline? +1.3) [REDHAT] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h? +1.4) [SLACKWARE 3.1] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h? +1.5) My compile of the backend dies complaining about the include file + dlfcn.h missing +1.6) GCC complains about an ignored option -fpic +1.7) I get warnings of the form + warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size +1.8) [SuSE-Linux 4.2-4.4] Where is curses and termcap? +1.9) Why do I get problems with ld.so? +1.10) Why do I get `yy_flush_buffer undefined' errors? +1.11) How do I compile PostgreSQL on an a.out system? +1.12) Why does make fail with: + yacc -d /disk2/PostgreSQL/src/backend/parser/gram.y + make: /usr/bin/make: cannot execute binary file +1.13) What are the references in X11_LIB to libsocket and libnsl in + src/Makefile.global? +1.14) [DEBIAN] Where is libtermcap? +1.15) [REDHAT] Can I get PostgreSQL as an RPM? +1.16) While trying to compile a development version under Linux, compilation + fails with a message like: + In file included from /usr/include/sys/sem.h:8, + from ipc.c:37: + /usr/include/asm/bitops.h:32: warning: no previous prototype for Set_bit' + .... + make: *** [ipc.o] Error 1 +1.17) When compiling postgres, gcc reports signal 11 and aborts. +1.18) Can I install 6.1.1 under MkLinux? +1.19) Why does make exit or crash? +1.20) How can I optimise for 486 or pentium processors +1.21) Why do I get strange results with printing times (for example + in the regression test 'timespan')? +1.22) Why don't I get any shared libraries for libpq when I compile + 6.3.2? +1.23) Why does the compile fail with messages about F_BOOLIN, F_BOOLOUT + and F_BYTEAIN being undeclared? +2.1) The linker fails to find libX11 when compiling pgtclsh +3.1) I get an error reporting _fUnKy_POSTPORT_sTuFf_ undefined when + running scripts like createuser +3.2) I run postmaster and after that system says 'Bad system call(Core + dumped)' +3.3) When I try to start the Postmaster, why do I get an error of the form + Failed Assertion("!(file != 0):(null)", File: + "/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c", Line: 257) + !(file != 0) (0) + initdb: could not create template database + initdb: cleaning up. +3.4) Why doesn't createuser work? +3.5) Why do I get an error like: + IpcMemoryCreate: memKey=155356396 , size=760632 , + permission=384IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(..., create, ...) + failed: Invalid argument +3.6) Why does psql fail with: + psql: can't load library 'libpq.so.1' +3.7) Other strange behaviour +3.8) When PostgreSQL is running when the system is shutdown, Linux + always fsck's the disk when rebooted. +3.9) Why does Query 32 in the regression tests take so long? +3.10) Why do I get funny rounding results in some date/time arithmetic, + such as + select '4 hours'::timespan; + returning '3 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds'? + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 1: Compiling PostgreSQL +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +1.1) What changes do I need to make to src/Makefile.global or + src/Makefile.custom and are there any other changes needed? + + Changes to the makefiles are most easily made by running the + customize shell script in the src directory which will write a + Makefile.custom for you. + + The only other change you may have to make is to replace + Flex if you have version 2.5.3 which has a bug which generally + manifests itself as createuser failing (See Question 3.4) + + If you modify the makefiles by hand, you *must* set the + following variable: + PORTNAME= linux + + You will also need to change the following to match your own + installation: + POSTGRESDIR + + If you switch on the USE_TCL option, you will need to set these: + TCL_INCDIR= + TCL_LIBDIR= + TCL_LIB= + TK_INCDIR= + TK_LIBDIR= + TK_LIB= + X11_INCDIR= + X11_LIBDIR= + X11_LIB= + + On my Slackware3.0 system, these are: + TCL_INCDIR= /usr/include/tcl + TCL_LIBDIR= /usr/lib + TCL_LIB= -ltcl + TK_INCDIR= /usr/include/tcl + TK_LIBDIR= /usr/lib + TK_LIB= -ltk + X11_INCDIR= /usr/include/X11 + X11_LIBDIR= /usr/X386/lib + X11_LIB= -lX11 + + You may also make any other changes you need as documented in + the INSTALL file and in Makefile.global + + +1.2) Why do I get problems with missing libreadline? + + Linux systems generally don't come with the GNU readline library + installed. Either ensure you do not activate the readline options + in src/Makefile.global or src/Makefile.custom or install the GNU + readline library. + + Note that Debian Linux (like FreeBSD) does come with readline + installed. + +1.3) [REDHAT] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h? + + This manifests itself as being unable to link with functions + such as dlopen(), dlclose(), etc. during the last phase of the + compilation. + + The libdl library is used for dynamic linking of user-supplied + functions at run-time. For some reason this library was missed out + from the Redhat distribution. It seems that the latest Redhat 4.0 + (Colgate) fixes this. + + RedHat now have a new ld.so RPM package on their FTP site. + Simply grab: + + ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/devel/i386/RedHat/RPMS/ld.so-1.7.14-4.i386.rpm + + Install the RPM file in the usual way and off you go! + + NOTE! You will have to re-run configure and do a make clean + after installing the library and before recompiling. + + There has been one report of a corrupted system resulting from + programs accessing these libraries while updating them (not + altogether surprising). Consequently it is a good idea to reboot + the system before installing the new libraries and to + have as little running as possible during this upgrade. Going + into single-user mode is probably a good idea! + + If you want to do it the hard way, you can obtain the library and the + header file from: + + ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ld.so-1.7.14.tar.gz + + Alternatively, you may find precompiled binaries in + distributions/debian/buzz/binary-i386/base/ld.so-1.7.14-4.deb + on the same site, or follow the instructions given for question 1.2 for + correcting the same error with early releases of Slackware 3.1. + Don't use this method unless you know what you are doing! + + + +1.4) [SLACKWARE 3.1] Why do I get problems with missing libdl and dlfcn.h? + + This manifests itself as being unable to link with functions + such as dlopen(), dlclose(), etc. during the last phase of the + compilation. + + See the answer to question 1.3. Slackware up to version 3.0 was + supplied with this library and include file and they seem to be + back in again in the latest versions of 3.1, but the early 3.1 + releases (before 9th September 1996) had them missing and many + CD-ROM versions will have been pressed from the first 3.1 releases. + + There has been one report of a corrupted system resulting from + programs accessing these libraries while updating them (not + altogether surprising). Consequently it is a good idea to reboot + the system before installing the new libraries and to + have as little running as possible during this upgrade. Going + into single-user mode is probably a good idea! + + The easiest fix is to obtain the file ldso.tgz from the a4 disk of + a more recent Slackware distribution and unpack this file + from the root (/) directory, then do + + sh install/doinst.sh + + to complete the installation. Follow this with + + ldconfig + + NOTE! You will have to re-run configure and do a make clean + after installing the library and before recompiling. + + If you want to install manually, you must first install the file + dlfcn.h in /usr/include. + + Second, install the file libdl.so.1.7.14 (or whatever the latest + release is) in /lib, then do: + + cd /lib + ln -sf libdl.so.1.7.14 libdl.so.1 + ln -sf libdl.so.1 libdl.so + + On some systems (depending on your GCC configuration) it may be + necessary to do: + + cd /usr/lib + ln -sf /lib/libdl.so . + + Finally + + ldconfig + + NOTE! You will have to re-run configure and do a make clean + after installing the library and before recompiling. + + +1.5) My compile of the backend dies complaining about the include file + dlfcn.h missing + + See the answer to question 1.3/1.4. Don't forget that if you are using + an a.out system you must first have installed the dld package + (which is not supplied with most a.out systems) to have dlfcn.h + at all. See Question 1.11. + + +1.6) GCC complains about an ignored option -fpic + + Earlier versions of GCC accepted either -fpic or -fPIC. + It appears that more recent versions (V2.7.2?) require -fPIC. + If you are using an ELF version of Linux, this can safely be + ignored as -fPIC is the default. + + You can correct this by editing src/Makefile.global and + changing CFLAGS_SL + + +1.7) I get warnings of the form + warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size + + These were seen in earlier versions of Postgres95 and could + safely be ignored. PostgreSQL V6.0 should compile with no warnings + except those related to system header files (which can also + be safely ignored). + +1.8) [SuSE-Linux 4.2-4.4] Where is curses and termcap? + + SuSE-Linux 4.2 has ncurses but not curses. 4.4 appears to have both. + SuSE-Linux also has the termcap library is in /usr/lib/termcap + instead of in /usr/lib. + + PostgreSQL (up to V6.0) + ----------------------- + Set the value of CURSES_LIB in src/Makefile.custom to -lncurses + (or do this through the customize script). + Add the following line to src/Makefile.custom: + + LDADD_BE+= -L/usr/lib/termcap + + You may need to edit src/bin/psql/Makefile and change: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= + to: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= -ltermcap + + PostgreSQL (V6.1) + ----------------- + The configure script doesn't know to look in /usr/lib/termcap for + the termcap library, so you should specify this as one of the + library directories when asked for additional directories to + search. + + If this doesn't work (I don't have SuSE to verify that it does) + then after running configure, you need to edit + src/Makefile.global and add -ltermcap to the LDFLAGS line + (after -lreadline). (Alternatively, you can modify + src/Makefile.custom before running configure.) + + Some versions of SuSE provide only ncurses, so you may need + to force use of ncurses rather than curses by changing + -lcurses to -lncurses. (Reported true for SuSE 5.1) + + +1.9) Why do I get problems with ld.so? + + If you get problems with ld.so, another library required under + ELF for dynamic loading, then you have messed up your installation + or (more likely) upgrade of Linux. + + See the answers to Question 1.3/1.4. You may need to install + ld.so.x.y.z in /lib and run ldconfig. + + The most recent stable release of the ld package is 1.7.14 + At the time of writing, 1.8.x versions of ld are experimental. + +1.10) Why do I get `yy_flush_buffer undefined' errors? + + This isn't really Linux specific, but is common on older Linux + installations. You must have a recent version of flex (2.5.2 or later) + to compile PostgreSQL. Note that flex 2.5.3 has a bug: see + Question 3.4. + +1.11) How do I compile PostgreSQL on an a.out system? + + First, you must install the dld library. This may be obtained + from Sunsite as: + Linux/libs/dld.3.2.7.tar.gz + (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld.3.2.7.tar.gz) + + Second, add the following line to src/Makefile.custom: + LINUX_ELF= + (or use the customize script) + +1.12) Why does make fail with: + yacc -d /disk2/PostgreSQL/src/backend/parser/gram.y + make: /usr/bin/make: cannot execute binary file + + This was a problem in earlier versions of Postgres95. The default + for PostgreSQL is to use bison -y rather than yacc. + + yacc is generally implemented as a script which invokes bison -y + For some reason (certain versions of make? certain versions of + bash?) make is unable to execute this script file. + + To correct this, simply edit src/mk/port/postgres.mk.linux + and, at the end of the file, change: + # YACC = bison -y + to + YACC = bison -y + +1.13) What are the references in X11_LIB to libsocket and libnsl in + src/Makefile.global? + + This was a problem in 1.08 (they are Sun Solaris specific). + It is fixed in 1.09 and 6.0 + +1.14) [DEBIAN] Where is libtermcap? + + Debian Linux comes without the termcap library and uses ncurses + (which uses terminfo instead). There is no need to change the + CURSES_LIB variable in src/bin/psql/Makefile since Debian provides + a link from libncurses to libcurses (unlike SuSE-Linux --- see + Question 1.8). + + You may need to edit src/bin/psql/Makefile and comment out the + change: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= -ltermcap + to: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= + + +1.15) [REDHAT] Can I get PostgreSQL as an RPM? + + Yes! Michal Mosiewiczdiff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_linux_german.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_linux_german.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f32472430 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_linux_german.html @@ -0,0 +1,748 @@ + + ++ (http://www.pdi.lodz.pl/~mimo) has kindly put together an RPM + for PostgreSQL V6.0 on Intel architectures which he has uploaded to + ftp://ftp.redhat.org/pub/Incoming/Postgres-6.0-1.i386.rpm + + This is a pre-compiled version, the source RPM is on its + was as I write (3rd Feb 1997). + +1.16) While trying to compile a development version under Linux, compilation + fails with a message like: + In file included from /usr/include/sys/sem.h:8, + from ipc.c:37: + /usr/include/asm/bitops.h:32: warning: no previous prototype for Set_bit' + .... + make: *** [ipc.o] Error 1 + + The problem is that Linux provides no prototypes for these + inline functions. The solution is to go into the + .../src/backend/storage/ipc directory and edit the Makefile. + Change the line + CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) + to + CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) -Wno-error + + Do the same in the ../src/backend/storage/lmgr directory. + +1.17) When compiling postgres, gcc reports signal 11 and aborts. + More specifically: + gcc: Internal compiler error: program cc1 got fatal + signal 11 + + This may be a hardware/memory problem. PortgreSQL is a big + program, and large gcc compilations (such as building + PostgreSQL or bebuilding the kernel) stress memory like + few other programs, resulting in errors that do not occur + in normal operation. Lesser operating systems are also + unlikely to stress the hardware to this degree so you + may never see any problems under DOS/Windows. + + More information on this problem at: + http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11 + + From this Sig11 FAQ, there appears to be a specific problem + with Redhat 5.0 gcc running on Cyrix processors. See the + URL above for more details! + +1.18) Can I install 6.1.1 under MkLinux? + + Tatsuo Ishii has done this under + MkLinux DR2.1 update2 after a small patch available from: + ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/6.1.1/mklinux.patch.gz + +1.19) Why does make exit or crash? + + There have been a couple of reports of gmake either just + exiting early or seg faulting. The latter problem was reported + with gmake 3.74 - upgrading to 3.76.1 solved the problem. + However, 3.74 is known to work fine in other people's setups. + In short, try upgrading gmake to the latest version you can + find before reporting this as a problem + +1.20) How can I optimise for 486 or pentium processors + + The default compiler flags perform no optimisation for 486 + or Pentium processors. To add such optimisation, edit + Makefile.custom and add: + + CFLAGS+= -m486 + + or (for the new compilers that most people are not yet running) + + CFLAGS+= -mpentium + or + CFLAGS+= -mpentiumpro + +1.21) Why do I get strange results with printing times (for example + in the regression test 'timespan')? + The times are appearing as: '4 hours 59 mins 60.00 secs' + instead of '5 hours' + + This is a problem with the glibc2 library which comes with + Redhat 5.0. Update your glibc to the latest RedHat version + for v5.0/hurricane. Anything prior to glibc-2.0.7 is likely + to have the problem. + +1.22) Why don't I get any shared libraries for libpq when I compile + 6.3.2? + + There was some last minute breakage of the Linux configuration for + v6.3.2. Look in ftp://postgresql.org/pub/patches/ for a few fix-ups, + including a linux_elf patch. + +1.23) Why does the compile fail with messages about F_BOOLIN, F_BOOLOUT + and F_BYTEAIN being undeclared? + + The actual messages are something like: + + -I/usr/include/readline -O2 -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -I.. + -Wno-error -c bootstrap.c -o bootstrap.o + bootstrap.c:160: `F_BOOLIN' undeclared here (not in a function) + bootstrap.c:160: initializer element for `Procid[0].inproc' is not + constant + bootstrap.c:160: `F_BOOLOUT' undeclared here (not in a function) + bootstrap.c:160: initializer element for `Procid[0].outproc' is not + constant + bootstrap.c:161: `F_BYTEAIN' undeclared here (not in a function) + bootstrap.c:161: initializer element for `Procid[1].inproc' is not + constant + + This is tricky unless you know why it happens, as these constants + don't seem to be defined anywhere. + + The solution is to make sure that cpp is included in your path + before you start the make. + + On Redhat 5.1, cpp is in /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.7.2.3 + + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 2: Compiling accessory programs +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +2.1) The linker fails to find libX11 when compiling pgtclsh + + Add the following to src/Makefile.custom + X11_LIBDIR = /usr/X11R6/lib + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 3: Runtime Problems +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +3.1) I get an error reporting _fUnKy_POSTPORT_sTuFf_ undefined when + running scripts like createuser + + This is a bug in V1.06-V1.07 of Postgres and is fixed in V1.08 + and above. + +3.2) I run postmaster and after that system says 'Bad system call(Core + dumped)' + + This indicates that you have not compiled shared memory support + into your kernel. You need to recompile the Linux kernel to add this + feature. + + +3.3) When I try to start the Postmaster, why do I get an error of the form + Failed Assertion("!(file != 0):(null)", File: + "/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c", Line: 257) + !(file != 0) (0) + initdb: could not create template database + initdb: cleaning up. + + Your permissions on the file /dev/null are wrong. + + ls -l /dev/null should give you something like: + + crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 2, 2 Oct 8 18:41 /dev/null + + Correct the permissions using: + + chmod a+rw /dev/null + +3.4) Why doesn't createuser work? + + There is a problem with Version 2.5.3 of GNU flex and createuser. + Your options are to downgrade flex to V2.5.2, upgrade to V2.5.4 + or apply a patch to V2.5.3 which is supplied in doc/README.flex + You may obtain V2.5.4 from + ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz + +3.5) Why do I get an error like: + IpcMemoryCreate: memKey=155356396 , size=760632 , + permission=384IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(..., create, ...) + failed: Invalid argument + + You haven't build IPC support into your Linux kernel. You + will have to rebuild the kernel and switch on this option. + +3.6) Why does psql fail with: + psql: can't load library 'libpq.so.1' + + Psql has been compiled to link dynamically with the libpq + library. + + To solve this, you should log in as root and edit the file + /etc/ld.so.conf + Add a single line at the end which gives the name of the + PostgreSQL library directory (the lib subdirectory of your + PostgreSQL installation) and run + /sbin/ldconfig -v + + Alternatively, (and if you don't have root access), you may + use the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable. + + The LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable contains a colon separated list of + paths to be searched for shared libraries. This list is + searched before the libraries specified by ldconfig. + + Therefore under Bash, you would do something like: + export LD_LIBRARY_PATH='PathToPGSQL'/lib + or, using tcsh + setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH 'PathToPGSQL'/lib + replacing 'PathToPGSQL' with the appropriate path to your top level + PostgreSQL directory + + Note that the ldd command can be used on a dynamically linked + executable to list the paths to all the shared libraries upon + which the executable depends. + + +3.7) Other strange behaviour + + I'm not sure what the symptoms might be except for nothing + working properly, but it has been pointed out that one needs + to be careful that the dynamic loader loads the correct version + of the libpq library. If you have old versions lying around + in your library path (for example in /usr/lib) these may get + loaded instead of the new version you intended to load. Make + sure you get them out of the way and look at Q3.6 for + details of loading libraries. + +3.8) When PostgreSQL is running when the system is shutdown, Linux + always fsck's the disk when rebooted. + + There have been some reports of this happening and it seems + to be a result of running PostgreSQL from /etc/inittab as + suggested in the INSTALL document. + + You are therefore recommended to start the postmaster from an + rc script. Under a Slackware-like release, you would modify + /etc/rc.d/rc.local to start the postmaster. Under a RedHat-like + release you should create a SysV style script in + /etc/rc.d/rc3.d based on the /etc/rc.d/init.d skeleton file. + + There's a sample file in contrib/linux/postgres.init + + Here's another sample file supplied by John Robinson + which you should modify as needed: + +#!/bin/sh +# +# postgreSQL.init This shell script takes care of starting and stopping +# the PostgreSQL postmaster. +# + +# Source function library. +. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions + +# Source networking configuration. +. /etc/sysconfig/network + +# Check that networking is up. +[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0 + +# See how we were called. +case "$1" in + start) + # Start daemons. + echo -n "Starting postgres Postmaster daemon:" + if [ -z "`pidofproc postmaster`" ] + then + su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /home/postgreSQL/data -p 5432 &" + echo -n " postmaster" + else + echo -n " (already running)" + fi + echo + touch /var/lock/subsys/postgres + ;; + stop) + # Stop daemons. + echo -n "Shutting down postgres Postmaster daemon: " + killall -TERM postmaster 2>/dev/null + killall -TERM postgres 2>/dev/null + echo + rm -f /var/lock/subsys/postgres + ;; + *) + echo "Usage: postgres {start|stop}" + exit 1 +esac + +exit 0 + + + +3.9) Why does Query 32 in the regression tests take so long? + + This is due to a bug in regression scripts which only happens + on linux boxes. There are two workarounds as far as I know + (information from Tatsuo Ishii ): + + 1. change following in regress.sh: + time postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql + to: + postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql + + 2. after running the test, remove a line at the very end of + bench.out something like: + 85.86user 114.47system 4:49.20elapsed 69%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k + then type: + sh ./perquery < bench.out > & bench.out.perquery + + + +3.10) Why do I get funny rounding results in some date/time arithmetic, + such as + select '4 hours'::timespan; + returning '3 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds'? + + You are running the new glibc2 libraries and have a version earlier than + 2.0.7. It is a math rounding problem in the library. Upgrade your library. +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin University College London +EMAIL: (Work) martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk (Home) andrew@stagleys.demon.co.uk +URL: http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin +Tel: (Work) +44(0)171 419 3890 (Home) +44(0)1372 275775 +
Letztes Update des Originals: | +Tue Aug 10 11:15:00 BST 1999 | +
Original-FAQ gepflegt durch: | +Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) | +
Original Autor: | +Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) | +
+ | |
Letztes Update der Übersetzung: | +Mo, 23. August 1999, 10:00 CEST | +
Übersetzer: | +Karsten Schulz (schulz@linux-systemhaus.de) | +
+Änderungen in dieser Version (* = geändert, + = neu, - = entfernt) +
+
++3.11) Wieso bekomme ich einen Fehler wie: IpcMemoryCreate: shmget failed (Permission denied)?
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+Die einzige andere Änderung, die evtl. zu machen wäre, ist Flex zu ersetzen, wenn Du die Version 2.5.3 hast. +Diese Version hat einen Fehler, der sich durch das Scheitern des createuser-Programms äußert. +(siehe dazu auch Frage 3.4). +
+Falls Du die Makefiles manuell änderst, musst Du die
+folgende Variable setzen:
+
+PORTNAME= linux ++ +Du musst auch die folgende Variable ändern, damit sie auf Deine +Installation passt: +
+POSTGRESDIR ++Falls Du die USE_TCL-Option aktivierst, musst Du folgende Variablen setzen:
+TCL_INCDIR= +TCL_LIBDIR= +TCL_LIB= +TK_INCDIR= +TK_LIBDIR= +TK_LIB= +X11_INCDIR= +X11_LIBDIR= +X11_LIB= ++ +Auf meinem Slackware 3.0 System sind das: +
+TCL_INCDIR= /usr/include/tcl +TCL_LIBDIR= /usr/lib +TCL_LIB= -ltcl +TK_INCDIR= /usr/include/tcl +TK_LIBDIR= /usr/lib +TK_LIB= -ltk +X11_INCDIR= /usr/include/X11 +X11_LIBDIR= /usr/X386/lib +X11_LIB= -lX11 ++
+Du solltest auch alle weiteren Änderungen durchführen, die in der +Datei INSTALL und in Makefile.global dokumentiert sind. + +
+Die libdl Bibliothek wird zum dynamischen Linken von Benutzerfunktionen zur Laufzeit +benutzt. Aus irgendwelchen Gründen wurde diese Bibliothek mit der RedHat-Distribution +nicht ausgeliefert. Anscheinend ist dies in der letzten RedHat 4.0 (Colgate) geändert worden. +
+RedHat hat nun ein neues ld.so RPM-Archiv auf ihrem ftp-Server. Hole Dir einfach: +
+ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/devel/i386/RedHat/RPMS/ld.so-1.7.14-4.i386.rpm +
+Installiere das RPM-Archiv wie üblich und gut ist! +
+Hinweis: Du mußt configure und make clean nach der Installation +der Bibliothek und vor dem erneuten Kompilieren laufen lassen. +
+Es gab einen Bericht über ein zerstörtes System, weil Programme auf +diese Bibliothek während des Updates zugegriffen haben (alles in allem nicht +weiter überraschend). Konsequenterweise ist es eine gute Idee, das System vor der +Installation zu rebooten, um so wenige Programme wie möglich während +des Updates laufen zu haben. In den Single-User-Mode zu gehen ist wahrscheinlich +auch eine gute Idee! +
+Wenn Du lieber den harten Weg gehen willst, kannst Du die Bibliothek und +die Header-Dateien von: +
+ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ld.so-1.7.14.tar.gz +
+holen. Alternativ findest Du vorkompilierte Binaries in +distributions/debian/buzz/binary-i386/base/ld.so-1.7.14-4.deb auf dem gleichen +ftp-Server oder folge den Instruktionen bei Frage 1.2, die den gleichen Fehler +für Slackware 3.1 behandelt. +
+Mache es aber nur auf diese Weise, wenn Du weißt, was Du tust! + + +
+Siehe die Antwort zu Frage 1.3. +
+Slackware bis Version 3.0 war mit dieser Bibliothek und der Include-Datei ausgestattet und ab späten +3.1er-Versionen scheinen sie auch wieder da zu sein. Aber in frühen 3.1er-Versionen (vor dem 09.09.96) +fehlten sie und es wurden viele CD-ROMs von diesen ersten 3.1.er-Versionen gepresst. +
+Es gab einen Bericht über ein zerstörtes System, weil Programme auf +diese Bibliothek während des Updates zugegriffen haben (alles in allem nicht +weiter überraschend). Konsequenterweise ist es eine gute Idee, das System vor der +Installation zu rebooten, um so wenige Programme wie möglich während +des Updates laufen zu haben. In den Single-User-Mode zu gehen ist wahrscheinlich +auch eine gute Idee! +
+Der einfachste Weg, den Fehler zu beseitigen ist, die Datei ldso.tgz von der a4-Diskette einer +aktuelleren Slackware zu nehmen, diese Datei im Wurzelverzeichnis (/) zu entpacken und dann ein +
sh install/doinst.sh+durchzuführen. Danach ein
ldconfigdurchführen. +
+Hinweis: Du mußt configure und make clean nach der Installation +der Bibliothek und vor dem erneuten Kompilieren laufen lassen. +
+Falls Du manuell installieren möchtest, installiere zuerst die Datei dlfcn.h in /usr/include. +Dann die libdl.so.1.7.14 (oder was immer die letzte Version ist) in /lib. Dann führe +folgende Befehle aus: +
+cd /lib +ln -sf libdl.so.1.7.14 libdl.so.1 +ln -sf libdl.so.1 libdl.so ++Auf manchen Systemen (je nach Deiner gcc-Konfiguration) können noch folgende +Befehle notwendig sein: +
+cd /usr/lib +ln -sf /lib/libdl.so . ++Und zum Schluß noch ein
ldconfig+
+Hinweis: Du mußt configure und make clean nach der Installation +der Bibliothek und vor dem erneuten Kompilieren laufen lassen. + +
-fpic
oder -fPIC
an.
+Es scheint, daß neuere Versionen (V2.7.2?) -fPIC
erfordern.
+Falls Du ein ELF-System benutzt, kannst das alles ignoriert werden, da -fPIC
+als Standardvorgabe voreingestellt ist.
+
+Du kannst diese Angabe korrigieren, indem Du CFLAGS_SL in der Datei src/Makefile.global
+änderst.
+
+
++LDADD_BE+= -L/usr/lib/termcap ++Möglicherweise mußt Du in der Datei src/bin/psql/Makefile folgende Änderung durchführen: +
+ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= ++ändern in: +
+ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= -ltermcap ++ +
+Falls das nicht funkitoniert (Ich habe SuSE nicht, um das zu testen), dann solltest Du nach dem ./configure-Lauf +die Datei src/Makefile.global ändern und in die LDFLAGS-Zeile den Eintrag -ltermcap (nach -lreadline) hinzufügen. +(Alternativ kannst Du auch die Datei src/Makefile.custom ändern, bevor Du ./configure aufrufst.) +
+Einige SuSE-Versionen liefern nur ncurses, deshalb kann es sein, daß Du die +Benutzung von ncurses statt curses erzwingen mußt, indem Du -lcurses in -lncurses änderst. +(bestätigt für SuSE 5.1) +
+
configure
sowohl das Vorhandensein von
+curses, als auch das von ncurses.
+In der Zwischenzeit kannst Du den patch von Karl Eichwalder (ke@suse.de)
+anwenden:
+
+http://www.PostgreSQL.ORG/mhonarc/pgsql-patches/msg00407.html
+oder (mit deutschen Bemerkungen):
+http://www.suse.de/Support/sdb/ke_postgresql-632.html
+
+Es gab außerdem einen Bericht, daß beim Update von SuSE 5.0 auf SuSE 5.2 der Link +von libtermcap.so.2.0.8 auf libtermcap.so nicht gesetzt wurde: +
+cd /usr/lib +ln -s libtermcap.so.2.0.8 libtermcap.so ++ +
+Dann füge folgende Zeile in src/Makefile.custom hinzu: +
+LINUX_ELF= ++oder benutze das customize Skript + +
bison -y
+anstatt yacc
.
+
+yacc ist normalerweise als Skript implementiert, das bison -y
aufruft. Aus verschiedenen Gründen ist
+make nicht in der Lage, das Skript auszuführen (verschiedene Versionen von make? Verschiedene Versionen der bash?)
+
+Um das zu beheben, ändere einfach die Datei src/mk/port/postgres.mk.linux am Ende. Die Zeile: +
+# YACC = bison -y ++wird zu: +
+YACC = bison -y ++ + +
+Du kannst die Datei src/bin/psql/Makefile wie folgt ändern: +
+ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= -ltermcap ++in +
+ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= ++ + +
+Das ist eine vorkompilierte Version, das Quelltext-RPM stammt vom 03.02.1997. + + + +
+CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) ++in +
+CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) -Wno-error ++Mache dasselbe dann im ../src/backend/storage/lmgr Verzeichnis. + + +
+Das können Hardware/Speicherprobleme sein. PostgreSQL ist ein großes Programm und große +gcc-Kompilierungsläfe (wie eben PostgreSQL oder eine Kernel-Kompilierung) beanspruchen den Hauptspeicher +wie wenig andere Programme. Dadurch können Fehler auftreten, die in normalen Situationen nicht erscheinen. +Niedrigere Betriebssysteme beanspruchen die Hardware ebenfalls nicht in diesem Maße, deshalb kann es sein, daß Du niemals +Probleme unter DOS/Windows siehst. +
+Mehr Information zu diesem Problem gibt es unter http://www.BitWizard.nl/sig11/ und +in deutsch unter http://www.suse.de/sdb/de/html/kfr_58.html. +
Laut dieser Sig11-FAQ scheint es ein spezielles Problem mit dem RedHat 5.0 gcc auf einem Cyrix-Prozessor zu geben. +Siehe bitte dort nach den Details nach. + +
+CFLAGS+= -m486 ++oder +
+CFLAGS+= -mpentium ++oder +
+CFLAGS+= -mpentiumpro ++ +
+Das ist ein Problem mit der glibc2-Bibliothek, die mit RedHat 5.0 ausgeliefert wird. Update Deine glibc auf die aktuellste RedHat-Version +für v5.0/Hurricane. Alle Versionen vor glibc-2.9.7 scheinen dieses Problem zu haben. + +
+ -I/usr/include/readline -O2 -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -I.. + -Wno-error -c bootstrap.c -o bootstrap.o + bootstrap.c:160: `F_BOOLIN' undeclared here (not in a function) + bootstrap.c:160: initializer element for `Procid[0].inproc' is not + constant + bootstrap.c:160: `F_BOOLOUT' undeclared here (not in a function) + bootstrap.c:160: initializer element for `Procid[0].outproc' is not + constant + bootstrap.c:161: `F_BYTEAIN' undeclared here (not in a function) + bootstrap.c:161: initializer element for `Procid[1].inproc' is not + constant ++Solange Du nicht weißt, warum das passiert, ist dieses Problem ziemlich kniffelig, da diese +Konstanten anscheinend nirgendwo definiert werden. +
+Die Lösung ist dafür zu sorgen, daß der cpp in Deinem Pfad erreichbar ist, bevor +make gestartet wird. +
+Auf Redhat 5.1, ist cpp in /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.7.2.3 + + + + +
+X11_LIBDIR = /usr/X11R6/lib ++ +
ls -l /dev/null
sollte folgende Ausgabe zeigen:
++crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 2, 2 Oct 8 18:41 /dev/null ++Korrigiere die Berechtigungen mit: +
+chmod a+rw /dev/null ++ +
+Die Version 2.5.4. gibt es unter ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz. + + +
/sbin/ldconfig -v
auf.
+
+Alternativ (und falls Du keinen root-Zugriff hast) kannst Du die LD_LIBRARY_PATH-Variable
+benutzen.
+Die LD_LIBRARY_PATH-Variable enthält eine durch Doppelpunkt getrennte Liste mit Suchpfaden für
+Shared-Bibliotheken. Diese Liste wird durchsucht, bevor auf die Informationen von ldconfig zugegriffen wird.
+Unter der bash sieht das ganze so aus:
++export LD_LIBRARY_PATH='PathToPGSQL'/lib ++unter der tcsh so: +
+setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH 'PathToPGSQL'/lib ++wobei 'PathToPGSQL' das Installationsverzeichnis von PostgreSQL ist. +Hinweis: der ldd-Befehl dient dazu, sich die dynamischen Bibliotheken für eine bestimmte +ausführbare Datei anzeigen zu lassen. + + +
+Deshalb wird Dir empfohlen, den postmaster von einem rc-Skript aus zu starten. +Unter einem Slackware-artigem System würdest Du /etc/rc.d/rc.local modifizieren, +um den postmaster zu starten. +
+Unter RedHat-artigen Systemen würdest Du ein SysV-artiges Skript in /etc/rc.d/rc3.d +basierend auf der /etc/rc.d/init.d Schablonen-Datei erstellen. +
+Es gibt eine Beispieldatei unter dem Verzeichnis contrib/linux/postgres.init. +
+Hier ist noch ein anderes Beispiel von John Robinson +welches Du entsprechend anpassen kannst. + +
+#!/bin/sh +# +# postgreSQL.init This shell script takes care of starting and stopping +# the PostgreSQL postmaster. +# + +# Source function library. +. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions + +# Source networking configuration. +. /etc/sysconfig/network + +# Check that networking is up. +[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0 + +# See how we were called. +case "$1" in + start) + # Start daemons. + echo -n "Starting postgres Postmaster daemon:" + if [ -z "`pidofproc postmaster`" ] + then + su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /home/postgreSQL/data -p 5432 &" + echo -n " postmaster" + else + echo -n " (already running)" + fi + echo + touch /var/lock/subsys/postgres + ;; + stop) + # Stop daemons. + echo -n "Shutting down postgres Postmaster daemon: " + killall -TERM postmaster 2>/dev/null + killall -TERM postgres 2>/dev/null + echo + rm -f /var/lock/subsys/postgres + ;; + *) + echo "Usage: postgres {start|stop}" + exit 1 +esac + +exit 0 ++ + +
+1. ändere folgende Zeile in regress.sh: +
+time postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql ++in +
+postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql ++2. nachdem der Test gelaufen ist, entferne eine Zeile ganz am Ende der Datei bench.out, +die ungefähr so aussieht: +
+85.86user 114.47system 4:49.20elapsed 69%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k ++dann gib folgendes auf der Befehlszeile ein: +
+sh ./perquery < bench.out > & bench.out.perquery ++ + + +
+In detail, a message like this may appear: +IpcMemoryCreate: shmget failed (Permission denied) +key=5432010, size=120, permission=700 +IpcMemoryAttach: shmat failed (Permission denied) id=0 +FATAL 1: AttachSLockMemory: could not attach segment ++Dieser Fehler wird durch nicht gelöschte Segmente im shared memory verursacht. +(Du kannst sie mit dem Programm ipcs sehen. +Benutze das Programm ipcrm, um sie zu löschen. +
+
+
Author of the english version | +|
---|---|
Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin | +University College London | +
EMAIL: (Work) martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk | +(Home) andrew@stagleys.demon.co.uk | +
URL: http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin | +|
Tel: (Work) +44(0)171 419 3890 | +(Home) +44(0)1372 275775 | +
+
Translator of the german version | +|
---|---|
Karsten Schulz | +Linux Systemhaus Schulz | +
EMAIL: (Work) schulz@Linux-Systemhaus.de | +(Home) kaschu@t800.ping.de | +
URL: http://www.Linux-Systemhaus.de/ | +|
Tel: (Work) +49 231 3944432 | +(Fax) +49 231 3944435 | +
======================================================= +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) per PostgreSQL >= V6.1 +Specifiche per Linux Os +DA LEGGERE IN CONGIUNZIONE CON LE NORMALI FAQ +======================================================= +Ultimo aggiornamento: Lunedi' 18 Maggio 11:17:00 GMT 1998 + +Curatore corrente: Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) +Autore originale: Andrew C.R. Martin (martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk) +Traduzione FAQ in italiano: Daniele Medri 'MaDriD' (madrid@darshan.org) + +Cambiamenti in questa versione (* = modificato, + = nuovo, - = rimosso): + ++1.21) Perche' ricevo strani risultati con i tempi di stampa (per esempio + nel test di regressione 'timespan'?+ +
Questo file è diviso approsimativamente nel sequente modo: +1.*) Istallare PostgreSQL +2.*) Compilare programmi accessori +3.*) Problemi di esecuzione + + +Domande risposte: +1.1) Quali cambiamenti devo fare a src/Makefile.global o a src/Makefile.custom + e ci sono altri cambiamenti necessari? +1.2) Perche' ricevo problemi con missing libreadline? +1.3) [REDHAT] Perche' ricevo problemi di libdl e dlfcn.h perse? +1.4) [SLACKWARE 3.1] Perche' ricevo problemi di libdl e dlfcn.h perse? +1.5) La mia compilazione si arresta segnalando la mancanza dell'include file + dlfcn.h perso. +1.6) GCC reclama una ignorata opzione -fpic +1.7) Ricevo messaggi di warning (errore) del tipo + warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size +1.8) [SuSE-Linux 4.2-4.4] Dove sono curses e termcap? +1.9) Perche' ho problemi con ld.so? +1.10) Perche' ricevo errori del tipo `yy_flush_buffer undefined'? +1.11) Come posso compilare PostgreSQL su un sistema a.out? +1.12) Che cosa fallisce con: + yacc -d /disk2/PostgreSQL/src/backend/parser/gram.y + make: /usr/bin/make: cannot execute binary file +1.13) Quali sono i riferimenti in X11_LIB a libsocket e libnsl in + src/Makefile.global? +1.14) [DEBIAN] Dov'e' libtermcap? +1.15) [REDHAT] Posso trovare PostgreSQL come RPM? +1.16) Quando tento di compilare una versione in sviluppo sotto Linux, la + compilazione fallisce con il seguente messaggio: + In file included from /usr/include/sys/sem.h:8, + from ipc.c:37: + /usr/include/asm/bitops.h:32: warning: no previous prototype for Set_bit' + .... + make: *** [ipc.o] Error 1 +1.17) Quando sto' compilando postgres, gcc riporta un signal 11 e si interrompe. +1.18) Posso installare 6.1.1 su MkLinux? +1.19) Perche' esce o va in crash? +1.20) Come posso ottimizzarlo per un 486 o un processore pentium +1.21) Perche' ricevo strani risultati con i tempi di stampa (per esempio + nel test di regressione 'timespan'? +2.1) Il linker non trova libX11 quando sta' compilando pgtclsh +3.1) Ricevo un messaggio tipo _fUnKy_POSTPORT_sTuFf_ non definito quando + lancio uno script come createuser +3.2) Lancio postmaster e dopo il sistema dice 'Bad system call(Core + dumped)' +3.3) Quando tento di lanciare Postmaster, perche' ricevo un errore del tipo + Failed Assertion("!(file != 0):(null)", File: + "/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c", Line: 257) + !(file != 0) (0) + initdb: could not create template database + initdb: cleaning up. +3.4) Perche' createuser non funziona? +3.5) Perche' ricevo un errore del tipo: + IpcMemoryCreate: memKey=155356396 , size=760632 , + permission=384IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(..., create, ...) + failed: Invalid argument +3.6) Perche' psql fallisce con: + psql: can't load library 'libpq.so.1' +3.7) Altri comportamenti strani +3.8) Quando PostgreSQL e' attivo allo shutdown di sistema, Linux + esegue al reboot un fsck al disco. +3.9) Perche' la Query 32 nel test di regressione pretende molto tempo? +3.10) Perche' ricevo dei risultati arrotondati su date/time aritmetici, + come + select '4 hours'::timespan; + returning '3 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds'? + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Sezione 1: Compilare PostgreSQL +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +1.1) Quali cambiamenti devo fare a src/Makefile.global o a + src/Makefile.custom e ci sono altri cambiamenti necessari? + + I cambiamenti ai makefiles sono piu'facilmente fatti usando + lo script di shell per la personalizzazione che si trova nella + directory src che scrive un file Makefile.custom appropriato. + + I soli altri cambiamenti che tu devi fare e rimpiazzare Flex se tu + hai una versione 2.5.3, la quale ha dei bug che si manifestano al + fallimento di createuser (Vedi domanda 3.4) + + Se tu modifichi i makefiles a mano, tu *devi* settare le seguenti + variabili: + PORTNAME= linux + + Tu devi anche cambiare quello che segue per settare la tua propria + installazione: + POSTGRESDIR + + Se tu cambi sull'opzione USE_TCL, devi settare questo: + TCL_INCDIR= + TCL_LIBDIR= + TCL_LIB= + TK_INCDIR= + TK_LIBDIR= + TK_LIB= + X11_INCDIR= + X11_LIBDIR= + X11_LIB= + + Sul mio sistema Slackware3.0 esse sono: + TCL_INCDIR= /usr/include/tcl + TCL_LIBDIR= /usr/lib + TCL_LIB= -ltcl + TK_INCDIR= /usr/include/tcl + TK_LIBDIR= /usr/lib + TK_LIB= -ltk + X11_INCDIR= /usr/include/X11 + X11_LIBDIR= /usr/X386/lib + X11_LIB= -lX11 + + Devi fare ogni altro cambiamento necessario come documentato nel + file INSTALL e in Makefile.global + + +1.2) Perche' ricevo problemi con missing libreadline? + + I sistemi Linux in genere non vengono distribuiti con la libreria + Gnu readline installata. Si può in ogni caso o disattivare l'opzione + di readline in src/Makefile.global o src/Makefile.custom, oppure + installare la libreria GNU stessa (readline). + + Nota che Linux Debian (come FreeBSD) esce con le readline installate. + +1.3) [REDHAT] Perche' ricevo problemi di libdl e dlfcn.h perse?? + + Questa manifestazione avvisa che non c'e' la capacita' di linkare + funzioni come dlopen(), dlclose(), etc. durante l'ultima fase di compilazione. + + La libreria libdl e' usata per linkare in maniera dinamica le funzioni + e rendere flessibile l'avvio dell'applicativo. Per alcune ragioni questa + non era presente nella distribuzione Red Hat. La versione Redhat 4.0 + (Colgate) a colmato a questa mancanza. + + RedHat ha ora una nuova versione di ld.so in formato RPM nei propri siti FTP. + Scaricate: + + ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/redhat/devel/i386/RedHat/RPMS/ld.so-1.7.14-4.i386.rpm + + Installa il file RPM nella maniera usuale e andra'! + + ATTENZIONE! Devi rilanciare nuovamente il file configure e fare un + make clean dopo aver installato la libreria e prima di ricompilare. + + C'e' stata una sola notizia di sistema corrotto da programmi che + accedevano a queste librerie mentre venivano aggiornate (nessun altra + sorpresa.) Conseguentemente e' una buona idea quella di fare un reboot + del sistema prima di installare le nuove librerie e avere pochi + processi attivi durante questo upgrade. Lanciare il sistema in + modalita' utente singolo (single-user) e' probabilmente una buona idea! + + Se tu vuoi fare la strada piu' dura, puoi ottenere la libreria e + l'header file da: + + ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ld.so-1.7.14.tar.gz + + Alternativamente puoi trovare i file binari precompilati in + distributions/debian/buzz/binary-i386/base/ld.so-1.7.14-4.deb + nel medesimo sito, o seguire le istruzioni date alla domanda 1.2 per + correggere lo stesso errore con le aggiornate versioni di Slackware 3.1. + Non scegliere questo metodo se non sai quello che stai facendo! + + + +1.4) [SLACKWARE 3.1] Perche' ricevo problemi di libdl e dlfcn.h perse?? + + Questa manifestazione avvisa che non c'e' la capacita' di linkare + funzioni come dlopen(), dlclose(), etc. durante l'ultima fase di compilazione.+ +
Guarda la risposta alla domanda 1.3. Slackware fino alla versione 3.0 + era provvista di questa libreria e degli include file e ritornarono nell'ultima + versione 3.1, ma la prima versione della 3.1 (prima del 9 settembre 1996) + non aveva queste e molte versioni su CD-ROM erano state stampate + con la prima edizione. + + C'e' stata una sola notizia di sistema corrotto da programmi che + accedevano a queste librerie mentre venivano aggiornate (nessun altra + sorpresa.) Conseguentemente e' una buona idea quella di fare un reboot + del sistema prima di installare le nuove librerie e avere pochi + processi attivi durante questo upgrade. Lanciare il sistema in + modalita' utente singolo (single-user) e' probabilmente una buona idea! + + Per fissare facilmente questo basta ottenere il file ldso.tgz dal quarto + dischetto della piu' recente distribuzione Slackware e scompattarlo da + dalla directory di root (/) e poi lanciare + + sh install/doinst.sh + + per completare l'installazione. Successivamente lanciare + + ldconfig + + ATTENZIONE! Devi rilanciare nuovamente il file configure e fare un + make clean dopo aver installato la libreria e prima di ricompilare. + + Se vuoi installarla manualmente bisogna installare prima il file + dlfcn.h in /usr/include. + + Secondo, installa il file libdl.so.1.7.14 (o qualsiasi altra versione) + in /lib, e poi fai: + + cd /lib + ln -sf libdl.so.1.7.14 libdl.so.1 + ln -sf libdl.so.1 libdl.so + + Su certi sistemi (a seconda della personale configurazione di GCC) + e' necessario fare: + + cd /usr/lib + ln -sf /lib/libdl.so . + + Finalmente + + ldconfig + + ATTENZIONE! Devi rilanciare nuovamente il file configure e fare un + make clean dopo aver installato la libreria e prima di ricompilare. + + +1.5) La mia compilazione si arresta segnalando la mancanza dell'include file + dlfcn.h perso. + + Guarda la risposta 1.3/1.4. Non dimenticare che se stai usando un sistema + a.out devi prima avere installato il pacchetto dld (il quale non viene + fornito con molti sistemi a.out) per avere dlfcn.h e gli altri. + Guarda la domanda 1.11. + + +1.6) GCC reclama una ignorata opzione -fpic + + Le prime versioni di GCC accettavano entrambe -fpic o -£PIC. + Nelle piu' recenti versioni (V2.7.2?) richiede -£PIC. + Se tu stai usando una versione ELF di Linux, questa puo' per sicurezza + essere ignorata perche' -£PIC e' di default. + + Puoi correggere questa editando il file src/Makefile.global e cambiare + CFLAGS_SL + + +1.7) Ricevo messaggi di warning (errore) del tipo + warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size + + Questi appararivano nelle prime versione di Postgres95 e posso per sicurezza + essere ignorate. PostgreSQL V6.0 dovrebbe compilare senza warnings + ad eccezione di quelli relativi agli header file di sistema (i quali possono + essere ignorati per sicurezza). + +1.8) [SuSE-Linux 4.2-4.4] Dove sono curses e termcap? + + SuSE-Linux 4.2 ha le ncurses ma non le curses. 4.4 ha entrambe. + SuSE-Linux ha anche le librerie termcap in /usr/lib/termcap + invece di essere in /usr/lib. + + PostgreSQL (fino alla V6.0) + ----------------------- + Setta il valore delle CURSES_LIB in src/Makefile.custom a -lncurses + (o fai questo attraverso lo script di personalizzazione). + Aggiundi la seguente riga al file src/Makefile.custom: + + LDADD_BE+= -L/usr/lib/termcap + + Devi editare il file src/bin/psql/Makefile e cambiare: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= + con: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= -ltermcap + + PostgreSQL (V6.1) + ----------------- + Lo script di configurazone non sa' di cercare nella directory + /usr/lib/termcap per le librerie termcap, percio' tu devi specificare + questo come una delle directory delle librerie dove cercare. + + Se non funziona (non ho SuSE per verificare che vada) + allora lancia configure, edita src/Makefile.global e aggiungi + -ltermcap alla linea LDFLAGS + (dopo -lreadline). (Alternativamente poi configurare + src/Makefile.custom prima di lanciare configure.) + + Alcune versioni di SuSE forniscono solo ncurses, percio' tu devi + forzare l'uso delle ncurses piuttosto che le curses cambiando + -lcurses con -lncurses. (dimostrato per SuSE 5.1) + + +1.9) Perche' ho problemi con ld.so? + + Se tu hai problemi con ld.so, un altra libreria richiesta sotto ELF + per il caricamento dinamico, allora hai creato disordine con la tua + installazione o fatto un upgrade di Linux. + + Guarda le risposte alle domande 1.3/1.4. Devi installare ld.so.x.y.z in + /lib e lanciare ldconfig. + + La piu' recente vesione stabile del pacchetto ld eì 1.7.14 + Mentre scrivo, la versione 1.8.x di ld e' sperimentale. + +1.10) Perche' ricevo errori del tipo `yy_flush_buffer undefined'? + + Questo non e' specifico per Linux, ma e' comune nelle vecchie istallazione + di Linux. Devi avere una versione recente di Flex (2.5.2 o superiore) + per compilare PostgreSQL. Nota che Flex 2.5.3 ha dei bug: guarda la + domanda 3.4. + +1.11) Come posso compilare PostgreSQL su un sistema a.out? + + Prima, devi installare la libreria dld. Puoi ottenere questa da Sunsite come: + Linux/libs/dld.3.2.7.tar.gz + (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/libs/dld.3.2.7.tar.gz) + + Secondo, aggiungi la seguente linea al file src/Makefile.custom: + LINUX_ELF= + (o usa lo script di configurazione) + +1.12) Che cosa fallisce con: + yacc -d /disk2/PostgreSQL/src/backend/parser/gram.y + make: /usr/bin/make: cannot execute binary file + + Questo e' un problema delle prime versioni di Postgres95. Il default + per PostgreSQL e' di usare bison -y piuttosto che yacc. + + yacc e' generalmente implementato come script che invoca bison -y + Per alcune ragioni (certe versioni di make? certe versioni di bash?) + make non puo' eseguire questo file di script. + + Per correggere questo, edita semplicemente src/mk/port/postgres.mk.linux + e alla fine del file cambia: + # YACC = bison -y + con + YACC = bison -y + +1.13) Quali sono i riferimenti in X11_LIB a libsocket e libnsl in + src/Makefile.global? + + Questo era un problema nella versione 1.08 (specifica per Sun Solaris) + E' stata fissata nella 1.09 e 6.0 + +1.14) [DEBIAN] Dov'e' libtermcap? + + Debian Linux viene distribuita senza librerie termcap e usa ncurses + (le quali usano terminfo all'interno). Non c'e' bisogno di cambiare la + variabile CURSES_LIB in src/bin/psql/Makefile peche' Debian provvede + con un link da libncurses a libcurses (diversamente da SuSE-Linux -- + Vedi domanda 1.8). + + Devi editare src/bin/psql/Makefile e commentare i cambiamenti: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= -ltermcap + con: + ifeq ($(PORTNAME), linux) + LD_ADD+= + + +1.15) [REDHAT] Posso trovare PostgreSQL come RPM? + + Si! Michal Mosiewicz+ ++ (http://www.pdi.lodz.pl/~mimo) ha creato un RPM + per PostgreSQL V6.0 per architettura Intel uplodata a + ftp://ftp.redhat.org/pub/Incoming/Postgres-6.0-1.i386.rpm + + Questa e' una precompilata versione, le sorgenti RPM erano come + io ho scritto (3 Febbraio 1997). + +1.16) Quando tento di compilare una versione in sviluppo sotto Linux, la + compilazione fallisce con il seguente messaggio: + In file included from /usr/include/sys/sem.h:8, + from ipc.c:37: + /usr/include/asm/bitops.h:32: warning: no previous prototype for Set_bit' + .... + make: *** [ipc.o] Error 1 + + Il problema e' che Linux non prevede prototipi per queste funzioni inline. + La soluzione e' di andare dentro la directory .../src/backend/storage/ipc + ed editare Makefile. + Cambia la linea + CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) + con + CFLAGS+=$(INCLUDE_OPT) -Wno-error + + Fai lo stesso con la directory ../src/backend/storage/lmgr. + +1.17) Quando sto' compilando postgres, gcc riporta un signal 11 e si interrompe. + Piu' specificatamente: + gcc: Internal compiler error: program cc1 got fatal + signal 11 + + Questo e' un problema di hardware/memoria. PostgreSQL e' un grande + programma, e una larga compilazione con gcc (come la compilazione + di PostgreSQL o la compilazione del kernel) stressa la memoria come + molti altri programmi, mostrando errori che non appaiono nelle normali + operazioni. Sistemi operativi inferiori non riescono a stressare l'hardware + in questo modo, per questo non vedrai mai questi errori sotto DOS/Windows. + + Maggiori informazioni in merito: + http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11 + + Da questo Sig11 FAQ, sembra essere un errore specifico con Redhat 5.0 + lanciando su un processore Cyrix. Guarda il link superiore per i dettagli! + +1.18) Posso installare 6.1.1 su MkLinux? + + Tatsuo Ishii ha fatto questo su MkLinux DR2.1 update2 dopo una piccola + patch disponibile presso: + ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/cmd/postgres/6.1.1/mklinux.patch.gz + +1.19) Perche' esce o va in crash?? + + Ci sono state diverse segnalazioni di gmake, dove in tutte si usciva + subito e c'era una seg faulting. Il problema piu' marcato e' stato + riportato con gmake 3.74 - upgradandolo alla 3.76.1 si e' risolto. + Comunque, la versione 3.74 e' funzionante per altri tipi di setup. + In breve, prova ad upgradare gmake all'ultima versione che puoi trovare + prima di riportarlo come un problema. + +1.20) Come posso ottimizzarlo per un 486 o un processore pentium + + Le flags di compilazione per default non permettono l'optimizzazione per 486 + o per processori Pentium. Per aggiungerla come ottimizzazione, edita + Makefile.custom e aggiungi: + + CFLAGS+= -m486 + + o (per i nuovi compilatori che molte persone non stanno usando) + + CFLAGS+= -mpentium + o + CFLAGS+= -mpentiumpro + +1.21) Perche' ricevo strani risultati con i tempi di stampa (per esempio + nel test di regressione 'timespan'? + Le ore appaiono come: '4 hours 59 mins 60.00 secs' + invece di '5 hours' + + Questo e' un problema con le librerie glibc2 le quali appaiono con + RedHat 5.0. Aggiorna le tue glibc con le ultime versioni di RedHat per + v5.0/hurricane. Tutto quello che e' anteriore alle glibc-2.0.7 ha + questi problemi. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Sezione 2: Compilare programmi accessori +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +2.1) Il linker non trova libX11 quando sta' compilando pgtclsh + + Aggiungi la seguente riga al file src/Makefile.custom + X11_LIBDIR = /usr/X11R6/lib + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Sezione 3: Problemi di esecuzione +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +3.1) Ricevo un messaggio tipo _fUnKy_POSTPORT_sTuFf_ non definito quando + lancio uno script come createuser + + Questo e' un bug nella V.1.06-V1.07 di Postgres ed e' fissata con la versione + 1.08 o superiore. + +3.2) Lancio postmaster e dopo il sistema dice 'Bad system call(Core + dumped)' + + Questo indica che non hai compilato il supporto per la memoria condivisa nel + kernel. Devi ricompilare il kernel per aggiungere questa feature. + +3.3) Quando tento di lanciare Postmaster, perche' ricevo un errore del tipo + Failed Assertion("!(file != 0):(null)", File: + "/usr/local/PostgreSQL/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c", Line: 257) + !(file != 0) (0) + initdb: could not create template database + initdb: cleaning up. + + I permessi sul file /dev/null sono sbagliati. + + ls -l /dev/null should give you something like: + + crw-rw-rw- 1 root wheel 2, 2 Oct 8 18:41 /dev/null + + Correggi i permessi con: + + chmod a+rw /dev/null + +3.4) Perche' createuser non funziona? + + C'e' un problema con la versione 2.5.3 di GNU Flex e createuser. + Le tue opzioni devono recedere a Flex V2.5.2, aggiornale alla V2.5.4 o + applica una patch alla V2.5.3 la quale e' fornita in doc/README.flex + Puoi ottenere la V.2.5.4 da: + ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz + +3.5) Perche' ricevo un errore del tipo: + IpcMemoryCreate: memKey=155356396 , size=760632 , + permission=384IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(..., create, ...) + failed: Invalid argument + + Non hai compilato il supporto IPC nel kernel di Linux. + Devi ricompilare il kernel con questa opzione. + +3.6) Perche' psql fallisce con: + psql: can't load library 'libpq.so.1' + + Psql e' stata compilata per linkarsi dinamicamente con la libreria libpq. + + Per risolvere questo, devi accedere come root ed editare il file + /etc/ld.so.conf + Aggiungi una linea singola alla fine, la quale prende il nome della directory + delle librerie di PostgreSQL (la sottodirectory delle librerie + dell'installazione diPostgreSQL) e lancia + /sbin/ldconfig -v + + Alternativamente, (e se tu non hai accesso come root), devi usare la + variabile di ambiente LD_LIBRARY_PATH. + + La variabile LD_LIBRARY_PATH contiene una lista di paths per ricercare le librerie + condivise. Questa lista e' ricercata prima delle librerie specificate da ldconfig. + + Percio' sotto Bash, devi fare qualcosa del tipo: + export LD_LIBRARY_PATH='PathToPGSQL'/lib + o, usando tcsh + setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH 'PathToPGSQL'/lib + rimpiazzando 'PathToPGSQL' con l'appropriato path alla tua directory PostgreSQL + al top level. + Nota che il comando ldd puo' essere eseguito su un programma linkato dinamicamente + alla lista di paths a tutte le librerie condivise sopra, alle quali gli eseguibili + dipendono. + + +3.7) Altri comportamenti strani + + Non sono sicuro quali siano i sintomi che non permettono la corretta esecuzione, + ma si puo' ipotizzare che le ragioni vadano oltre il regolare funzionamento del + loader dinamico nel caricare la corretta versione delle librerie libpq. + Se hai una versione vecchia dai una occhiata al path delle librerie + (per esempio in /usr/lib) che dovrebbero caricare nelle nuove versioni che intendi + far girare. Renditi sicuro di prendere queste nel percorso e guarda la Domanda 3.6 + per i dettagli in merito al caricamento dinamico delle librerie. + +3.8) Quando PostgreSQL e' attivo allo shutdown di sistema, Linux + esegue al reboot un fsck al disco. + + Ci sono state alcune segnalazioni di questo e sembre essere il + risultato di lanciare PostgreSQL dal /etc/inittab come suggerito + nel file INSTALL. + + Si raccomanda percio' di lanciare il postmaster da un rc script. + Sotto una versione di tipo Slackware, devi modificare /etc/rc.d/rc.local + per lanciare il postmaster. Sotto una versione in stile RedHat + devi creare uno script in stile SysV sotto /etc/rc.d/rc3.d basato + sul file /etc/rc.d/init.d. + + C'e' un esempio di file in contrib/linux/postgres.init + + Un altro file di esempio è proposto da John Robinson + il quale puo' essere modificato a seconda delle esigenze: + +#!/bin/sh +# +# postgreSQL.init This shell script takes care of starting and stopping +# the PostgreSQL postmaster. +# + +# Source function library. +. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions + +# Source networking configuration. +. /etc/sysconfig/network + +# Check that networking is up. +[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0 + +# See how we were called. +case "$1" in + start) + # Start daemons. + echo -n "Starting postgres Postmaster daemon:" + if [ -z "`pidofproc postmaster`" ] + then + su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /home/postgreSQL/data -p 5432 &" + echo -n " postmaster" + else + echo -n " (already running)" + fi + echo + touch /var/lock/subsys/postgres + ;; + stop) + # Stop daemons. + echo -n "Shutting down postgres Postmaster daemon: " + killall -TERM postmaster 2>/dev/null + killall -TERM postgres 2>/dev/null + echo + rm -f /var/lock/subsys/postgres + ;; + *) + echo "Usage: postgres {start|stop}" + exit 1 +esac + +exit 0 + + + +3.9) Perche' la Query 32 nel test di regressione pretende molto tempo? + + Questo e' un bug nello script di regressione presente su Linux Os. + Ci sono due raggiri per evitarli (informazione di Tatsuo Ishii ): + + 1. cambia quello che segue in regress.sh: + time postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql + a: + postgres -texecutor -tplanner -Q bench < bench.sql + + 2. dopo aver lanciato il test, rimuovi la linea finale di + bench.out, qualcosa del tipo: + 85.86user 114.47system 4:49.20elapsed 69%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k + poi digita: + sh ./perquery < bench.out > & bench.out.perquery + + + +3.10) Perche' ricevo dei risultati arrotondati su date/time aritmetici, + come + select '4 hours'::timespan; + returning '3 hours 59 minutes 60 seconds'? + + Stai usando le nuove librerie glibc2 e hai una versione precedene alla + 2.0.7. E' un problema di arrotondamento matematico nella libreria. + Aggiorna le tue librerie.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Dr. Andrew C.R. Martin University College London +EMAIL: (Work) martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk (Home) andrew@stagleys.demon.co.uk +URL: http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/~martin +Tel: (Work) +44(0)171 419 3890 (Home) +44(0)1372 275775 +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Daniele Medri 'MaDriD' - e-mail: madrid@darshan.org web: www.darshan.org +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_solaris.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_solaris.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc456b4612 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_solaris.html @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +
+======================================================= +Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL V6.5 +Sun Solaris Specific +TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NORMAL FAQ +======================================================= +last updated: Thu Sep 21 9:30:00 CET 1999 + +current maintainer: Marc Liyanage (liyanage@access.ch) +original author: Marc Liyanage (liyanage@access.ch) + + + +Contents: + +1.1) What tools do I need to build and install PostgreSQL on Solaris? +1.2) What else do I have to do before building PostgreSQL? +1.3) Why am I getting "IpcMemoryCreate" errors when I try + to run postmaster? +1.4) Why am I getting "Can't tell what username to use" errors + when I try to run initdb? + +A) Contributors + + + +Notes: + +- The commands given here are for the bash shell. If you use + a different shell, you'll have to change the commands accordingly, + especially these regarding environment variables. + +- These instructions are written for Solaris 2.6 + + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section 1: Building and Installing PostgreSQL +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +1.1) What tools do I need to build and install PostgreSQL on Solaris? + +You will need + +- GNU flex 2.5.4 or better (the lex included in Solaris 2.6 won't work) +- GNU bison (the yacc included in Solaris 2.6 won't work) +- GNU zip (gzip and especially zcat for installing the docs) +- GNU make +- GNU readline library + +We also used + +- GNU cc (gcc 2.8.1) + +If you like Solaris packages, you can find these tools here: +http://www.sunfreeware.com + +If you prefer sources, look here: +http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html + + + + +1.2) What else do I have to do before building PostgreSQL? + +Shared libraries +---------------- + +The default installation procedure puts the shared libraries +into "/usr/local/pgsql/lib", but the dynamic loader won't +find them there at runtime unless you use some hack like +symlinking the libraries in /usr/lib or setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH +for every user that will use the DB system. + +The first time you'll encounter this problem is usually when +running "initdb". It will fail with something like + + ld.so.1: pg_id: fatal: libpq.so: open failed: No such file or directory + +We recommend that you store the path of the directory containing +the libraries in the environment variable LD_RUN_PATH *before* +starting the build. This will cause the linker to store this +path in the binaries. + +Do this: + +# export LD_RUN_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib + +(or wherever you choose to put the libraries) + +There is some good information about this here: +http://www.visi.com/~barr/ldpath.html + + +zcat +---- + +If + +- both the original solaris zcat as well as the recommended + GNU zcat are installed on the system (e.g. the former in /usr/bin and + the latter in /usr/local/bin) and +- configure (or "which zcat") finds the wrong one + +then configure needs to be told where GNU zcat can be found. + +Failure to do so will cause configure to select the wrong one +and the "gmake install" command in the "doc" subdirectory +(step 12 in the INSTALL file) will fail because Solaris +zcat cannot handle the .gz compressed documentation files. + +To fix this, type + +# export GZCAT=/usr/local/bin/zcat + +(or wherever your GNU zcat lives) + +before running configure. + + + + +1.3) Why am I getting "IpcMemoryCreate" errors when I try + to run the postmaster? + +(See also 3.4 in the main FAQ file) + +Under Solaris 2.6 and probably others, the default shared memory +maximum segment size kernel parameter is set too low. The solution +is to put something like the following line into /etc/system and +reboot the system. + +set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=0x7fffffff + +Excellent info regarding shared memory under Solaris can be found here: +http://www.sunworld.com/swol-09-1997/swol-09-insidesolaris.html + + + + +1.4) Why am I getting "Can't tell what username to use" errors + when I try to run initdb? + +Put something like this into the .bash_profile startup script +of the postgres user (see also step 17 in the INSTALL file): + +export USER=postgres + + + + + + + + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Section A: Contributors +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +- Jose Luis Rodriguez Garcia + Suggested to change the shmmax parameter in 1.3 from 0xffffffff to 0x7fffffff + because the value is a signed integer in Solaris versions prior to 2.6. + + + ++