no mondays in the cambrian era

Images created solely using mathematical equations by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yaganeh

This is how the world should be ❤️

At no point did I predict what happened next in this video.

(Tags by prev)

There are many benefits to having a robust transit system.

Things to share, things to try to remember.

Things worn down by people.

this is unironically one of the most beautiful photo sets i've ever seen

new tag game if you were a zoo animal what would be the enrichment activity they put in your enclosure. mine would be assembling flat pack furniture. any time i got antsy and threatened to rip the zookeeper's face off they'd throw me an ikea dresser or something to calm me down

Very unusual creature I made for a special commission! I normally don’t do custom patterns like this, but I saw the wyrm and I loved the wyrm. It was really pretty simple though and came out so fun and cute.

This has made similar energy to yours @mossworm

Oh my god

I mean, this isn't wrong given ladybirds/ladybugs are so sexually active they have their own brand of STD, the Laboulbeniales fungus (a yellow menace of sorts that covers about all of them, elytra included as time goes on. No you can't catch it if one that's infected bites you. It's just sorta the thing with them, lol)

You go through all that without sharing what they are though! They're not dangerous to us, click this!

Speech bubbles feed off of thoughts and can swap between waveform and thoughtspace. They're primarily intangible and invisible but if you were to touch them they feel like very thin soft latex overtop foamy gel with denser squiggles within (letter organs)

harmless things passively existing in another layer

In Bogleech's Awful Hospital series things kind of work like that, but weirder. Currently over 1000 layers of excellent storytelling and visuals.

https://bogleech.com/awfulhospital/intro

Dr bfly's Ginger Citrus Spice Cookies

AKA the cookie recipe I've been fiddling with and refining for like a decade and the only cookies I make anymore because I like them too much Ingredients: • 12 Tbsp (1.5 sticks) butter - I'm lazy and use salted most of the time. idk how europeans measure their butter so do your own conversion • 3/4 tsp salt if using unsalted butter • ¼ cup molasses • 1 large egg • 2¼ cup all-purpose flour • 1.5 cup brown sugar • 1 tsp baking soda • 1 Tbsp ground ginger • 1 Tbsp ground cinnamon • 1 tsp ground cloves • 1 tsp ground allspice • ½ tsp ground nutmeg • ½ tsp ground cardamom • ½+ cup minced candied ginger • ½+ cup minced candied orange peel • up to a shot's worth ~(40ml) bourbon, Cointreau, both, or other liquor according to taste • Optional: 1-2 tbsp powdered buddha's hand* • turbinado sugar

*this is an ingredient I invented because a friend kept giving me buddha's hand so I started candying it like you would make candied orange peel or whatever but it still kept going bad so I stuck it in a dehydrator for a whole day and then put it into a spice grinder and it's great for imparting a citrusy floral note to any baked goods. You could probably approximate the same by candying, dehydrating, and grinding other citrus peels.

Instructions:

Uncharismatic Fact of the Day

Who needs chromosomes? Certainly not the Indian muntjac! Indian muntjac deer have the lowest chromosome count of any mammal, with 6 in females and 7 in males. That's fewer chromosomes than a fruit fly!

(Image: An Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) by Charles Currin)

first of all, what hell, second, why do males and females have different numbers??

While I can't answer your first question, the answer to the second is that the males technically have 1 X and 2 Y chromosomes- Y1 and Y2! Here's a really interesting article that talks about it a bit more, as well as the evolutionary implications!

Also, if any other geneticists would like to, please feel free to chime in here- my area of expertise generally stops at anything smaller than a magnifying glass.

Okay so I read it (and if evolution is ur thing definitely give it a read)

Before I start, 2 second crash course of information u need to understand this:

- Chromosomes are structures of dna that the body uses to store genetic information.

- i really enjoy genetics

Alright, so basically the number of chromosomes don't 100% tell you how much dna is there is bc they can be different sizes. In the case of the Muntjac, different chromosomes combined to put the dna together and ended up reducing the amount of chromosomes more than other mammals. (For reference humans have 46 —23 pairs and no extras. That's much more common). They took genetic duck tape and stuck the dna together.

It's not a bad thing that they have so few chromsomes. Think of it like 3 330 page books instead of 20 50 page books. Kind of a big book but it's the same number of pages. They have the genes they need.

Now the way that they got weird chromosomes is a little more complicated.

The thing about the muntjac is that in those chromosomes combining the dna got a little weird. There's no longer a stand alone x chromosome which is the chromosome that typically tells us it is "female" in mammals when they have 2 (XX). Instead, that chromosome got tacked on with genetic gorilla glue to another chromosome and the animal's dna was all "oh sure that works" and just kind of let it happen. Muntjac females are not XX, instead they're "normal chromosome + x" x2 (or 3X+3X — 3 being the number of the chromosome that has x tacked on).

The problem with this, and the reason that male muntjacs have 7 chromosomes is because of the y-chromosome. Several million years ago when the dna combined, the y chromosome didn't. The y-chromosome is the chromosome that generally denotes "male" when it is present (XY). An important detail here is that males also have an X chromosome. Male muntjacs, however, are not (strictly speaking) XY.

When animals reproduce, they pass on eggs from females and sperm from males. When the body makes these cells, you get half your dna from mom and half your dna from dad. In humans, females always pass on the x chromosome and males can pass x or y because they have both.

Human males only have 1 X chromosome. So do male muntjacs but do you remember the x chromosome got genetically glued to a normal chromosome? Yeah the muntjac needs the normal one, so some MORE genetic tomfoolery and gorilla gluing and stuff happened.

So now we have:

- Normal chromosome + X

- Normal Chromosome + Some kind of messed up dna that still kinda works but doesnt match normal chromosome+X

And

- Y chromosome

The big thing that happens here, and im simplifying quite a bit, but the big thing that happens is because the normal chromosome that got messed up doesnt match the normal + X, it leaves a bunch of empty space for the y chromosome to tag along.

And male muntjacs pass down the messed up chromosome and the y chromosome because the dna did PEMDAS wrong twice, made 2 mistakes that somehow canceled out and ended up with a functional deer species that has less dna that any other known mammal and males with 7 chromosomes. Truly the epitome of evolution's slogan of "eh good enough"

This is cool for a few reasons:

1. Science nerd brain enrichment

2. The Messed up chromosome actually gives us a lot of information on what the y chromosome might have looked like millions of years ago (the y chromosome has been slowly shrinking for millions of years because of something called Mueller's ratchet which is a different essay altogether)

3. This is a really clear example of genetic flexibility and the long-term viability of non-typical chromosomal combinations

4. Probably more stuff but Im not deep enough down this rabbit hole to know that yet (wish me luck Im definitely opening at least 20 articles about this)

Anyway, that's how this particular deer can have so few chromosomes and also an extra chromosomes in males!

Thank you so much for breaking this down! Genetics is so weird, and definitely not my forte lol

Dailies, May 25 - 31, 2015

momomomomomomomomomomomomomomomomomomo…

Haven’t thought about this story in years.

reblog if your name isn't Amanda.

We’ll find you Amanda.

world heritage post

I HAVE to reblog this eleven million note post. That’s the most notes I’ve ever seen on tumblr. Also my name is Jade, not Amanda.

My name is Brian, not Amanda.

autumn/winter affirmations:

Silly design exercise in which I customize the homunculi and throw them into blenders