Git Tutorial

Git is an open-source distributed version control system that helps teams track and manage code changes, collaborate seamlessly, and work on projects of any size. It keeps a history of every change, allowing you to revisit or restore previous versions, and makes it easy to fix mistakes without losing progress.

Introduction to Git

Let's start with basics of Git here:

• Version Control System
• What is Git
• History of Git
• Git Features
• Git Repository
• Bare Repositories in Git
• Git Ignore
• Readme.md File

Before starting understanding Git practically, let us first install Git on our systems:

• Setup Git Server on Ubuntu?
• Install GIT by NPM Packages?

Working with Git

Working with Git means managing your project’s code using Git commands to track, save, and share changes:

• Git Environment Setup
• Using Git on CLI
• Working on Git Bash
• Git- Setting up a Repository
• Working with Git Repositories
• States of a File in Git Working Directory

Git Commands

In this section, we’ll learn essential Git commands with examples, covering add, commit, push, pull, merge, stash, rebase, clone, tags, branches, logs, debugging, error handling, and advanced operations like squashing, cherry-picking, and filtering history.

1. Getting Started

In this part, we’ll cover the fundamental commands to initialize a repository, add files, commit changes, check status, and save work in Git.

• Git Init
• Git Add
• Git Commit
• Git Status
• Save a File in Git

2. Remote Repositories

In this part, we’ll know commands for working with remote repositories, including adding remotes, cloning projects, pushing local commits, pulling updates, and setting upstream branches.

• Git Remote
• Git Origin Master
• Git Push
• Git Pull
• Git Pull and Fetch
• Set Upstream Branch on Git
• Clone a Repository

3. Branching & Merging

In this part, we’ll explore how to create and push branches to remote, delete them locally and remotely, switch between branches using checkout, and merge changes into the main codebase.

• Push Git BranchGit Branch to Remote
• Delete a Git Branch Locally and Remotely
• Git Checkout and Merge
• Git Merge
• Git Merge and Merge Conflicts
• Git Rebase
• Git Squash
• Git Fork

4. File & Change Management

In this part, we’ll see how to manage changes in Git — from comparing file differences with diff, cleaning up untracked files, renaming or moving files, and staging updates, to undoing commits, removing untracked files, and even adding empty directories to a repository.

• Git diff
• Git Clean
• Git Rename
• Git Move Files
• Git Undo Commit
• Git Undo
• Git Stage
• Remove Local Untracked Files
• Add an Empty Directory to a Git Repository

5. History & Debugging

In this part, we’ll learn how to review and debug a project’s history — using git log to view and format commits, exploring references with reflog, tracing changes with blame, and recovering lost commits

• Git Log
• Using Git Log to Format the Commit History
• Git Ref and Reflog
• Git Blame
• Recovering Lost Commits
• Git - git-show Command Line Utility
• Git – Working Tree
• Git Index

6. Advanced Commands

In this part, we’ll cover advanced Git features like aliases, submodules, subtrees, tags, hooks, patching, pruning, history rewriting, git add variations, debugging, and error handling.

• Git Alias
• Git Submodules
• Git Subtree
• Git Tags
• Git Hooks
• Patch Operation in Git
• Git Prune
• Git – Filtering the Commit History
• Git - Changing History
• Difference between “add -A”, “add -u”, “add .”, and “add *”
• Difference between “git add -A” and “git add”
• Debugging in a Git
• Error Searching and Handling in Git

7. Essential Git Commands

• Useful Git Commands and Basic Concepts
• Basic Git Commands with Examples
• Essential Git Commands
• Top 12 Most Used Git Commands For Developers

Git Advanced Usage

In this section, we’ll cover advanced Git concepts, including branching, exporting projects, handling errors, common issues, and integrating Git with development tools like RStudio and Eclipse.

1. Advanced Git Concepts

This section covers branching, exporting projects, commit management, Git objects, and handling large repositories.

• Introduction to Git Branch
• Export a Git Project
• Move the most recent commit(s) to a new branch with Git
• Git–Pack Objects
• Handle Big Repositories with Git

2. Error Handling & Troubleshooting

This section covers common Git errors, authentication issues, and solutions for repository lock problems.

• Common Git Problems and Their Fixes
• Git – How to Solve “remote: Invalid username or password. fatal: Authentication failed”
• Git – A lock file already exists in the repository, which blocks this operation from completing

3. Git Automation & Extensions

This section covers automating Git tasks, sending emails, and using Git in Google Colab.

• Send an Email using Git send-email via Gmail
• Automating some git commands with Python
• Install and Use Git in Google Colab

4. Alternative VCS & Comparisons

This section introduces alternative VCS tools like Bitbucket and Mercurial, and compares them with Git and SVN.

• Introduction to Bitbucket
• Working on Bitbucket using Git
• Introduction to Mercurial
• Difference between MERCURIAL and GIT
• Difference between Git and SVN

5. Git in CI/CD

This section covers Git integration in CI/CD pipelines, including Jenkins setup, GitLab workflows for different languages, and hosting private Git servers on Kubernetes.

• Jenkins and GIT Integration using SSH Key
• Add GIT Credentials in Jenkins
• CI/CD in .NET application Using Shell Executor on GitLab
• CI/CD in Java application(Linux) Using Shell and Docker Executor on GitLab
• CI/CD in C/C++ Application(Linux) Using Shell and Docker Executor on GitLab
• Installing Private Git Server on K8s Cluster with Gitea and AKS

Git Deployment

This section covers deploying static sites and Django applications to Heroku using Git.

• Deploy a Basic Static HTML Website to Heroku using Git
• Deploy a Django Application to Heroku with Git CLI

Git Collaborating

This section covers Git collaboration basics, forking workflows, pull requests, merge strategies, and conflict resolution.

• What is Git Collaboration
• Forking Workflow in Open Source Ecosystem
• Make your first Open Source Pull Request
• Merge Strategies in Git
• How to Handle Merge Conflicts

Git vs GitHub

The following table gives you a comparison between Git and Github:

Common Git Problems and Their Fixes

Let's discuss some common git problems and how to fix it:

1. Merge Conflicts: Always check for conflicting code before merging. Resolve conflicts manually and commit the resolved files.
2. Detached HEAD State: When in a detached HEAD state, use git checkout <branch_name> to switch back to your branch.
3. Commit Not Pushed: Ensure that you have pushed your commits to the remote repository using git push.