diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 03dfc33d..3411f32f 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@

  • In principle, all character frames of ideographic (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) characters - used in Japanese composition are designed in a square box, and these characters are composed without intervening spaces (i.e. set solid). In this document, notations such as ideographic (cl-19) and hiragana (cl-15) characters indicate character classes (see [[[#about_character_classes]]]).

    + used in Japanese composition are designed in a square box, and these characters are composed without intervening spacing (i.e. set solid). In this document, notations such as ideographic (cl-19) and hiragana (cl-15) characters indicate character classes (see [[[#about_character_classes]]]).

    原則として，日本語組版で使用する漢字等（cl-19），平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16）の文字の外枠は，正方形にデザインされており，これを，隙間なく詰めて組んでいく．なお，“漢字等（cl-19）”，“平仮名（cl-15）”などと示すものは，文字クラス名である（文字クラスの詳細は[[[#about_character_classes]]]を参照）．

    • @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@

    [[[#hanmen-design]]] describes construction methods and composition methods for headings, notes, illustrations and tables.

    [[[#hanmen-design]]]では，見出し，注，図版，表などの構成方法及び配置方法を解説する．

    -

    In principle, characters in Japanese composition are designed in a square box and positioned without spaces, i.e. solid setting. This is taken as a basic premise for the design of the kihon-hanmen, the basis of book layout. Furthermore, to understand Japanese layout, it is important to understand the design of the kihon-hanmen and how to position illustrations, characters, symbols etc. in relation to it. Hence, [[[#basics_of_japanese_composition]]] describes in detail the design of the kihon-hanmen and its dependencies. In particular, [[[#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements]]] provides prototypical patterns for the three guidelines listed after this paragraph: what recommendations need to be strictly taken into account, and what exceptions are possible. (The goal of these explanations is an understanding of Japanese composition. Since detailed explanations of the various elements of the kihon-hanmen are given in [[[#line-composition]]] and [[[#hanmen-design]]], some explanations are repeated.)

    +

    In principle, characters in Japanese composition are designed in a square box and positioned without extra spacing, i.e. solid setting. This is taken as a basic premise for the design of the kihon-hanmen, the basis of book layout. Furthermore, to understand Japanese layout, it is important to understand the design of the kihon-hanmen and how to position illustrations, characters, symbols etc. in relation to it. Hence, [[[#basics_of_japanese_composition]]] describes in detail the design of the kihon-hanmen and its dependencies. In particular, [[[#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements]]] provides prototypical patterns for the three guidelines listed after this paragraph: what recommendations need to be strictly taken into account, and what exceptions are possible. (The goal of these explanations is an understanding of Japanese composition. Since detailed explanations of the various elements of the kihon-hanmen are given in [[[#line-composition]]] and [[[#hanmen-design]]], some explanations are repeated.)

    なお，日本語組版は，原則として全角のモノスペースの文字・記号を字間を空けずに（ベタ組にして）配置する．このことを前提にして本の基本となる版面（基本版面）を設計する．そのうえで実際のページでは，基本版面の設計に従い図版や文字・記号などを配置する．この基本版面の設計と，それに従いどのように図版や文字・記号などを配置するかを理解することは，日本語組版を理解する重要なポイントである．そこで，[[[#basics_of_japanese_composition]]]では，基本版面の設計とその適用方法について，詳細に解説した．特に，[[[#page_wise_arrangement_of_kihonhanmen_elements]]]では，次の3点について，基本版面で設計した事項のどこを厳守し，どのような例外が出るかについて，典型的な例を解説した．ここでの説明の目的は，日本語組版を理解してもらうためのものであり，各要素の詳細な解説は，[[[#line-composition]]]と[[[#hanmen-design]]]で行うので，説明が一部では重なる部分も出てくる．

    1. @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@

      Principles of Arrangement of Kanji and Kana Characters 漢字及び仮名の配置の原則

      -

      In principle, when composing a line with ideographic (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) characters no extra space appears between their character frame. +

      In principle, when composing a line with ideographic (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) characters no extra spacing appears between their character frame. This is called solid setting (see [[[#fig1_8]]]).

      漢字等（cl-19），平仮名（cl-15）及び片仮名（cl-16）は，行に文字を配置していく際には，原則として，文字の外枠を密着させて配置するベタ組にする（[[[#fig1_8]]]）．

      @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@

      In the letterpress printing era ideographic (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) characters - were designed so that they were easy to read in solid setting, regardless of text direction. However, unlike the letterpress printing era, when several sizes of the original pattern of a letter were required to create matrices, in today's digital era the same original pattern is used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust the inter-character space when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct.

      + were designed so that they were easy to read in solid setting, regardless of text direction. However, unlike the letterpress printing era, when several sizes of the original pattern of a letter were required to create matrices, in today's digital era the same original pattern is used for any size simply by enlargement or reduction. Because of this, it might be necessary to adjust the inter-character spacing when composing lines at large character sizes. When composing lines at small character sizes, hinting data is used to ensure that the width of the strokes that make up a character look correct.

      活字組版の時代から漢字等（cl-19），平仮名（cl-15）及び片仮名（cl-16）の設計は，縦組でも横組でも読みやすく，かつ，ベタ組とした場合に読みやすいように設計されていた．ただし，活字組版では，文字サイズ別に何段階かに分けて原図（母型の元になるもの）を作成していた．しかし，今日では，同一の原図から単純に拡大・縮小して使用するので，大きな文字サイズにした際には，字間の調整が必要になる場合も出てきた．（なお，小さい文字サイズにする場合，そのまま縮小すると，解像度によっては文字の線幅にバラツキが出る．そこで各文字ごとに線幅の補正情報（ヒントデータ）を持たせ，出力品質の維持がはかられている．）

      @@ -394,7 +394,7 @@

      次のようにベタ組にしない方法も，印刷物の内容によっては採用されている．

      1. -

        Fixed inter-character spacing: Text set with a fixed size space between each character frame (see [[[#fig1_9]]]).

        +

        Fixed inter-character spacing: Text set with a fixed size spacing between each character frame (see [[[#fig1_9]]]).

        アキ組：字間に一定の空き量を入れて文字を配置する方法（[[[#fig1_9]]]）．

        Examples of fixed inter-character spacing in horizontal writing mode. @@ -430,14 +430,14 @@

        Even inter-character spacing: Text set with equal inter-character spacing between characters on a given line, so that each line is aligned to the same line head and line end (see [[[#fig1_10]]]).

        均等割り：字間を均等に空け，文字列の両端を行頭及び行末にそろえる方法（[[[#fig1_10]]]）．

        - Example of even inter-character space setting in horizontal writing mode. + Example of even inter-character spacing setting in horizontal writing mode. 均等割りの例 （横組の場合）
        - Example of even inter-character space setting in horizontal writing mode. + Example of even inter-character spacing setting in horizontal writing mode. 均等割りの例（横組の場合）
        -

        Even inter-character space setting is used in books for unifying the length of table headings with Japanese text (see [[[#fig_ad1_4]]]). There are also examples (e.g. lists of names) in which parts of a person names receive inter-character spacing. +

        Even inter-character spacing setting is used in books for unifying the length of table headings with Japanese text (see [[[#fig_ad1_4]]]). There are also examples (e.g. lists of names) in which parts of a person names receive inter-character spacing. (Even inter-character spacing, including processing of jidori, is defined in JIS X 4051, sec. 4.18.1.)

        書籍における均等割りは，表の和文の項目見出しの長さをそろえる場合に利用されている（[[[#fig_ad1_4]]]）．また，名簿などで人名の部分で均等割りにする例がある．（均等割りについては，字取り処理を含めてJIS X 4051の4.18.1に規定されている．）

        @@ -451,9 +451,9 @@

      2. -

        Tsumegumi (kerning / tracking): Text is set with negative inter-character space +

        Tsumegumi (kerning / tracking): Text is set with negative inter-character spacing by arranging characters so that a portion of two character frames - overlap each other. This is divided further into two types, depending on the methods used for inter-character space reduction. One method involves reducing by the same amount of inter-character space (even tsumegumi or tracking, see [[[#fig1_11]]]) and the other involves determining the amount of space to reduce based on the distance between the two letter faces of adjacent characters (face tsumegumi or letter face kerning, see [[[#fig1_12]]]).

        + overlap each other. This is divided further into two types, depending on the methods used for inter-character spacing reduction. One method involves reducing by the same amount of inter-character spacing (even tsumegumi or tracking, see [[[#fig1_11]]]) and the other involves determining the amount of spacing to reduce based on the distance between the two letter faces of adjacent characters (face tsumegumi or letter face kerning, see [[[#fig1_12]]]).

        詰め組：ベタ組より字間を詰めて，文字の外枠の一部が重なるように文字を配置する方法．この場合，重なる量を同一にする方法（均等詰め，[[[#fig1_11]]]）と，仮名や約物等の字面に応じて，字面が重ならない程度まで詰めて文字を配置する方法（字面詰め，[[[#fig1_12]]]）がある．

        Example of even tsumegumi in horizontal writing mode. (The 1st line is the same text with solid setting, for comparison.) @@ -910,7 +910,7 @@

        -

        In [[[#fig1_20]]], there are spaces before and after the character frame for the Western word "editor". These spaces are necessary for composition of mixed Japanese +

        In [[[#fig1_20]]], there is extra spacing before and after the character frame for the Western word "editor". This spacing is necessary for composition of mixed Japanese and Western text, and details will be provided in [[[#handling_of_western_text_in_japanese_text_using_proportional_western_fonts]]].

        [[[#fig1_20]]]において“editor”の文字の外枠の前後に隙間がある．この隙間は，和文と欧文を混ぜて配置する場合の必要な処理であり，詳細は[[[#handling_of_western_text_in_japanese_text_using_proportional_western_fonts]]]で解説する．

        @@ -1071,19 +1071,19 @@

      3. Position vertically - by specifying the space size at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the kihon-hanmen.

        + by specifying the spacing size at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the spacing at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the kihon-hanmen.

        天地位置：天の空き量（横組の場合）又は地の空き量（縦組の場合）を指定，左右位置：中央

      4. Position vertically - by centering the kihon-hanmen. Position horizontally by specifying the space size of the gutter.

        + by centering the kihon-hanmen. Position horizontally by specifying the spacing size of the gutter.

        天地位置：中央，左右位置：のどの空き量を指定

      5. Position vertically - by specifying the space at the - head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the - foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the space size of the gutter.

        + by specifying the spacing at the + head (for horizontal writing mode) or the spacing at the + foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the spacing size of the gutter.

        天地位置：天の空き量（横組の場合）又は地の空き量（縦組の場合）を指定，左右位置：のどの空き量を指定

      @@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@

      日本語組版では，1行の行長に満たない段落の最終行を除き，行長をそろえるのが原則である．

    2. In principle, for printing, Japanese characters like ideographic (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) characters are uniformly designed in the same square character frame and they are set solid - (no extra space between adjacent character frames).

      + (no extra spacing between adjacent character frames).

      漢字等（cl-19），平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16）などの印刷用の文字の外枠は，原則として正方形である．また，各文字間をベタ組とするのが原則である．

    @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@

    @@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@

    - Examples of closing brackets, commas and full stops at the end of a line with either a half em space after or set solid. + Examples of closing brackets, commas and full stops at the end of a line with either half em spacing after or set solid. 行末に配置する終わり括弧類，読点類及び句点類の後ろを二分アキ又はベタ組とした配置例
    - Examples of closing brackets, commas and full stops at the end of a line with either a half em space after or set solid. + Examples of closing brackets, commas and full stops at the end of a line with either half em spacing after or set solid. 行末に配置する終わり括弧類，読点類及び句点類の後ろを二分アキ又はベタ組とした配置例
    @@ -2663,19 +2663,19 @@

  • -

    Inter-letter space among Western characters (cl-27) in a word (or, sequence of letters, which it is not possible to hyphenate), or unit indicators (km, kg, mm etc.) in Latin letters (see [[[#fig2_28]]]).

    +

    Inter-letter spacing among Western characters (cl-27) in a word (or, sequence of letters, which it is not possible to hyphenate), or unit indicators (km, kg, mm etc.) in Latin letters (see [[[#fig2_28]]]).

    欧文用文字（cl-27）の単語のハイフネーション可能な箇所以外の字間及び単位記号（km, kg, mmなど）の字間（[[[#fig2_28]]]）．

    It is not possible to break a line between letters in unit symbols using Latin letters. @@ -2769,16 +2769,16 @@

    この文書では，プロポーショナルな欧字を用いたkm，kgなどの単位記号の文字クラスは，単位記号中の文字（cl-25）として扱う．

  • -

    Inter-letter space +

    Inter-letter spacing among ruby characters, when composed as mono-ruby. Note that it is possible to break a line between base characters with mono-ruby (see [[[#fig2_29]]]).

    モノルビで配置したルビ文字列の字間（[[[#fig2_29]]]）．一体として扱うためである．なお，モノルビが付いた親文字とモノルビが付いた親文字との字間は，分割可能である．

  • -

    Inter-letter space +

    Inter-letter spacing among ruby characters or base characters, composed as group-ruby (see [[[#fig2_29]]]).

    グループルビで配置した親文字列及びルビ文字列の字間（[[[#fig2_29]]]）．一体として扱うためである．

    @@ -2855,28 +2855,28 @@

    -Character Sequences which Do Not Allow Space Insertion as Part of Line Adjustment Processing +Character Sequences which Do Not Allow Increase of Spacing as Part of Line Adjustment Processing 行の調整処理で​字間を​空ける処理に​使用しない箇所

    -

    For line adjustment processing, space must not be added between the following characters. - (This is called the inseparable characters rule.) +

    For line adjustment processing, spacing must not be increased between the following characters. + (This is called the inseparable characters rule.) The reason is that these characters or symbols should appear as one unit (for more about line adjustment, see [[[#line_adjustment]]]).

    行の調整処理の際に，字間を空けて処理する場合，次の字間には空き量を入れることは避ける（分離禁止ともいう）．これは，それらの文字・記号を一体として扱いたいためである（行の調整処理については，[[[#line_adjustment]]]を参照）．

    1. -

      There must be no space between any characters described in [[[#unbreakable_character_sequences]]].

      +

      There must be no added spacing between any characters described in [[[#unbreakable_character_sequences]]].

      [[[#unbreakable_character_sequences]]]で掲げた字間は，すべて行の調整処理で字間を空ける箇所としては避ける．

      2. @@ -2910,7 +2910,7 @@

      ハイフン類（cl-03）の前及び後ろ．

    2. -

      Before or after one em, etc. spaces between Japanese characters.

      +

      Before or after one em, etc. space between Japanese characters.

      全角アキなどの和字間隔の前及び後ろ．

    3. @@ -2942,14 +2942,14 @@

      日本語組版では，1行の行長に満たない段落の最終行を除き，行長をそろえるのが原則である．行長は，前述したように文字サイズの整数倍に設定するので，全角の文字を並べていく限りでは，行長はそろうことになる（[[[#fig2_33]]]の①）．

    4. -

      In [[[#fig2_33]]] at ②, there is an IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、" followed by a LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「", and the total space taken by the two characters is one and a half em. That means that the line overshoots or runs short of the edge of the kihon-hanmen by a half em. To restore a uniform line length, line adjustment is applied as shown at ③ in [[[#fig2_33]]]. The half em space overshoot or shortage is recovered by reducing inter-character space to a quarter em before the LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「" and after the RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」".

      +

      In [[[#fig2_33]]] at ②, there is an IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA "、" followed by a LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「", and the total space taken by the two characters is one and a half em. That means that the line overshoots or runs short of the edge of the kihon-hanmen by a half em. To restore a uniform line length, line adjustment is applied as shown at ③ in [[[#fig2_33]]]. The half em space overshoot or shortage is recovered by reducing inter-character spacing to a quarter em before the LEFT CORNER BRACKET "「" and after the RIGHT CORNER BRACKET "」".

      [[[#fig2_33]]]の②では，読点[、] (IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA)と始めかぎ括弧[「] (LEFT CORNER BRACKET)が連続し，この2つの約物全体の字幅及び空き量の合計は1.5倍となり，行長で二分の過不足が発生する．そこで，[[[#fig2_33]]]の③のように始めかぎ括弧[「] (LEFT CORNER BRACKET)の前の二分アキ及び終わりかぎ括弧[」] (RIGHT CORNER BRACKET)の後ろの二分アキを四分アキに詰める処理（追込み処理という）が可能なので，ここで二分の過不足の調整を行い，行長をそろえる．

    5. At ④ in [[[#fig2_33]]], the 15th character is an opening bracket (cl-01). This should not appear at the line end. Ideally, a full - width space reduction would be applied, and the character "前" on the second line would be moved onto the first line in the - 15th position. In that way, the problem could be avoided. However, in this example a full-width space reduction is not possible, - so line adjustment processing is applied as shown at ⑤ in [[[#fig2_33]]]. The opening bracket (cl-01) is moved to the second line, and line adjustment by inter-character space expansion is applied. That means that space is inserted in the first line at places where it is allowed.

      + width spacing reduction would be applied, and the character "前" on the second line would be moved onto the first line in the + 15th position. In that way, the problem could be avoided. However, in this example a full-width spacing reduction is not possible, + so line adjustment processing is applied as shown at ⑤ in [[[#fig2_33]]]. The opening bracket (cl-01) is moved to the second line, and line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion is applied. That means that spacing is added in the first line at places where it is allowed.

      [[[#fig2_33]]]の④では，15字目に始め括弧類（cl-01）がくるので，この配置を回避する調整が必要になる．その行で全角の分を詰める処理が可能であれば，その処理を行い，2行目の“前”の文字を1行目の15字目に配置し，問題を回避できる．しかし，この例では全角の分を詰める処理が不可能なので，[[[#fig2_33]]]の⑤のように始め括弧類を2行目に移動し，1行目の字間を空ける調整が可能な箇所で空ける処理（追出し処理という）を行い，1行目の行長をそろえる処理を行う．

      Examples of line adjustment. @@ -3189,9 +3189,9 @@

      Method for Setting Full-width Latin Letters and European Numerals 全角のモノスペースの欧字及び​全角の​モノスペースの​アラビア数字の​配置方法

      -

      When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set in vertical writing mode as "quasi" Japanese characters, inter-character spaces between these characters and hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) or ideographic characters (cl-19) are set solid, similar to ordinary ideographic characters (cl-19) (see [[[#fig2_2_8]]]). Also, in principle, when full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European - numerals are set after full stops (cl-06), commas (cl-07) or closing brackets (cl-02), or before opening brackets (cl-01), insert a half em space after commas (cl-07) or closing brackets (cl-02), or before opening brackets (cl-01). In addition, in these cases, insert a half em space after full stops (cl-06). When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European - numerals are set before a full stop (cl-06), comma (cl-07) or closing bracket (cl-02), or after an opening bracket (cl-01), the inter-character space before the full stop, comma or closing bracket, or after the opening bracket is set solid.

      +

      When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European numerals are set in vertical writing mode as "quasi" Japanese characters, inter-character spacing between these characters and hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) or ideographic characters (cl-19) are set solid, similar to ordinary ideographic characters (cl-19) (see [[[#fig2_2_8]]]). Also, in principle, when full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European + numerals are set after full stops (cl-06), commas (cl-07) or closing brackets (cl-02), or before opening brackets (cl-01), insert half em spacing after commas (cl-07) or closing brackets (cl-02), or before opening brackets (cl-01). In addition, in these cases, insert half em spacing after full stops (cl-06). When full-width and fixed-width Western characters or European + numerals are set before a full stop (cl-06), comma (cl-07) or closing bracket (cl-02), or after an opening bracket (cl-01), the inter-character spacing before the full stop, comma or closing bracket, or after the opening bracket is set solid.

      縦組で全角のモノスペースの欧字及び全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字を正常な向きで1字1字配置する場合は，一般の漢字と同様に前後に配置する平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16）又は漢字等（cl-19）との字間をベタ組にして配置する（[[[#fig2_2_8]]]）．また，句点類（cl-06），読点類（cl-07）若しくは終わり括弧類（cl-02）の後ろ，又は始め括弧類（cl-01）の前に全角のモノスペースの欧字又は全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字がくる場合は，読点類（cl-07）若しくは終わり括弧類（cl-02）の後ろ，又は始め括弧類（cl-01）の前は，原則として二分アキとし，句点類（cl-06）の後ろは二分アキとする．句点類（cl-06），読点類（cl-07），若しくは終わり括弧類（cl-02）の前，又は始め括弧類（cl-01）の後ろに全角のモノスペースの欧字又は全角のモノスペースのアラビア数字がくる場合は，句点類（cl-06），読点類（cl-07）若しくは終わり括弧類（cl-02）の前，又は始め括弧類（cl-01）の後ろをベタ組とする．

      Setting example of full-width Latin letters and European numerals. @@ -3213,7 +3213,7 @@

    @@ -3267,49 +3267,49 @@

    欧文の単語の文字列は，ハイフネーション可能な箇所以外で2行に分割してはならない．

  • -

    When line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character space reduction, Western word space (cl-26) is used as first priority. Also, when line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character space expansion, Western word spaces are used as first priority.

    +

    When line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction, Western word space (cl-26) is used as first priority. Also, when line adjustment is done with line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion, Western word spaces are used as first priority.

    追込み処理で字間を詰める場合，その処理対象として欧文間隔（cl-26）を優先的に使用し，追出し処理で字間を空ける場合も，その処理対象として欧文間隔を優先的に使用する．

  • -

    When line adjustment by inter-character space addition is used, inter-character spaces within Western words and European numerals are not used for expansion.

    +

    When line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion is used, inter-character spacing within Western words and European numerals is not used for expansion.

    追出し処理の際には，欧文及びアラビア数字の字間は，字間を空ける調整箇所としない．

  • -

    Inter-character space, between hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) or ideographic characters (cl-19) and Western characters or European numerals, is a quarter em space (see [[[#fig2_2_10]]]). The issue as to whether the quarter em space can be used for line end adjustment or not is discussed in [[[#reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space]]] and [[[#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion]]].

    +

    Inter-character spacing, between hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) or ideographic characters (cl-19) and Western characters or European numerals, is quarter em spacing (see [[[#fig2_2_10]]]). The issue as to whether the quarter em spacing can be used for line end adjustment or not is discussed in [[[#reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space]]] and [[[#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion]]].

    欧字・アラビア数字の前後に配置される平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16）又は漢字等（cl-19）との字間は，四分アキとする（[[[#fig2_2_10]]]）．（この四分アキを行の調整処理に使用する場合の詳細については[[[#reduction_and_addition_of_intercharacter_space]]]及び[[[#procedures_for_intercharacter_space_expansion]]]を参照．）

    - Example of a quarter em inter-character space between hiragana, katakana and ideographic characters, and Latin characters. + Example of a quarter em inter-character spacing between hiragana, katakana and ideographic characters, and Latin characters. 平仮名，片仮名又は漢字等と欧字・アラビア数字の字間を四分アキとした例
    - Example of a quarter em inter-character space between hiragana, katakana and ideographic characters, and Latin characters. + Example of a quarter em inter-character spacing between hiragana, katakana and ideographic characters, and Latin characters. 平仮名，片仮名又は漢字等と欧字・アラビア数字の字間を四分アキとした例
    -

    In the following cases, a quarter em space is not inserted (see [[[#fig2_2_12]]]).

    +

    In the following cases, a quarter em spacing is not added (see [[[#fig2_2_12]]]).

    ただし，次の箇所では，四分アキとしない（[[[#fig2_2_12]]]）．

    1. -

      At the start of a line, there is no space before Latin characters or European numerals. At the end of the line, - there is no space after Latin characters or European numerals.

      +

      At the start of a line, there is no spacing before Latin characters or European numerals. At the end of the line, + there is no spacing after Latin characters or European numerals.

      行頭においては，欧字・アラビア数字の前は空けない．行末においては，欧字・アラビア数字の後ろは空けない．

    2. In the case where Latin characters and European - numerals follow a comma (cl-07) or closing bracket (cl-02), or are followed by opening brackets (cl-01), in principle, a half em space is inserted. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a full stop (cl-06) in the middle of a line, a half em space is inserted. When the full stop (cl-06) is set at the end of a line, in principle, a half em space is inserted after the full stop (cl-06).

      + numerals follow a comma (cl-07) or closing bracket (cl-02), or are followed by opening brackets (cl-01), in principle, half em spacing is added. In the case where Latin characters and European numerals follow a full stop (cl-06) in the middle of a line, half em spacing is added. When the full stop (cl-06) is set at the end of a line, in principle, half em spacing is added after the full stop (cl-06).

      読点類（cl-07）若しくは終わり括弧類（cl-02）の後ろ，又は始め括弧類（cl-01）の前を原則として二分アキとする．また，行中の句点類（cl-06）の後ろは二分アキとし，句点類（cl-06）が行末に位置した場合は，句点類（cl-06）の後ろを原則として二分アキにする．

    3. -

      In the case where Latin characters and European numerals are set before a full stop (cl-06), comma (cl-07) or closing bracket (cl-02), or after an opening bracket (cl-01), the inter-character space is set solid.

      +

      In the case where Latin characters and European numerals are set before a full stop (cl-06), comma (cl-07) or closing bracket (cl-02), or after an opening bracket (cl-01), the inter-character spacing is set solid.

      句点類（cl-06），読点類（cl-07）若しくは終わり括弧類（cl-02）の前，又は始め括弧類（cl-01）の後ろに欧字・アラビア数字がくる場合は，その字間はベタ組とする．

    • - Example of no inter-character space before and after Latin characters and European numerals. + Example of no inter-character spacing before and after Latin characters and European numerals. 欧字・アラビア数字の前後を四分アキとしない箇所
    - Example of no inter-character space before and after Latin characters and European numerals. + Example of no inter-character spacing before and after Latin characters and European numerals. 欧字・アラビア数字の前後を四分アキとしない箇所
    @@ -3319,7 +3319,7 @@

    この文書では，プロポーショナルな欧字・アラビア数字の文字クラスは，欧文用文字（cl-27）として扱う．また，和文との混植用に設計された半角のアラビア数字がある．このアラビア数字の文字クラスは，この文書では連数字中の文字（cl-24）として扱う．

    @@ -3436,7 +3436,7 @@

    @@ -3453,7 +3453,7 @@

    @@ -4938,11 +4938,11 @@

    The line length of the furiwake block is the line length of the longest furiwake-gyou. However, it is permitted to indicate the length of the furiwake block, and break the furiwake-gyou lines. In this style, the start positions of the broken lines should be explicitly indicated. When there are line break marks in the furiwake-gyou, the line is broken in the indicated places. In this style, - the start positions of the wrapped lines are aligned to the first line. The space between wrapped lines should be set solid.

    + the start positions of the wrapped lines are aligned to the first line. The spacing between wrapped lines should be set solid.

    振分けの行長は，同一の振分け処理の中で最も長い振分け行の行長を振分け行長とする．ただし，振分けの行長を指定し，長い同一の振分け行を折り返して複数の行にすることもある．この場合の2行目以下の行頭は指定による．同一の振分け行とする文字列中に改行の指定がある場合は，その指定箇所で振分け行を分割する．この場合の行頭は，振分け行の1行目の位置とそろえる．また，同一の振分け行を複数の行に分割した場合の行間は0とする．

  • -

    The line-feed space of each furiwake block should be explicitly indicated.

    +

    The line-feed spacing of each furiwake block should be explicitly indicated.

    異なる振分け行の行送り方向の行間は，指定による．

  • @@ -4968,8 +4968,8 @@

    -

    The size of the line-feed space of the paragraph which contains the furiwake block, should be explicitly indicated. - The space should be decided by considering the content of the furiwake block, and may therefore differ from the size of the line-feed space of kihon-hanmen.

    +

    The size of the line-feed spacing of the paragraph which contains the furiwake block, should be explicitly indicated. + The spacing should be decided by considering the content of the furiwake block, and may therefore differ from the size of the line-feed spacing of kihon-hanmen.

    振分けを含む段落の行間は，指定による．そこに配置される振分けの内容を考慮して指定する必要がある．

    In general, the width of the furiwake block is larger than the width of an inline cutting note block. However, unlike in the case of the inline cutting block, the whole furiwake block should be set inside of the kihon-hanmen, or a column of the kihon-hanmen Setting a furiwake block that extends beyond the border of the kihon-hanmen @@ -5022,10 +5022,10 @@

    指定された文字列について，字間を均等に空け，字詰め方向の先頭から末尾までを，指定された長さにする．ただし，次のような箇所は，空ける対象としない．

    1. -

      Positions where line breaks are prohibited: inter-character spaces between European numerals; between two EM DASH "—" characters; between two TWO DOT LEADER "‥" characters; between two HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…" characters; and so on. These sequences should be treated as a single block.

      +

      Positions where line breaks are prohibited: between contiguous European numerals; between two EM DASH "—" characters; between two TWO DOT LEADER "‥" characters; between two HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS "…" characters; and so on. These sequences should be treated as a single block.

      2行に分割してはならない箇所．連数字中の文字（cl-24）の字間，欧文用文字（cl-27）の字間，同一の分離禁止文字（cl-08）の字間など．これらの文字列は一体として扱いたいからである．

      @@ -5039,7 +5039,7 @@

    2. -

      Where Western word space (cl-26) or full-width ideographic space (cl-14) are inserted, add the same space as for other inter-character spaces to the value of the Western word space or the full-width ideographic space.

      +

      Where Western word space (cl-26) or full-width ideographic space (cl-14) are inserted, add the same spacing to those space characters as is being added to the other characters.

      欧文間隔（cl-26），和字間隔（cl-14）など空白を挿入してある箇所は，その空白の前及び後ろの2箇所ではなく，空白の前（又は後ろ）だけとする．空白の前後2箇所で空けると空き過ぎになる．

    @@ -5064,7 +5064,7 @@

    Math symbols and math operators, such as EQUALS SIGN "=", APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF "≒", PLUS SIGN "+" and MINUS SIGN "−" are commonly used not only for scientific and technical documents but also for ordinary books. In the Japanese composition system, there are two different groups of math symbols, which are each treated differently. So in this document math symbols are classified into two different classes; math symbols (cl-17) and math operators (cl-18).

    理工学書だけでなく，一般の本でも，等号[=] (EQUALS SIGN)，ほとんど等しい[≒] (APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF)，正符号[+] (PLUS SIGN)，負符号[−] (MINUS SIGN)などの数学記号が使用されている．日本語組版では，等号，ほとんど等しいなどと，正符号，負符号などでは組版処理方法が異なる．そこで，この文書では，等号の類似記号を等号類（cl-17）に，正符号などの類似記号を演算記号（cl-18）に分けて，それらに限り，処理方法を解説する．

  • -

    The inter-character space between math symbols (cl-17) or math operators (cl-18) and before and after adjacent characters, such as grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27), and ornamented character complex (cl-21) in one line is set solid (see [[[#fig2_7_6]]]). However, when the top and/or the bottom of the mathematical formula is grouped numerals (cl-24) or Western characters (cl-27), the space between ideographic characters (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) is quarter em space.

    +

    The inter-character spacing between math symbols (cl-17) or math operators (cl-18) and before and after adjacent characters, such as grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27), and ornamented character complex (cl-21) in one line is set solid (see [[[#fig2_7_6]]]). However, when the top and/or the bottom of the mathematical formula is grouped numerals (cl-24) or Western characters (cl-27), the spacing between ideographic characters (cl-19), hiragana (cl-15) and katakana (cl-16) is quarter em spacing.

    別行としないで，行の途中に配置する等号類（cl-17）及び演算記号（cl-18）は，その前後に配置する連数字中の文字（cl-24），欧文用文字（cl-27）及び親文字群中の文字（添え字付き）（cl-21）との字間をベタ組とする（[[[#fig2_7_6]]]）．なお，数式の先頭及び／又は末尾が連数字中の文字（cl-24）又は欧文用文字（cl-27）の場合は，漢字等（cl-19），平仮名（cl-15）及び片仮名（cl-16）と数式との間は，四分アキとする．

    Example of math symbols and math operators set within an ordinary line. @@ -5090,7 +5090,7 @@

    @@ -5104,7 +5104,7 @@

  • -

    When math formulae or chemical formulae are set in one independent line, the inter-character space between math symbols (cl-17) and adjacent grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and ornamented character complex (cl-21) is quarter em. Also, when math formulae or chemical formulae are set in an individual line, the inter-character space between math operators (cl-18) and adjacent grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) or ornamented character complex (cl-21) is set solid.

    +

    When math formulae or chemical formulae are set in one independent line, the inter-character spacing between math symbols (cl-17) and adjacent grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and ornamented character complex (cl-21) is quarter em. Also, when math formulae or chemical formulae are set in an individual line, the inter-character spacing between math operators (cl-18) and adjacent grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) or ornamented character complex (cl-21) is set solid.

    別行とする数式，化学式などに配置する等号類（cl-17）と連数字中の文字（cl-24），欧文用文字（cl-27）及び親文字群中の文字（添え字付き）（cl-21）との字間は，四分アキとする．別行とする数式，化学式などに配置する演算記号（cl-18）と，連数字中の文字（cl-24），欧文用文字（cl-27）及び親文字群中の文字（添え字付き）（cl-21）との字間は，ベタ組とする．

    Example of math symbols and math operators in one independent line. @@ -5120,7 +5120,7 @@

    別行とする数式，化学式などは，横組では版面又は段の領域の左右中央に配置する例が多い．縦組で時計回りに90度回転させて数式，化学式などを配置する場合は，行頭から指定した字下げした位置に配置する例が多い．

    @@ -5141,7 +5141,7 @@

    別行式で，2行に分割する位置をある程度任意に選択できる場合は，まず等号類（cl-17）の前で2行に分割するとよい．それができない場合は，演算記号（cl-18）の前で2行に分割するとよい．

    • @@ -5169,14 +5169,14 @@

    of the last line of a paragraph, it is necessary to set the head and end of each line at predicable, - aligned positions. For the last line of the paragraph, it is still necessary to set the head at the aligned position, however the line end need not aligned to the other alignment position. To achieve this, only inter-character spacing indicated in the table of [[[#spacing_between_characters]]], or explicitly chosen space sizes, are inserted, and other inter-character spaces are set solid.

    + aligned positions. For the last line of the paragraph, it is still necessary to set the head at the aligned position, however the line end need not aligned to the other alignment position. To achieve this, only inter-character spacing indicated in the table of [[[#spacing_between_characters]]], or explicitly chosen spacing, are added, and other inter-character spacing is set solid.

    禁則処理その他の要因により行長に過不足が出る場合は，行の調整処理を行う．段落内では，分割禁止とされていない箇所で文字列を分割し，それぞれの行を構成していく．この際，段落末尾の1行の行長に満たない行以外の行は，指定された行長にし，段落末尾の1行の行長に満たない行以外の行頭及び行末の位置を所定の位置に配置する必要がある．段落末尾の1行の行長に満たない行は，隣接する文字の字間に[[[#spacing_between_characters]]]に示した原則とする空き量を挿入するか，又は指定された空き量がある場合はその空き量を挿入する以外は，原則としてベタ組にして文字列の先頭を行頭にそろえて配置し，文字列の末尾は行末にそろえる必要はない．

    @@ -5202,7 +5202,7 @@

  • -

    Sequences of punctuation marks. For example, a sequence of a closing bracket (cl-02) and a full stop (cl-06) takes one and a half em spaces together (see [[[#fig2_52]]]). However, if an opening bracket (cl-01) follows immediately after the full stop, these punctuation marks will need two em size spaces together. Hence, no adjustment is needed to correctly align the line end (see [[[#fig2_52]]]).

    +

    Sequences of punctuation marks. For example, a sequence of a closing bracket (cl-02) and a full stop (cl-06) takes one and a half em of spacing altogether (see [[[#fig2_52]]]). However, if an opening bracket (cl-01) follows immediately after the full stop, these punctuation marks will need two em of spacing altogether. Hence, no adjustment is needed to correctly align the line end (see [[[#fig2_52]]]).

    約物が連続する．例えば，終わり括弧類（cl-02）と句点類（cl-06）が連続した場合は，終わり括弧類（cl-02），句点類（cl-06）及び空き量の合計は1.5倍となる（[[[#fig2_52]]]）．ただし，終わり括弧類（cl-02），句点類（cl-06），さらに始め括弧類（cl-01）が連続した場合は，これら約物の字幅と空き量の合計は2倍となるので，過不足はでない（[[[#fig2_52]]]）．

    Examples of sequences of punctuation marks. @@ -5246,32 +5246,32 @@

    -Reduction and Addition of Inter-Character Space +Reduction and Addition of Inter-Character Spacing 詰める処理と空ける処理

    -

    Line adjustment processing targets places with a predefined space size or solid setting. Methods for line adjustment are as follows.

    +

    Line adjustment processing targets places with a predefined spacing or solid setting. Methods for line adjustment are as follows.

    行の調整処理は，規定されている空き量を確保した箇所又はベタ組の字間で調整する．その方法としては，次がある．

    1. -

      Line adjustment by inter-character space reduction. This means that a half em space is reduced after commas (cl-07) or closing brackets (cl-02), or before opening brackets (cl-01), and Western word space (cl-26) is reduced +

      Line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction. This means that half em spacing is reduced after commas (cl-07) or closing brackets (cl-02), or before opening brackets (cl-01), and Western word space (cl-26) is reduced within a defined limit.

      規定されている空き量を詰める処理（追込み処理）．追込み処理では，読点類（cl-07）又は終わり括弧類（cl-02）の後ろの二分アキや，始め括弧類（cl-01）の前の二分アキ，欧文間隔（cl-26）などの空き量を規定の範囲内で詰める処理を行う．

    2. -

      Line adjustment by inter-character space expansion. Line adjustment by inter-character space expansion means expanding inter-character space for line adjustment, where inter-character space is allowed to be extended up to a defined limit, such as for Western word space (cl-26) or other places where it is not prohibited to extend inter-character space.

      +

      Line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion. Line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion means expanding inter-character spacing for line adjustment, where inter-character spacing is allowed to be extended up to a defined limit, such as for Western word space (cl-26) or other places where it is not prohibited to extend inter-character spacing.

      字間を空ける処理（追出し処理）．追出し処理では，欧文間隔（cl-26）など規定の範囲内で空けることが許されている箇所や，行の調整処理で字間を空ける処理を避けるとされていない箇所の字間について空ける処理を行う．

    -

    Normally line adjustment by inter-character space reduction is preferred. Only when there are no spaces that can be reduced is line adjustment by inter-character - space expansion applied. The reason for the preference of line adjustment by inter-character space reduction comes from - the thinking that characters in solid setting should not have more inter character space, if at all possible.

    +

    Normally line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction is preferred. Only when there is no spacing that can be reduced is line adjustment by inter-character + spacing expansion applied. The reason for the preference of line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction comes from + the thinking that characters in solid setting should not have more inter character spacing, if at all possible.

    通常，詰める処理（追込み処理）を優先し，それで処理できない場合は空ける処理（追出し処理）を行う．詰める処理（追込み処理）を優先するのは，ベタ組の箇所はできるだけ空けないという考え方による．

    @@ -5300,12 +5300,12 @@

    -Procedures for Inter-Character Space Reduction +Procedures for Inter-Character Spacing Reduction 詰める処理の優先順位

    -

    For line adjustment by inter-character space reduction decisions must first be made about +

    For line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction decisions must first be made about the preferred order in which reduction processing options - are applied, and the maximum amount of space reduction needed. Inter-character space reduction is processed with following priorities.

    + are applied, and the maximum amount of spacing reduction needed. Inter-character spacing reduction is processed with following priorities.

    詰める処理（追込み処理）を行う場合は，通常，優先順位と詰める限界を決めて行う．詰める処理は，次の順序で行う．

    1. -

      Western word space (cl-26), which is usually one third em, - is reduced by equal amounts, to leave a minimum of a quarter em space between words. The same space reduction is applied to all spaces on the target line at the same time.

      +

      Western word spaces (cl-26) + are reduced to leave a minimum of one-quarter em spacing between words. The same width reduction is applied to all spaces on the target line at the same time.

      欧文間隔（cl-26）を，最小で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    2. -

      The half em space after closing brackets (cl-02),commas (cl-07) and full stops (cl-06) at the end of a line, is deleted and set solid.

      +

      The half em spacing after closing brackets (cl-02),commas (cl-07) and full stops (cl-06) at the end of a line, is removed and set solid.

      行末に配置する終わり括弧類（cl-02），読点類（cl-07）及び句点類（cl-06）の後ろの二分アキをベタ組にする．

    3. -

      The quarter em spaces both before and after the middle dots (cl-05) are deleted and set solid.

      +

      The quarter em spacing both before and after the middle dots (cl-05) is removed and set solid.

      行末に配置する中点類（cl-05）の前及び後ろの四分アキを一緒にベタ組にする．

    4. -

      The quarter em space before or after middle dots (cl-05), in the middle of a line, is reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.

      +

      The quarter em spacing before or after middle dots (cl-05), in the middle of a line, is reduced equally in proportion to the character size, to a minimum of zero (solid setting).

      行中の中点類（cl-05）の前後の四分アキを，最小でベタ組まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    5. -

      The half em spaces before opening brackets (cl-01) or after closing brackets (cl-02) or commas (cl-07), - in the middle of a line, are reduced equally with proportional character size, as far as solid setting.

      +

      The half em spacing before opening brackets (cl-01) or after closing brackets (cl-02) or commas (cl-07), + in the middle of a line, is reduced equally in proportion to the character size, to a minimum of zero (solid setting).

      行中の始め括弧類（cl-01）の前側，並びに終わり括弧類（cl-02）及び読点類（cl-07）の後ろ側の二分アキを，最小でベタ組まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    6. -

      The quarter em space between Japanese text (hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) and ideographic characters (cl-19)) and Latin script text (grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and unit symbols (cl-25)), is reduced equally - with proportional character size, as far as one eighth em space.

      +

      The quarter em spacing between Japanese text (hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) and ideographic characters (cl-19)) and Latin script text (grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and unit symbols (cl-25)), is reduced equally + with proportional character size, as far as one eighth em spacing.

      平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16），漢字等（cl-19）などと，連数字中の文字（cl-24），欧文用文字（cl-27）又は単位記号中の文字（cl-25）との字間の四分アキを，最小で八分（全角の8分の1）アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    -

    In JIS X 4051, the space after closing brackets (cl-02), commas (cl-07) and middle dots (cl-05) at the end of a line are set solid, and the space after commas (cl-07) at the end of a line is set to a half em. Accordingly, JIS X 4051 defines the priority of processing as follows:

    なお，JIS X 4051では，行末に配置する終わり括弧類（cl-02），読点類（cl-07）及び中点類（cl-05）の後ろをベタ組とし，行末に配置する句点類（cl-06）の後ろは二分アキとすることから，次の順序で処理するように規定している．

    +

    In JIS X 4051, the spacing after closing brackets (cl-02), commas (cl-07) and middle dots (cl-05) at the end of a line are set solid, and the spacing after commas (cl-07) at the end of a line is set to a half em. Accordingly, JIS X 4051 defines the priority of processing as follows:

    なお，JIS X 4051では，行末に配置する終わり括弧類（cl-02），読点類（cl-07）及び中点類（cl-05）の後ろをベタ組とし，行末に配置する句点類（cl-06）の後ろは二分アキとすることから，次の順序で処理するように規定している．

    1. -

      Western word space (cl-26), which is usually one third em, is reduced by equal amounts, to leave a minimum of a quarter em space between words.

      +

      Western word space (cl-26), which is usually one third em, is reduced by equal amounts, to leave a minimum of a quarter em spacing between words.

      欧文間隔（cl-26）を，最小で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    2. -

      The quarter em space before and after middle dots (cl-05) is reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.

      +

      The quarter em spacing before and after middle dots (cl-05) is reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.

      中点類（cl-05）の前後の空き量を，最小でベタ組まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    3. -

      The half em spaces before opening brackets (cl-01) and after closing brackets (cl-02) or commas (cl-07), are reduced equally with proportional character size as far as solid setting.

      +

      The half em spacing before opening brackets (cl-01) and after closing brackets (cl-02) or commas (cl-07), is reduced equally in proportion to the character size, to a minimum of zero (solid setting).

      始め括弧類（cl-01）の前側，並びに終わり括弧類（cl-02）及び読点類（cl-07）の後ろ側の二分アキを，最小でベタ組まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    4. -

      The quarter em spaces between Japanese text (hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) and ideographic characters (cl-19)) and Latin script text (grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and unit symbols (cl-25)) are reduced equally with proportional character size, as far as a 1/8th em space.

      +

      The quarter em spacing between Japanese text (hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) and ideographic characters (cl-19)) and Latin script text (grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and unit symbols (cl-25)) are reduced in proportion to the character size, to a minimum of 1/8th em spacing.

      平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16），漢字等（cl-19）などと，連数字中の文字（cl-24），欧文用文字（cl-27）又は単位記号中の文字（cl-25）との字間の四分アキを，最小で八分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める．

    @@ -5395,8 +5395,8 @@

    Procedures for Inter-Character Space Expansion 空ける処理の優先順位

    -

    As with line adjustment by inter-character space reduction, for line adjustment by inter-character space expansion at first - the order of processing and the maximum amount of space to be added are defined. In JIS X 4051, the following processing order +

    As with line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction, for line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion at first + the order of processing and the maximum amount of spacing to be added are defined. In JIS X 4051, the following processing order is defined.

    空ける処理（追出し処理）を行う場合も詰める処理（追込み処理）と同様，優先順位と空ける限界を決めて行う．JIS X 4051では，次の順序で処理するように規定している．

      @@ -5405,30 +5405,30 @@

      欧文間隔（cl-26）を，最大で二分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける．

    1. -

      The quarter em space between Japanese text (hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) and ideographic characters (cl-19)) and Latin script text (grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and unit symbols (cl-25)) is increased equally - with proportional character size, up to half em space (or one third em space).

      +

      The quarter em spacing between Japanese text (hiragana (cl-15), katakana (cl-16) and ideographic characters (cl-19)) and Latin script text (grouped numerals (cl-24), Western characters (cl-27) and unit symbols (cl-25)) is increased equally + with proportional character size, up to half em spacing (or one third em spacing).

      平仮名（cl-15），片仮名（cl-16），漢字等（cl-19）などと，連数字中の文字（cl-24），欧文用文字（cl-27）又は単位記号中の文字（cl-25）との字間の四分アキを，最大で二分アキまで（又は三分アキまで）文字サイズ比で均等に空ける．

    2. For places which do not fall under (a) or (b) and which do not have - the inseparable character rule (bunrikinshi), space is added equally with proportional character size up to a quarter em space.

      + the inseparable character rule (bunrikinshi), spacing is added equally with proportional character size up to one quarter em spacing.

      a及びb以外の行の調整処理で字間を空ける処理を避けるとされていない箇所（空ける処理が可能な箇所）の字間を，最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける．

    3. -

      In addition to the adaptation in the manner of (a), (b) and (c), in cases where such processing is not possible, space is added +

      In addition to the adaptation in the manner of (a), (b) and (c), in cases where such processing is not possible, spacing is added equally with proportional character size, with the exception of places which require the inseparable character rule (bunrikinshi).

      a，b，cで調整できない場合は，a，b，cに加え，分割禁止とされていない文字間を均等に空ける．

      4. @@ -5468,7 +5468,7 @@

    4. Are characters and symbols appearing in sequence in solid setting, or will there be a fixed size space between them? For example, - sequences of ideographic characters (cl-19) and hiragana (cl-15) are set solid, and for Western characters (cl-27) following hiragana (cl-15) there will be quarter em space.

      + sequences of ideographic characters (cl-19) and hiragana (cl-15) are set solid, and for Western characters (cl-27) following hiragana (cl-15) there will be quarter em spacing.

      文字・記号が並んだ場合，その字間はベタ組にするか，又は一定の空き量をとるのか．例えば，漢字等（cl-19）と平仮名（cl-15）が並んだ場合，その字間はベタ組であり，平仮名（cl-15）の後ろに欧文用文字（cl-27）がきた場合，その字間は四分アキとなる．

    5. @@ -5477,8 +5477,8 @@

      文字が並んだ場合，その字間で2行に分割してよいか．例えば，連数字中の文字（cl-24）が並んだ場合，その字間では2行に分割してはならない．

    6. -

      Is it allowed to use the space between characters in a sequence during line adjustment processing? For example, is inter-character - space reduction or addition possible between the characters appearing in sequence? Another issue to be decided is the preferred +

      Is it allowed to use the spacing between characters in a sequence during line adjustment processing? For example, is inter-character + spacing reduction or addition possible between the characters appearing in sequence? Another issue to be decided is the preferred order for adjustment processing, and the amount of the allowed adjustment.

      行の調整処理の際に，その並んだ文字の字間を使用してよいか．例えば，字間を詰めてよいか，逆に字間を空けてよいか．なお，調整処理の優先順位と調整量の限界も問題となる．

      7. @@ -5729,7 +5729,7 @@

    7. Grouped numerals (cl-24)

      連数字中の文字（cl-24）

      -

      Sequences of European numerals which are not full-width and are handled as Japanese text, the decimal point or the comma and space used as grade indicator in number.

      +

      Sequences of European numerals which are not full-width and are handled as Japanese text, the decimal point or the comma and space used as a rank indicator in numbers.

      連数字として扱われる連続した数字（アラビア数字）及び小数点のピリオド，並びに位取りのコンマ及び空白のことである．

    8. @@ -5799,9 +5799,9 @@

      各文字クラスの配置方法

      For each character class it is possible to describe whether the characters may appear at the line head or line end or not, - the positioning method for the line head or line end positions (if available), the amount of space between sequences of several + the positioning method for the line head or line end positions (if available), the amount of spacing between sequences of several characters, and the combination with character classes before or after the characters (in a 2 dimensional table). In JIS X - 4051 this is shown in table 5 "Amount of space (between characters)".

      + 4051 this is shown in table 5 "Amount of spacing (between characters)".

      文字クラスごとに，行頭・行末に配置してよいか，禁止するか，さらに行頭・行末にきた場合の配置法や，それぞれが並んだ場合の文字間の空き量は，前に配置される文字クラスと後ろに配置される文字クラスの組合せ（2次元の表）で示すことができる．JIS X 4051では，表5に“（文字間の）空き量”として示されている．

      Also, it can be defined for each combination of the character classes (in a two dimensional table) whether the characters of classes appearing in sequence allow for a line break between them, or whether it is possible during line - adjustment processing to add inter character space between them. In JIS X 4051 these items are also shown in a two dimensional table. - Table 6 shows whether a line break is possible, and table 7 shows if it is possible to add inter character space.

      + adjustment processing to add inter character spacing between them. In JIS X 4051 these items are also shown in a two dimensional table. + Table 6 shows whether a line break is possible, and table 7 shows if it is possible to add inter-character spacing.

      また，文字クラスの文字・記号が並んだ場合，その字間で2行に分割が可能か，行の調整処理の際に字間を空けてよいかどうかも，各文字クラスの組合せ（2次元の表）で規定できる．このような事項についても，JIS X 4051では2次元の表で示している．2行に分割が可能かどうかは表6，行の調整処理の際に字間を空けてよいかどうかは表7に示されている．

      -

      The width, in principle, of the space between each character or symbol in character classes used in this document is described in the table of [[[#spacing_between_characters]]].

      +

      The width, in principle, of the spacing between each character or symbol in character classes used in this document is described in the table of [[[#spacing_between_characters]]].

      この文書における，それぞれの文字クラスの文字・記号が並んだ場合の文字間の原則的な空き量の表を[[[#spacing_between_characters]]]に掲げる．

      The combinations of adjacent characters and symbols in character classes used in this document, and where text is breakable or not, is described in the table of [[[#possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters]]].

      この文書における，それぞれの文字クラスの文字・記号が並んだ場合に，その字間で2行に分割が可能かどうかを示す表を[[[#possibilities_for_linebreaking_between_characters]]]に掲げる．

      -

      The width of spaces between each character or symbol in character classes used in this document, and which can be reduced, is described in the table of [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]]. Also, expandable spaces are described in the table of [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment]]].

      +

      The width of spacing between each character or symbol in character classes used in this document, and which can be reduced, is described in the table of [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]]. Also, expandable spacing is described in the table of [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment]]].

      この文書における，それぞれの文字クラスの文字・記号が並んだ場合に，行の調整処理の際に字間を詰めてよいかを示す表を[[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]]，行の調整処理の際に字間を空けてよいかを示す表を[[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment]]]に掲げる．

    @@ -5883,7 +5883,7 @@

    別行見出し，同行見出し及び窓見出しについては，JIS X 4051では“8.3 見出し処理”に規定がある．

  • -

    Set the heading text at the center of the footprint specified with a multiple number of lines of the kihon-hanmen, and add space size before and/or after also specified using numbers of lines of the kihon-hanmen. For example, when adding space corresponding to the size of one line of the kihon-hanmen, it is called a one line blank space. Following are some examples (see [[[#fig3_1_20]]] et al).

    +

    Set the heading text at the center of the footprint specified with a multiple number of lines of the kihon-hanmen, and add spacing before and/or after also specified using numbers of lines of the kihon-hanmen. For example, when adding space corresponding to the size of one line of the kihon-hanmen, it is called a one line blank space. Following are some examples (see [[[#fig3_1_20]]] et al).

    基本版面で設定した2行以上の複数行の領域の中央に配置し，その前又は後ろに基本版面で設定した行数で空き量を設定する．例えば，基本版面で設定した1行の空き量をとる場合は，1行アキという．いくつかの配置例を[[[#fig3_1_20]]]以下に示す．

  • @@ -6263,11 +6263,11 @@

    1行の見出しを基本版面で設定した行位置に配置し，その前を1行（又は複数行）空ける（複数行空ける例は少ない）．この配置方法は小見出しの場合に利用されている．いくつかの配置例を[[[#fig3_1_25]]]以下に示す．

  • -

    When headings are on multiple levels, set "gyou-dori" headings with different line spaces per heading level. There are two cases. One is the single heading case, the other is adjacent multiple headings. In these cases, spaces in the block direction should look the same in both the single heading case and in the case of adjacent different level headings. To implement this design, in some cases, same level headings have different spaces depending on whether the heading is single or whether headings are adjacent. There are some examples in [[[#fig3_1_28]]].

    +

    When headings are on multiple levels, set "gyou-dori" headings with different line spacing per heading level. There are two cases. One is the single heading case, the other is adjacent multiple headings. In these cases, spacing in the block direction should look the same in both the single heading case and in the case of adjacent different level headings. To implement this design, in some cases, same level headings have different spacing depending on whether the heading is single or whether headings are adjacent. There are some examples in [[[#fig3_1_28]]].

    行取りで配置するレベルの異なった見出しが複数あった場合，見出しのレベルに応じて行取り数を変える．また，見出しは単独で掲げる場合と，レベルの異なる見出しを連続して掲げる場合がある．この場合，同一のレベルの見出しについて，単独で掲げるときの見出しの行送り方向の空き量と，連続して掲げるときの見出しの行送り方向の空き量をできるだけそろえた方がよい．したがって，同一のレベルの見出しについて，単独で掲げるときの見出しの行取りと，連続して掲げるときの見出しの行取りを変える場合がある．その例を[[[#fig3_1_28]]]に示す．

  • -

    The heading is set in a block of multiple lines, which is specified by using the line positions provided by the kihon-hanmen as a basis, but is not set in the center of the block but rather specified by specification of line numbers and spaces before and after. See an example in [[[#fig3_1_28_2]]] et al.

    +

    The heading is set in a block of multiple lines, which is specified by using the line positions provided by the kihon-hanmen as a basis, but is not set in the center of the block but rather specified by specification of line numbers and space before and after. See an example in [[[#fig3_1_28_2]]] et al.

    見出しを基本版面で設定した複数行の領域に配置するが，複数行の行送り方向の中央に配置するのではなく，配置する行数とその前又は後ろの空き量を指示する方法もある．その例を[[[#fig3_1_28_2]]]以下に示す．

    Example one of a heading set in the center of indicated multiple lines (the heading is set around the center of the page). @@ -6540,7 +6540,7 @@

    Processing of Run-in Headings 同行見出しの処理

    -

    Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character space between the run-in heading and following main text is usually a one em space of the base character size decided for the kihon-hanmen. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style.

    +

    Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character spacing between the run-in heading and following main text is usually one em spacing of the base character size decided for the kihon-hanmen. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style.

    同行見出しは，小見出しに利用されている．いくつかの同行見出しの配置例を次に掲げる．同行見出しと次に続く本文との空き量は，一般に基本版面の文字サイズの全角アキとする．なお，同行見出しは，ページ末及び段組において段末に配置してよい．

    1. @@ -7174,7 +7174,7 @@

      -

      The inter-letter space after the head endnote number is usually the size of a full-width character of the endnote.

      +

      The inter-letter spacing after the head endnote number is usually the size of a full-width character of the endnote.

      後注の行頭側に付く注の番号の後ろは，一般に後注の文字サイズの全角アキとする．

    2. @@ -7236,7 +7236,7 @@

    @@ -7279,10 +7279,10 @@

    脚注の文字サイズは，基本版面の文字サイズより1段階又は2段階小さくする．

  • -

    Usually footnotes are accompanied by lines to separate the base text and footnotes (i.e. rules), indentation is not needed. However because the line length of footnotes should be multiples of the character size of footnotes, the difference in line length of the base text and line length of footnotes is adjusted with the insertion of left side spaces and the bottom of footnote is aligned with the kihon-hanmen or column area.

    +

    Usually footnotes are accompanied by lines to separate the base text and footnotes (i.e. rules), indentation is not needed. However because the line length of footnotes should be multiples of the character size of footnotes, the difference in line length of the base text and line length of footnotes is adjusted with the insertion of left side spacing and the bottom of footnote is aligned with the kihon-hanmen or column area.

    脚注は，一般にその前に区切りのための罫線を挿入するので，字下げは行わなくてよい．ただし，脚注の行長は，脚注の文字サイズの整数倍にする必要があるので，基本版面で設定した行長と脚注の行長との差は，左端にとり（字下げとなる），脚注の行末は版面又は段の領域の右端に接するようにする．

    - An example of space size around illustration + An example of spacing around illustration 図版の周囲の空き量の例
    - An example of space size around illustration + An example of spacing around illustration 図版の周囲の空き量の例
    @@ -8402,14 +8402,14 @@

    ヘッダー列及びヘッダー行の左右の位置は，こまの左右中央に配置している．

  • -

    For cells except header rows and header columns, all numeric data is set aligned by the decimal point, or line end aligned for currency. Numeric data is centered according to the longest numeric cell, but the space size after shall not be longer than the space size before.

    +

    For cells except header rows and header columns, all numeric data is set aligned by the decimal point, or line end aligned for currency. Numeric data is centered according to the longest numeric cell, but the spacing after shall not be longer than the spacing before.

    ヘッダー行及びヘッダー列以外のこま（いずれも数値）では，小数点のある2列の数値は小数点の位置をそろえ，金額の列の数値は右そろえで配置してある．数値のこまでは，最も長い文字列をこまのほぼ中央の位置に配置している（後ろの空き量は前の空き量よりは大きくしない）．

  • -

    The block direction spaces between KEISEN and cell contents are as follows: the spaces between visible KEISEN and cell content are a half em space of the basic table character size. The spaces between invisible KEISEN and cell content are a fourth em space of the basic table character size. Namely, it can be said that the visible line gaps are one half em except for the header row. In this example, there are two line cells as a header, the block direction spaces between KEISEN and cell contents are set with a minimum gap of one fourth em (see [[[#fig3_4_6]]] a and b). The reason is not to make a space between KEISEN and cell contents for other one line cells.

    +

    The block direction space between KEISEN and cell contents are as follows: the space between visible KEISEN and cell content is one-half em space of the basic table character size. The space between invisible KEISEN and cell content are one-fourth em of the basic table character size. Namely, it can be said that the visible line gaps are one-half em except for the header row. In this example, there are two line cells as a header, the block direction space between KEISEN and cell contents is set with a minimum gap of one-fourth em (see [[[#fig3_4_6]]] a and b). The reason is not to make too much space between KEISEN and cell contents of other one-line cells.

    罫線とこま内容の行送り方向の空き量は，可視の罫線との間は二分アキ，不可視の罫線との間は四分アキとしてある．したがって，ヘッダー列以外の部分は，見た目の行間が二分アキともいえる．なお，この表のヘッダー行では，2行になったこまがあるので，この部分の罫線との空き量をやむをえない場合の最小の空き量である四分アキにしている（[[[#fig3_4_6]]]のa及びbの空き量）．1行のこまの罫線との空き量があまり大きくならないようにするためである．

    • @@ -8857,7 +8857,7 @@

    -Processing of Spaces between Paragraphs +Processing of Space between Paragraphs 段落間処理

    The space between paragraphs is usually same as line gap specified for the paragraphs.

    @@ -8866,7 +8866,7 @@

    JIS X 4051 determines that "the space between paragraphs where different character sizes are specified shall be the line gap specified for kihon-hanmen".

    JIS X 4051では，“異なる文字サイズや行間の段落が連続する場合は，基本版面の行間とする．”と規定している．

    -

    Sometimes the space between paragraphs is specified. JIS X 4051 determines the space before the paragraph as "space before paragraph" and the space after the paragraph as "space after paragraph". When the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified, the space will be kept between paragraphs. Thus "space before paragraph" or "space after paragraph" in the JIS X 4051 context is usually specified with absolute space sizes (see [[[#fig3_5_5]]]) or a number of lines (see [[[#fig3_5_5_2]]]).

    +

    Sometimes the space between paragraphs is specified. JIS X 4051 determines the space before the paragraph as "space before paragraph" and the space after the paragraph as "space after paragraph". When the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified, the space will be kept between paragraphs. Thus "space before paragraph" or "space after paragraph" in the JIS X 4051 context is usually specified with absolute spacing (see [[[#fig3_5_5]]]) or a number of lines (see [[[#fig3_5_5_2]]]).

    段落の間の空き量が指定されている場合は，その空き量にする．JIS X 4051では，段落の前の空き量を“段落前アキ”，段落の後ろの空き量を“段落後アキ”とよんでいる．“段落前アキ”又は“段落後アキ”が指定されている場合は，その空き量を段落の間にとる．このJIS X 4051でいう“段落前アキ”又は“段落後アキ”は，絶対的な空き量で指定する方法（[[[#fig3_5_5]]]）と，行数で指定する方法がある（[[[#fig3_5_5_2]]]）．

    Example one where the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified @@ -8922,31 +8922,31 @@

    JIS X 4051 determines that when the previous paragraph is accompanied with "space after paragraph" and the next paragraph is accompanied with "space before paragraph" the size of the space between these two paragraphs is sum of the "space after paragraph" and the "space before paragraph".

    JIS X 4051では，前の段落で“段落後アキ”が指定され，後ろの段落で“段落前アキ”が指定された場合の段落間の空き量は，“段落後アキ”と“段落前アキ”との合計とする，となっている．

    -

    When the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified with a number of lines, the space is calculated with the basic character size and line gap of the paragraph. The space accompanying the header is calculated with the character size and the line gap of the kihon-hanmen. When the spaces among paragraphs are specified as a size of one line space, the results are as follows:

    +

    When the "space before paragraph" or the "space after paragraph" is specified with a number of lines, the space is calculated with the basic character size and line gap of the paragraph. The space accompanying the header is calculated with the character size and the line gap of the kihon-hanmen. When the space between paragraphs is specified to be one line of space, the results are as follows:

    行数で指定する場合，その段落で指定されている文字サイズ及び行間を基準に段落の間を空ける．見出しの場合は，基本版面で設定した文字サイズ及び行間が基準となる．段落間の空き量を1行アキとした場合について図で示しておく（[[[#fig3_5_8]]]，[[[#fig3_5_9]]]，[[[#fig3_5_10]]]）．

    - Example one of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the middle of the hanmen) + Example one of the spacing between paragraphs with number of lines (at the middle of the hanmen) 段落の間の空き量を行数で指定した場合の処理例1 （版面の中ほど）
    - Example one of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the middle of the hanmen) + Example one of the spacing between paragraphs with number of lines (at the middle of the hanmen) 段落の間の空き量を行数で指定した場合の処理例1（版面の中ほど）
    - Example two of the space sibe between paragraphs with number of lines (at the top of the hanmen) + Example two of the spacing between paragraphs with number of lines (at the top of the hanmen) 段落の間の空き量を行数で指定した場合の処理例2 （版面の先頭）
    - Example two of the space sibe between paragraphs with number of lines (at the top of the hanmen) + Example two of the spacing between paragraphs with number of lines (at the top of the hanmen) 段落の間の空き量を行数で指定した場合の処理例2（版面の先頭）
    - Example two of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the bottom of the hanmen) + Example two of the spacing between paragraphs with number of lines (at the bottom of the hanmen) 段落の間の空き量を行数で指定した場合の処理例3 （版面の末尾）
    - Example two of the space size between paragraphs with number of lines (at the bottom of the hanmen) + Example two of the spacing between paragraphs with number of lines (at the bottom of the hanmen) 段落の間の空き量を行数で指定した場合の処理例3（版面の末尾）
    @@ -9026,7 +9026,7 @@

    縦組の傍注（[[[#processing_of_sidenote_in_vertical_writing_mode]]]）．

    -

    When there is following text and objects and there is a blank as the result of setting text and objects with specified spaces, adjustment is done with the block direction space among text lines and objects. Examples are as follows:

    +

    When there is following text and objects and there is blank space as the result of setting text and objects with a specified amount of space, adjustment is done with the block direction space between text lines and objects. Examples are as follows:

    後ろに連続する部分があり，かつ，所定の空き量で配置していった結果，版面又は段の領域の末尾に空白が発生した場合で，行送り方向の領域の調整処理を版面又は段の途中で行う例としては，次がある．

    1. @@ -9064,14 +9064,14 @@

  • -

    When two or more illustrations or tables are inserted, a fractional blank is distributed to multiple spaces between main text and illustrations or tables (see [[[#fig_ad1_10]]]).

    +

    When two or more illustrations or tables are inserted, space is distributed evenly before and after main text and illustrations or tables (see [[[#fig_ad1_10]]]).

    図版が2点以上挿入された場合は，本文と図版又は表の前及び後ろの複数の箇所で調整を均等に行う（[[[#fig_ad1_10]]]）．

    • @@ -21626,7 +21626,7 @@

    Spacing between Characters 文字間の空き量

    -

    The amount of space between two adjacent characters of given character classes explained in [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]] is determined by Table 1. For methods to determine the amounts of space reduction and addition by line adjustments, see [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]] and [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment]]].

    +

    The amount of spacing between two adjacent characters of given character classes explained in [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]] is determined by Table 1. For methods to determine the amounts of spacing reduction and addition by line adjustments, see [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]] and [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment]]].

    [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]で解説した，それぞれの文字クラスに含まれる文字・記号が並んだ場合の文字間の空き量は，表1のようにする．なお，行の調整処理の際に詰めてよい箇所又は空けてよい箇所と，その空き量の調整の範囲などは，[[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]]及び[[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_expansion_during_line_adjustment]]]に示す．

    See "Table 1 Spacing between characters" (PDF).

    @@ -21640,15 +21640,15 @@

    1. -

      The left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the amount of space between two characters of the corresponding character classes at the intersection of a given row and column.

      +

      The left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the amount of spacing between two characters of the corresponding character classes at the intersection of a given row and column.

      “before”（表の左端）と示した欄に，前に配置する文字クラスを示し，“after”（表の上端）と示した欄に，後ろに配置する文字クラスを示す．それぞれが交差する小間（こま）に空き量を示す．

    2. -

      The last row, labeled "line head", lists amounts of space inserted between the line head and a character of the corresponding character class in each column. Likewise, the last column, labeled "line end", lists amounts of space inserted between a character of the corresponding character class in each row and the line end.

      +

      The last row, labeled "line head", lists amounts of spacing added between the line head and a character of the corresponding character class in each column. Likewise, the last column, labeled "line end", lists amounts of spacing added between a character of the corresponding character class in each row and the line end.

      “line head”の欄（横方向の行）には，それぞれの文字クラスを行頭に配置する場合の前の空き量を示し，“line end”（縦方向の列）の欄には，それぞれの文字クラスを行末に配置する場合の後ろの空き量を示す．

    3. -

      The following notations in cells are used to indicate the amount of space or other related information.

      +

      The following notations in cells are used to indicate the amount of spacing or other related information.

      表のそれぞれの小間に，文字間の空き量などを，次の記号で示す．

      1. blank: Set solid between two adjacent characters (it can be that the preceding character is actually the line head or the trailing character is actually the line end).

        @@ -21659,47 +21659,47 @@

        ×印：行頭禁則，行末禁則，その他により，このような配置を禁止する．

      2. -

        1/2 be: Insert a half em space, where the em here indicates the size of the preceding character.

        +

        1/2 be: Insert half em spacing, where the em here indicates the size of the preceding character.

        1/2 be：文字間を二分アキにする．ただし，二分は，前に配置する文字サイズの二分とする．

      3. -

        1/2 af: Insert a half em space, where the em here indicates the size of the trailing character.

        +

        1/2 af: Insert half em spacing, where the em here indicates the size of the trailing character.

        1/2 af：文字間を二分アキにする．ただし，二分は，後ろに配置する文字サイズの二分とする．

        - Referent for em in half em space. + Referent for em in half em spacing. 二分アキの場合の二分の基準
        - Referent for em in half em space. + Referent for em in half em spacing. 二分アキの場合の二分の基準
      4. -

        1/2 be hang: Identical to "1/2 be" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over this "1/2 be hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.

        +

        1/2 be hang: Identical to "1/2 be" in the amount of spacing. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over this "1/2 be hang" spacing as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced spacing and shall not be extended over the other character.

        1/2 be hang：“1/2 be”（文字間を二分アキ）とする．この二分アキには，ルビ文字を最大でルビ文字の文字サイズまで掛けて配置してよい．ただし，この二分アキが行の調整処理で詰められている場合，ルビ文字を掛けてよいのは，その詰められた（調整された）空き量までとし，ルビ文字を文字間の空き量以上にはみ出して，掛けてはならない．

      5. -

        1/2 af hang: Identical to "1/2 af" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over this "1/2 af hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.

        +

        1/2 af hang: Identical to "1/2 af" in the amount of spacing. Ruby text can be extended up to the size of the ruby character over this "1/2 af hang" spacing as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced spacing and shall not be extended over the other character.

        1/2 af hang：“1/2 af”（文字間を二分アキ）とする．この二分アキには，ルビ文字を最大でルビ文字の文字サイズまで掛けて配置してよい．ただし，この二分アキが行の調整処理で詰められている場合，ルビ文字を掛けてよいのは，その詰められた（調整された）空き量までとし，ルビ文字を文字間の空き量以上にはみ出して，掛けてはならない．

      6. -

        1/4 be: Insert a quarter em space, where the em here indicates the size of the preceding character.

        +

        1/4 be: Insert a quarter em spacing, where the em here indicates the size of the preceding character.

        1/4 be：文字間を四分アキにする．ただし，四分は，前に配置する文字サイズの四分とする．

      7. -

        1/4 af: Insert a quarter em space, where the em here indicates the size of the trailing character.

        +

        1/4 af: Insert a quarter em spacing, where the em here indicates the size of the trailing character.

        1/4 af：文字間を四分アキにする．ただし，四分は，後ろに配置する文字サイズの四分とする．

      8. -

        1/4 be hang: Identical to "1/4 be" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to half the size of the ruby character over this "1/4 be hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.

        +

        1/4 be hang: Identical to "1/4 be" in the amount of spacing. Ruby text can be extended up to half the size of the ruby character over this "1/4 be hang" spacing as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced spacing and shall not be extended over the other character.

        1/4 be hang：“1/4 be”（文字間を四分アキ）とする．この四分アキには，ルビ文字を最大でルビ文字の文字サイズの二分まで掛けて配置してよい．ただし，この四分アキが行の調整処理で詰められている場合，ルビ文字を掛けてよいのは，その詰められた（調整された）空き量までとし，ルビ文字を文字間の空き量以上にはみ出して，掛けてはならない．

      9. -

        1/4 af hang: Identical to "1/4 af" in the amount of space. Ruby text can be extended up to half the size of the ruby character over this "1/4 af hang" space as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced space and shall not be extended over the other character.

        +

        1/4 af hang: Identical to "1/4 af" in the amount of spacing. Ruby text can be extended up to half the size of the ruby character over this "1/4 af hang" spacing as long as it is not reduced due to line adjustments. When it is reduced, ruby text can be extended up to the size of the reduced spacing and shall not be extended over the other character.

        1/4 af hang：“1/4 af”（文字間を四分アキ）とする．この四分アキには，ルビ文字を最大でルビ文字の文字サイズの二分まで掛けて配置してよい．ただし，この四分アキが行の調整処理で詰められている場合，ルビ文字を掛けてよいのは，その詰められた（調整された）空き量までとし，ルビ文字を文字間の空き量以上にはみ出して，掛けてはならない．

      10. @@ -21739,11 +21739,11 @@

        行末に配置する中点類（cl-05）の後ろは，原則として四分アキとする．ただし，ベタ組とする方法もある（JIS X 4051ではベタ組としている，[[[#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end]]]参照）．

      11. -

        In this document, character spacing between a full stop (cl-06) or comma (cl-07) and a following middle dot (cl-05) is the sum of the half em space of the full stop or comma and the quarter em space of the middle dot. On the other hand, JIS X 4051 classifies commas (cl-07) as a subset of closing brackets (cl-02), and, therefore, where a comma (cl-07) is followed by a middle dot (cl-05) in JIS X 4051 the character spacing between them is just the quarter em space of the following middle dot (cl-05).

        +

        In this document, character spacing between a full stop (cl-06) or comma (cl-07) and a following middle dot (cl-05) is the sum of the half em spacing of the full stop or comma and the quarter em spacing of the middle dot. On the other hand, JIS X 4051 classifies commas (cl-07) as a subset of closing brackets (cl-02), and, therefore, where a comma (cl-07) is followed by a middle dot (cl-05) in JIS X 4051 the character spacing between them is just the quarter em spacing of the following middle dot (cl-05).

        前に配置する句点類（cl-06）又は読点類（cl-07）の文字サイズの二分アキ＋後ろに配置する中点類（cl-05）の文字サイズの四分アキとする．なお，JIS X 4051では，読点類（cl-07）は終わり括弧類（cl-02）に含まれているので，読点類（cl-07）の後ろに中点類（cl-05）を配置する場合は，中点類（cl-05）の文字サイズの四分アキとしている．

      12. -

        The preferred spacing between full stops (cl-06) or commas (cl-07) and the line end is a half em. The alternative is to set solid (JIS X 4051 specifies that the space after full stop (cl-06) is a half em and the space after comma (cl-07) is solid, see [[[#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end]]]).

        +

        The preferred spacing between full stops (cl-06) or commas (cl-07) and the line end is a half em. The alternative is to set solid (JIS X 4051 specifies that the spacing after full stop (cl-06) is a half em and the spacing after comma (cl-07) is solid, see [[[#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end]]]).

        行末に配置する句点類（cl-06）又は読点類（cl-07）の後ろは，原則として二分アキとする．ただし，ベタ組とする方法もある（JIS X 4051では句点類（cl-06）の後ろは二分アキ，読点類（cl-07）の後ろはベタ組としている，[[[#positioning_of_closing_brackets_full_stops_commas_and_middle_dots_at_line_end]]]参照）．

      13. @@ -21851,7 +21851,7 @@

        行頭又は割注行頭に小書きの仮名（cl-11）を配置することは，原則として禁止である．ただし，小書きの仮名（cl-11）を行頭又は割注行頭に配置することを許容する処理方法もあり，書籍などでもよく採用されている．この場合，平仮名の“小書きの仮名”は平仮名（cl-15），片仮名の“小書きの仮名”は片仮名（cl-16）に含ませる．

      14. -

        The preferred character spacing between the line head and opening opening brackets (cl-01) is zero. An alternative way is not to remove a conditional half em space accompanying the characters (see [[[#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head]]] including methods of positioning of opening brackets at the beginning of paragraphs).

        +

        The preferred character spacing between the line head and opening opening brackets (cl-01) is zero. An alternative way is not to remove a conditional half em spacing accompanying the characters (see [[[#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head]]] including methods of positioning of opening brackets at the beginning of paragraphs).

        行頭に配置する始め括弧類（cl-01）の前はベタ組である．ただし，行頭に配置する始め括弧類（cl-01）の前を二分アキとする方式もある（改行の行頭に配置する始め括弧類（cl-01）の配置法を含め，[[[#positioning_of_opening_brackets_at_line_head]]]参照）．

      @@ -21929,7 +21929,7 @@

      小書きの仮名（cl-11）を行頭又は割注行頭に配置することを許容する場合，小書きの平仮名は平仮名（cl-15）の文字クラスに含め，小書きの片仮名は片仮名（cl-16）の文字クラスに含める（その扱いは平仮名（cl-15）又は片仮名（cl-16）の欄を参照）．

    4. -

      For the default one em space after dividing punctuation marks (cl-04) at the end of a sentence, full-width ideographic space (cl-14) can be used. See [[[#positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks]]] for more detail on how to deal with this case.

      +

      For the default one em spacing after dividing punctuation marks (cl-04) at the end of a sentence, full-width ideographic space (cl-14) can be used. See [[[#positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks]]] for more detail on how to deal with this case.

      文末に配置する区切り約物（cl-04）の後ろは，全角アキとする．その場合，区切り約物（cl-04）の後ろに和字間隔（cl-14）を配置して処理する方法がある．この場合の問題点は，[[[#positioning_of_dividing_punctuation_marks]]]参照．

    5. @@ -22114,7 +22114,7 @@

      レベル4（一般の書籍）

      Breaking a line is not allowed for any place where Table 2 prohibits it (no alternate rule explained in [[[#notes_a3]]] is applied.).

      表2で禁止とされているすべての字間で2行に分割することを禁止する（[[[#notes_a3]]]で説明している許容はしない）．

      -

      The difference between the strict and the very strict rules described above is as follows. The very strict line-breaking rule is the convention that attaches greater importance to the line-start prohibition and unbreakable character rules, and therefore it is more likely to lead to the need for line adjustment processing. In comparison, the strict line-breaking rule is the convention that weakens line-start prohibition in order to avoid line adjustment as much as possible to make it easier to achieve solid setting. In other words, the very strict rule is for the best appearance at the line head, while the strict rule is best to avoid inter-character space adjustment.

      +

      The difference between the strict and the very strict rules described above is as follows. The very strict line-breaking rule is the convention that attaches greater importance to the line-start prohibition and unbreakable character rules, and therefore it is more likely to lead to the need for line adjustment processing. In comparison, the strict line-breaking rule is the convention that weakens line-start prohibition in order to avoid line adjustment as much as possible to make it easier to achieve solid setting. In other words, the very strict rule is for the best appearance at the line head, while the strict rule is best to avoid inter-character spacing adjustment.

      レベル4は，行頭の配置又は分割禁止を重視する方式である．その結果，行の調整処理が行われる場合がでてくるが，それもやむを得ないと考える方式である．これに対し，レベル3は，ベタ組を原則とする日本語組版では，行の調整処理で字間を詰めたり，空けたりすることはやむを得ない処理であり，できれば避けたい．そこで，ある程度，行頭配置が許されるものは許そうという考え方によるものである．いってみれば，レベル4は行頭の体裁重視方式，レベル3は字間の調整回避方式といえよう．

    @@ -22131,20 +22131,20 @@

    Opportunities for Inter-character Space Reduction during Line Adjustment 行の調整処理で​詰める処理が​可能な箇所

    -

    The following tables indicate if an opportunity exists for inter-character space reduction during line adjustment between two adjacent characters of given character classes as explained in [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]. (For more detail on line adjustment, see [[[#line_adjustment]]].) In the process of line adjustment by inter-character space reduction, the first place to look (the first stage of inter-character space reduction in priority order) is for Western word spaces (cl-26), each of which is reducible equally, to leave a minimum of a quarter em space (or a one fifth em space) with respect to the corresponding character size. The tables are for the second and subsequent stages of inter-character space reduction in priority order, assuming the first stage of the reduction for Western word spaces (cl-26) is already done. The default unadjusted space between two adjacent characters of given character classes shall be determined according to [[[#spacing_between_characters]]].

    +

    The following tables indicate if an opportunity exists for inter-character spacing reduction during line adjustment between two adjacent characters of given character classes as explained in [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]. (For more detail on line adjustment, see [[[#line_adjustment]]].) In the process of line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction, the first place to look (the first stage of inter-character spacing reduction in priority order) is for Western word spaces (cl-26), each of which is reducible equally, to leave a minimum of a quarter em spacing (or a one fifth em spacing) with respect to the corresponding character size. The tables are for the second and subsequent stages of inter-character spacing reduction in priority order, assuming the first stage of the reduction for Western word spaces (cl-26) is already done. The default unadjusted spacing between two adjacent characters of given character classes shall be determined according to [[[#spacing_between_characters]]].

    行の調整処理で詰める処理（追込み処理）が可能な箇所かどうかを，[[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]で解説した，それぞれの文字クラスに含まれる文字・記号について，表にして示す（行の調整処理については，[[[#line_adjustment]]]を参照）．行の調整処理で詰める処理を行う場合，優先的に最初に行う処理（優先順位の第1段階の処理）は欧文間隔（cl-26）であり，欧文間隔（cl-26）を最小で四分アキ（又は五分アキ）まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める処理を行う．以下の表では，それぞれの文字クラスが連続する場合の字間について，欧文間隔（cl-26）の処理を行った後で行う処理，つまり，優先順位の第2段階以降の処理について示す．なお，それぞれ箇所の原則的な空き量は，[[[#spacing_between_characters]]]に示す．

    -

    There are several conventions for line adjustment, especially when it is to be achieved by inter-character space reduction. Table 3 follows the method adopted by this document, Table 4 supplies an alternative way specified by JIS X 4051, and Table 5, taking partially different approaches from the previous two, represents yet another method which can be seen in books or other publications.

    +

    There are several conventions for line adjustment, especially when it is to be achieved by inter-character spacing reduction. Table 3 follows the method adopted by this document, Table 4 supplies an alternative way specified by JIS X 4051, and Table 5, taking partially different approaches from the previous two, represents yet another method which can be seen in books or other publications.

    行の調整処理，特に詰める処理では，複数の処理方法があるので，この文書で主に解説している方法を表3，JIS X 4051の規定に従った方法を表4，それらとは一部が異なるもので，書籍などで採用されている方法を表5に示す．

    @@ -22157,22 +22157,22 @@

    1. -

      The left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of opportunities of inter-character space reduction between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column.

      +

      The left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of opportunities of inter-character spacing reduction between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column.

      “before”（表の左端）と示した欄に，前に配置する文字クラスを示し，“after”（表の上端）と示した欄に，後ろに配置する文字クラスを示す．それぞれが交差する小間（こま）に詰める処理が可能かどうかを示す．

    2. -

      The cells in the row "line head" or the column "line end" should read if there exists opportunity for space reduction at line head or line end respectively. Tables 3, 4 and 5 all prohibit space reduction at line head. While Table 4 prohibits space reduction at line end too, Tables 3 and 5 allow it for several character classes at line end.

      +

      The cells in the row "line head" or the column "line end" should read if there exists opportunity for spacing reduction at line head or line end respectively. Tables 3, 4 and 5 all prohibit spacing reduction at line head. While Table 4 prohibits spacing reduction at line end too, Tables 3 and 5 allow it for several character classes at line end.

      “line head”の欄（横方向の行）には，それぞれの文字クラスを行頭に配置する場合，“line end”（縦方向の列）の欄には，それぞれの文字クラスを行末に配置する場合に詰める処理が可能かどうかを示す．なお，行頭については，表3，表4及び表5ともに，詰める処理の対象箇所としていない（詰め処理否）．行末については，表4では詰める処理の対象箇所としていない（詰め処理否）．しかし，表3及び表5では，行末の一部の箇所で可能（詰め処理可）になっている．

    3. -

      The type of opportunity for space reduction is indicated in each cell in the tables using the following notation.

      +

      The type of opportunity for spacing reduction is indicated in each cell in the tables using the following notation.

      表のそれぞれの小間に，詰める処理の可否などを，次の記号で示す．

      1. -

        Cells with a white background: No opportunity for space reduction because the two characters are set solid and there is no adjustable space between them, or because it is prohibited by rule to reduce the inter-character space for the given combination.

        +

        Cells with a white background: No opportunity for spacing reduction because the two characters are set solid and there is no adjustable spacing between them, or because it is prohibited by rule to reduce the inter-character spacing for the given combination.

        小間の地色が白のもの（□）：字間がベタ組などにより詰める処理をしない，又は空き量があっても，詰める処理の対象としない箇所（詰め処理否の箇所）を示す．

        1. -

          Blank: No opportunity for space reduction because the given combination of characters is set solid (or there is no space before or after the given character at line head or at line end respectively).

          +

          Blank: No opportunity for spacing reduction because the given combination of characters is set solid (or there is no spacing before or after the given character at line head or at line end respectively).

          無印：原則的な文字間（行頭の場合は，その文字の前，行末の場合は，その文字の後ろ）がベタ組なので，詰める処理の対象にならない．

        2. @@ -22180,28 +22180,28 @@

          ×印：行頭禁則，行末禁則，その他により，このような配置を禁止する．

        3. -

          1/2: The amount of inter-character space shall be a half em, and this space shall not be reduced (no opportunity of inter-character space reduction).

          +

          1/2: The amount of inter-character spacing shall be a half em, and this spacing shall not be reduced (no opportunity of inter-character spacing reduction).

          1/2：字間は二分アキとするが，詰める処理の対象としない箇所（詰め処理否の箇所）を示す．

        4. -

          1/4: The amount of inter-character space shall be a quarter em, and this space shall not be reduced (no opportunity of inter-character space reduction).

          +

          1/4: The amount of inter-character spacing shall be a quarter em, and this spacing shall not be reduced (no opportunity of inter-character spacing reduction).

          1/4：字間は四分アキとするが，詰める処理の対象としない箇所（詰め処理否の箇所）を示す．

      2. -

        Cells with a colored or gray background: An opportunity for inter-character space reduction exists.

        +

        Cells with a colored or gray background: An opportunity for inter-character spacing reduction exists.

        小間の地色が色又はグレーのもの：詰める処理の対象としてよい箇所（詰め処理可の箇所）を示す．

        1. -

          Priority order in space reduction: The second highest and subsequent priorities of inter-character space reduction are indicated by the given background colors of the cells. The cells with the colors in the left are higher in priority than ones in the right. Space reduction shall be processed in this order.

          +

          Priority order in spacing reduction: The second highest and subsequent priorities of inter-character spacing reduction are indicated by the given background colors of the cells. The cells with the colors in the left are higher in priority than ones in the right. Space reduction shall be processed in this order.

          詰める際の優先順位：詰める処理を行う際の第2段階以降の優先順位を，左側の高いものから，右側の低いものへと，次の小間の地色で示す．この順位で，詰める処理を行う．

          - Priority order in space reduction. + Priority order in spacing reduction. 詰める際の優先順位
          - Priority order in space reduction. + Priority order in spacing reduction. 詰める際の優先順位
          @@ -22209,27 +22209,27 @@

        2. -

          Amount of space reducible: the amount of space to be reduced is indicated using the following notation.

          +

          Amount of spacing reducible: the amount of spacing to be reduced is indicated using the following notation.

          詰める処理が可能な量：詰める処理が可能な量を次の記号で示す．

          1. -

            1/2–0: A half em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, with no minimum space required (set solid).

            +

            1/2–0: A half em spacing by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, with no minimum spacing required (set solid).

            1/2–0：二分アキを最小でベタ組まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める処理が可能．

          2. -

            1/2–1/4: A half em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to leave a minimum of a quarter em space.

            +

            1/2–1/4: A half em spacing by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to leave a minimum of a quarter em spacing.

            1/2–1/4：二分アキを最小で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める処理が可能．

          3. -

            1/2=0: A half em space by default, which can be removed to set solid (it is not allowed to leave any intermediate size of space between zero to a half em, such as a quarter em space).

            +

            1/2=0: A half em spacing by default, which can be removed to set solid (it is not allowed to leave any intermediate size of spacing between zero to a half em, such as a quarter em spacing).

            1/2=0：二分アキをベタ組にする処理が可能（四分アキなどの二分アキからベタ組までの中間的なアキにする処理はできない）．

          4. -

            1/4–0: A quarter em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, with no minimum space required (set solid).

            +

            1/4–0: A quarter em spacing by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, with no minimum spacing required (set solid).

            1/4–0：四分アキを最小でベタ組まで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める処理が可能．

          5. -

            1/4–1/8: A quarter em space by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to leave a minimum of a one eighth em space.

            +

            1/4–1/8: A quarter em spacing by default, which is reducible equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to leave a minimum of a one eighth em spacing.

            1/4–1/8：四分アキを最小で八分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に詰める処理が可能．

          @@ -22239,7 +22239,7 @@

      -

      Note that JIS X 4051 specifies to not leave any space after the closing brackets (cl-02) or commas (cl-07) at the line end. Therefore, Table 4 also indicates that there is no opportunity for space reduction after closing brackets (cl-02) and commas (cl-07) at the line end. Likewise, because middle dots (cl-05) at the line end are supposed to have no space, Table 4 indicates there is no opportunity for space reduction for middle dots (cl-05) at the line end. On the other hand, while JIS X 4051 specifies to pad with a half em space after full stops (cl-06) at the line end, which is not allowed to reduce this space for line adjustment, Table 3 and 5 allow the removal of the default half em space after closing brackets (cl-02), full stops (cl-06) and commas (cl-07) at the line end for line adjustment. Table 3 further allows the removal of the default quarter em space padding before and after middle dots (cl-05) at the line end for line adjustment, while Table 5 does not.

      +

      Note that JIS X 4051 specifies to not leave any spacing after the closing brackets (cl-02) or commas (cl-07) at the line end. Therefore, Table 4 also indicates that there is no opportunity for spacing reduction after closing brackets (cl-02) and commas (cl-07) at the line end. Likewise, because middle dots (cl-05) at the line end are supposed to have no spacing, Table 4 indicates there is no opportunity for spacing reduction for middle dots (cl-05) at the line end. On the other hand, while JIS X 4051 specifies to pad with a half em spacing after full stops (cl-06) at the line end, which is not allowed to reduce this spacing for line adjustment, Table 3 and 5 allow the removal of the default half em spacing after closing brackets (cl-02), full stops (cl-06) and commas (cl-07) at the line end for line adjustment. Table 3 further allows the removal of the default quarter em spacing padding before and after middle dots (cl-05) at the line end for line adjustment, while Table 5 does not.

      なお，JIS X 4051では，終わり括弧類（cl-02）又は読点類（cl-07）を行末に配置する場合は，それらの後ろをベタ組とすることになっている．したがって，表4の終わり括弧類（cl-02）及び読点類（cl-07）の行末については，いずれも“詰め処理否”となる．また，中点類（cl-05）を行末に配置する場合も，それらの後ろをベタ組とすることになっており，表4の中点類（cl-05）の行末については，“詰め処理否”となる．なお，句点類（cl-06）を行末に配置する場合，JIS X 4051では，その後ろを二分アキとする．しかし，この句点類（cl-06）の後ろは，JIS X 4051では，詰める調整に使用することは認められていない．これに対して，表3及び表5では，行末に配置する終わり括弧類（cl-02），句点類（cl-06）及び読点類（cl-07）の後ろは，原則として二分アキとし，ここをベタ組にする調整方法を可としている．また，表3では，行末に配置する中点類（cl-05）の前及び後ろは，原則として四分アキとし，中点類（cl-05）の前及び後ろの四分アキをベタ組にする調整方法を可としている．表5では，行末に配置する中点類（cl-05）の前及び後ろは，四分アキとしているが，中点類（cl-05）の前及び後ろのアキを詰める調整に使用することは認めていない．

    @@ -22255,7 +22255,7 @@

    1. -

      The default unadjusted space when a middle dot (cl-05) is followed by a middle dot (cl-05), is the sum of the conditional quarter em space accompanying the preceding middle dot (cl-05) and the conditional quarter em space accompanying the trailing middle dot (cl-05). Tables 3 and 4 allow these two quarter em spaces to be reduced, to leave no space as a minimum. The priority order in space reduction is the fourth in Table 3, and it is the second priority in Table 4.

      +

      The default unadjusted spacing when a middle dot (cl-05) is followed by a middle dot (cl-05), is the sum of the conditional quarter em space accompanying the preceding middle dot (cl-05) and the conditional quarter em space accompanying the trailing middle dot (cl-05). Tables 3 and 4 allow these two instances of quarter em space to be reduced, to leave no space as a minimum. The priority order in space reduction is the fourth in Table 3, and it is the second priority in Table 4.

      前に配置する文字クラスが中点類（cl-05）で後ろに配置する文字クラスが中点類（cl-05）の場合の原則的なアキは，前に配置する中点類（cl-05）の文字サイズの四分アキ＋後ろに配置する中点類（cl-05）の文字サイズの四分アキである．表3及び表4では，この2つの四分アキをベタ組まで詰める調整が可能である．表3の優先順位は第4段階，表4の優先順位は第2段階である．

    2. @@ -22291,10 +22291,10 @@

      Opportunities for Inter-character Space Expansion during Line Adjustment 行の調整処理で​空ける処理が​可能な箇所

      -

      The following table indicates if an opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion during line adjustment between two adjacent characters of given character classes as explained in [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]. (For more detail on line adjustment, see [[[#line_adjustment]]].) In the process of line adjustment by inter-character space expansion, the first place to look (the first stage of inter-character space expansion in priority order) is for Western word spaces (cl-26), each of which is expandable equally, to take up and maximum of a half em space with respect to the corresponding character size. The tables are for the second and subsequent stages of inter-character space expansion in priority order, assuming the first stage of the expansion for Western word spaces (cl-26) is already done. The default unadjusted space between two adjacent characters of given character classes shall be determined according to [[[#spacing_between_characters]]].

      +

      The following table indicates if an opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion during line adjustment between two adjacent characters of given character classes as explained in [[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]. (For more detail on line adjustment, see [[[#line_adjustment]]].) In the process of line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion, the first place to look (the first stage of inter-character spacing expansion in priority order) is for Western word spaces (cl-26), each of which is expandable equally, to take up and maximum of a half em space with respect to the corresponding character size. The tables are for the second and subsequent stages of inter-character spacing expansion in priority order, assuming the first stage of the expansion for Western word spaces (cl-26) is already done. The default unadjusted space between two adjacent characters of given character classes shall be determined according to [[[#spacing_between_characters]]].

      行の調整処理で空ける処理（追出し処理）が可能な箇所かどうかを，[[[#grouping_of_characters_and_symbols_depending_on_their_positioning]]]で解説した，それぞれの文字クラスに含まれる文字・記号について，表6として示す（行の調整処理については，[[[#line_adjustment]]]を参照）．行の調整処理で空ける処理を行う場合，優先的に最初に行う処理（優先順位の第1段階の処理）は欧文間隔（cl-26）であり，欧文間隔（cl-26）を最大で二分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理を行う．以下の表では，それぞれの文字クラスが連続する場合の字間について，欧文間隔（cl-26）の処理を行った後で行う処理，つまり，優先順位の第2段階以降の処理について示す．なお，それぞれ箇所の原則的な空き量は，[[[#spacing_between_characters]]]に示す．

      @@ -22308,7 +22308,7 @@

      1. -

        The left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of opportunities for inter-character space expansion between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column. Note that there are no cells involving "line head" or "line end" because there is no opportunity for inter-character space expansion before any character at the line head or after any character at the line end.

        +

        The left-most column, labeled "before", lists preceding character classes, and the top row, labeled "after", lists trailing character classes. Each cell indicates the type of opportunities for inter-character spacing expansion between two adjacent characters of the corresponding character classes at a given row and column. Note that there are no cells involving "line head" or "line end" because there is no opportunity for inter-character spacing expansion before any character at the line head or after any character at the line end.

        “before”（表の左端）と示した欄に，前に配置する文字クラスを示し，“after”（表の上端）と示した欄に，後ろに配置する文字クラスを示す．それぞれが交差する小間（こま）に空ける処理が可能かどうかを示す．なお，行頭に配置する文字の前，及び行末に配置する文字の後ろは，空ける処理の対象箇所とはしないので，この表からは，行頭及び行末の欄は省いた．

      2. @@ -22320,7 +22320,7 @@

        小間の地色が白のもの（□）：空ける処理の対象としない箇所（空け処理否の箇所）を示す．

        1. -

          Blank: Inter-character space expansion is not allowed because there is no line break opportunity between the given combination of characters.

          +

          Blank: Inter-character spacing expansion is not allowed because there is no line break opportunity between the given combination of characters.

          無印：分割不可とする箇所であり，空ける処理の対象としない箇所（空け処理否の箇所）を示す．

        2. @@ -22330,12 +22330,12 @@

      3. -

        Cells with a colored or gray background: An opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion.

        +

        Cells with a colored or gray background: An opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion.

        小間の地色が色又はグレーのもの：空ける処理の対象としてよい箇所（空け処理可の箇所）を示す．

        1. -

          Priority order in space expansion: The second highest and subsequent priorities of inter-character space expansion are indicated by the given background colors of the cells. The cells with the colors in the left are higher in priority than ones in the right. Space expansion shall be processed in this order. - When the 4th step is needed, add same space value to the spaces of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th steps.

          +

          Priority order in space expansion: The second highest and subsequent priorities of inter-character spacing expansion are indicated by the given background colors of the cells. The cells with the colors in the left are higher in priority than ones in the right. Space expansion shall be processed in this order. + When the 4th step is needed, evenly add space to equalize the spacing of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th steps.

          空ける際の優先順位：空ける処理を行う際の第2段階以降の優先順位を，左側の高いものから，右側の低いものへと，次の小間の地色で示す．この順位で，空ける処理を行う．第4段階の処理を行う場合は，第1段階から第3段階までで処理した空き量に追加して，優先順位の第1段階から第4段階までの箇所を均等に空ける．

          @@ -22355,15 +22355,15 @@

          1. 1/4–1/2: A quarter em space by default, which is expandable equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to take up to a maximum of a half em space. However if Table 5 - of [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]] is adopted as the method of inter-character space reduction for line adjustment, this quarter em space shall not be expanded.

            + of [[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]] is adopted as the method of inter-character spacing reduction for line adjustment, this quarter em space shall not be expanded.

            1/4–1/2：字間の四分アキを，最大で二分アキまで（又は三分アキまで）文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理が可能．ただし，行の調整処理の詰める調整において，[[[#opportunities_for_intercharacter_space_reduction_during_line_adjustment]]]の表5の処理方法にした場合は，この箇所は空ける処理の対象箇所としない．

          2. -

            1/4: No inter-character space by default, which is expandable equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space.

            +

            1/4: No inter-character spacing by default, which is expandable equally, with respect to the corresponding character size, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space.

            1/4：字間のアキはベタ組が原則であるが，最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理が可能．

          3. -

            blank: Expandable equally with respect to the corresponding character size, only after no other expandable inter-character space is left.

            +

            blank: Expandable equally with respect to the corresponding character size, only after no other expandable inter-character spacing is left.

            無印：以上で調整できない場合に文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理が可能．

          @@ -22399,39 +22399,39 @@

          小書きの仮名（cl-11）を行頭又は割注行頭に配置することを許容する場合，小書きの平仮名は平仮名（cl-15）の文字クラスに含め，小書きの片仮名は片仮名（cl-16）の文字クラスに含める（その扱いは平仮名（cl-15）又は片仮名（cl-16）の欄を参照）．

        2. -

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between two consecutive inseparable characters (cl-08) which are of different kinds.

          +

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between two consecutive inseparable characters (cl-08) which are of different kinds.

          後ろに配置する分離禁止文字（cl-08）の文字が，前に配置する分離禁止文字（cl-08）とは別の種類の文字の場合，優先順位が第3段階の最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする．

        3. -

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between the two consecutive characters which belong to different ornamented character complexes (cl-21)

          +

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between the two consecutive characters which belong to different ornamented character complexes (cl-21)

          後ろに配置する親文字群中の文字（添え字付き）（cl-21）の文字が，前に配置する親文字群中の文字（添え字付き）（cl-21）とは別の親文字群の文字の場合，優先順位が第3段階の最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする．それ以外は，空け処理否とする．

        4. -

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if the two consecutive characters belong to different simple-ruby character complexes (cl-22). If not, inter-character space expansion is not allowed.

          +

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if the two consecutive characters belong to different simple-ruby character complexes (cl-22). If not, inter-character spacing expansion is not allowed.

          後ろに配置する親文字群中の文字（熟語ルビ以外のルビ付き）（cl-22）の文字が，前に配置する親文字群中の文字（熟語ルビ以外のルビ付き）（cl-22）とは別の親文字群の文字の場合，優先順位が第3段階の最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする．それ以外は，空け処理否とする．

        5. -

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if the two consecutive base characters belonging to different jukugo-ruby character complexes (cl-23). If not, inter-character space expansion is not allowed.

          +

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if the two consecutive base characters belonging to different jukugo-ruby character complexes (cl-23). If not, inter-character spacing expansion is not allowed.

          後ろに配置する親文字群中の文字（熟語ルビ付き）（cl-23）の文字が，前に配置する親文字群中の文字（熟語ルビ付き）（cl-23）とは別の親文字群の文字の場合，優先順位が第3段階の最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする．それ以外は，空け処理否とする．

        6. -

          There is no opportunity for inter-character space expansion between a preceding grouped numeral (cl-24) and a trailing postfixed abbreviation (cl-13), unless the alternative approach is chosen which allows a line to break between a preceding grouped numeral (cl-24) and the trailing PERCENT SIGN "%", where PERCENT SIGN "%" shall be treated as a member of the ideographic character (cl-19) class, in front of which inter-character space is expandable.

          +

          There is no opportunity for inter-character spacing expansion between a preceding grouped numeral (cl-24) and a trailing postfixed abbreviation (cl-13), unless the alternative approach is chosen which allows a line to break between a preceding grouped numeral (cl-24) and the trailing PERCENT SIGN "%", where PERCENT SIGN "%" shall be treated as a member of the ideographic character (cl-19) class, in front of which inter-character spacing is expandable.

          前に配置する連数字中の文字（cl-24）と後ろに配置する後置省略記号（cl-13）の字間は，空ける調整に使用できない．ただし，パーセント記号[％] (PERCENT SIGN)については，前に配置する連数字中の文字（cl-24）との字間で2行に分割することを許容する方法もある．この場合は，パーセント記号[％] (PERCENT SIGN)は，漢字等（cl-19）の文字クラスに含めるので，空ける調整が可能な箇所になる．

        7. -

          There is an alternative way to give a third order opportunity for inter-character space expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between a preceding grouped numeral (cl-24) and a trailing Western character (cl-27).

          +

          There is an alternative way to give a third order opportunity for inter-character spacing expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, between a preceding grouped numeral (cl-24) and a trailing Western character (cl-27).

          前に配置する連数字中の文字（cl-24）と後ろに配置する欧文用文字（cl-27）との字間で優先順位が第3段階の最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする方法もある．

        8. -

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character space expansion between a preceding Western character (cl-27) and a trailing postfixed abbreviation (cl-13), unless the preceding Western character (cl-27) is used as a symbol of a quantity or a European numeral, in which case no inter-character space expansion is allowed between them.

          +

          A third order opportunity exists for inter-character spacing expansion between a preceding Western character (cl-27) and a trailing postfixed abbreviation (cl-13), unless the preceding Western character (cl-27) is used as a symbol of a quantity or a European numeral, in which case no inter-character spacing expansion is allowed between them.

          前に配置する欧文用文字（cl-27）と後ろに配置する後置省略記号（cl-13）の字間は，空ける調整が可能な箇所である（優先順位は第3段階）．しかし，前に配置する欧文用文字（cl-27）が量を示す記号（量記号）又はアラビア数字の場合は，空ける調整箇所としてはならない．

        9. -

          There is an alternative way to give a fourth order opportunity for inter-character space expansion with respect to the corresponding character size, between two consecutive Western characters (cl-27).

          +

          There is an alternative way to give a fourth order opportunity for inter-character spacing expansion with respect to the corresponding character size, between two consecutive Western characters (cl-27).

          前に配置する欧文用文字（cl-27）と後ろに配置する欧文用文字（cl-27）との字間で優先順位が第4段階の文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする方法もある．

        10. -

          A third order opportunity exists for the inter-character space expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if two consecutive characters belong to different runs of characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30). If not, inter-character space expansion is not allowed.

          +

          A third order opportunity exists for the inter-character spacing expansion, to take up to a maximum of a quarter em space, with respect to the corresponding character size, if two consecutive characters belong to different runs of characters in tate-chu-yoko (cl-30). If not, inter-character spacing expansion is not allowed.

          後ろに配置する縦中横中の文字（cl-30）の文字が，前に配置する縦中横中の文字（cl-30）とは別のグループに属する縦中横の場合，優先順位が第3段階の最大で四分アキまで文字サイズ比で均等に空ける処理は可とする．それ以外は，空け処理否とする．

        @@ -22629,7 +22629,7 @@

        The total amount of inter-character spacing should be determined as follows.

        字間を空ける空き量の合計は，次のようになる．

        -

        Total inter-character space = (the sum of the length of those ruby characters forced out from the corresponding base character) - (the sum of the length of those ruby characters which overhang other base characters) - (the sum of the length of those ruby characters which overhang other non-base characters).

        +

        Total inter-character spacing = (the sum of the length of those ruby characters forced out from the corresponding base character) - (the sum of the length of those ruby characters which overhang other base characters) - (the sum of the length of those ruby characters which overhang other non-base characters).

        空き量の合計＝ルビ文字が2字を超える親文字からのはみ出しの合計－同一の熟語ルビ内の他の親文字にルビを掛ける量の合計－親文字群の前後の文字などにルビを掛ける量の合計

      4. @@ -22637,11 +22637,11 @@

        空き量の合計をルビ文字が2字を超える親文字に付くルビ文字の字数（ベタ組としたルビ文字列の全長）に応じて，対象の親文字に配分する．

      5. -

        For each base character, expand the preceding and succeeding inter-character space equally by half of the assigned space. Note that, depending on the position of the base character, it could be the expansion of inter-character spacing between two base characters, or it could be the expansion between the base character and a non-base character.

        +

        For each base character, expand the preceding and succeeding inter-character spacing equally by half of the assigned space. Note that, depending on the position of the base character, it could be the expansion of inter-character spacing between two base characters, or it could be the expansion between the base character and a non-base character.

        それぞれの親文字では，配分された空き量を2等分し，その親文字の前及び後ろを均等に空ける．同一の熟語内の親文字間の字間となる場合と，親文字群の前又は後ろとその前後に配置する文字などとの字間となる場合がある．

      6. -

        In a special case where a jukugo-ruby character complex is at the line-head and the base character and the ruby character at the line-head are supposed to be aligned, expand only the succeeding inter-character space of the base character by all of the assigned space. Similarly, when a jukugo-ruby character complex is at the line-end and the base character and the ruby character at the line-end are supposed to be aligned, expand the preceding inter-character space of the base character by all of the assigned space.

        +

        In a special case where a jukugo-ruby character complex is at the line-head and the base character and the ruby character at the line-head are supposed to be aligned, expand only the succeeding inter-character spacing of the base character by all of the assigned space. Similarly, when a jukugo-ruby character complex is at the line-end and the base character and the ruby character at the line-end are supposed to be aligned, expand the preceding inter-character spacing of the base character by all of the assigned space.

        熟語ルビを行頭に配置し，かつ，行頭において親文字の先頭とルビ文字列の先頭をそろえる方式にする場合は，親文字の後ろを配分された空き量だけ空ける．熟語ルビを行末を配置し，かつ，行末において親文字の末尾とルビ文字列の末尾をそろえる方式にする場合は，親文字の前を配分された空き量だけ空ける．

      @@ -22661,10 +22661,10 @@

      以下では，前項の原則に従った熟語ルビの親文字の字間を空ける処理例を示す．

      The jukugo-ruby shown in [[[#fig_a6-10]]] requires expansion of inter-character spacing by one ruby character. Expand the preceding and succeeding inter-character spacing for the base character "峻" accompanied by three ruby characters by a quarter em each in base character size.

      [[[#fig_a6-10]]]の例は，ルビ1字分を処理する必要がある．ルビ文字の3字が対応する“峻”の前後を親文字サイズの四分アキにする．

      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 1. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 1. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例1
      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 1. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 1. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例1
      @@ -22672,10 +22672,10 @@

      The jukugo-ruby shown in [[[#fig_a6-11]]] requires expansion of inter-character spacing by one ruby character. Expand the preceding and the succeeding inter-character spacing for the base character "候" accompanied by four ruby characters by a quarter em each in base character size.

      [[[#fig_a6-11]]]の例は，ルビ1字分を処理する必要がある．ルビ文字の4字が対応する“候”の前後を親文字サイズの四分アキにする．

      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 2. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 2. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例2
      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 2. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 2. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例2
      @@ -22683,10 +22683,10 @@

      [[[#fig_a6-12]]] are examples with the same jukugo-ruby as in [[[#fig_a6-10]]] and [[[#fig_a6-11]]] except their positions in the lines are at the line-head or at the line-end, where the base character and the ruby character at the line-head or at the line-end are both aligned.

      [[[#fig_a6-12]]]の例は，[[[#fig_a6-10]]]及び[[[#fig_a6-11]]]の例を行頭又は行末に配置し，親文字とルビ文字の先頭又は末尾をそろえる配置方法にした例である．

      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 3 (examples at the line-head and at the line-end). + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 3 (examples at the line-head and at the line-end). 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例3 （行頭と行末の配置例）
      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 3 (examples at the line-head and at the line-end). + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 3 (examples at the line-head and at the line-end). 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例3（行頭と行末の配置例）
      @@ -22694,10 +22694,10 @@

      Examples shown in [[[#fig_a6-13]]] are those with two base characters accompanied by six ruby characters. Distribution of ruby varies depending on the position of ideographic characters (cl-19) and whether it is adjacent to the kanji compound word.

      [[[#fig_a6-13]]]の例は，2字の親文字に6字のルビ文字が付く例である．親文字群の前又は後ろに漢字等（cl-19）がどのように配置されるかで，ルビの配置位置は変わってくる．

      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 4. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 4. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例4
      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 4. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 4. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例4
      @@ -22705,10 +22705,10 @@

      Examples shown in [[[#fig_a6-14]]] are those with three base characters accompanied by eight ruby characters. Distribution of ruby varies depending on the position of ideographic characters (cl-19) and whether it is adjacent to the kanji compound word.

      [[[#fig_a6-14]]]の例は，3字の親文字に8字のルビ文字が付く例である．親文字群の前又は後ろに漢字等（cl-19）がどのように配置されるかで，ルビの配置位置は変わってくる．

      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 5. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 5. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例5
      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 5. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 5. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例5
      @@ -22716,10 +22716,10 @@

      Examples shown in [[[#fig_a6-15]]] are those with three base characters accompanied by nine ruby characters. Distribution of ruby varies depending on the position of ideographic characters (cl-19) and whether it is adjacent to the kanji compound word.

      [[[#fig_a6-15]]]の例は，3字の親文字に9字のルビ文字が付く例である．親文字群の前又は後ろに漢字等（cl-19）がどのように配置されるかで，ルビの配置位置は変わってくる．

      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 6. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 6. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例6
      - Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character space expansion 6. + Jukugo-ruby distribution with inter-character spacing expansion 6. 字間を空けた熟語ルビの配置例6
      @@ -22900,7 +22900,7 @@

      こま余白 komayohaku
      こまよはく -

      Spaces between line and cell in tables. (JIS X 4051)

      +

      Spacing between line and cell in tables. (JIS X 4051)

      表の罫線とこまとの間の空白領域．（JIS X 4051）

      @@ -23133,7 +23133,7 @@

      均等詰め kintō zume
      きんとうづめ -

      Adjustment of inter-character space by subtracting the same amount of space. (JIS Z 8125)

      +

      Adjustment of inter-character spacing by subtracting the same amount of space. (JIS Z 8125)

      ベタ組より字間を一定量詰めて文字を配置する方法．（JIS Z 8125）

      @@ -23142,7 +23142,7 @@

      字面詰め jizura zume
      じづらづめ -

      Adjustment of inter-character space by subtracting space to the extent that two letter faces are placed adjacent. (JIS Z 8125)

      +

      Adjustment of inter-character spacing by subtracting space to the extent that two letter faces are placed adjacent. (JIS Z 8125)

      仮名や約物等の字面が重ならない程度まで詰めて文字を配置する方法．（JIS Z 8125）

      @@ -23474,7 +23474,7 @@

      - inter-character space + inter-character spacing 字間 jikan
      じかん @@ -23613,7 +23613,7 @@

      行の調整処理 gyō no chōsei shori
      ぎょうのちょうせいしょり -

      A method of aligning both edges of all lines to be the same given length by removing or adding adjustable spaces.

      +

      A method of aligning both edges of all lines to be the same given length by removing or adding adjustable spacing.

      指定された行長にするために，字間を詰める又は空ける処理．

      @@ -23627,20 +23627,20 @@

      - line adjustment by inter-character space expansion + line adjustment by inter-character spacing expansion 追出し処理 oidashi shori
      おいだししょり -

      A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by expanding inter-character spaces. (JIS Z 8125).

      +

      A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by expanding inter-character spacing. (JIS Z 8125).

      禁則処理の1つの方法であって，字間を広げて行頭行末そろえをすること（JIS Z 8125）．行頭行末そろえとは，各行の最初の文字を行頭にそろえ，かつ各行の最後の文字を行末にそろえて配置する方法（JIS Z 8125）．

      - line adjustment by inter-character space reduction + line adjustment by inter-character spacing reduction 追込み処理 oikomi shori
      おいこみしょり -

      A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by removing adjustable spaces such as conditional spaces for punctuation marks. (JIS Z 8125).

      +

      A line breaking rule that aligns both edges of a line by removing adjustable spacing such as conditional spacing for punctuation marks. (JIS Z 8125).

      禁則処理の1つの方法であって，約物の前後などを詰めて行頭行末そろえをすること（JIS Z 8125）．行頭行末そろえとは，各行の最初の文字を行頭にそろえ，かつ各行の最後の文字を行末にそろえて配置する方法（JIS Z 8125）．

      @@ -24230,7 +24230,7 @@

      ベタ組 beta gumi
      べたぐみ -

      To arrange characters with no inter-character space between adjacent character frames.

      +

      To arrange characters with no inter-character spacing between adjacent character frames.

      字間を空けずに文字の外枠を接して文字を配置すること．

      @@ -24382,7 +24382,7 @@

      詰め組 tsumegumi
      つめぐみ -

      Adjustment of inter-character space by making the distance between the letter face of adjacent characters shorter than that produced by solid setting. (JIS Z 8125)

      +

      Adjustment of inter-character spacing by making the distance between the letter face of adjacent characters shorter than that produced by solid setting. (JIS Z 8125)

      ベタ組より字送りを詰めて文字を配置する方法（JIS Z 8125）．なお，字送りとは，同一行の隣接する文字同士の基準点から基準点までの距離（JIS Z 8125）．