Research suggests that schizophrenia may lead to differences in eye characteristics, including how the eyes move.

A 2024 review highlights associations between schizophrenia and the following eye irregularities:

  • strabismus, in which the eyes point in different directions
  • reduced visual acuity, which is the ability to see fine details, especially in the distance
  • reduced stereopsis, depth perception
  • eye movement irregularities, which may include reduced smooth pursuit when viewing a moving object

The researchers conclude that more research is necessary to fully understand the interaction between schizophrenia and eye irregularities, including whether and how antipsychotic medications may play a role.

Similarly, a 2022 article highlights observations linking schizophrenia and the following changes in eye structures:

  • thinning and volume loss in retinal neural layers, which researchers associate with illness progression, cognitive impairment, and brain volume loss
  • changes in the smallest blood vessels in the retina
  • atypical pupil responses
  • disintegration of the corneal nerve

The researchers suggest that future research could have important implications for the monitoring and treatment of people with schizophrenia.

It is important to note that the presence of any of the above eye changes does not mean someone has schizophrenia. Certain eye irregularities may also occur in people with mood disorders or other health conditions, or for no apparent underlying reason.

Healthcare professionals may examine a person’s eyes as part of a physical examination to diagnose schizophrenia, but this alone cannot lead to a diagnosis.

A healthcare professional will typically use the diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). They will assess a person’s medical history, physical signs, and mental status to look for features such as:

Anyone who experiences changes to their vision or eyes may benefit from speaking with a healthcare professional, whether they have a schizophrenia diagnosis or not. A doctor can help find the underlying cause and determine the best treatment.

Similarly, if someone with eye irregularities thinks they may have signs of schizophrenia, a healthcare professional can perform a proper diagnosis.