gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lg0f{o g+=&(@%

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn
;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#ws)))@, )))*, )))(, ))!)
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.!@.%
laifoM pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL

tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
lgj]bsM

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @(,
n}grf}/ a:g] c?0f ;'j]bL ;d]t
lj?4
lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

lgj]bsM

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #
sfof{no /x]sf] laZj lxGb'
dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cGtu{t u7g
ePsf] ljZj lxGb' dxf;+3 g]kfn
/fli6o ;ldltsf sfo{jfxs
;efklt >Lk|;fb pkfWofo
lj?4
lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf, v/]nyf]s

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s
a:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n
lj?4
lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

lgj]bsM sf=lh sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf

j8f g+=!* j:g] clwjQmf cldtf
>]i7
lj?4

129

k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^#

/fhg}lts 3f]if0ffsf] k|s[of
/fhgLlts ePklg To;n] u|x0f
u/]sf] ljifo sfg"gL ePkl5
To;nfO{ /fhgLlts ljifosf] ;+1f
lbO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lglxt
/x]sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6} aflx/ kfg'{
Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No,
dfGotf / cjwf/0ff ;d]tn]
prLt gx'bf k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ff, @)^# nfO{ /fhgLlts
3f]if0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg]
lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf
gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
jt{dfg
cGtl/d
;+ljwfg
jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf
;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf]
l:yltdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf]
k|lts"n cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg]
gx'Fbf ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g] u/L

c+s @

o; cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug{

g;Sg] .
Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] :jo+
;+ljwfg g} x'g] x'Fbf To; clwsf/
cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] GofoLs
k/LIf0f x'g] geO{ sfg"gsf]
;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/g] x'G5 .
;+ljwfgsf]
c+u
alg;s]sf
k|fawfgx?nfO{ lgis[o e};s]sf]
k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ffsf]
ljifoj:t' dfgL To;sf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg
ug{
GofoLs
k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL dfGo
l;4fGtn] klg cg'dlt glbg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_

lgjb]s tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfx?

jfns[i0f g]pkfg], cldtf >]i7 /
cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
ljkIfL
tkm{jf6M
ljfg
gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmf
g/]Gb|k|;fb
kf7s, ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh
;'j]bL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
cfb]z
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M tTsfnLg
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f @# tyf **-!_-@_ cGtu{t o;
cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+lIfKt tYo
!= l/6 g+= )))@

d lgj]bsn] lxGb' wd{nfO{ Pp6f

/fli6o klxrfgsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg]
dg;fon] lxGb' wfld{s ultljlwdf cfj4
;+3 ;+:yfx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' .
xfd|f] cfhsf] klxrfg lxhf]df cfwfl/t
/x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6n] cfkm\gf] klxrfg /
rl/qsf] >f]t cfk\mgf] e"ldsf] ljz]if u'0f,
cfkm\gf hgtf, cfkm\gf] ;+:yf, cfkm\gf
dfGotf / /Lltdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 .
o:tf df}lns klxrfg jf]s]sf] cGo
/fi6sf] klxrfg eGbf k[ys ?kdf g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f $!_ f/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] klxrfgsf]
cfwf/df Ps ax'hftLo, jx'efifLo, lxGb'
;+j}wflgs
/fhtGqfTds
clw/fHo
klxrfgsf] cfwf/ /x]sf] 5 .
@)^# ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] >L %
dxf/fhflw/fh
1fg]Gb|
lj/ljqmd
zfxb]jsf] 3f]if0ffk"j{ :yflkt ;+;bn]
@)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;ef
3f]if0ff@)^# df ljleGg 3f]if0ff u/L ;f]
3f]if0ffsf] k|s/0f * df "g]kfn wd{
lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5" egL ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ -!_ / k|:tfjgfsf]
efjgf k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfsf]
k|lts"n x'g] u/L s'g} ;+zf]wg gul/g]
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;+zf]wg
ug]{ lgsfon] h:tf];'s} cl;ldt zlQm
k|of]u ubf{ klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs
cfwf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g eGg]
dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L @)^# ;fn
a}zfv !@ ut] k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bsf ;Dk"0f{
;b:ox?n] k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL,
@)%$ sf] lgod %-@_ cGt{ut ;f] sf]
cg';"rL! adf]lhd g]kfn clw/fHosf]
130

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;+ljwfg, @)$& k|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/ /xL

k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:osf] sfdsfh
d'n'ssf] ;f]emf] lrtfO{ s;}sf] 8/ wfs
gdfgL, kIfkft gu/L, v/fj efjgf glnO{
OdfGbf/L;fy ug]{5' egL ;ky ;d]t lng'
ePsf], ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;+;bLo
zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq,
jx'bnLo
k|hftGqnfO{
cfwf/e"t
;+/rgfsf ?kdf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] / wf/f
$-!_ df lxGb' ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq
;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ;d]t /x]sf]
5.
lxGb' wd{ l;4fGt eGbf klg
Jojxf/df j9L nrsbf/ /x]sf] tYon]
s'g} ;Dk|bfo ljz]if nlIft xf]Og . of] t
;gftg wd{k|lt nlIft 5 . ;gftg
;Eotf, CUj]b;Dd k'/fgf] x'g'sf ;fy} w]/}
eujfgsf] k"hf / ljleGg bz{gnfO{
cf:yfsf] ?kdf cjnDjg ug{ k'u]sf] 5 .
of] wd{n] ljleGg l/ltl/jfh cyjf
k4tLsf] cg';/0f ub{5 . ;du|df eGbf
lxGb'wd{ Pp6f hLjg k4tL xf] . ;gftg
dfu{ xf], klxrfg xf] .
wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] cjwf/0ff s'g}
JolQm ljz]ifsf] jf}l4s ljnf;sf] laifo
x'g ;Sb}g . of] s'g} klg b]z, ;dfh jf
;Eotfsf] w/ftnLo oyfy{ ;fk]If /x]sf]
x'G5 . xfn ;Dd hlGdg;s]sf / g]kfnsf]
eljio eGg'kg]{ s/f}+8f}+ g]kfnLnfO{
ztflAbof}+b]lv pgsf k"j{hx?n] jf]s]/
cfPsf] klxrfgjf6
j+lrt
u/L
lghx?nfO{ u'dgfd cj:yfdf k'ofpg]
clwsf/ jt{dfg k':tfnfO{ 5}g .
wd{ lg/k]Iftf / wd{ ;fk]Iftf
eGbf klg /fi6 / ;dfhsf] klxrfgnfO{
d"t{tf lbg] tYo ;/f]sf/sf] laifo xf] .

g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHo

3f]if0ff ug'{ eg]sf] g]kfn /fi6sf] ?kdf
klxrfg u'dfpg'sf ;fy} wfld{s /
;fDk|bflos lx+;f lgDTofpg' xf], h'g
/fi6sf] enf] lrtfpg] s'g} klg ;+3
;+:yf, /fhg}lts bn jf JolQmsf] kIfdf
x'g ;Sb}g .
@)^#.!.!!
df
k'g:yflkt
k|ltlglw;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf /
wf/f !!^-!_ eGbf aflx/ uP/ s'g}
;zf]wg / 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sb}g .
;+ljwfgf/f
k|Tofe"t
;+j}wflgs
;jf]{Rrtfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] j}wflgs
lgsfo ;+ljwfg;ef dfq x'g ;Sb5 .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;++ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f $-!_ sf] tfTko{ g]kfn Ps v'nf
;dfhsf] bz{gdf cfwfl/t ;gftgL lxGb'
dfGotfjf6 lgb]{lzt /fHosf] klxrfg xf] .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% -!_ / #^ -@_ n]
;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ sfod
/fVg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf lgb]{zs
l;4fGt / df}lns xssf] ;lDd>0f g}
gful/ssf clwsf/sf] d'Vo >f]t xf] .
b]zdf ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf /x]sf] oyfy{
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfGb} cfPsf] ljleGg
km};nfjf6 k|ltljlDjt x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f **-!_ / wf/f !!^ -!_ k|ltlglw;ef
3f]if0ffn] vf/]h gug'{sf cnfjf of]uL
g/x/Lgfy lj?4 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ePsf] l/6 g+=
^!@&, l/6 g+= @#$^ / cfb]z ldlt
@)%#.!.!& ;d]tn] /fHosf gLlt lgb]{zs
l;4fGtsf] pk]Iff ug{ gldNg] eGg]
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt lakl/t tyf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ ;Fu jflemPsf]
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffsf] k|s/0f -*_ df

131

c+s @

/x]sf] g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5

eGg] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg
@)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf wf/f **-!_-@_
cGtu{t pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z nufot cGo
pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L
jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bs >Lk|;fb pkfWofosf] lgj]bgkq .
@= l/6 g+= )))*
d l/6 lgj]bs ;+j}wflgs
/fhtGqk|lt cf:yf, jx'bnLo k|hftGqk|lt
lgi7f / dft[e"ldnfO{ dfof ug]{ sfg"g
Joj;foL eO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g, k|ultlzn,
;';+:s[t / k|hftflGqs /fHosf lrgf/Lx?
x'g\ eGg] dfGotfdf ljZjf; /fVb5' .
@)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ffdf Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn] k|of]u ug]{, g]kfn
/fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn]
k|of]u ug]{, g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{
sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt
/xg], >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ca pk|fGt
g]kfn ;/sf/ elgg], zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
gfd g]kfnL ;]gf /xg], /fhkl/ifbsf]
vf/]hL, g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g] tyf
/fhu2Lsf] pQ/flwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g
jgfpg], ;+zf]wg ug]{ / vf/]h ug]{
clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efdf /xg], >L % sf]
lghL ;DklQ / cfodfly sfg"g cg';f/
s/ nfUg], >L % jf6 u/]sf sfdsf]
k|ltlglw;ef / cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg
;lsg], /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] clxn]sf]
Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{, ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f,
k|of]u / kl/rfng k|wfgdGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] Ps /fli6o ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\n] ug]{ eGg] ;d]tsf] pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5, ;f] 3f]if0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf]

;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu clwsf+z aflemPsf]
x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] d"n sfg"g
3f]if0ff u/]sf] pQm ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# ;+ljwfgs}
wf/f **-!_-@_ cg';f/ jb/ ul/kfpFm .
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgf lakl/t xf], g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|ltlglw;efnfO{
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gdfgL g]kfnL
hgtfdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf lglxt u/]sf] 5 .
;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf c+ufn]sf] pSt
;+ljwfgsf]
ljk/Lt
k|ltlglw;efn]
cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] /
/fHozlQmsf] k|of]u k|ltlglw;ef dfkm{t
x'g] egL u/]sf] 3f]if0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] k|i6 5 .
o;sf ;fy} k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^#
sf] bkmf ( sf] v08 -u_ df o;
3f]if0ff;Fu jflemg] g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& / k|rlnt cGo sfg"gsf
Joj:yfx? aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo
x'g]5g\ egL ;+ljwfgeGbf ;jf]{Rr x}l;ot
k|bfg u/L k|ltlglw;efn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5
. k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^# sf] s'g}
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL x}l;ot x'g g;Sg]
ePsfn] cbfntn] 3f]if0ffTds cfb]zf/f
jb/
3f]lift ul/kfpFm . ;fy}
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^# sf
clwsf+z Joj:yfx? c;+j}wflgs /
u}/sfg"gL x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf
To:tf] 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjog ePdf sfg"gsf]
zf;gsf] pkxf; x'g] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd pQm
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjog gug'{
132

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

gu/fpg' egL lakIfL ;DdfggLo

k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsf gfddf cGtl/d
cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]nsf]
lgj]bgkq .
#= l/6 g+= )))(
d lgj]bs nfdf] ;dob]lv sfg"g
Joj;fodf ;+nUg /xL b]zdf sfg"gsf]
zf;g x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg]
g]kfnL gful/s x'F . ldlt @)^#.!.!! df
>L % af6 ePsf] 3f]if0ffn] tTsflng
k|wfgdGqLn] ldlt @)%(.@.* ut] lj36g
ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM jxfnL;Dd
u/]sf], lj36g x'Fbf h'g clwsf/ /
x}l;ot k|ltlglw;efsf] lyof] k'gM :yflkt
x'Fbf Tof] eGbf c? yk clwsf/ kfpg]
s'g} ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g .
k'g:yf{lkt
k|ltlglw;ef
/
of]
k|ltlglw;efjf6 u7g ePsf] ;j{bnLo
;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd sfd ug'{kg]{df
;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / Joj:yf lakl/t
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# hf/L ePsf]
5, pQm 3f]if0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu jflemPsf] x'Fbf
3f]if0ffdf pNn]lvt ;j} j'Fbf jb/ u/L
kfpg ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf]
xsb}of cGtu{t ;+ljwfg / jx'bnLo
zf;g k|0ffnLsf] /Iffsf] nflu ;Ddflgt
cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q u'xfg{
cfPsL 5' .
@)^#.!.!! df >L % af6 ePsf]
3f]if0fdf /fHo zlQmsf] >f]t g]kfnL hgtf
ePsf] / g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf
/fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf]

pNn]v ePsf] tyf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # /

k|:tfjgf lakl/t hf/L ePsf] pQm
3f]if0ff ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf lakl/t
/x]sf] 5 .
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# sf]
k|:tfjgfdf ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t /fHosf]
k'gM ;+/rgf ug]{ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]
;Gbe{df ;j} s'/f ;+ljwfg;efjf6 jGg]
;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{
hgk|ltlglwn] lg0f{o ug]{ s'/f xf] .
;/sf/nfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ eGg] ls
g]kfn ;/sf/, wd{lg/k]If eGg]sL lxGb'
/fHo, d'l:nd /fHo jf lqmlZrog /fHo
ls jf}4 /fHo x'g], ;+ljwfgdf >L % sf]
x}l;ot s] x'g], ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf s:tf
lgsfo /fVg] ;j} lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfn] ;+ljwfg;ef
dfkm{t ug]{ s'/f x'g\ .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf ljleGg wf/f lak/Lt
@)^#.@.$ df hf/L e} ;f]xL lbg kfl/t
ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]]if0ff @)^# /
k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# ;d]t
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ -@_ jdf]lhd
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] k|f/Deb]lv g} jb/,
cdfGo / lgliso 3f]if0ff u/L cj pk|fGt
;+ljwfg lakl/tsf sfd, sf/jfxL /
3f]if0ff gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] cfb]z jf
cGo hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{
;d]t hf/L u/L ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf
cldtf >]i7sf] lgj]bgkq .
$= l/6 g+= ))!)

133

c+s @

xfdL
lgj]bsx?
;+j}wflgs
/fhtGq / jx'bnLo k|hftGq k|lt lgi7f /
hgtfdf lglxt ;fjef}dQf Pj+ sfg"gsf]
zf;gdf ljZjf; /fV5f}+ . g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;+;bLo
;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf]df @)^#
;fn j}zfv !! ut] >L % jf6 k'g:yf{lkt
;+;b / ;+ljwfg k|lt jkmfbf/ /xg]
s'/fsf] ;ky lnPsf k|ltlglw;efsf]
;b:ox?jf6 ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L u/]sf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^#
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f ! / wf/f !!^ -!_ sf] k|lts"n
/x]sf]n] jb/ efuL 5 .
sfo{sfl/0fL
clwsf/
dlGqkl/ifbdf /xg], ;+;bsf] ;b:o
g/x]sf] JolQm dGqL x'g ;Sg],
Joj:yflksfsf]
;Dk"0f{
clwsf/
k|ltlglw;efn] ug]{, >L % af6 eP u/]sf
sfo{ pk/ cbfnt / k|ltlglw;efdf k|Zg
p7fpg ;lsg], /fli6o ufg nfO{ kl/jt{g
ug]{, g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]
nufotsf k|fjwfg ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf
/ ljlwsf] zf;gsf lakl/t ePsf]n] jb/
ul/kfpFm .
k'gM:yflkt ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/If0f jf kfngf ug]{ st{Jo jxg ug]{
;Dd xf], To;sf] pk]Iff ug]{ xf]Og .
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg jf vf/]hL ug]{ clwsf/
k|ltlglw;efnfO{ geO{ hglgjf{lrt
;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ dfq ePsf] / ;+j}wflgs
;jf]{Rrtf cjnDjg u/]sf] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] k|:tfjgf
/ wf/f !!^ -!_ ;Fu k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ff @)^# sf] k|s/0f -*_ df /x]sf]
"g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5" eGg]

Joj:yf aflemPsf] x'Fbf jb/ ul/kfpFm

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs c?0f
;'j]bL, jb|L k|wfg / s]zjk|;fb
;fksf]6fsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bgkq .
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]zx?
!= l/6 g+= )))@
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm
dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
@= l/6 g+= )))*
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm
dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
#= l/6 g+= )))(
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm
dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
134

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

$= l/6 g+= ))!)

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm
dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLx?af6 k]z x'g cfPsf lnlvt
hjfkmx?
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfnoM
k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# g]kfnL
hgtfsf] jnLbfg / hLjg pT;u{ ub}{
;DkGg ePsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ngsf] anjf6 @)^# ;fn
a}zfv !! ut]sf] /fhfsf] 3f]if0ff cg'?k
;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] dfu{ lrq jdf]lhd
b]zsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;ft bn,
g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ jLrsf] jfx|a'Fb]
;dembf/L cg'?k ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t
gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L nf]stGq,
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL
/fHo Joj:yf / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf
nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] lbPsf] hgfb]znfO{
k"/f ug]{ tkm{sf] b[9 ;+sNk ePsf] tYo
pSt 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} :ki6 5
. /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t hgtf g} ePsf] /
g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rgf/f u7g
ePsf / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] jnn]
/fhfsf] 3f]if0ff dfkm{t k'gM:yflkt ePsf]
;+;b h:tf] /fhg}lts lgsfon] /fhg}lts
k|Zgdf u/]sf] 3f]if0ff cGtu{t /x]sf]

g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g] eGg] k|fjwfg

Gofoof]Uo Justiciable laifo jGg g;Sg]
ePsfn] o; laifodf cbfntn] k|j]z ug{
ldNg] xf]Og .
wd{lg/k]If eg]sf] /fHon] s'g}
vf; wd{ ljz]ifsf] kIf glng], ;j} wd{n]
;dfg cj;/ kfpg] eGg] g} xf] . o;n]
wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n]
/fli6o hLjgsf ;j} If]qdf Gofok"0f{
Joj:yf sfod ug]{ / ljleGg wd{
;Dk|bfo / efiffefifLsf jLr :j:y /
;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L
/fli6o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ x'gfn] ;f]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @%-!_ / @^-@_
cg'?k ePsfn] jflemPsf] b]lv+b}g . wf/f
!!^ -!_, wf/f $ -!_ df lxGb' zAb /x]sf]
ePtfklg wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] 3f]if0ffn]
lxGb'wd{fjnDaLx?nfO{
k/Dk/fb]vL
rlncfPsf] cfkmgf] wfld{s lqmofsnfk
ug{ k"0f{ xs / :jtGqtf lbPsf] x'Fbf wf/f
!( sf] wd{ ;DaGwL xsnfO{ s'g} kl/jt{g
/ c;/ ;d]t gk/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g,
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v ;DdfggLo >L
;'efif g]Djf tyf k|ltlglw;efM
s'g} qmflGt hgcfGbf]ng tyf
hgljb|f]xjf6 :yflkt hgfb]z Goflos
k/LIf0fsf] laifo x'g ;Sb}g .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] jndf @)^#.!.!! ut]
zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t k'g:yf{lkt
k|ltlglw;efn] hgpQ/bfoL ;j{bnLo
;/sf/sf] u7g dfkm{t Gsf] ;dfwfg
u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd d''n'snfO{ k'ofpg'

135

c+s @

/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{ef}d ;+;bn] ;j{;DdtLn]

hf/L ePsf] ;jf]{Rr /fhgLlts b:tfj]h
ePsf] pQm 3f]if0ff ljz'4 /fhgLlts k|Zg
ePsf] x'Fbf cbfntjf6 Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg dfkm{t kl/If0f ug{ ;lsg]
Goflos lg?k0f of]Uo gePsf] x'Fbf k|yd
b[li6d} vf/]h ul/kfpFm .
k'g:yf{lkt
k|ltlglw;ef
;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / sfg"gsf] zf;gsf]
l;4fGtk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4 5 . oL l;4fGtx?
k"0f{ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf dxTjk"0f{
w/f]x/ klg x'g\ . nf]stflGqs /fHo
Joj:yfdf cd"s /fhsLo wd{ x'Fb}g .
jx'hflto, jx'wfld{s / jx';f+:s[lts
ljz]iftfo'Qm nf]stflGqs /fHodf wfld{s
:jtGqtf / wd{sf] dfdnfdf /fHosf]
t6:ytfsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt /xG5 . Tof] g}
wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] d"n dd{ klg xf] . wd{
lg/k]Iftf ;lxtsf] k"0f{ nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yfsf] d"n dfunfO{ cufl8
;f/]/ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf
g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf cg'?k ePsf]
pSt 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !,$,&,
#$,#% sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_-$_-%_-^_
wf/f #^,#* sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z,
wf/f $$, $%, $^, %@, %#, %$, ^#,
^$, ^(, &), &!, **-!_ / !!^-!_ ;Fu
aflemPsf] s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f gx'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltlglw;ef / P]=sf ;efd'v
;DdfggLo >L ;'efif g]Djfsf tkm{af6
k]z x'g cfPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] k[ys k[ys
lnlvt hjfkm .
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfM

hg cfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z cg'?k

/fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf]
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq /fhg}lts
3f]if0ff ePsfn] Gofo of]Uo -Justiciable_
gx'Fbf o;sf] Goflos lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g
. wd{ lg/k]If /fHosf] 3f]if0ff ;+j}wflgs
;+/rgfjf6 lg:t[t gePsf] x'gfn] Goflos
k/LIf0f x'g ;Sg] laifo xf]Og . d'n's wd{
lg/k]If
3f]lift
x'Fb}df
d'n'sdf
gful/sx?sf] wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt nf]k x'g
gx'g] / To;n] wfld{s :jtGqtfnfO{ c;/
gkfg]{ x'gfn] o;jf6 lakIfL nufot ;j}
wdf{jnDjLn] ;dfg ;+/If0f / /fli6o
klxrfg kfpg] g} x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h u/L
kfpF .
hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf cg'?k
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg k|ltlglw;efn]
tTsfn /fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf]
sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhg}lts cfjZostfsf]
l;4fGt -Doctrine of Political Necessity_
sf cfwf/df ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff,
@)^# n] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL dfGotf
:yflkt u/L;s]sf] / ljgf cj/f]w
sfof{Gjog e} ;s]sf] laifodf cbfntn]
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6
x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] / l/6 lgj]bg cfkm}+df
c;fGble{s / sfg"g c;Ddt ePsfn]
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
@=
lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g
cfPsf]
k|:t't
lgj]bgdf
l/6
lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg hf/L ePtfklg lgj]bgdf
136

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

p7fOPsf] ljifodf Gofo lg?k0f ug{ afwf

x'Fb}g, ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} k|of]hgxLg agfpg]
u/L 3f]if0ff hf/L ug{ ldNb}g / To:tf]
3f]if0ffnfO{ j}wflgs dfGg klg ;lsFb}g,
cbfntn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf cfwf/df
Gofo lg?k0f ug'{ kb{5 egL jx; k|:t't
ug'{eof] . To;}u/L lgj]bs clwjQmf >L
cldtf >]i7n] l/6 lgj]bg ;+j}wflgs
;jf]{Rrtf / sfg"gL /fHosf] kIfdf 5,
k|ltlglw;ef
3f]if0ffn]
;+j}wflgs
;jf]{RrtfnfO{ nTofPsf] 5, ;fdflhs
;+/rgfsf ;fy} ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfnfO{
vNaNofpg] clwsf/ s;}nfO{ klg 5}g,
t/ k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffn] To;nfO{
vNaNofpg] sf]lz; u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
clGtd JofVoftf cbfnt xf], cbfntn]
To:tf] k|j[lQ k'g/fj[lQ x'g gkfcf];\ eGg]
b[li6sf]0fn] klg cj}wflgs k|ltlglw;ef
3f]if0ff jb/ 3f]lift ul/g'k5{ egL / csf{
lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo'tk|;fb v/]nn]
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sfod}
/x]sf] ;dodf k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff hf/L
ul/Psf] / ;f] 3f]if0ffn] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf
eTsfpg]
k|of;
ug'{sf
;fy}
k|ltlglw;efn] cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf
;DkGg /x]sf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]
3f]if0ff jb/ ul/g' k5{ egL jx; k|:t't
ug'{eof] . ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf
>L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7sn] l/6 lgj]bgdf
p7fO{Psf ljifox? oltv]/ c;fGble{s
e};s]sf 5g\. h'g ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ lgj]bg ul/Psf] 5 xfn ;f]
;+ljwfg g} cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] x'Fbf To;df
Gofo lg?k0f ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g, xfn

sfod /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

@)^# sf] wf/f !^$ n] k|ltlglw;eff/f
eP u/]sf sfo{x?dWo] ;+ljwfg;Fu
gaflemPsf] xb;Dd dfGo x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgn] g} :jLsf/
u/]sf] ljifonfO{ c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug{
;lsg] x'Fb}g, ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ag]sf
sfg"g ;+ljwfg cg'?k 5g\ jf 5}gg\ egL
hfFRg] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t
;+ljwfg :jo+ g} l7s jf j]l7s eGg]
k|Zgdf k|j]z ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g egL / ;x
GofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn]
k|ltlglw;ef
3f]if0ff
tTsfnLg
cfjZostfsf cfwf/df hf/L ePsf] xf],
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L e};s]sf] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf ;f] 3f]if0ffkqsf] cl:tTj g}
sfod /x]sf] 5}g, /fhgLlts ;xdtLsf]
cfwf/df ePsf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos
lg?k0fsf] ljifo agfpg x'Fb}g, l/6 hf/L
x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf g} gePsf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL
jx; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] .
#=
plNnlvt jx; ;d]t
;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
x]bf{ ldlt @)^#.!.!! df >L % af6
ul/Psf] 3f]if0ffaf6 k'g:yf{lkt x'g k'u]sf]
k|ltlglw;efn] @)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut]
u/]sf] 3f]if0ff -k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff
@)^#_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgf, ;+ljwfgn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf /
;+ljwfgjfbsf] cjwf/0ff ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
/x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg ljk/Ltsf] ;f]
3f]if0ffnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf
dfWodaf6 jb/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]df hg

137

c+s @

cfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z cg'?k /fhg}lts

kl/jt{gsf]
dfu{
k|:t't
u/]sf]
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf cGt/lglxt
ljifoj:t' /fhg}lts ePsfn] Goflos
lg?k0fsf] ljifo aGg g;Sg], d'n's wd{
lg/k]If 3f]lift x'Fb}df gful/sx?sf] wd{
tyf ;+:s[lt nf]k gx'g] / To;n] wfld{s
:jtGqtfnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] c;/
gkfg]{ cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{
k|ltlglw;efn] tTsfn /fhg}lts /
;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf] sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhg}lts
cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] x'Fbf To:tf ljifodf cbfntn]
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6
x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] egL lnlvt hjfkm
k|:t't x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
$=
pko{'Qmfg';f/sf] lgj]bg
lhsL/, lnlvt hjfkm / ljfg sfg"g
Joj:ffoLx?af6 k|:t't ePsf ax; a'Fbf
;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lg0f{o tkm{
ljrf/ ubf{ o; lgj]bgdf d'ntM b]xfosf
k|Zgx?df s]Gb|Lt e} ljj]rgf x'g'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
!=

@=

k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^#

/fhg}lts 3f]if0ff ePsfn] To;df
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg]
eGg]
lnlvt
hjfkm
k|:t'tstf{x?sf] egfO{ /x]sf]
;Gbe{df ;f] 3f]if0ffsf] ljifo
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo x'g
;S5 jf ;Sb}g <
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
n]
c+lusf/
ul/;s]sf
ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos

#=

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo agfpg

ldN5 jf ldNb}g <
lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] <

%=
plNnlvt
k|Zgx?sf]
ljj]rgf ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs
k|fawfgx?sf] cWoog ul/g' ;fGble{s x'g]
b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] d"ntM g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, $, !!^-!_ ;d]tsf
cfwf/df k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^#
jb/efuL /x]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf]
;Gbe{df tL ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgx?nfO{
oxfF oyfjt\ ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
wf/f != ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"gM
-!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g
xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g
aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 .
-@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfng ug'{
k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
wf/f $= clw/fHoM
-!_ g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs,
k|hftflGqs,
:jtGq,
cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, lxGb",
;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHo xf] .
wf/f !!^= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM
-!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf]
efjgfsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf]
s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{
ljw]os ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgdf k|:t't ug{
138

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;lsg]5 . t/ of] wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/g]

5}g .

o; cGtu{t /fhkl/ifb\sf] vf/]hLsf]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

^=
plNnlvt
;+j}wflgs
k|fawfg;Fu
aflemPsf]
elgPsf]
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# df /x]sf
Joj:yfx?nfO{ x]bf{ k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ff, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf csf]{
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP;Dd eGg]
Joj:yf /fvL To; kl5 d"ntM b]xfo
jdf]lhdsf ( a'Fbfx? pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5M

%= /fhb/af/ ;DaGwdf
o; cGtu{t /fhu2L pQ/flwsf/
;DaGwL sfg"g agfpg], ;+zf]wg ug]{ /
vf/]h ug]{ clwsf/, >L % sf] vr{,
;'ljwf / ;DklQdfly s/, /fhk|f;fb
;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg, /fhb/af/sf] ;'/Iff
k|aGw nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .

!= Joj:yflksfsf ;DaGwdf
o; cGtu{t Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL
clwsf/sf] k|of]u, k|ltlglw;efsf] cfXjfg
/ cGTosf] k|s[of, lgodfjnL agfpg]
clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf 5g\ .
@= sfo{sfl/0fLsf ;DaGwdf
o; cGtu{t sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/
dlGqkl/ifb\df
lglxt
x'g]
s'/f,
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] pQ/bfloTj, ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ljefhg / sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnL
;DaGwL Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;]gfsf ;DaGwdf
o; cGtu{t zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
gfd kl/jt{g u/L g]kfnL ;]gf /xg],
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u /
kl/rfng, k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm,
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+u7g ;dfj]zL / /fli6o
:j?ksf] x'g] nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf
5g\ .
$= /fhkl/ifb\sf ;DaGwdf

^=

d'n'sdf /x]sf] gful/stfsf]

;d:ofnfO{ zL3| ;dfwfg ul/g] .
&= k|rngdf /x]sf] /fli6o ufgnfO{
j}slNks Joj:yf u/L kl/jt{g ul/g]
.
*= g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g] .
(= ljljw
o; cGtu{t /fHosf ;a} c+u /
lgsfo k|ltlglw;efk|lt lgi7fjfg /xL
cfcfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{,
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?n]
k|ltlglw;efaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf
tf]lsPsf] zky lng' kg]{, 3f]if0ff;Fu
aflemg] g]kfn ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL
Joj:yf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]
nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
&=
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff,
@)^# df cGt/lglxt k|fawfgx?sf]
pNn]vg kl5 ca dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
k|Zgx?dWo]sf] klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ug'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff,
@)^# /fhg}lts 3f]if0ff ePsfn] To;df
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] eGg]
lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{x?sf] egfO{

139

c+s @

/x]sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] 3f]if0ffdf
cGt/lglxt ljifox?nfO{ s]nfpFbf To;n]
Joj:yflksfsf] clwsf/, sfg"g lgdf{0f
k|s[of, clwj]zgsf] cfXjfg / cGTo,
d'n'ssf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/, g]kfnL
;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng,
3f]if0ff;Fu aflemg] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL
Joj:yfx?sf] x}l;ot ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL Joj:yfx?
k|ltlglw;eff/f /fhg}lts 3f]if0ffsf
dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ePtfklg
ltgLx?sf] /fhgLlts dxTj dfq ge}
sfg"gL dxTj klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
3f]if0ffsf] k|s[of /fhgLlts ePklg
To;n] u|x0f u/]sf] ljifo sfg"gL ePkl5
To;nfO{ /fhgLlts ljifosf] ;+1f lbO{
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lglxt /x]sf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6}
aflx/ kfg'{ Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No, dfGotf /
cjwf/0ff ;d]tn] prLt x'Fb}g . t;y{
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# nfO{
/fhgLlts 3f]if0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg]
ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f /
jx; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
*=
3f]if0ffdf
cGt/lglxt
sfg"gL ljifoj:t'x?dWo] s] s'g ljifo
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] s]
s'g k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ cl3 g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h e}
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L e}
;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yflt/ klg Wofg lbg'
cfjZos x'G5 . ldlt @)^# ;fn df3

! ut]b]lv k|f/De ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !^& cg';f/
;f]xL ldltb]lv g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L Psflt/ h'g ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df
3f]if0ffsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ xf]
;f] ;+ljwfg g} xfn cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;f] 3f]if0ffsf]
cl:tTj klg csf]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
kl5 :jtM z"Godf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 .
h;nfO{ 3f]if0ffsf] k|:tfjgfdf /x]sf] csf]{
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP;Dd eGg]
afSof+zn] g} k'i6L u/]sf] 5 . ;du|
3f]if0ffsf] cWoog ubf{ klg ;f] 3f]if0ff
;b}j sfod /xg] k|s[ltsf] ge} cGtl/d
k|s[ltsf] g} b]lvG5 / To;sf] cl:tTj
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/De;Fu} ;dfKt
e};s]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
h'g 3f]if0ffnfO{ c;+j}wflgs elgPsf] xf]
;f] 3f]if0ff xfn cl:tTjdf g} g/x]sf] /
To;sf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0fsf nflu
pNn]v ul/Psf] tTsflng ;+ljwfg ;d]t
csf]{ ;+ljwfgf/f vf/]h e};s]sf]
cj:yfdf s] s'g ljifosf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg s'g ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf
cfwf/df ug]{ eGg] hl6n cj:yf pTkGg
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o; l:yltdf ca ;f]
3f]if0ffdf ;d]l6Psf s] slt ljifox?nfO{
jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
cWoog u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/
ul/;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo agfpg ldN5 jf
ldNb}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg'
;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .
140

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

(=
dfly
k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ff, @)^# df /x]sf] Joj:yfx?nfO{
lj:tf/df pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
3f]if0ffdf /x]sf plNnlvt Joj:yfx?dWo]
a'Fbf ! df /x]sf] Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu ^
df Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf
@ df /x]sf] sfo{sfl/0fL
;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ df
sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf
# df /x]sf] ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] efu @) df ;]gf ;DaGwL
Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 eg]
a'Fbf $ df /x]sf] /fhkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v g} gug'{sf
;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df
;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f
!^#-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6
/fhkl/ifb\sf] vf/]hLnfO{ ;+ljwfgn]
cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf
% df /x]sf] /fhb/af/ ;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df
;\qmd0fsfnLg
Joj:yf
cGtu{t
;Daf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf
^ df /x]sf] gful/stf ;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ sf]
gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfn], a'Fbf & df
/x]sf] /fli6o ufg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] efu ! cGtu{tsf] wf/f & sf]
Joj:yfn] / a'Fbf * df /x]sf]
wd{lg/k]Iftf
;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] efu ! cGtu{tsf] wf/f $ sf]
Joj:yfn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L a'Fbf ( df /x]sf] ljljw

Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df

;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f
!^@ / !^# ;d]tsf Joj:yff/f ;Daf]wg
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ltlglw;efsf]
3f]if0ff, @)^# df ;d]l6Psf ;a}h;f]
ljifonfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOPsf]
;Gbe{df ca cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/
ul/;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo agfpg ldN5 jf
ldNb}g < eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf] ljj]rgf
ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .
!)= o;df g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& ldlt @)^#.!).! df
vf/]h e} ;s]sf] 5 / ;f]xL ldlt b]lv
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# nfu"
ePsf] b]lvG5 . oltv]/ o; cbfntsf]
clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# g} xf] . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n
sfg"gsf] ;+1f lbFb} ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{
;a}sf] st{Jo tf]s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L efu
@# df ;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf
cGtu{tsf] wf/f !^@-!_ n] of] ;+ljwfg
k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf
cbfntx? o;} ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd :yfkgf
ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
eg] To;}sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] of] ;+ljwfg
k|f/De ePkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?df jxfn
/x]sf GofofwLzx?n] of] ;+ljwfgk|lt
k|lta4tfsf] zky === u|x0f ug'{kg]{5 eGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs
k|fawfg jdf]lhd klg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

141

c+s @

jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 5 .

oyfy{df eGg' kbf{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{
k|fKt x'g] Goflos clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]s}
clxn]sf ;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& n]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 . h; cGtu{t pkwf/f -!_ n]
;jf]{Rr
cbfntnfO{
Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . o; cl3 g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ df klg
o:t} Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . oL
lgj]bsx?n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] oxL
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t
g} o; cbfnt ;d]t ;~rflnt ePsf]
cj:yf x'Fbf cbfnt ;dIf cfpg] s'g}
klg ljjfbnfO{ ;f]xL ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g}
x]l/g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g .
oL l/6 lgj]bsx?n] p7fPsf] k|Zg eg]sf]
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] g}
/x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf
sfg"gL Joj:yf tTsfnLg g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu jf
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] s]
xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ x'g
cfpF5 . t/ lgj]bsx?n] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfwf/sf ?kdf
b]vfPsf] tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& / ;f] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg]
u/L
3f]if0ff
ul/Psf]
elgPsf]
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# b'a}sf]
cl:tTj xfn sfod g/x]sf], pQm
;+ljwfgsf] vf/]hL ub}{ gofF cGtl/d

;+ljwfg nfu" eO{ ;~rfngdf ;d]t

cfO{;s]sf] / k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffdf
cGt/lglxt ;a}h;f] ljifoj:t'nfO{
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+af]wg u/L
;+j}wflgs k|fawfgsf ?kdf u|x0f ;d]t
ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf @)$& ;fnsf]
;+ljwfg;Fu k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff aflemP
gaflePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf Goflos
k/LIf0f ul//xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /
;fGble{stf b]lvFb}g .
!!= o;/L ldlt @)^#.!).! df
nfu" eO{ cfhsf ldlt;Dd tLg k6s
;+zf]wg ;d]t ePsf] jt{dfg cGtl/d
;+ljwfg jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf
;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] l:yltdf
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n cbfntn]
af]Ng ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g]
u/L of] cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug{ klg
;Sb}g . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]
clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] :jo+ ;+ljwfg g}
x'g] x'Fbf To; clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf]
Goflos k/LIf0f x'g] geO{ sfg"gsf]
;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/g] x'G5 .
;+ljwfgsf] c+u alg;s]sf k|fawfgx?nfO{
lgis[o e};s]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffsf]
ljifoj:t' dfgL To;sf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGtn] klg cg'dlt
lbFb}g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg :jo+ klg
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfg s:tf] x'g] jf
x'g'kg]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ dfq /x]sf] / To:tf]
clwsf/ k|fKt ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg
;d]t ;DkGg e} ;s]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# eGbf
142

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

aflx/ uP/ Gofo lg?k0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf

gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgx? vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;nx?
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn
Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv !@ ut]
/f]h % z'ed\ ========
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

143

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(@^

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb
zfx
dfggLo GofowLz >L uf}/L 9sfn
;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#WS
))$%
cfb]z ldltM @)^$.!@.!$.%

ljifoM pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s
j:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n
lj?4
lakIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no, ;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+
;d]t

s'g} klg sfg"gsf] cy{ / JofVof

ubf{ ;xh / :jfefljs cy{jf]w
x'g] u/L ;sf/fTds ?kdf cy{
nufO{ JofVof ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
;du|
sfg"gL
Joj:yfdWo]
aLraf6 Ps b'O{j6f zAb l6k]/
;du| sfg"gL ;+/rgf / s'g}
bkmfsf] unt cy{jf]w / efj lbg]
u/L unt cy{ / JofVof ug{
gx'g] .
lgj]bsn] s'g} klg sfg"gL k|Zgdf
cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{df
;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{

;du|tfdf gx]/L To;leqsf]

lglZrt c+z dfq p4[t u/L
To;sf] cfkm"v'zL cy{ nufO{
;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL
cdfGo / jb/ 3f]liftsf] dfu ug{
g;Sg] .
j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= n]
oftgfnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] /
oftgf lbg]jf6 c;"n ePsf]
hl/jfgfaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{
pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
x'Fbf ;f] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @^ f/f
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xssf ;fy}
g]kfn kIf /x]sf gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq / oftgf
tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08
lj?4sf] dxf;lGw ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n /x] ePsf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf

cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg gfoj
dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb
kf7s
cjnlDjt ghL/M
cfb]z
Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_
/ -@_ jdf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e}
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
144

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf]

dxndf cGgkfgL aGb u/L y'Gg], y'Gbf
g]n rdf]6 xfnL jf l7+u'/f 7f]sL y'Gg],
xts8L Pj+ unkmGbL xfnL y'Gg] h:tf
oftgfk"0f{, cdfgjLo Pj+ qm'/ k|s[ltsf]
Jojxf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] laifo
agfO{ b08gLo u/fOPsf] ePtfklg pQm
oftgfk"0f{ tyf cdfgjLo Pj+ qm'/
k|s[ltsf] Jojxf/af6 kLl8t ePsf]
JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] s'/fsf] pNn]v}
gu/L pQm a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^
g+= df y'Gg]jf6 c;'n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf]
cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg
v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{
y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{
lbg' k5{ egL Psflt/ cGgkfgL vfg
glbO{ y'Gg] h:tf] oftgfk"0f{, q''m/ Pj+
cdfgjLo Jojxf/jf6 kLl8t ePsf]
JolQmn] kL8saf6 cyf{t\ oftgfk"0f{
tj/n] y'gfdf /fVg]jf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{
lng kfpg] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ l;4fGttM kLl8tn] kL8sjf6
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ k"0f{tM OGsf/
ub}{ y'Gg]jf6 c;'n ePsf] hl/jfgf y'gfO{
dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ eGg] crDdsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu
y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= sf] pQm Joj:yf g]kfn kIf
e} g]kfnsf] ;+;bjf6 cg'df]bg ePsf]
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_ sf] wf/f
(-%_ / oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo
jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf]
dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ sf ;fy}
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f

@^-!_-@_ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf]

xs;Fu ;d]t aflemPsf] 5 .
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_
sf] wf/f ( df :j]R5frf/L kqmfp jf y'gf
/ u}/sfg"gL y'gf lj?4sf] xssf
;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f (-%_
df u}/sfg"gL kqmfp jf y'gfaf6 kLl8t
ePsf] JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg]
xs ;'lglZrt ub}{ elgPsf] 5
u}/sfg"gL kqmfp jf y'gfaf6 kLl8t
ePsf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/ x'g]5 Anyone who has been the victim of
unlawful arrest or detention shall have
an enforceable right to compensation_ .

To;}u/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo

jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf]
dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ df o:tf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5M
-!_

@=

145

k|To]s kIf /fi6n] oftgfsf]

sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmn] p4f/
kfpg] tyf ;+ej eP;Dd ;f]
JolQmsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] pkfox?
nufot prLt tyf kof{Kt
Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{ nfu" u/fpg
;lsg] clwsf/ k|fKt u5{ eGg]
s'/f cfkm\gf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf
;'lglZrt ug]{5g\ . oftgfsf]
kmn:j?k kLl8t ePsf] JolQmsf]
d[To" ePdf p;sf cfl>tx?nfO{
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
o; wf/fsf] s'g} klg s'/fn]
kLl8t jf cGo JolQmx?n]
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] /fli6o sfg"g

c+s @

cGtu{t ljBdfg s'g} klg

clwsf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ 5}g .

(-%_ / oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo

jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf]
dxf;lGw -Convention against Torture

o;/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/,

cdfgjLo, ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08
lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ n]
:ki6 ?kdf oftgfaf6 kLl8t ePsf]
JolQmsf] k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ lghn] Ifltk"lt{
e/fO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf
:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
sf] wf/f @^-!_ -@_ f/f k|bQ oftgf
lj?4sf] xsdf cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf
k"k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn]
y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s
jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu
lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5
eg] wf/f @^-@_ df pkwf/f -!_
jdf]lhdsf] sfo{ b08gLo x'g] / To:tf]
Jojxf/ ul/Psf]df sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 eGg] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^
g+= df y'Gg]af6 c;'n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf]
cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg
v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{
y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{
lbg' k5{ eGg] Joj:yf kL8saf6 kLl8tn]
Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] lak/Lt
x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn kIf e} g]kfnsf]
;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] gful/s tyf
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o
k|lt1fkq -International covenant on
Civil and Political Right, 1966_ sf] wf/f

and other cruel, Inhuman or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment, 1984_ sf]

wf/f !$ sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^-!_-@_ f/f
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs;Fu jflemPsf]n]
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f jb/ u/L ;f]
dxndf u}/sfg"gL y'gf jf oftgfk"0f{
y'gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmn] u}/sfg"gL
?kdf jf oftgfk"0f{ tj/n] y'gfdf
/fVg]af6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg]
Joj:yf cljnDj ug'{ egL pTk|]if0fo'Qm
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;]f ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf
ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
ldlt @)^$.#.! df ePsf] cfb]z .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs
clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf], To;sf] :ki6
lhsL/ glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o;
sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbOPsf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5, s] s:tf] P]g
lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg] s'/f
ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ If]q Exclusive Power_ leq kg]{ ljifo ePsf]
/ To:tf] ljifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt
ug]{ ljifo gePsf]n] o; sfof{nonfO{
ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g,
d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf]
146

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

sfg"gL Joj:yfn] oftgf lbg] sfo{nfO{

u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] /
;f] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] kL8saf6 k|fKt
ePsf] /sd kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{lbg' kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf]
dfGo l;4fGt k|lts"n g/x]sf]n] lg/fwf/
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ jf eO/x]sf
sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g ug]{
;Gbe{df Joj:yflksf ;+;b cfkm}+ cu|;/
/xg] cj:yf gx'Fbf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf]
;+j}wflgs bfloTjnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ gu/L
k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg Joj:yflksf
;+;b ;lrjfnosf] xsdf k"0f{tM
c;fGble{s / cf}lrToxLg x'Fbf vf/]h
ul/kfpFm
eGg]
;d]t
Joxf]/fsf]
Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] cf}+Nofpg' ePsf] ljifo
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df
ePsf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf
g/x]sf] / k|rlnt sfg"gdf ePsf]
Joj:yf jdf]lhd x'g] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{
lnP/ o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{
s'g} sf/0f gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf lg/fwf/ l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf y'Gg] JolQmnfO{
ul/Psf] hl/jfgf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf
y'lgPsf] JolQmnfO{ e/fO{lbg] Joj:yf
j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] u/]sf]
;Gbe{df s'g} k|sf/sf oftgfnfO{ sfg"gL
dfGotf k|bfg gu/]sf] tyf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cGt/f{li6o ;GwL

;+emf}tfx?
;d]t;Fu
gaflemPsf]n]
lgj]bssf] dfubfjL cy{xLg /x]sf] 5,
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
@=
lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs
clwjQmf
>L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn]
d'n'sL P]g, a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^
g+= n] cGof}n l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, ;f]
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6
kL8snfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg'kg]{ h:tf] efj
lbPsf] x'Fbf jb/ 3f]lift u/L ;':ki6
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ egL / g]kfn
;/sf/sf tkm{jf6 /xg' ePsf lj4fg
gfoj dxfGoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb
kf7sn] lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf]
a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n]
kL8saf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k
hl/jfgfsf] /sd e/fO{lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
/ ;f] Joj:yf :ki6 /x]sf] x'Fbf x'Fb} To:tf]
Joj:yfnfO{ c:ki6 egL k/]sf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ug'{ ePsf]
jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] .
#=
l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf]
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLx?sf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o
tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d'n'sL P]g a]l/t;Fu
y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+ df /x]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfdf kL8snfO{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6
Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg' kg]{ h:tf] a'lemg] u/L
zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfg k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs
k|lts"n x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn kIf /x]sf]
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq / oftgf tyf cGo

147

c+s @

qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/

jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGwdf /x]sf
k|fjwfgx?sf] ;d]t k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf
cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g' k5{ eGg] d'Vo
lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]df lgj]bg bfjLdf
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfn] kLl8t
kIfnfO{ kL8sjf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eGg]
g} cy{jf]w u/fpg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg k|lts"n
/x]sf] 5}g egL lnlvt k|ltjfb ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . lgj]bg n]vaf6 / lgj]bs
clwjQmfsf] jx;jf6 ;d]t j]l/t;Fu
y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= sf] sfg"gL
Joj:Yffsf] jf:tljs p2]Zo, To;n] u|x0f
u/]sf] jf:tljs cy{ / To; ;DaGwL
Goflos cEof;af6 k|fKt kl/0ffd eGbf
klg lgj]bssf] a'emfO{ / lgj]bsn] u/]sf]
cy{sf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf]
eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljBdfg
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfkm\gf] j'emfO{sf
cfwf/df u|x0f u/L ;+ljwfg Pj+ g]kfn
kIf /x]sf cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;+emf}tf
k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]
;Gbe{df pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] zflAbs
Pj+ ;du| JofVofsf ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwdf
x'Fb} cfPsf] Goflos cEof;sf] /f]xdf
To;nfO{ x]g'{kg]{ b]lvof] . To;sf nflu
;j{k|yd j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= df /x]sf]
Joj:yf s] /x]5 egL x]g'{ ;fGble{s x'g
cfpF5, hf] b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5M

y'Gg]jf6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf]

cGg kfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg
v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg
glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{
e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .

$=
plNnlvt
k|fjwfgsf]
zflAbs JofVof ubf{ y'Gg]jf6 c;"n
ePsf] hl/jfgf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg]
eGg] g} x'G5 . oxfF y'Gg] eGgfn] y'Gg
nufpg] / y'gfO{ dfUg] eGgfn] y'lgg] eGg]
a'lemG5 . o;nfO{ c? lj:t[t ?kdf
ljj]rgf ubf{ j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxn g}
u}/sfg"gL y'gfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf
nflu jg]sf] eGg] s'/f ;f] dxnsf cGo
gDa/x?df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfjf6
cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f] dxnsf] ! g+= n]
sfg"gL y'gf / u}/sfg"gL y'gfsf] kl/efiff
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 eg] @ g+= n] cGgkfgL
vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] cj:yfdf dflg; dg{
uPdf Hofgdf/f 7xg]{ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L P]= # g++= n] Hofg
gd/]sf] cj:yfdf klg y'Gg]nfO{ hl/jfgf
/ s}b x'g] u/L ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5
eg] $ g+= n] sfg"gtM y'gfdf /fVg gx'g]
cj:yfdf vfgkLg ug{ lbO{ y'g]df ;d]t
hl/jfgf / s}b x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L % g+= n] d'2f k/L sf/jfxLsf]
l;nl;nfdf P]gn] y'Gg'kg]{ b]vL c;n
lgotn] y'g]sf]df aft gnfUg] eGg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L j]l/t;Fu
y'Gbfsf] dxnsf ;a} k|fjwfgx? u}/sfg"gL
y'gfsf] lj?4df /x]sf / To;af6
u}/sfg"gL y'gfnfO{ b08gLo agfOPsf]
kfOG5 . j]l/t;Fu y'Gg]nfO{ hl/jfgf
;d]t x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] / To:tf]
y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf]
/sdaf6} Ifltk"lt{ :j?ksf] /sd e/fO{
lbg' kg]{ ^ g+= sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] eGg]
:ki6 ?kdf b]lvG5 . y'Gg]af6 c;"n
ePsf] /sdaf6} e/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf
ePkl5 kLl8taf6 kL8snfO{ e/fOg]
148

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

cy{jf]w x'g ;Sg] g} x'Fb}g . j]l/t;Fu

y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgf dWo] s]xL
c+z cyf{t cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP
tLg v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg
glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{
e/fO{lbg] eGg] ^ g++= sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;f]
dxnsf cGo k|fjwfgjf6 k"0f{tM cnu
/fvL dgf]ut ?kdf cy{ nufO{ l/6
lgj]bg k/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
Ohnf;jf6 ;f] ;DaGwL Goflos cEof;
s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < / slxF st} kLl8tn]
kL8snfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg' k/]sf] b[i6fGt
k]z ug{ ;lsG5 < egL /flvPsf]
lh1f;fdf lgj]bsn] To:tf] b[i6fGt
cfkm"n] ge]6]sf] egL cleJolQm lbPaf6
klg lgj]bs :jo+n] ;f] k|fjwfgdf k|o'Qm
y'gfO{ dfUg] zAbfjnLsf] unt cy{
nufO{ l/6 lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] eGg] :ki6
x'G5 . ;f] k|fjwfgsf] lakl/t cy{ nfuL
s'g} JolQm Ifltk"lt{ kfpgaf6 jl~rt
ePsf] jf cbfntn] unt cy{ nufPsf]
eGg] b[i6fGt ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] j:t'ut cfwf/df ge}
dgf]ut cfwf/df cfkm}+n] sfg"gsf] unt
cy{ nufO{ lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf]
eGg] b]lvG5 .
%=
s'g} klg sfg"gsf] cy{ /
JofVof ubf{ ;xh / :jfefljs cy{jf]w
x'g] u/L ;sf/fTds ?kdf cy{ nufO{
JofVof ug'{ kb{5 . ;du| sfg"gL
Joj:yfdWo] aLraf6 Ps b'O{j6f zAb
l6k]/ ;du| sfg"gL ;+/rgf / s'g} bkmfsf]
unt cy{jf]w / efj lbg] u/L jnft\ cy{
/ JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . cfkm" :jo+ klg
clwjQmf /xg' ePsf lgj]bsn] s'g} klg
sfg"gL k|Zgdf cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u
ug'{kg]{df ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{

;du|tfdf gx]/L To;leqsf] lglZrt c+z

dfq p4[t u/L To;sf] cfkm"v'zL cy{
nufO{ ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL cdfGo
/ jb/ 3f]liftsf] dfu ug'{nfO{ :jefljs
dfGg ;ls+b}g . s'g} klg cfwf/xLg /
c;fGble{s laifo p7fO{ cbfntsf]
dxTjk"0f{ ;do jjf{b ug]{ sfd s;}n]
klg ug'{ x'+b}g . To;df klg cbfntsf]
;xof]uL, cbfntsf] clws[t -Officer of
the court_ / cbfntsf] ldqsf ?kdf
/xg] lgj]bs h:tf sfg"g Joj;foLjf6
To:tf] ck]Iff ul/+b}g . o;tkm{ lgj]bs
;hu / ;r]t /xg] ljZjf; Ohnf;n]
lnPsf] 5 .
^=
ca lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^
g+= n] oftgfnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] /
oftgf lbg]jf6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfaf6
kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^ f/f
k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xssf ;fy} g]kfn
kIf /x]sf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq /
oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf]
dxf;lGw ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x] ePsf] eGg
ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfx
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn
Olt;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q !$ ut] /f]h
% z'ed\ ======
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

149

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(@&

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz
>L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=====(@$(
km};nf ldltM@)^$.!!.!(.!

d'2f M km};nf gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ .

k'g/fj]bsjfbLM tfKn]h' lhNnf, km"ln
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $ 3/ eO{ xfn
emfkf lhNnf eb|k'/ g=kf= j8f g+=
^ a:g] nIdL b]jL rfkfufO{
lj?4
k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLM
tfKn]h'
lhNnf,
km"ln uf=lj=;=j8f g+=$ a:g]
gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]t

z'? lg0f{o ug]{M

lh=Gof=>L k|sfzrGb| uh'/]n
k'g/fj]bg lg0f{o ug]{M
df=Gof= >L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof=>L b'uf{k|;fb pk|]tL

c=j+= *^ g+= sf] ;xf/f lnO{

cbfntdf k|j]z ug{] JolQm cl3
rn]sf] d'2fsf] kIf ljkIf geO{
s'g} t]>f] kIf /x]sf] x'g'kg{]
tTjnfO{ ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d"n
?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvg] .
s'g} b'O{ kIf ldnL t]>f] kIfsf]
xs hfg] u/L km};nf ;d]t
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf k|efljt

kIfnfO{ yfxf gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f

cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5 cfgf]
u'd]s]f xs sfod u/fpg cbfnt
k|j]z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
:jo+df af]wuDo / :ki6 x'+bf
To;df cndn ul//xg' gkg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sL cfdf pk/
k/]sf] d'2f xf/lht eO{ km};nf
ePkl5 ;uf]ndf /xs} gfjfns
5f]/fx?n] pd]/ k'u]kl5 c=j+= *^
g+= sf] cfwf/df d'2f ub{} hfg
kfpg] xf] eg] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f
slxNo} cGt gx'g] ;d]t eO{
d'2fsf] clGtd x'g] l;4fGtsf]
k|lts"n x'g] x'Fbf 3/sf] d'Von]
u/]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= *^ g+=
cfs{lift gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
Psf;uf]nsf] klt k|ltjfbL eO{
rn]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= !!) g+=
ljk/Lt Dofb tfd]n eO{ k|ltjfb
ug{ gkfPsf]n] km};nf ab/
ul/kfpFm egL c=j+= @)* g+=sf]
sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L
c=j+= *^ g+= c+ufnL cfPsf]
d'2fsf] lkm/fb vf/]h ug{'kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6Mljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf /fw]Zofd clwsf/L
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M g]=sf=k=@)%*, c+s &,
*, lg0f{o g+= &)@@, k[i7 $$)

150

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

km};nf
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt
@)^).%.@% sf] km};nf pk/ lrQ
ga'emfO{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] o; cbfnt
;dIf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
o;df !(%) ;fn hf+rdf y'd
tfKn]h' d]Nn'sf /fO ;'= Zofd|fxf
lnDa'sf] gfp+df lsk6Lof lt/fdf bfv]n
btf{ ePsf] hUufdWo] d]/} jf/L ;f+wb]lv
k"j{ eg]sf] bftf xif{k|;fbsf] ;f+wb]lv k"j{,
;fjf]skf b]lv tf]Sdf cfpg] hfg]
af6f]b]lv klZrd, 7f8f] 8f+8f pQ/,
s[i0fk|;fbsf] ;f+wb]lv blIf0f olt -rf/_
$ lsNnf leqsf] km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{
g+= $ df kg{] n't] cfxfn dflysf
cfOtjf/] kfvf] jf/L gfdn] lrGg] lsk6
uf]Zjf/L hUuf btf{jfnfn] ef]uL cfp+b}df
lghsf 5f]/f gflt ;d]t d/L k|ltjfbL
gf/fo0f l;+xsf lktf xif{k|;fbdf Psnf}6L
hUufsf] xs cfO{ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! cg';f/ !.&.!$ g+= nut qmd
;+Vof !* df e/]sf] pQm hUuf hUufwgL
xif{k|;fbn] cfh}sf ldltb]lv as; hfgL
vfg' egL d]/f klt b]jLk|;fbnfO{
@)$).!@.@( ut] k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+x
;d]t cGt/ ;fIfL a;L P] ldltdf
df=kf]=sf= tfKn]h'af6 /=g+= !&@@ df
kf/Lt eO{ :j= klt b]jLk|;fb / d}n] efuL
cfp+b}df pQm hUuf dWo] blIf0f tkm{ $%
xft hUuf cfg} ;'kmt /fvL af+sL pQ/
tkm{sf] hUuf k|=gf/fo0f l;+nfO{
@)$$.#.@$ df d]/f] ktL :j= b]jLk|;fbn]
/fhLgfdf kf; u/L lbPkl5 af+sL $%

xft hUuf ;e{] gfkLsf ;dodf km'ln

uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= $ ls=g+= !)* / #$@
sfod u/fO{ @ lsQf kf/L :j=klt
b]jLk|;fbsf] gfp+df btf{ eO{ h=w= k|df0f
k"hf{ k|fKt hUuf km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+=
@ a:g] d]/} dflg; a'l4;fu/ e/fO{nfO{
x]/rf/ /]vb]v u/Llbg egL xfd|f]
;kl/jf/} lhNnf emfkf eb|k'/ gu/kflnsf
jf8{ g+= ^ df uO{ a;]sf]df k|ltjfbLx?
ldnL d]/f klt b]jLk|;fb pk/ pQm ls=g+=
!)*, #$@ sf] hUufnfO{ d]/f] hUuf xf]
egL btf{ u/]5g\ . ;f] btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f]
gfp+df btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] @)%^.$.!&
ut] lkm/fb bfo/ u/L ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 d]/f kltsf] gfddf hf/L
ePsf] tfd]nL Dofb xfd|f] s'g} 3/ kl/jf/
gePsf] jtgdf 3/ 9f]sfdf 6f+; u/L
lbPsf] egL @)%^.$.@% df hfn;fh k"0f{
tj/n] Dofb tfd]n u/L xfdLx?sf]
k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpg] xsflwsf/af6 g}
alGrt u/L @)%^.$.@% ut] tfd]n
ePsf] #) lbg] Dofb leq k|ltjfbLn]
k|ltpQ/ g} glbO{ u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvgfn]
jfbL bfjL adf]lhd ls=g+= !)*,#$@ sf]
hUufsf] k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{
ab/ eO{ jfbLsf gfp+df btf{ sfod x'g]
7x/L @)%&.@.!) ut] PstkmL{ ePsf]
km};nf cg';f/ pQm hUuf k|= gf/fo0fsf
gfp+df @)%&.#.!# ut] gfd;f/L u/L
pQm hUuf dWo] ls=g+= !)* sf] hUuf k|=
lji0f'dfof ;fD;f]xf+af6 ?= !,)),))).
lnP lbP h:tf] u/L @)%&.&.@ ut]
hfn;fhL /fhLgdf v8f u/L ;f]xL
ldltdf /=g+= !&# af6 kf/Lt eO{ bf=vf=
u/L h=w= k|df0f k"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf]n]
@)%&.@.!) ut]sf] km};nf / @)%&.&.@

151

c+s @

ut] hfn;fhL k"0f{ /fhLgfdf lnvt

;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? ab/ u/L
pQm ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufx? d]/f]
gfp+df btf{ u/L daf6 /x]sf] sf]6{ lkm
b:t'/ ;d]t k|=x?af6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]] lkm/fb kq .
lkm/fbLsf] dfu bfjLsf] hUuf
ljkIfLn] ldlt @)$$.#.@$ ut] d
k|ltjfbLnfO{ /fhLgfdf u/L lbPsf] $
lsNnf leqsf] hUuf xf], pQm hUufnfO{
ljkIfLn] ls=g+= !)*,#$@, ;d]t @ lsQf
sfod u/L ljkIfLsf kltsf] xs} gk'Ug]
hUufnfO{ gfkgS;f u/L laqmL ljt/0f
ug{nfO{ vf]Hbf dfq dnfO{ yfxf eof] .
ljkIfLsf klt pk/ b]=g+= &( ldlt
@)%^.$.!& ut] gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL lkm/fb btf{ u/L sfjf{xL eO{
;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 gS;f x'+bf ;d]t
ljkIfLsf kltn] dnfO{ /flhgfdf u/L
lbPsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] hUuf ljkIfLn]
cfgf] gfddf gfk gS;f u/]sf] s'/f k'li6
eO{ ldlt @)%&.@.!) ut] ;DdfgLt
cbfntaf6 gfkL btf{ ab/ eO{ d]/f]
gfp+df btf{ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] xf] .
o;/L d]/f] /fhLgfdfsf] cfwf/df km};nf
adf]lhd ePsf] bf=vf= gfd;f/L hUuf
wgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{ ;b/ /fvL lkm/fbLsf]
em'7f dfu bfjLaf6 cnu kmf;f{ u/fO{
km};nf u/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]tsf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
o;df jfbL bfjLsf] af+sL /fv]sf]
$% xft hUuf k|ltjfbL afx]s cGo s'g
s'g JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] 5 <
k|ltjfbLaf6 v'nfO{ To:tf JolQmnfO{ c=j+=

!#( g+= adf]lhd a'g] eGg] z'? lhNnf

cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df jfbL bfjLsf] $% xft
hUuf d ;d]tn] km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+=
$ ls=g+= !!)# df uf]Zjf/L gfkL btf{
u/]sf] geO{ ;fljsdf hUufwgL btf{jfn
oL k|ltjfbL dWo]sf gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]gsf
gfddf btf{ /x]sf km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{
g+= $ ls=g+= !)(, (%!, !))% ;d]t #
lsQfaf6 hDdf % /f]kgL ( cfgf hUuf
?= #,(),))).df )%!.!.@! ut] d
8Da/axfb'/, lbk]Gb| ;]Gbf, anaxfb'/
tfdf, lutfb]jL ;]Djfu / bndfof
tfdf ;d]t % hgfn] uf]Zjf/L btf{
/fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf] hUuf xf] o;
hUufleq jfbL bfjLsf] $% xft eg]sf]
hUuf kb{}g eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsf
anaxfb'/ tfdf, lbk]Gb| ;]Gbf /
8Da/axfb'/ /fO{sf] ldl;n ;+nUg ljleGg
ldltsf] aofg .
k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn]
b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{af6 ldlt @)$$.#.@%
df /flhgfdf kfl/t u/L ln+bf ;fjf kf
af6 tf]Sdf cfpg] af6f] pwf], klZrd
xif{k|;fb dfb]gsf] jf/L ;f+w k"j{ d
l/gLsf ;f+w $% xft afx]ssf] pQ/sf]
hUuf ;Dd kfl/t u/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
kfl/t lnvtaf6 jfbLsf :j= klt
b]jLk|;fbsf] xsdf $% xft hUuf af+sL
/x]s]f b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLn]
:jLsf/ u/]sf], jfbLsf] $% xft hUuf
s;n] btf{ u/fPsf x'g\ egL k|ltjfbLsf]
sfuh u/fp+bf anaxfb'/ tfdf ;d]tsf
JolQmn] btf{ u/fPsf x'g\ eGg] lhls/
lnPtfklg anaxfb'/ ;d]tsf JolQmnfO{
c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'bf pQm hUuf
152

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gaf6 xfdLn] lnPsf xf}+

egL aofg u/]af6 k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf]
lhls/ k'li6 x'g cfPg . ldlt
@)$$.#.@% sf] kfl/t lnvtsf] lsNnfn]
afbLsf] hUuf ldlt )%*.^.@% df e}
cfPsf] g=g+= !% / !^ sf] ls=g+= !)* /
#$@ sf] hUuf b]lvPsf] x'+bf jfbLsf]
xssf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufnfO{
gfkL lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|=
gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn] d'2f bfo/ u/L
@)%&.@.!) df gfkL lg0f{o ab/ x'g]
7x/L o;} cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf], ;f]
km};nf cg';f/ ePsf] btf{ / ldlt
@)%&.&.@ df gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn]
lji0f'dfofnfO{ ls=g+= !)* sf] hUuf
kfl/t u/L lbPsf] lnvt / bf=vf=
gfd;f/L sfg"g ;+ut gb]lv+bf ab/ e}
ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUuf jfbLsf]
gfddf btf{ u/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x5{ eGg]
;d]t z'? tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntsf]
ldlt @)%(.@.@! sf] km};nf .
ljkIfLn] d]/f] /fhLgfdfsf] $
lsNnf leqsf] hUuf cfkm}+ /fhLgfdf u/L
lbg] / cfkm}+ cfgf gfddf b'lift btf{ ug{]
u/L gfkL btf{ u/] pk/ b]=g+= &( df
ljkIfL pk/ lkm/fb btf{ u/L sfjf{xL x'g]
qmddf ljkIfLsf] 7]ufgfdf c=j+= !!)
g+=sf] /Ltk"j{s tfd]n ePsf]df Dofb
hfn;fh u/] egL 5'} hfn;fhdf ph"/
ug{] qmddf Dofb tfd]n ug{] tfd]Nbf/
pk/ ph"/ ug{ g;sL sfNklgs
Joxf]/fsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)%&.@.!) sf]
km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ph"/ u/L
;f]xL cfwf/df d]/f] xs ef]usf] 7x/L
ePsf] km};nfnfO{ lagf cfwf/ k|df0f ab/
x'g] 7xofO{ z'?af6 ePsf] km};nf ab/

u/L k|ltpQ/ lhls/ adf]lhd ul/kfpFm

eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;} nufpsf] kmf}=g+=%) sf]
hfn;fh d'2fdf emul8of lemsfpg]
cfb]z ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf klg
5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ ug{' eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] ldlt @)%(.*.!& sf] cfb]z .
jfbLsf] klt b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{
pk/ @)%^.$.!& df bfo/ eO{ lghs}
hLjgsfndf )%&.@.!) df km};nf ePsf]
gfkL lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf kltsf] gfddf
tfd]n ePsf] k|ltpQ/ ug{] Dofb l/t
k"j{s tfd]n gePsf]n] km};nf ab/
ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)%&.$.@* df c=j+=
@)* g+= ljk/Lt k|:t't km};nf ab/
d'2fsf] lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . c=j+=
*^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf d'2fdf kIfnfO{ k|fKt x'g]
ge} kIf afx]ssf km};nfn] k|ToIf c;/
kfg{] JolQmnfO{ dfq k|fKt x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fsf
lkm/fbLn] lghsf] kltsf] gfddf d'2f bfo/
eO{ km};nf ePkl5 kltsf] d[To' ePsf]
sf/0fn] xsjfnfsf] x}l;otn] k|:t't d'2f
bfo/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot
d'2fsf kIf ;/xsf] x'+bf lghnfO{ pQm
c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] b]lvb}g .
nufpsf] hfn;fh d'2fdf z'?sf] km};nf
pN6L eO{ bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/L km};nf
ePsf] cfwf/ ;d]taf6 z'?sf] km};nf
ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L x'g] / jfbL bfjL
k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt
@)^).%.@% sf] km};nf .

153

c+s @

k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf]
pQm
km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . ljjflbt ls=g+=
!)* / #$@ hUuf d]/f kltsf]
gfdbtf{sf] ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . bIfL0f
tkm{ $% xft af+sL /fvL pQ/ tkm{af6
s]xL hUuf ljkIfLnfO{ ldlt @)$$.#.@$
df lbPsf]af6 klg ;f] tYo k"li6 x'G5 .
ljkIfLx?n] hfn;fh k"j{s em'7f] Joxf]/f
n]vL cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb ;d]t
3/ g} gePsf] cj:yfdf 3/ b}nfdf
tfd]n u/fPsf] egL u'kr'k /fvL k|ltjfb
ug{ kfpg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt
ljk/Lt km};nf u/fPsf] k|i6 5 . kltsf]
@)%&.$.& df k/nf]s ePsf]n] ;f] hUuf
gfd;f/L u/fpg hf+bf @)%&.&.@) df
dfq ;f] s'/f hfgsf/L eof] . kltsf] d[To'
eO{ ;s]sf]n] c=j+= @)* sf] k|s[of
cjnDag ug{] cj:yf gePsf]n] c=j+= *^
g+=sf] Dofb leq} ;f] km};nf ab/df lkm/fb
u/]sf] xf] . pQm d'2fdf dnfO{ k|ltjfbL
gagfPsf] / To;df d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf
g/x+bf g/x+b} d'2fsf] kIf ;/x dfgL c=j+=
*^ g+=sf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ug{] u/L
ePsf] km};nf sfg"gsf] unt JofVof u/L
ePsf] x'+bf ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L z'?sf]
km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] o; cbfnt
;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df km"ln uf=lj=;=j8f g+=$
sf] ls=g+= #$@ / !)* sf] btf{ ;DaGwdf
gfkLaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o gfkL zfvf
tfKn]h'af6 lemsfO{ nufpsf] kmf}=k'=g+=
#$(& sf] d'2f ;d]t ;fy} k]z ug{' eGg]
;d]t o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.^.@# sf]
cfb]z .

@=
lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/Ln] $%
xft blIf0f tkm{sf] hUuf af+sL /fvL pQ/
tkm{sf] hUuf dfq )$$ ;fndf laqmL
u/]sf] xf] . )$% ;fndf 3/af6 a]rL
j;fO{ ;/L emfkfdf a;f]jf; u/]sf]
JolQmsf] km'lnsf] 3/ b}nfdf Dofb
tfd]n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . c=j+= *^
g+= dfq} pNn]v u/]/ cfPsf] xf]Og . c=j+=
@)* kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf nfUb}g . hfn;fhL
d'2faf6} klg hfn;fhL 7x/ x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . k|:t't d'2fnfO{ dfq
Psf+sL ?kdf x]/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
pN6L eO{ z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] OG;fkm
;b/ ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't
ug{' eof] .
#=
k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g
Joj;foLsf] plNnlvt jx; lhls/ dgg\
u/L k'g/fj]bg kq ;lxtsf] z'? / /]s8{
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,, 5}g < /
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug
;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lbg' kg{] b]lvg cfof] .
$=
lg0f{o tkm{ larf/ ubf{
d]/f klt b]jLk|;fbsf] gfpFdf gfkL btf{
ePsf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufsf]
gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL
gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]t jfbL eO{ lbPsf]
d'2fdf k'mlnaf6 3/jf/ a]rL emfkf
a;fO{ ;/]sf kltsf] ;fljs 3/ b}nfdf
j]kQ] Dofb tfd]n u/fO{ gfkL btf{ ab/
x'g] u/L )%&.@.!) df ePsf] km};nfn]
154

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

d]/f] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=adf]lhd ;f]

km};nf / )%&.&.@ sf] /flhgfdf ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
d'Vo lkm/fb bfjLdf em'7f jtgdf Dofb
tfd]n u/]sf] xf]Og . jfbLsf] kltn] )$$
;fndf /flhgfdf ul/lbPsf] $ lsNnf
leqsf] hUuf k'gMlghn] gfkL btf{
u/fPsf]n] ;f] ab/df d]/f] lkm/fb k/L
ePsf] km};nf ab/ x'g' kg{] xf]Og eGg]
;d]t k|ltpQ/ lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
z'?n] jfbL bfjL adf]lhd ldlt
@)%&.@.!) sf] km};nf / ldlt @)%&.&.@
sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf lnvt ;d]t ab/ x'g]
7x/fPsf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k|:t't
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] kfOG5 . ljjflbt hUuf
d]/f :j=kltsf gfp+ btf{sf] eGg]df ljjfb
5}g . 3/jf; laqmL u/L a;fO{ ;/L uPsf]
JolQmsf] 3/ b}nf]df hfn;fhL k"j{s Dofb
tfd]n u/L PstkmL{ ?kdf u/]sf] km};nf
ab/ u/L d]/f] xs sfod ug{' kg{]df jfbL
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf ab/ u/L
z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] g}
k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg
lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
%=
o:df jfbL log} k|ToyL{
gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]g / k|ltjfbL k'g/fj]bs
jfbLsf] klt b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{ ePsf]
;+jt\ @)%^ ;fnsf] b]=bf=g+= &( sf] gfkL
btf{ ab/ d'2fdf kltsf gfpFdf a]kQ]
Dofb tfd]n u/fO{ tfKn]h' lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%&.@.!) ut] ePsf]
km};nfn] cfgf] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=
adf]lhd ;f] km};nf tyf k|ltjfbL

gf/fo0f l;+xn] csf{] k|ltjfbL lji0f'

dfFofnfO{ ldlt @)%&.&.@ df kfl/t ul/
lbPsf] /flhgfdf lnvt ;d]t ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] g} jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL
/x]sf] 5 . k|df0fdf cfPsf] pQm b]=bf=g+=
&( sf] gfkL btf{ ab/ d'2fsf] ldl;n x]bf{
ldlt @)%^.$.!& lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5
eg] k|ltjfbL b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{sf
gfp+sf] Dofb lkm/fbdf n]lvPsf] lgh
k|=sf] jtg k'mln uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $
l:yt lghs} 3/ b}nf]df 6f+; ul/Psf]
eGg] b]lvg cfp+5 . Dofb leq k|ltpQ/
gk/]kl5 z'? cbfntaf6 ljjflbt
hUufsf] ;e]{ gS;f, btf{ >]:tf ;d]tsf
;a"b k|df0f lemsfO{ gfk gS;f ;d]t
u/fO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 jfbLn] @)$$.#.@% df
kfPsf] kfl/t /flhgfdfsf] $ lsNnf /
ljjflbt hUufsf] $ lsNnf ldNg le8\g
cfPsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/df
bfjLsf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufsf]
k|ltjfbL b]jLk|;fbn] u/fPsf] gfkL btf{
ab/ u/L jfbL gf/fo0f l;+xsf gfp+df
btf{ x'g] 7x/fO{ ldlt @)%&.@.!) df
km};nf u/]sf] b]lvof] .
^=
pQm km};nf eO{ ;s]
kZrft ldlt @)%&.$.& df klt
b]jLk|;fbsf] d[To' ePsf] / ldlt
@)%&.&.!* ut] ;f] s'/f yfxf kfPsf]
egL ldlt @)%&.&.@* df jfbLsf] c=j+=
*^ g+= cGtu{t k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb
k/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . d'n'sL P]g
cbfntlt aGbf]j:tsf] @)* g+=df ===
;dfJxfg Otnfogfdf tfd]n ubf{ o;}
dxnsf] !!) g+= adf]lhd /Lt gk'ofO{
tfd]n u/]sf]n] yfxf kfpg g;sL
k|ltjfbL lbg gkfO{ Dofb u'h|]sf] eGg]

155

c+s @

ph"/L ;fy km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf

leqdf yfxf kfPsf] k}+tL; lbg leq
emul8ofn] k|ltjfbL n]vL lbg Nofof] eg]
klxn] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] tfd]nL
;dfJxfg x]/L l/tk"j{s tfd]n ePsf]
b]lvg cfPg eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] krf{
n]vL k|ltjfbL btf{ u/L P]g adf]lhd
a'g' kg{] k|df0f a'emL d'2f km};nf ug{'
k5{ . /Lt k'uL tfd]n ePsf] b]lvPdf
;f]xL Joxf]/f vf]nL ph"/ nfUg ;St}g
egL b/kL7 u/L lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ eGg]
;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . e} /x]sf]
pQm sfg'gL k|fjwfgaf6 c=j+= !!) g+=
adf]lhd l/tk"j{s Dofb tfd]n gePsf]
sf/0faf6 k|ltpQ/ lbg gkfpg] JolQmn]
km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leq yfxf kfPsf]
#% lbgleq ;f] s'/fsf] ph"/L ;fy
k|ltpQ/ lbg kfpg] cj:yf ljBdfg
/x]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . ldlt @)%&.@.!)
df ePsf] km};nf ldlt @)%&.$.& df
yfxf kfPsf] egL ldlt @)%&.&.@* df
km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leq} jfbLsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvPaf6 ;f]
sfg"gL dfu{ cjnDag ug{ k'g/fj]bs
jfbLnfO{ s'g} jfwf cj/f]w k/]sf] eGg]
l:ylt klg b]lvb}g . k'g/fj]bssf] kltsf]
@)%&.$.& df d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] sf/0fn]
klg nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQdf xs vfg]
k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ d'2f ;sf/ u/L ph"/L
;fy k|ltpQ/ lbg s'g} sfg"gn] /f]s]sf]
kfOb}g . o:tf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eO{
/x]sf] ;'ud dfu{ kl/Tofu u/L c=j+=
@)* g+= ljk/Lt k'g/fj]bs jfbL c=j+=*^
g+=sf] ;xf/f lnO{ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf]
b]lvof] .

&=
ca, k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{
d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= *^ g+=sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] d2t ug{ ;Sg] g;Sg] s] /x]5
egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 7x/ a"+bfsf
;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ug'{ cl3 ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yf bli6ut ug{' jf~5gLo x'g]
b]lvG5 . To; tkm{ x]bf{ d'n'sL P]g c=j+=
*^ g+=df km};nf l8;ld; ldnfkq
vf/]h ePsf d'2fdf ;f] km};nf l8;ld;
ldnfkq vf/]h ePsfn] csf{sf] xs ;d]t
hfg] ePsf] /x]5 eg] h;sf] xs hfg]5
To;}n] yfxf kfPsf k}+lt; lbgleq o;df
xfd|f] klg xs nfU5 . o;n] dfq xf/L jf
l8;ld; vf/]h ldnfkq u/fPsf]n] xfd|f]
xs hfg] xf]Og egL cfgf] xs hfltdf
emul8ofsf gfp+df gfn]; lbP OG;fkm
u/L lbg' k5{ . eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ds;b b'O{ kIf aLr d'2f rnL
km};nf, l8;ld;, ldnfkq jf vf/]h
ePsf] Joxf]/fn] s'g} csf{] kIfsf] xs
uPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] xs hfg] JolQmn]
cl3af6 ePsf] km};nf, l8;ld;, ldnfkq
of vf/]h ab/ u/fpg yfxf kfPsf] #%
lbgleq cfpg kfp5 eGg] g} /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . cyf{t c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;xf/f
lnO{ cbfntdf k|j]z ug{] JolQm cl3
rn]sf] d'2fsf] kIf ljkIfL geO{ s'g} t]>f]
kIf /x]sf] x'g' kg{] tTjnfO{ ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] d"n ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf]
b]lvg cfp+5 . s'g} b'O{ kIf ldln t]>f]
kIfsf] xs hfg] u/L km};nf ;d]t
u/fPsf] cj:yfdf k|efljt kIfnfO{ yfxf
gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5
cfgf] u'd]s]f xs sfod u/fpg cbfnt
k|j]z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf :jo+df
156

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

af]w uDo / :ki6 klg x'+bf To;df

cndn u/L /xg' kg{] cj:yf 5}g . cl3
rn]sf] d'2fdf g} jfbL jf k|ltjfbL s'g}
?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolQmn] kl5af6
km};nf ab/df cfpg kfp+5 eGg] xf] eg]
cbfntsf] lg0f{on] slxNo} klg clGtdtf
gkfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . lg0f{o clGtdtf finality of decisions_ sf] l;4fGt ;d]tn]
o:tf] sfo{nfO{ /f]Sb5 .
*=
k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ToyL{
gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g jfbL / k'g/fj]bssf
klt b]jLk|;fb k|ltjfbL eO{ rn]sf] gfkL
lg0f{o ab/ d'2fsf] km};nfaf6 kltsf gfp
btf{sf] hUufsf] xs uPsf] egL pg}
k|ltjfbLsf] >Ldltn] k|:t't lkm/fb lbPsf]
cj:yf 5 . klt;+u 5'l leGg e} a;]sf]n]
cfgf] xs lx:;f hlt sfod x'g' kg{]
eGg] bfjL klg 5}g . kltsf] xs vfg]
xsbf/sf] ?kdf kltsf] d[To'kl5 cfkm"nfO{
k|:t't ug{] k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ lghsf]
klt eGbf k[ys x}l;otsf] t];|f] kIfsf
?kdf dfgL c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf kfpg]
cy{ ug{] xf] eg] lg0f{o clGtdtfsf]
l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'g k'uL c=j+= *^ g+=sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] unt JofVof sfod
x'g hfG5 . o;} sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVof
ub{} k'g/fj]bs jfbL czf]s sfhL agLof
lj?4 l5l/ lkmG5f]s ;d]t k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%# ;fnsf]
b]=k'=O{=g+=!)# sf] xs sfod lg0f{o ab/
d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohhf;af6
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sL cfdf pk/ k/]sf] d'2f
xf/lht eO{ km};nf ePkl5 ;uf]ndf
/xs} gfjfns 5f]/fx?n] pd]/ k'u]kl5
c=j+= *^ g+= sf] cfwf/df d'2f ub{} hfg
kfpg] xf] eg] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f slxNo}

cGt gx'g] ;d]t eO{ d'2fsf] clGtd x'g]

l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'G5 . 3/sf] d'Von]
u/]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= *^ g+= cfs{lift x'+b}g
eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk=@)%* c+s
&,*, k[i7 $$) lg=g+= &)@@ k|ltkflbt
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
(=
t;y{ plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
ljZn]if0ffTds
cfwf/
k|df0faf6
Psf;uf]nsf] klt k|ltjfbL eO{ rn]sf]
gfkL lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf c=j+= !!) g+=
ljk/Lt Dofb tfd]n eO{ k|ltjfb ug{
gkfPsf]n] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
c=j+= @)* g+=sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{
kl/Tofu u/L c=j+= *^ g+= c+ufnL cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb vf/]h ug{' kg{]df
jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/fPsf] z'? tfKn]h'
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
Onfdsf] ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] km};nfsf]
kl/0ffddf tflTjs leGgtf gx'g] x'+bf
;b/ eO{ ;f] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug
g;Sg] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fn kmfu'g !( ut]
/f]h ! z'ed\ ===============

157

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(@*

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L
s]bf/k|;fb lu/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
;Djt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$%@
km};nf ldltM @)^$.!@.@$.!

d'2fM st{Jo Hofg .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM lji0f's'df/L bhL{sf]
hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM jfUn' lhNnf xl6of
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # j:g]
ldgaxfb'/ bhL{
cl3 km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof=>L s?0fflglw zdf{
k'g/fj]bs km};nf ug]{M
sf=d'=d'=Gof=>L tflx/cln cG;f/L
Gof=>L uf]kfn k/fh'nL

dflg;sf]
;DaGwL
xfl;n
ul/Psf]
cfwf/df
k|fdfl0fs

d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf ;f]

ljifout ljz]if1tf
u/]sf ljz]if1x?f/f
k/LIf0f / To;sf
k|:t't ul/Psf] /fosf]
dxTj /xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
;fdfGo s'6lk6sf] ljifonfO{
dg;fo;lxtsf]
cfk/flws
sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] .

Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+=

jdf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL
lng] jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbLaf6
Hofg dfg]{ lgotsf ;fy To:tf]
cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eGg]
k'i6L ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ .
s]an hfx]/L b/vf:t /
hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{nfO{ dfq
cfwf/ agfP/ st{Jo Hofg h:tf]
u+eL/ d'2fdf lgisif{df k'Ug
gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
cg'dfg, cfz+sf / ;+efjgf h:tf
dgf]ut cfwf/df s'g} klg
cfk/flws sfo{df dg;fo tTjsf]
ljBdfgtf 5 g} egL lgisif{
lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt gx'g], dg;fo
tTjsf] ljBdfgtf k|df0fx?af6 g}
b]lvg' kg]{ / To:tf] k|df0f h'6fpg]
bfloTj jfbL kIfn] g} jxg
ug{'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=%_

k'g/fj]bs
jfbL
tkm{jf6Mljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf z/b v8\sf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/M Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ o;
cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;
k|sf/ 5M
dLgaxfb'/
bhL{n]
5ljnfn
bhL{nfO{ ldlt @)^!.#.#! ut] /ftL 3/sf]
158

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lk+9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf] jvt nfQL / d'Ssfn]

z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{O{ 3fOt]
agfPsf]df cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fpFb} u/]sf]
jvt ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] lgh 5ljnfn
bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lji0f' s'df/L bhL{sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf]
eGg] vj/ kfO{ s] ePsf] /x]5 egL
5ljnfn bhL{sf] 3/df uO{ lghnfO{ a'bf
lxhf] /ftL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] c+z ;DaGwL
ljifodf lgx'F lems]/ dnfO{ s'6lk6
u/]sfn] z/L/ b'vL /x]sf] 5 . Zjf; km]g{
cK7\of/f] ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ arfp, d]/f]
cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fO{ b]p egL 5ljnfn
bhL{n] e]nf hDdf ePsf] dflg;nfO{
eg]kl5 dLgaxfb'/ bhL{ ;d]tnfO{ ;f]wk'5
ubf{ 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ d}n] s'6lk6
u/]sf] xf], csf{] lbgklg 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{
df/LlbG5' egL wfs wDsL lbPsf] lyof] .
c+z ;DaGwL lgx'F vf]hL 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] nfQL d'Ssfn] k|xf/ u/L
3fOt] agfO{ ;f]xL rf]6 k6ssf sf/0fn]
5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df k"0f{
ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
df}sfdf a'lemPsf z]/axfb'/ bhL{,
rGb|axfb'/ e08f/L, l6sf kl/of/,
lhtaxfb'/ dNn, z'naxfb'/ bhL{,
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{, s0f{axfb'/ bhL{n]
ul/lbPsf] sl/j Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f 5'}
sfuh .
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] jvtdf
hUuf ;DaGwL c+zsf] s'/f ug{] larf/
p7L 5ljnfn;Fu d]/f] efudf hUuf hldg
sd k/]sf] 5 lbg'k5{ egL eGbf lghn]
dnfO{ nf}/f] / xFl;ofn] k|xf/ u/]sfn] nf}/f]
/ xFl;of+ d}n] lghsf] xftaf6 vf];L kmfnL

lbPF . c+z dfUbf dnfO{ lk6\g vf]h]sf]n]

dnfO{ klg l/; p7L afh]sf] lgwf/df
tyf sf]vfdf ;d]t d'Ssf k|xf/ ubf{ afh]
9Ng uPsf] xf], afh] 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{
d}n] g} s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf]
aofg sfuh .
of/ of/sf] cfjfh ;'g]kl5
lgGb|faf6 p7L cfdf afh]nfO{ s] eof]
p7\g'xf]; egL s/fO{ cfdf ;d]t p7L x]bf{
5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]
s'6lk6 ub{} u/]sf] b]v]sf] x'F, dLgaxfb'/
bhL{n] s'6lk6 u/]sf] rf]6 k6ssf]
sf/0faf6 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df
k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
rZdbLb ujfx lagf bhL{n] ul/lbPsf]
sfuh .
dLgaxfb'/
bhL{n]
5ljnfn
bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf]df ;f]xL
rf]6k6ssf] sf/0f 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To'
ePsf]df ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] d}sfdf a'lemPsf h'g] bhL{,
s[i0f bhL{, 6]saxfb'/ v8\sf, l;nfu] bhL{
;d]tsf JolQmx?n] ul/lbPsf] Ps}
ldnfgsf] 5'f 5'} sfuh .
d[To'sf] sf/0fdf undetermined
eGg] pNn]v u/L k|fKt ePsf] lhNnf
:jf:Yo sfof{no jfUn'sf d]l8sn
clws[tn] u/]sf] kf]i6 df6{d l/kf]6{ .
cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/n] kLl8t
5ljnfnsf] Hofg lng] p2]Zoaf6 /S;L
vfO{ df/f}+ eGg] lgotn] s'6lk6 u/]sf] /
s'6lk6 u/]sf] # lbgleq cgj/t ?kdf
ynfk/L pkrf/ ubf{ub{} s'6lk6sf
rf]6lk/n] p7\g g;sL ldlt @)^!.$.@

159

c+s @

ut] /ftL d[To' ePsf]n] d'n'sL P]g Hofg

;DaGwLsf] !( gDa/sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+=
adf]lhd ;hfoF ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .
ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf a]n'sL (
ah]sf] ;dodf xh'/a'af 5ljnfn;Fu c+z
jf/]df s'/f rNbf xh'/a'afn] dnfO{ nf}/fn]
xfGg' eof] . d}n] nf}/f] vf];L kmfnL lbPF,
To;kl5 xFl;ofn] xfGg yfNg' eof], d}n]
xFl;of vf];L kmfnL lbPF / d d]/f] 3/lt/
cfPF, d}n] xh'/a'afnfO{ xfg]sf], s'6lk6
u/]sf] xf]Og . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 xh'/a'af
klxn]b]lv g} vf]sL bdsf] lj/fdL x'g'
ePsf]n] d}n] cf}ifwL k;naf6 ?=()).
sf] cf}ifwL nuL xh'/a'afnfO{ lbPsf] x'F .
ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] ljxfgb]lv
xh'/a'afnfO{ kvnf ;d]t nfu]sf]n]
cfdfn] hLjghn ;d]t nlulbg' ePsf]
xf], ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] /ftL xh'/a'afsf]
d[To' eP5 . d[To' x'g] a]nfdf xh'/a'af
vf6af6 e'O{df v:g' ePsf] xf], d[To'
lj/fdLsf sf/0f jf vf6af6 n8\gfsf
sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g .
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf aofg lbFbf
d]/f] :jf:Yo Tolt l7s lyPg, tfklg d}n]
xh'/a'afnfO{ xfg]sf] eg]sf] xf]Og . ;f]
afx]s c? ;a} Joxf]/f xf] . xfg]sf] eGg]
s;/L n]lvof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d}n] xh'/
a'afnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] df/]sf] gx'Fbf
cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ ;hfoF kfpg' kg{]
xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf]
aofg .
d}n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf
lbPsf] hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/f tyf To;df

ePsf] ;xL d]/f] xf] . k|ltjfbLsf]

s'6lk6af6} ;;'/f 5ljnnfnsf] d[To'
ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf
lji0f' s'df/L bhL{n] u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbLsf] s'6fO{af6} xh'/jfsf]
d[To' ePsf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL
kIfsf ;fIfL lagf bhL{, l6sf kl/of/,
s0f{axfb'/ bhL{, z'naxfb'/ bhL{,
rGb|axfb'/ e08f/L ;d]tn] ul/lbPsf]
askq .
5ljjfnsf] d[To' s'6lk6af6 eof]
eGg] xNnf ;'gL dnfd uPsf] x'F egL
jfbL kIfsf ujfx dLgaxfb'/ bhL{ /
k|ltjfbLn] lk6]/ df/] h:tf] nfUb}g egL
jfbL kIfs} ujfx z]/axfb'/ bhL{n] z'?
cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
s'6lk6 eof] xf]nf, t/ d}n] b]lvg
egL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL k|wfg lj=s= n],
k|ltjfbLn] s'6lk6 u/] xf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g
egL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL s[i0faxfb'/ dNnn]
/ gfltn] s'6lk6 uof] egL d[tsn]
eg]sf lyP egL k|ltjfbLs} ;fIfL
OGb|axfb'/ e08f/Ln] u/]sf] askq .
klxnf b]lvg} em} emu8f ul//xg]
gflt dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] s'6]sf] s'6fO{af6
ynfk/L d[ts 5ljnfnsf] d[To' ePsf]
eGg] k|ToIfbzL{, hfx]/jfnf lji0f'
s'df/Lsf]
ls6fgL hfx]/L, k|ltjfbLn]
cbfntdf cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /xL
aofg u/]tfklg d[ts;Fu k|ltjfbLsf] ;f]
lbg emu8f ePsf] tYodf ;fljt /x]sf]
tyf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltjfbLn]
aofg ubf{ 3l6 c+z lbPsf] l/;df d[ts
xh'/jfjfnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL
s'6lk6af6 ynfk/L d[To' ePsf] eGg]
pNn]v u/L ;fljtL aofg ;d]t
160

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . jf/bftsf] k|ToIfbzL{

hfx]/jfnf Pjd oL k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg Ps csf{df
ldNg le8\g cfPsf] 5 eg] k|ltjfbLs}
;fIfL OGb|axfb'/ dNnn] askq ubf{
d[tsn] dg{' eGbf klxnf JoQm u/]sf] s'/f
pNn]v ub{} gfltn] s'6lk6 uof] eGby],
c+z ;DaGwdf xf]nf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg
u/L emu8f ub{y] egL askq u/]sf]
b]lvg cfPaf6 cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]
cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd d'n'sL P]g,
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / ( g+=sf] s;"/
ck/fw u/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL
dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j ;lxt
hGds}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg] z'? afUn' lhNnf
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.*.@*.@ sf]
km};nf .
d}n] &^ jlif{o a[4 xh''/a'jfnfO{
s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf]Og . xh'/a'af bd /
vf]sLsf] lj/fdL x'g'x'GYof] . d[ts
xh'/a'afn] d]/f] a'afnfO{ c+z yf]/} lbg'
ePsf]df c+z yf]/} lbg' eof] egL d}n]
eGg' :jfefljs} xf], To;nfO{ l/; Oljsf]
?kdf u|x0f ug{ ldNb}g . d}n]
xh'/a'afnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL
rf]6lk8faf6 xh'/a'afsf] d[To' ePsf] egL
d}n] slxF st} aofg u/]sf] ;d]t 5}g .
36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, nfz hfFr
k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, ;fIfLx?sf] askq
;d]taf6 d]/f] rf]6 lk8faf6 d[ts
xh'/a'afsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?sf] j:t'k/s
9+uaf6 cWoog / ljZn]if0f gu/L s]jn
cfTdk/s 9+uaf6 cg'dfgsf] e/df
JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L Hofg h:tf]
uDeL/ d'2fdf s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ afUn'

lhNnf cbfntn] dnfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt

hGds}b ug{] u/]sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{
ePsfn] pQm km};nf ab/ u/L d}n]
cleof]u bfjLaf6 k"0f{ ?kdf ;kmfO{ kfpF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf/fuf/ zfvf
jfUn' dfkm{t k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
o;df zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf z'? afUn' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf larf/0fLo b]lvFbf
c=j+=@)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $& ;d]t
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn
sfof{no jfUn'nfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'sf] ldlt
@)^@.!.* sf] cfb]z .
o;df /Iff lzIff ug]{ afx]ssf] oL
k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{sf] s'6lk6af6
d[ts 5lanfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] xf]
eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/jfnL
lji0f's'df/L bhL{ ;d]tsf dflg;x?sf]
jofg tyf jskqaf6 k'i6L ePsf] /
d[tsnfO{ oL k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/n] Hofg
lng] Oljnfu jf dg;fo ge} c+z
36La9L eof] a/fa/L ul/lbg' xf];\ eGg]
s'/fdf ljjfb e} d[tssf] rf]6af6
k|ltjfbLnfO{ xftdf 3fp ;d]t x'g uO{
cfk;L s'6lk6 x'g uO{ eljtJoaf6 d[ts
5ljnfnsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] b]lvFbf Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df P]= sf]
^ g+= sf] b]xfo $ jdf]lhd Ps jif{ ^
dlxgf s}b / kfFr;o ?k}ofF hl/jfgf u/L
eljtJosf] s;"/ 7x/ ug'{kg]{df Hofg
;DaGwL dxnsf]
!#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd

161

c+s @

;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7xofPsf]

ldlt @)^!.*.@* sf] afUn' lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf]n]
pN6L e} k|ltjfbLnfO{ Ps jif{ ^ dlxgf
s}b tyf ?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
afUn'sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] km};nf .
k|ltjfbLn]
d[ts
5ljnfn
bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] s'/fdf clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ;fljt /x]sf], Pp6}
kl/jf/sf afh] d[ts / gftL k|ltjfbL
/x]sf / c+z ;DaGwL ljjfb pTkGg e}
ldlt @)^!.#.#! ut] afh]nfO{ s'6lk6
ubf{ ;f]xL rf]6sf sf/0faf6 lghsf] d[To'
ePsf] eGg] s'/f hfx]/L b/vf:t /
hfx]/jfnfx?sf] jskq ;d]taf6 v'Ng
cfPsf], nfz k|s[lt d'rN' sfdf jfofF
5ftLdf sf]tl/Psf] 3fp /x]sf] eGg]
kfOPsf], a[4 cj:yfsf afh]nfO{ hjfg
cj:yfsf gfltn] nfQL d'Ssf cflbn]
k|xf/ ubf{ d[To' x'g' :jfefljs /x]sf] x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'sf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf pN6L u/L cleof]u
bfjL jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
@=
lgod jdf]lhd Ohnf;
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bsjfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L z/b
v8\sfn] ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t
;'lgof] . k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/n] kLl8t
5ljnfnnfO{ Hofg lng] dg;fo ;lxt
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L s'6lk6 u/]sf] /
;f]xL rf]6af6 ynf k/L kLl8tsf] d[To'
ePsf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf]

!#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]

cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k|ltjfbLsf] cbfnt;dIfsf] jofgdf
afh];Fu c+z ;DaGwL s'/f rln/x]sf]
cj:yfdf afh]n] cfkm"nfO{ nf}/f] /
xFl;ofn] k|xf/ ug'{ePsf] xf], cfkm"n]
afh]nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] 5}g, vf]sL /
bdsf] lj/fdL /xg'ePsf afh]nfO{ cfkm}+n]
cf}ifwL lsg]/ lbPsf], ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut]
ljxfg b]lv kvfnf ;d]t nfu]sf] /
To;}lbg /ftL jxfFsf] d[To' eof], cfkm"n]
s'6lk6 gu/]sf] x'Fbf ;hfo kfpg'kg]{
xf]Og egL lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . z'?
cbfntaf6 cleof]u dfubfjL jdf]lhd
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ Hofg
;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;j{:j;lxt
hGds}b x'g] 7xofP pk/ k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
jfUn'af6 k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ df/f} eGg]
dg;fo k|]l/t e} k|xf/ u/]sf] cj:yf
gb]lvPsf] / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6
klg d[To'sf] sf/0f Undetermined egL
pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf]
!#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ Gofof]lrt
gx'g] eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLnfO{
Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df
P]= ^-$_ g+= jdf]lhd ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b
/ ?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf
ePsf] 5 . ;f] pk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
jfUn'sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5
eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
ePsf] 5 .
#=
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
d[ts 5ljnfn / k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ Ps}
162

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

kl/jf/sf xh/a'jf / gflt gftfsf

JolQmx? /x]sf] / ldlt @)^!.#.@! ut]
/ftL oL b'O{ hgfsf aLrdf c+z ;DaGwL
ljifodf ljjfb ePsf] eGg] ;Ddsf]
tYodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . 36gf x'Fbfsf
jvt cfkm\g} 3/sf] lkF9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf
xh'/a'jfnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] nfQL d'Ssfn]
z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{O{ 3fOt]
agfPsf] / pkrf/ x'Fbf x'Fb} ldlt
@)^!.$.@ ut]sf lbg lghsf] d[To' ePsf]
eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:t /x]sf] / hfx]/L
Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ hfx]/jfnfn]
cbfnt;dIf jskq ;d]t ul/lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIfsf] jofgdf c+z ;DaGwL
ljjfb e} xh'/a'jfn] cfkm"nfO{ nf}/f] /
xFl;ofn] k|xf/ u/]sfn] cfkm"n] klg
d'Ssfn] k|xf/ u/]sf] egL s'6lk6 u/]sf]
s'/f;DdnfO{
:jLsf/
u/]sf]df
cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt e} jofg ubf{
cfkm"n] s'6lk6 gu/]sf] egL OGsf/L jofg
u/]sf 5g\ . k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] s'6lk6sf]
rf]6af6 ynf k/L ;f]xL sf/0faf6
d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] g} cleof]u
bfjLdf cfwf/ agfO{Psf] x'Fbf d[tssf]
d[To'sf] sf/0fsf ;DaGwdf zj k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt Joxf]/fn] dxTj
/fVg] x'G5 . jfUn' c:ktfnaf6 ePsf]
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf d[To'sf] sf/0f
Undetermined egL pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOG5
.
k|ltj]bgsf]
External
Examination, Internal Examination /
Special Examination sf] dxndf klg
d[tssf] z/L/sf] aflx/L tyf leqL
efudf pNn]Vo rf]6k6s nfu]sf]
gkfOPsf] cj:yf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

dflg;sf] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;DaGwL

ljifout ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf
ljz]if1x?f/f ul/Psf] k/LIf0f / To;sf
cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] /fosf] k|fdfl0fs
dxTj /xG5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
@# df ljz]if1sf] /fonfO{ k|df0fdf lng
x'G5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf klg ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
nf7f 9'+uf / ;fgfltgf
$=

xftxltof/n] s'6L, xfgL, /f]kL, 3f]rL jf

c? Hofg dg]{ u}x| s'/f u/L Hofg d/]df
To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ dflg; Hofgdf/f 7x5{

eGg] Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= sf]

sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ To;df dg;fo
tTjnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
cfk/flws sfo{ / cfk/flws dg;fo
ck/fwsf k|d'v b'O{ tTj x'g\ . ;fdfGo
s'6lk6sf] ljifonfO{ dg;fo;lxtsf]
cfk/flws sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhdsf]
;hfosf] dfu bfjL lng] jfbL kIfn]
k|ltjfbLaf6 Hofg dfg]{ lgotsf ;fy
To:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eGg] klg
k'i6L ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . s]an hfx]/L
b/vf:t / hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{nfO{ dfq
cfwf/ agfP/ st{Jo Hofg h:tf] u+eL/
d'2fdf lgisif{df k'Ug x'Fb}g . k|:t't
d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:t / cleo'Qmsf]
clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf]
jofgnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ cleof]u
nufO{Psf] b]lvG5 eg] o; cbfntdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf klg jfbL tkm{af6 ltg}
b'O{ ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] kfOG5 .
t/ tL b'a} cfwf/nfO{ k'i6L ug]{ u/L cGo
:jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fx? k]z x'g
;s]sf] eg] ldl;naf6 b]lvFb}g . hfx]/L

163

c+s @

b/vf:t, hfx]/jfnfsf] jskq / clwsf/

k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] cleo'Qmsf]
jofgaf6 klg b'a}kIfaLr s'6lk6 ePsf]
eGg] ;Ddsf] tYo phfu/ x'G5, dfg]{
dg;fo ;lxt s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f
To;af6 klg k'i6L x'g] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
%=
dfly
ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 d[ts / k|ltjfbLaLr c+z
;DaGwL ljifodf ljjfb pTkGg e} tTsfn}
b'a}tkm{af6 s'6lk6 ePsf] / ;f] 36gfsf]
s]xL lbgleq} 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]
eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] Hofg
lng];Ddsf] Oljnfu jf dg;fo ;lxt
s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0fx?af6 b]lvFb}g / jfbL kIfaf6 To;
;DaGwdf :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fx?
h'6fpg ;s]sf] klg kfO{+b}g . cg'dfg,
cfz+sf / ;+efjgf h:tf dgf]ut
cfwf/df s'g} klg cfk/flws sfo{df
dg;fo tTjsf] ljBdfgtf 5 g} egL
lgisif{ lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g, dg;fo
tTjsf] ljBdfgtf k|df0fx?af6 g} b]lvg'
k5{ / To:tf] k|df0f h'6fpg] bfloTj jfbL
kIfn] g} jxg ug{' k5{ . Hofg lng]

Oljnfu jf dg;fo ge} s;}n] cfkm"n]

u/]sf] st{Jon] dflg; dnf{ eGg] h:tf]
gb]lvPsf] s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{ To;}f/f
s]xL e} s'g} dflg; dg{ uPsf] eljtJo
7x5{ eGg] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwLsf] %

g+= df / To;/L eljtJo e} dflg;sf]

Hofg d/]sf]df /Iff lzIff ug]{ afx]s c?

s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'6lk6 ubf{ eljtJo

k/]sf]df kfFr;o ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf jf
b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'G5 eGg]

Hofg ;DaGwLsf] ^ g+= sf] b]xfo -$_ df

/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Ifdf
k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{af6 d[ts
5ljnfn bhL{dfly ePsf] s'6lk6nfO{
dg;fo k|]l/t xTofsf] ;+1f lbg ldNg]
cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{ eljtJosf] s;"/
7xofO{ k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{nfO{ !
jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b / ?=%)). hl/jfgf
x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
jfUn'sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L
Olt;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q @$ ut] /f]h
! z'ed\ ===========
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

164

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lg0f{o g+=&(@(

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/
/fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
;Dj\t @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ======(&!^
km};nf ldltM @)^$.*.#.@
d'2f M lg0f{o btf{ ab/ xs sfod .
k'g/fj]bs
jfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @)
led;]g:yfg a:g] s[i0fdfg
/fhe08f/L
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=
@# a:g] ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/L
;d]t
z'? lg0f{o ug{]M
df=Gof=>L /d]z kf]v/]n
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{]M
df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb k|hfktL
df=Gof=>L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{

lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ 6fO{ksf] e"n

ePsf] eP k|ltpQ/ kg{' cufl8g}
lgj]bg lbg'kg{] .
k|ltpQ/ btf{ e};s]kl5 OG;fkmdf
g} c;/ kg{] u/L 6fO{ksf] e"n
;'wfg{ ;lsg] cj:yf gx'g] .

lkm/fb xbDofb leq k/]sf] 5, 5}g

egL lg0f{o ug{nfO{ d'2f ug'{
k/]sf] sf/0f slxn] l;h{gf ePsf
xf] Plsg ug'{kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf

jRr'l;+x v8\sf
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >Lxl/ cof{n / ljfg
clwjQmf x]ds'df/ >]i7
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=dLgjxfb'/
/fodfemLM
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt
@)%*.!!.!# df ePsf] km};nf pk/ lrQ
ga'emL jfbL kIfaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd o;
cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
ljkIfLx? ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/L /
k|sfz /fh df:s] Ps cfk;df ldnL
ldn]dtf] u/L k"0f{ ?kdf gfkL uf]Zjf/f
;d]tnfO{ em'Sofgdf kf/L sf7df8f}+
lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=
@# ls=g+= $@) v08 -3_ If]qkmn )!
)! sf] 3/ hUuf ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf
xfd|f] xs d]6fpg] p2]Zon] ldlt
@)#*.&.@$ df :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/
b'lift ?kn] btf{ u/]sf] x'Fbf :jjf;L
;"rgf cg';f/ elg ul/Psf] b'lift btf{
ab/ u/L xs sfod u/L rng ;d]t
rnfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb
bfjL .

165

c+s @

ld>LgfgLn] ljjflbt hUuf ldlt

@)#%.^.* ut]sf] @! lbg] :jjf;L ;"rgf
cg';f/ j8f g+= @# sf] ls=g+= $@) sf]
3/ hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/L hUuf
wgL k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt u/L Psnf}6L xs
ef]u u/L cfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ x'g cfPsf]
ljjflbt hUuf lkm/fbLn] btf{ x'Fbfsf
cj:yfdf d k|ltjfbLsf] of] o:tf]
;+nUgtfaf6 btf{ u/fPsf] egL ls6fgL
;fy pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' ePs]f 5}g .
@)#%.^.* sf] @! lbg] :jjf;L ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf]df ;f] ;"rgfsf] lj?4
jfbLn] tTsfn s'g} k|ltjfb /x]sf] lyPg
eGg] @)#*.&.@$ sf] lg0f{oaf6
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ hUuf wgL
k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt x'Fbf ;Dd ljkIfLsf] ;f]
hUufdf s'g} cfklQ lyPg . ld>LgfgLsf]
gfddf ljjfbsf] 3/ hUuf btf{ x'g' k"j{
d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgh
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf sfg"g adf]lhd btf{
eO{ cfPsf] hUuf btf{ ab/ x'g g;Sg]
x'Fbf lkm/fb vf/]h efuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL k|sfz/fh df:s]sf]
k|ltpQ/ lhls/ .
k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/Lsf
gfpFsf] Dofb ldlt @)%$.*.!) df l/t
k"j{s tfd]n eO{ Dofb leq k|ltpQ/
glkm/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljjflbt hUufdf lkm/fbLsf]
lglj{jfb xs :yflkt ePsf] gb]lvbf jfbL
bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f}+
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.%.!@ sf]
km};nf .
d]/f] bfjL gk'Ug] egL u/]sf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L lkm/fb bfjL

adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf]

tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
ljjflbt ls=g+= $@) sf] hUuf
k|ltjfbLsf] xs ef]udf /x]sf], ljjfbsf]
hUuf tfd|f/fhf df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/] pk/
!((& ;fndf d'2f k/L lnvt ab/ ePtf
klg k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgLnfO{ g} a:g
lbO{Psf], @)#% ;fndf :jjf;L ;"rgf
k|sflzt eO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd @)#*
;fndf ljkIfLsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ k|df0f
kq lbbf ;d]t jfbLn] s'g} ljjfb gu/]sf]
/ !((& ;fndf km};nf ePsf]df ;f]
km};nf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog gu/L To;}
a;]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf adf]lhdsf] xs
;bf ;j{bf /xL /xG5 egL dfGg ldNb}g .
lhNnf cbfntaf6 jfbL bfjL gk'Ug]
7x/fO{ u/]sf] OG;fkmnfO{ ;b/ u/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf]
km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 u/]sf]
km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . ljjflbt hUufsf]
;DaGwdf klxn] ePsf] cbfntsf]
km};nfnfO{ dfGg kb{}g egL j]jf:tf u/L
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
cfkm}+df Goflos 5}g . Ps k6s To;}
ljifodf d'2f klg xf/L ;s]kl5 k'gM btf{
u/fpg' u}/ sfg"gL xf] . s'g} JolQm s;}sf]
3/df a:b}df ;f] a;]sf] 3/ p;}sf] x'g
;Sb}g . ld>LgfgLnfO{ a:g ;Dd lbPsf]
xf] . d''n'sL P]g u'7Lsf] dxnsf] !^
g+=adf]lhd k|:t't lkm/fb bfo/ ug{]
xbDofb x'Fb}g, wd{nf]k ePsf] s'/fdf
hlxn] ;'s} lkm/fb nfUb5 . xbDofb
gePsf] egL k|:t't d'2fdf af]Ng ldNb}g .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 wd{ gi6 x'g]
166

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lsl;dn] b'lift lg0f{o ab/ gx'g] u/L

u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g . To:tf]
gldn]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL
adf]lhd ld>LgfgLsf gfddf ePsf]
b'lift btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL jfbLsf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df
jfbL
s[i0fdfg
/fhe08f/Lsf]
lktf
lwh{gf/fo0f
/fhe08f/L lj?4 tfd|/fh df:s] ;d]t
ePsf] !(((.&.!# sf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+
b]jfgL cbfnt bf]>f] kmfF6sf] km};nfaf6
ld>LgfgLn] tfd|/fhnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf]
lnlvt ab/ e} ljjflbt 3/df jfbLsf]
xs sfod x'g] 7x/ ePsf] km};nf
clGtd eP/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L clGtd
/x]sf] km};nfn] Psfsf] xs sfod ePsf]
3/nfO{ :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/ egL
ls=g+= $@) sf] 3/ hUuf @)#*.&.@$ df
b'lift btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
klg jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] z'?sf]
km};nf ;b/ ug{] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nf o; cbfnt k"0f{
Ohnf;af6 g]=sf=k= @)#) lg=g+= &*%
k[i7 #$% sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
ljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{ b]lvbf Gofo k|zf;g
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -v_
adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{ x]g{] lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfP jf
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod adf]lhd u/L k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).!@.!* sf] cfb]z .
o;df k|ToyL{ k|sfz/fh df:s] /
ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/Lsf] gfdsf] Dofb
ldlt @)^!.$.% df c=j+= !!) g+= sf]
l/t gk'uL j]kQ] tfd]n ePsf] b]lvbf ab/

u/L lbPsf] 5 . cj ;jf{]Rr cbfnt

lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod !)$ r
adf]lhd uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
xflh/ x'g cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!.#! sf]
cfb]z .
@=
lgod adf]lhd cfhsf]
b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;
;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf jRr' l;+x v8\sfn] ljjflbt
hUuf d]/f] kIfn] cfug b]jtfsf] k'hf
cfhf ug{ lghL u'7Lsf] ?kdf /fv]sf]
hUuf xf] . ljkIfL ld>LgfgLsf nf]Ug]n]
cfug b]jtfsf] k"hf cfhf ug{] u/L ;f]
3/ hUufdf j:g lbPsf] cj:yfdf
ld>LgfgLn] !((& ;fndf ;f] 3/ hUuf
tfd|/fh df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/L lbP pk/
d'2f k/L !((( ;fndf /fhwfgL
sf7df8f}+ b]jfgL cbfnt bf]>f] kmfF6sf]
km};nfaf6 pQm lnvt ab/ e} hUuf
jfbLsf afa'sf gfddf sfod ePsf],
ljjflbt ljifodf hUuf khgLsf] !&,
hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] xbDofbdf dfq
cbfntdf k|j]z gu/L u'7Lsf] dxnsf] !^
g+= adf]lhdsf] xbDofb leq lkm/fb ug{
k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf xbDofb leqsf]
lkm/fb ePg eGg ldNb}g . k|ltjfbLn]
ljjfbsf] hUuf cfug b]jtfsf] u'7Lsf]
hUuf xf]Og egL !((& ;fndf klg eGg
g;s]sf], k|ltjfbLn] !((( ;fnsf] km};nf
adf]lhdsf] 3/ hUuf oxfF 5 egL
b]vfpg g;s]sf] / ljjfbsf] hUufsf] rf/
lsNnf / !((( ;fndf km};nf ePsf]
hUufsf] rf/ lsNnf ldNg] b]lvbf b]lvb}

167

c+s @

:jjf;L ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df @)#* ;fndf

b'lift ?kdf k|ltjfbLsf gfddf btf{ ug{]
u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug'{ kg{]df ;f]
lg0f{o sfod} /fvL jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
gldn]sf]n] pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhd
x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;'lgof] .
#=
To;} u/L k|ltjfbLsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt jl/i7 ljfg clwjQmf
>Lx/L cof{n / ljfg clwjQmf x]ds'df/
>]i7n] ljjfbsf] hUuf @)#* ;fndf
ld>LgfgLsf gfddf btf{ x'Fbf jfbLn] s'g}
lgsfodf ljjfb p7fPsf] gb]lvPsf],
ld>LgfgLsf] d[To' @)%@.^.# df e} ;s]sf]
s'/f jfbLnfO{ yfxf x'Fbf x'Fb} @)%$
;fndf lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL
agfO{Psf] 5 . !((( ;fndf ePsf]
km};nfdf ljkIfL agfO{Psf tfd|/fh df:s]
d]/f] kIfsf sfsf xf]Ogg\ . ljkIfL jfbLn]
u'7Lsf] hUuf eg]tfklg u'7L xf] eGg]
s'/fsf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]s} x'Fbf
;b/ x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx;
;d]t ;'lgof] .
$=
k|:t't
d'2fdf
jfbL
k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{ ePsf] jx;
;d]t ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf
sfuhftx?sf] cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'g cfof] .
%=
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
ljjflbt ls=g+= $@) sf] hUuf cfug
b]jtfsf] gfddf lghL u'7L /fvL k|ltjfbL
dWo]sL ld>LgfgLnfO{ a:g lbPsf]df

ld>LgfgLn] pQm hUuf tfd|/fh df:s]nfO{

ljqmL u/] pk/ !((& ;fndf lkm/fb
bfo/ e} !((( ;fndf lnvt ab/ x'g]
7x/L km};nf e} ;s]kl5 klg ;f] hUufdf
ld>LgfgLnfO{ g} a:g lbPsf]df lgh
ld>LgfgLn] ljjflbt hUuf :jjf;L
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df @)#* ;fndf cfkm\gf]
gfddf gfk gS;f u/fO{ btf{ ;d]t u/]sf]
x'gfn] ljkIfLsf] To; k|sf/sf] b'lift btf{
ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
jfbLsf] d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] .
^=
ljjflbt ls=g+= $@) sf]
3/ hUuf ld>LgfgLn] @)#%.^.* ut]sf]
@! lbg] :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/ @)#*
;fndf cfkm\gf] gfddf gfk gS;f u/fO{
btf{ u/L hUuf wgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t
k|fKt u/L xs ef]u u/]sf] s'/f ldl;n
;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . ljjflbt
hUuf @)#* ;fndf gfk gS;f e}
k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ x'Fbfsf]
;dodf jfbLsf] tkm{af6 s'g} k|ltjfb
u/]sf] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg s'g} sfuhft
Pj+ jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL ;d]taf6 b]lvg
cfPg . jfbLn] ljjfbsf] hUuf cfug
b]jtfsf] k'hf cfhf ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu
lghL u'7Lsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] egL lhls/
lnPtfklg cfkm\gf] lhls/nfO{ k'li6 x'g]
k|s[ltsf] u'7L nut / lt/f] lt/]sf] /l;b
nufotsf sfuhftx? k]z ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g .
&=
jfbLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fb
bfjLdf ljjflbt hUuf cfkm\gf afa'n]
cfug b]jtfsf] k"hf cfhf u/] jfkt
ld>LgfgLnfO{ j:g lbPsf]df !((& ;fn
dfu{ @! ut] ld>LgfgLn] ;f] hUuf
tfd|/fh df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/] pk/ lkm/fb
168

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

k/L !((( ;fndf lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fO{

km};nf e} xs sfod ePsf] hUuf xf]
egL lnPsf] lhls/ tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
ljjfbsf] hUuf jfbL bfjL adf]lhd !(((
;fnsf] km};nf adf]lhd jfbLsf] xs
sfod ePsf] elgPtfklg ;f] hUufdf
k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgL @)%@.^.# ut] k/nf]s
x'g] lbg ;Dd a;f]jf; u/L ef]u u/]sf]
s'/f jfbL :jo+n] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf :jLsf/
u/]sf, ;f] km};nfaf6 jfbLsf] xs sfod
ePsf] hUuf / ljjfbsf] ls=g+= $@) sf]
hUuf Pp6} xf] eGg] s'g} 7f]; ;j'b k|df0f
jfbLn] k]z ug{ g;s]sf], ljjflbt hUuf
!((( ;fnsf] km};nfaf6 xs sfod
ePsf] dfGg] xf] eg]tf klg d'n'sL P]g
b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $# g+= sf] b]xfo
@ adf]lhdsf] xbDofb leq jfbLn] rng
rnfpg] ;DaGwdf s'g} k|lqmof ;Dd
cufl8 ga9fPsf] / 3/ hUuf k|ltjfbLs}
xs ef]udf /x]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 .
*=
ljjflbt
hUufsf]
;DaGwdf jfbLsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lkm/fb
xbDofb leq k/]sf] 5}g egL k|ltjfbLn]
cfkm\gf] k|ltpQ/ kqdf lhls/ lnPsf]
x'Fbf, k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb xbDofb leq
bfo/ ePsf] 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ jfbLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf
@)%#.!.! ut] ;w} em} lgTok'hf ug{ hfFbf
ljkIfL dWo]sf] k|sfz/fh df:s]
nufotsf JolQmn] 3/ xfd|f] e} ;Sof]
egL emu8f u/L k"hf 3/ leq k:g
glbPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . oL
jfbLaf6 @)%$ ;fn j}zfv !@ ut]
dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+df uO{ gSsn
;f/L @)%$.!.!# df lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]
b]lvof] . jfbLn] cfkm\gf] k'g/fj]bg

lhls/df e"nsf] sf/0fn] @)%$.!.! x'g'

kg{]df @)%#.!.! ePsf] egL lhls/
lnPsf] tkm{ x]bf{ lghn] lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{
6fO{ksf] e"n ePsf] eP k|ltpQ/ kg{'
cufl8g} lgj]bg lbg' kg{] x'G5 . k|ltpQ/
btf{ e} ;s]kl5 OG;fkmdf g} c;/ kg{]
u/L 6fO{ksf] e"n ;'wfg{ ;lsg] cj:yf
x''Fb}g . jfbLsf] lkm/fb xbDofb leq k/]sf]
5, 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{nfO{ d'2f ug'{
k/]sf] sf/0f slxn] >[hgf ePsf xf] egL
Plsg ug'{ kg{] x'g cfpFb5 . d'2f rnfpg'
kg{] sf/0f k/]sf] lbg b]lvg} xbDofb z'?
x'Fbf k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ k|ltjfbL
k|sfz/fh df:s] nufotsf JolQmx?n]
@)%#.!.! ut] b]lv k"hf 3/df hfg k:g
glbPsf] lbgnfO{ g} d'2f ug'{ kg{] sf/0f
k/]sf] lbg b]lvg cfpFb5 .
(=
d'n'sL P]g hUuf khgLsf]
dxnsf] !& g+= df tfn'sbf/n] vfkL
vfPsf afx]s Pssf] xssf] hUuf csf{n]
btf{ u/fPsf]df yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^
dlxgf leq / c? s'/fdf eP u/]sf]
ldltn] b'O{ jif{ leq gfln; glbP nfUg
;Sb}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgLn]
btf{ u/fPsf] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] ! jif{
kl5 dfq lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] .
To;} u/L jfbLn] cfkm\gf] lkm/fbdf hUuf
ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] xbDofb leq bfo/
u/]sf] egL lnPsf] lhls/ ;DaGwdf hUuf
ldRg]sf] !* g+= x]bf{ /f]Ssf ePsf] lnP
lbPsf] / hUuf bkf]6 jf lt/f] bkf]6 u/]sf]
s'/fdf afx]s c? hUufsf] s'/fdf yfxf
kfPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leq s't jfnLsf]
s'/fdf ltg jif{ leq / hUufsf] emu8f
k/]sf] jfnLsf] xsdf hUufsf] xs 5'lO{

169

c+s @

clGtd lsgf/f ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{

leq gfn]z glbP nfUg ;Sb}g eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf eP adf]lhd jfbLn]
cfkm"nfO{ sfg"gn] lbPsf] ^ dlxgfsf]
xbDofb leq lkm/fb bfo/ ug{ ;s]sf]
b]lvb}g . To;} u/L jfbLn] cfkm\gf] bfjLdf
u'7Lsf] !^ g+= sf] xbDofbsf] bfjL
lnPtfklg ljjfbsf] hUuf u'7Lsf] eGg]
Plsg x'g gcfPsf] cj:yfdf u'7Lsf] !^
g+= cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf b]lvg gcfP
;d]taf6 pNn]lvt sfg"gL Pj+ ;j'b
k|df0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df jfbLsf] lkm/fb
sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofb leq bfo/ ePsf]
b]lvPg .
!)= t;y{ ljjflbt hUuf
@)#% ;fnsf] :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/
ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf gfkgS;f e}
@)#*.&.@$ df btf{ u/L hUuf wgL btf{
k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/L ;f] hUuf
@)$^ ;fndf ld>LgfgLn] k|sfz/fhnfO{
/ tt\ kZrft k|sfz/fhn] /=g+= !!!**
ldlt @)%#.@.@) sf] /flhgfdfn] rGb|
s'df/L df:s]nfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f e}
;s]sf], / ld>LgfgLsf] @)%@.^.# df

k/nf]s ePsf] s'/f tYoaf6 k'li6 e}

;s]sf] cj:yfdf ld>LgfgL hLljt
5pGh]n lghn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf / lghsf]
d[To' kZrft k|sfz/fh / rGb| s'df/Ln]
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ef]u ub{} cfPsf] hUufsf]
@)#*.&.@$ df ePsf] btf{nfO{ b'lift btf{
egL @)%$.&.!$ df em08} !^ jif{ kl5
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xbDofb ;d]t
Joltt u/L lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvbf
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L z'? lhNnf
cbfntn] u/]sf] OG;fkm ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] OG;fkm ldn]s}
b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . ldl;n
lgod cg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
Olt ;Dj\t @)^$ ;fn d+l;/ # ut] /f]h
@ z'ed\ ===============================
Ohnf; clws[t -pk ;lrj_ df]xg/fh
e/fO{

170

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lg0f{o g+=&(#)

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
;+at @)^# ;fnsf] l/6=g+=)*@!
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.@.%.!
d'2fM pTk|]if0f, clwsf/ k[Iff, k/dfb]z
;d]t .
lgj]bsM wg'iff lhNnf b]jlx8f uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= & xfn hgsk'/ g=kf=
j8f g+= !! df cjl:yt ;sn
ejg sGof pRr df=lj=
hgsk'/df sfo{/t OlGb/f emf
lj?4
ljkIfLM lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, wg'iff
;d]t

sfg"g adf]lhd ljefuLo sf/jfxL

nufotsf sf/jfxL ubf{ sf/jfxL
ug{] clwsf/L;Fu To:tf] sf/jfxL
ug{] clwsf/ eP gePsf] :ki6
x'g'kg]{ / clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln]
sf/jfxL ubf{ klg sfg"gsf]
prLt k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ .
sfg"gsf]
:ki6
clwsf/
gv'nfO{sg lbPsf] cfb]z lgb{]zsf]
cGwfw'Gw kfngf ug{] jf ug{ lbg]
xf] eg] sfg"gsf] dof{bf pNn+3g
x'g] l:ylt >[hgf eO{ JolQm jf
gful/s c;'/lIft aGg] cj:yf
/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

lgj]bs

s;}nfO{ klg sf/jfxL ug{]

clwsf/ eg]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/Ln] dfq k|of]u ug'{kg{]
ljifo x'Fbf ;f] afx]s c?n] k|of]u
u/]df
sfg"gsf]
b[li6df
cfklQhgs / bf]ifk"0f{ x'g hfg] /
To:tf] q'6L clwsf/If]qfTds q'6L
x'g] o:tf] clwsf/If]qfTds q'6L
ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df
cdfGo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_

tkm{jf6M ljfg
;"o{jxfb'/ kf08]
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg
hLjgk|;fb pkfWofo
cjnlDjt ghL/M

clwjQmf
clwjQmf

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f
>]i7M
g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@,
!)&-@_ adf]lhd bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKtdf tYo / 7x/ lgDg
adf]lhd 5M
d lgj]lbsf ;sn ejg sGof
pRr df=lj= hgsk'/df @)@*.*.* df
c:yfoL / @)#).*.@* df :yfoL df=lz=
kbdf lgo'lQm kfO{ kbLo bfloTj lgjf{x
u/L cfPsf]df @)^).%.!% df ;f]xL
ljBfnosf] lgldQ k|=c= uLtf zdf{
clgjfo{ cjsfz x'Fbf jl/i7 lzlIfsfsf]
x}l;otdf d lgj]lbsfnfO{ lgldQ k|=c=
df lgo'Qm u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltn] @)^!.!!.@! df uLtf zdf{n]
lbPsf] clVtof/LnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] @)^@.*.( df

171

c+s @

lgldQ k|=c= e} sfdsfh ug{] clVtof/L

k|bfg u/]sf]n] pQm ljBfnosf] k|=c= sf]
lhDd]jf/L jxg u/L cfPsf] lyPF . lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no wg'iffn] ljkIfL slgi7
lzIfs Clif/fh lj=k|=nfO{ k|=c= df
lgo'Qm ug{ nfu]sf] cfz+sf nflu
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/df lgif]wf1f
l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/L sf/jfxL
rnfPsf]df
cl3sf]
ldlt
/fvL
@)^@.*.@( df ljkIfL Clif/fh lj=k|=
nfO{ lgldQ k|=c= df lgo'lQm u/L
@)^@.(.!$ df k|=c= lgo'lQm u/L kq
lbPsf]n] lghx? pk/ bfo/ u/]sf] @)^@
;fnsf] l/6 g+= #@%( sf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6
lgj]bg o;} cbfntdf sf/jfxLdf 5 .
d}n] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL af6f] cg'z/0f
u/L /x]sf]df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non]
xflh/ x'g cfpg] af/] @)^@.!!.!% sf]
@$ 306] k"lh{ hf/L u/]sf]n] xflh/ x'g
hfFbf dnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ u/L sf/jfxL
rnfPsf]n] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;d]t
pk/ lgif]wf1f ldl>t k/dfb]z lgj]bg
btf{ u/L sf/jfxL rnfPsf] lyPF . lhNnf
lzIff sfof{non] dnfO{ x'nfs dfkm{t
k7fPsf] @)^#.*.& sf] kq k|fKt e} x]bf{
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 dnfO{
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo -s_ -3_ -_
-5_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGb} P]=
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @%-5_
adf]lhd tLg jif{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{
kq k7fPsf] hfgsf/L kfO{ lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nodf hfFbf lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{non] tkfO{nfO{ tLg jif{ tnj j[l4
/f]Ssf u/L cGoq ;?jf ug'{ / tnj tyf
;~rosf]if ;d]t /f]Ssf ug'{ egL kqfrf/

tyf lgb{]zg u/]sf] cfwf/df o;

sfof{non] tkfO{sf] gfddf tnj j[l4
/f]Ssf u/L hfgsf/L u/fPsf] eg]sf]n]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf uO{ dnfO{
ul/Psf] sf/jfxL ;DalGw sfuhftsf]
gSsn dfu ubf{ gSsn lbg 7f8} OGsf/
u/]sf]n] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' . lzIff
lgodfjnL, @)%(, sf] kl/R5]b @# sf]
lgod !#%, !$), !$@ / !$# df
lzIfsnfO{ ul/g] ljefuLo sf/jfxL,
sfo{ljlw / ;hfo ug{] clwsf/ tf]lsP
adf]lhd ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{
5, ljkIfLNffO{ 5}g . lzIfssf] ;?jf klg
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] ug{ kfpg]
xf]Og . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u P]g adf]lhd clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] dnfO{ sf/jfxL ubf{
klg d pk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf ;hfo
ug'{ kbf{ clVtof/jfnfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg'
kg{] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !@ df b]lvG5 .
cfof]un] klg P]gsf] bkmf !@-s_ sf]
k|of]hgdf dfq lgod @%-^_ k|of]u ug{
kfpg] xf] . dnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL /
;hfo tyf ;?jf ug{ clVtof/jfnf
x'Fbfx'Fb} P]g sfg"g, ;+ljwfg tyf k|fs[lts
Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt / clwsf/ If]qfTds
q'6L ;d]t /x] ePsf]n] ljkIfL g+= ! / @
af6 eP ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxL jb/ u/L
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod !)),
!)! / !)# ;d]t adf]lhd lgj]lbsfn]
kfpg] tnj, tnj j[l4 lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbO{
;~rosf]ifdf /sd hDdf ;d]t u/L lbg'
egL ljkIfL g+= @ / # sf] gfddf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm
eGg] @)^#.!@.!.% sf] lgj]bg Joxf]/f .
172

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <

lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t
lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf]
! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no wg'iffnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ o;sf]
jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf
k7fO{ lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] < of] cfb]z
k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s
!% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm}+ jf
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfL Clif/fh sfkm\n]nfO{ ;DalGwt
lhNnf cbfnt dfkm{t ;"rgf k7fO{
lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{ . lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z eg] hf/L ug'{
kg{] cj:yf ljBdfg b]lvPg eGg] o;
cbfntsf] @)^#.!@.& sf] cfb]z .
ljkIfLn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
ug'{ cl3 ;dfg k|s[ltsf l/6 k'=j]=c
hgsk'/df bfo/ ug'{ ePsf]df ;f] l/6
lgj]bg @)^#.!.!( df vf/]h eO{ ljkIfLn]
lrQ a'emfO{ a:g' ePsf] 5 . @)^!.*.(
df ;DkGg sfo{nfO{ @)^@.@.@% sf]
sfg"g ;+zf]wgn] k|efljt t'Nofpg g;Sg]
tyf ljkIfLn] k'=j]=c=df btf{ u/fpg'
ePsf] l/6sf] km};nf x'g' cufj} ljkIfL
;Ddflgt cbfntdf cfpg' / k'=j]=c=
hgsk'/af6 cfkm\gf] dfu bfjL
cf}lrTolxg 7x/ e} b'j} l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ePsf] tYonfO{ n'sfO{ k'gM ;jf{]Rr

cbfntdf ;dfg k|s[ltsf] l/6 btf{

ug'{af6 ljkIfL ;kmf / z'4 lgotn] k|j]z
u/]sf] b]lvb}g . sfg"g adf]lhd :yfoL
k|=c= sf] ?kdf d lgo'Qm ePkl5 lgldQ
k|=c= sf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsL ljkIfLn] c6]/
u/L a/ a'emf/y gu/L u/]sf] unt
sfo{x?sf] lj?4 d}n] lh=k|=sf= wg'iffdf
u/]sf] ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg eP
kZrft clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
OsfO{ dfkm{t ljkIfLsf] tLgj6f tnj
j[l4 /f]Ssf u/L cGoq ljBfnodf ;?jf
ug{] lzIff P]g lgodfjnLs} cfwf/df
lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . ljkIfLsf] tnj /
;~rosf]if st}af6 klg /f]Ssf ul/Psf]
5}g . ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL Clif/fh lj=k|=sfkm\n]_ sf] @)^$.!!.@@ sf]] lnlvt
hjfkm .
ljkIfL dWo]sf lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no wg'iffsf] gfddf @)^$.@.! df /
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no wg'iffsf gfddf
@)^$.#.!$ df tfd]n ePsf] Dofbdf
lnlvt hjfkm gk/L u'lh|Psf] .
@=
lgod
adf]lhd
k]zL;"rLdf r9L cfh o; Ohnf; ;dIf
k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L
lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf
ljfg clwjQmf ;'o{axfb'/ kf08]n] ljkIfL
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] lzIfssf] tnj
j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ gePsf]
cj:yfdf tnj j[l4sf] ;fy} ;~rosf]if
;d]t /f]Ssf eO{ ;?jf u/]sf] ;d]t
sfg"g ;Ddt gePsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg dfu
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x''g'k5{ egL /
ljkIfL Clif/fh lj=k|=sf tkm{af6 ljfg

173

c+s @

clwjQmf lhjgk|;fb pkfWofon] Clif/fh

lj=k|= sf] lgj]lbsfn] bfjL u/]sf]
ljBfnoaf6 ;?jf e} ;s]sf] 5, lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{nosf] lg0f{o kl5 ljkIfLn]
g} tnj lng OR5's gePsf] x'Fbf
;~rosf]if sl x'g g;s]sf] xf], ;?jf e}
;s]sf] Clif/fh lj=k|= sf] lgj]bg;Fu
;DaGw g} g/xg] x'Fbf lgj]lbsfsf] dfu
adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] egL
ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
#=
ldl;n ;+nUg tYo Pj+
ljfg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; lhls/
;d]tnfO{ dWogu/ /fvL lgjl]bsfsf] dfu
adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] xf]O{g
egL ljrf/ ubf{, lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{noaf6 lgj]bsfnfO{ clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf # -s_ -3_ -_ -5_ adf]lhd
s;"/ u/]sf] eGb} clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf]
lgod @%-5_ adf]lhd tLg jif{ tnj
j[l4 /f]Ssf u/L cGoq ;?jf ug'{ / tnj
tyf ;~rosf]if ;d]t /f]Ssf ug'{ egL
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf kqfrf/ u/]sf] /
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ;f] cg';f/
lgj]bssf] # jif{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf u/]sfn]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no af6 ePsf sfd sf/jfxL ab/
u/L lgj]lbsfn] kfpg] tnj / tnjj[l4
lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbO{ ;~rosf]ifdf /sd
hDdf ;d]t u/L lbg' egL lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no / Clif/fh lj=k|= -sfkm\n]_ sf
gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]lbsfsf] bfjL ePsf] kfO{of] . ljkIfL
dWo]sf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf
lzIff sfof{no wg'iffn] tfd]n ePsf]

Dofb leq lnlvt hjfkm glkm/fO{ Dofb

u'hf/L a;]sf] cj:yf 5 . ldl;n ;+nUg
lhNnf lzIff sfof{n wg'iff, hgsk'/sf]
@)^#.*.& r=g+= *@& sf] kq cjnf]sg
ub{f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no wg'iffsf]
r=g+= !**# ldlt @)^@.!@.!# sf] k|fKt
kqfg';f/ To; ljBfnosf df=lz= OlGb/f
emfn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo s_ -3_ -_ -5_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf]
x'Fbf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
lgodfjnL @)%( sf] lgod @%-5_
adf]lhd lgh OlGb/f emfnfO{ # -tLg_ jif{
tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf u/L o; sfof{nonfO{
hfgsf/L lbg x'g egL n]vL cfPsf]n]
;f]xL cg';f/ lgh lzlIfsf OlGb/f emf sf]
# jif{ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ul/Psf] Joxf]/f
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg'/f]w 5 eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfO{bf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf]
kqfg';f/ tnj j[l4 /f]Ssfsf] sf/jfxL
ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfof] .
$=
clVtof/
b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #
df cg'lrt sfo{M ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f

u/]sf] JolQmn] hfgL hfgL jf nfk/jfxL

;fy b]xfosf] s'g} sfo{ u/]df cg'lrt
sfo{ u/]sf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]
eO{ b]xfo -s_ df cfkm\gf] clwsf/
leqsf] s'g} sfd ug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] jf
cfkm\gf] clwsf/ gePsf] s'g} sfd
u/]sf], -3_ df cfkm\gf] thljh clwsf/
jb\lgot;fy jf :j]R5frf/L ?kdf k|of]u
u/]sf], -_ df cGo sfof{no, clwsf/L
jf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{df cgflwsf/ afwf
pTkGg u/]sf] jf To:tf] sfof{no,
clwsf/L jf sd{rf/LnfO{ bjfj lbO{ s'g}

174

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

cglws[t sfo{ u/fPsf] / -5_ df

cfgf] kbsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ kfng ug'{
kg]{ s'g} klbo st{Ao kfng gu/]sf]

eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . lgj]lbsfnfO{

pk/f]Qm ljleGg s;"/sf] cf/f]k nufPsf]
b]lvof] . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod @%
df cfof]un] P]gsf] bkmf !@s sf]

k|of]hgsf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf]

sf/jfxLnfO{ cGo cfjZos sf/jfxLsf]
?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v eO{
b]xfo -5_ df cfof]un] pko'Qm 7x/fPsf]
cGo sf/jfxL eGg] pNn]v b]lvof] .
P]gsf] tTsflng bkmf !@-s_ sf] k|of]hg
x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn]

cg'lrt sfo{ u/L >L %, >L % sf]

;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ xfgL,
gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf]df To:tf] xfgL
gf]S;fgL ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 e/L e/fp
ug{ jf cfof]un] pko'Qm 7fg]sf] cGo
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt
lgsfo jf clwsf/LnfO{ n]lv k7fpg] 5
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{+bf cfof]u
:jod\nfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ clVtof/ P]gn]
lbPsf] kfO{Pg .
%=
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] lgod @^ sf] ;+:yfut ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo /
clwsf/ ;DalGw Joj:yfsf] pklgod -!_
df P]gdf n]lvP b]lv afx]s ;+:yfut

ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cGo

sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd
x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v eO{ b]xfo -em_ df
cfkm\gf] cfr/0f cg';f/ sfd gug{]
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo
ug{] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . ;f]xL

lgodfjnLsf] lgod !#% sf] ;hfo

;DaGwL Joj:yf x]bf{, prLt / kof{Kt

sf/0f ePdf lzIfsnfO{ b]xfosf] ljefuLo

;hfo ug{ ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf eO{

b]xfo s df gl;xt lbg], v df j9Ldf

kfFr jif{;Dd tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{], u
df j9Ldf b'O{ jif{ ;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug{],
3 df eljiodf z}lIfs gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ
cof]u g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] /
df eljiodf z}lIfs gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ
cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ug{]
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] . pNn]lvt
;hfox? dWo] lgj]lbsfnfO{ b]xfo -v_ sf]
tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug{] ;hfo ul/Psf] eGg]
b]lvg cfof] . ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no Pj+ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{
lgj]lbsf lzlIfsfnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL /
;hfo ug{ k|rlnt sfg"gn] clwsf/
lbPsf] eGg] b]lvg gcfPsf] / lzIfs
sd{rf/LnfO{
;DalGwt
ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ sfg'gdf pNn]v
eP adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]
clVtof/ k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg ePsf] b]lvPsf]df ;DalGwt
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljefuLo
sf/jfxL / ;hfo u/]sf] eGg] ldl;naf6
b]lvg cfPg .
^=
s;} pk/ s'g} sfg"g
adf]lhd ljefluo sf/jfxL nufotsf]
s'g} sf/jfxL ubf{ sf/jfxL ug{]
clwsf/L;Fu To:tf] sf/jfxL ug{] clwsf/
eP gePsf] :ki6 x'g' kb{5 / clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sf/jfxL ubf{ klg
sfg"gsf] prLt k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] x'g'
k5{ . ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non]
lgj]lbsf pk/ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbbf

175

c+s @

cfkm"n] s'g sfg"g cGtut{ clwsf/ k|fKt

u/]sf] eGg] v'nfPsf] b]lvGg . lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{non] lzIff sfof{nonfO{ kq
n]Vbf clVof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo -s_, 3_, -_ -5_ sf] p4/0f u/]sf] eP klg ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yf eg]sf] sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg]
cj:yfx?;Dd pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPsf] /
P]gsf] tTsflng bkmf !@ adf]lhd
To;af6 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no jf
k|d"v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ l;w} ljefuLo
;hfo lbg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvg
cfpFb}g . To:t} ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{nosf] kq k|fKt ug{] lhNnf lzIff
sfof{non] klg cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt cfb]z s'g
sfg"g cGtu{t k|fKt ePsf] xf], ;f] cfkm"n]
sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg{] jf ug{ ;Sg] xf] xf]Og
x]/L sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . t/
ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] klg
To:tf] s]xL gu/L lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{noaf6 n]lv cfPsf] kqnfO{ oyfjt
?kdf c+lusf/ u/L lgj]lbsfsf] tnj j[l4
/f]Sg] u/L kq n]lv tfd]n u/]sf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . o;/L sfg"gsf] :ki6 clwsf/
gv'nfO{sg lbPsf] cfb]z lgb{]zsf]
cGwfw'Gw kfngf ug{] jf ug{ lbg] xf] eg]
sfg"gsf] dof{bf pNn+3g x'g] l:ylt
>[hgf eO{ JolQm jf gful/s c;'/lIft
aGg] cj:yf /xG5 .
&=
s;}nfO{ klg sf/jfxL ug{]
clwsf/ eg]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln]
dfq k|of]u ug'{ kg{] ljifo xf] . ;f] afx]s
c?n] k|of]u u/]df sfg"gsf] b[li6df
cfklQ hgs / bf]ifk"0f{ x'g hfG5 .
To:tf] q'6LnfO{ clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L
dflgG5 . clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L ePsf]

lg0f{o sfg"gsf] b[li6df cdfGo /xG5

eGg] s'/f ;j{ ;fdfGo Goflos l;4fGt xf]
. k|:t't d'2fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* adf]lhd
vf; cfwf/df ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{ kg{]
cj:yf ePdf ljkIfL lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{non] pQm P]g cGtu{t sf/jfxL
ubf{ cfkm"n] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]
ePdf cfkm}+n] / cGo lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/L dfkm{t k|of]u ug'{ kg{] eP lgh
dfkm{t k|of]u ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . lgj]lbsf
lzlIfsf eO{ lzIff lgodfjnL cGtu{t
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cGtu{t
sfo{/t /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lghsf] xsdf
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{] clwsf/ pQm
;ldltdf /x]sf]n] To:tf] l:yltdf lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{non] l;w} ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt /x]g . a?
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] eO{ /x]sf
sfg"gsf] l:ylt :ki6 u/L cfjZos
sf/jfxLsf] nflu lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
dfkm{t ;DalGwt ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltdf k7fpg' kg{] / cfjZostf
cg';f/ pQm ;ldltn] ljefuLo sf/jfxL
ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To:tf] :jefljs
k|lqmofsf] pk]Iff u/L lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{non] cfkm"df lgxLt gePsf]
ljefuLo sf/jfxL cfkm} u/L ;hfo tf]sL
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no dfkm{t tfd]n
u/fPsf] / lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] klg
To:tf] cglws[t cf1f dfgL ljefuLo
;hfosf] kq k|]lift u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
q'6Lk"0f{ b]lvG5 . To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k
lzlIfsfn] sfg"g adf]lhd kfpg] tnj
j[l4, h'g j[lQ ljsf;sf] b[li6n] ;d]t
dxTjk"0f{ 5 , /f]sL lgj]lbsfsf] tnj /
176

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;~rosf]if /f]lsg uPsf] b]lvof] . To:tf]

l:ylt cfpg' eg]sf] lzIf0f k]zfdf /xg]
hf] s'g} klg >dlhjLsf] xsdf ulDe/
kl/0ffdx? ePsf] sfg"gL q'6Lsf] ;+1f lbg'
kg{] x'gfn] lgj]lbsfsf] tnj j[l4 /f]Sg]
u/]sf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no wg'iffsf]
ldlt @)^@.!@.# r=g+= !**# sf] kq /
;f] adf]lhd lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
wg'iffn] n]v]sf] @)^#.*.& r=g+= *@& sf]
kq pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L lbPsf]
5 . cj lgj]lbsfn] kfpg] tnj j[l4
;lxtsf] afFsL tnj lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbg' /
;~rosf]if ;DaGwdf hf] rflxg]
k|lqmofk"/f u/L hDdf u/L lbg' egL

ljkIfL lhNnf lzIff sfof{no

wg'iffsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
cfb]zsf] hgfp lgj]bs Pj+ ljkIfL
sfof{nox? ;d]tnfO{ lbO{ ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemL
Ohnf; clws[tM
zf=c=_

bLkss'df/ bxfn -

O{lt ;Djt\ @)^% h]i7 % ut] /f]h !

z'ed\

177

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(#! g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm O{hnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
;Djt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ====)@*#
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.$.$
ljifo M pTk|]if0f .
lgj]bsM hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_
sf tkm{jf6 / cfkm\gf] xsdf
;d]t
sf7df8f}+
lhNnf,
sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= !$ j:g]
clwjQmf k|sfzd0fL zdf{ ;d]t
lj?
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/
;d]t

;+ljwfgdf
Jojl:yt
pkrf/x?nfO{ oflGqs ?kdf gx]/L
hLjg;+ut 9Fun] ;d;fdlos,
ultzLn, Jojxfl/s / k|efjsf/L
jgfpg' kg]{ .
;fj{hlgs xs jf lxt ;lGglxt
/x]s]f d'2fdf cbfntn] ;+ljwfg
jdf]lhd lbg vf]h]sf] pkrf/
oyfy{df h'g ju{sf] xs lxtsf]
;+/If0fsf] nflu cfk'mn] sfd
u/]sf] 5 ;f] ju{n] To:tf]
pkrf/sf] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yf v8f ug{ ;Dd g} cfk\mgf]
e"ldsf k|z:t ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

178

cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts

clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df ckfx?nfO{
emg} j9L ;dy{gsf] h?/t kb{5 .
lzIff ljgf /f]huf/L x'+b}g /
/f]huf/L ljgf cfly{s >f]t
gh'6\g] x'+bf hLjgnfO{ u'0ffTds
?kdf pkef]u ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn]
ljsf;sf] ;du| rqmdf oL tLg
j6f tTjsf] ;ld>0f u/L ;3fpg
/fHon] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
/fHon] ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ bfloTjsf]
c+u :j?k dflgg] lzIff h:tf]
s'/fdf pbfl;gtf /fHosf] nflu
;'xfp+bf] geO{ jlx/f]kgjf6
k|efljt ju{ ljz]if ?kn] yk
jlx:s/0fdf kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfgsf]
;+/If0f
/
sfof{Gjogsf] bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{
cj:yfdf /x]sf] Gofokflnsfsf]
x}l;otn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt df}g
j:g ;Sg] l:ylt g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
sfg"gdf ;dfgtfsf] xssf]
k|fjwfg ul/P klg Tof] xs
cGtu{t ljleGg ju{ / ;d'bfosf]
cg'ejx? ;d]l6Psf] 5}g eg]
;j}n] ;dfg ?kdf To;sf] nfe
lng ;Sg] cj:yf g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
cbfnt4f/f lgb]{lzt Joj:yf
sfof{Gjog ug{ /fHon] ;+ljwfg
hf/L ubf{ ;+ljwfg k|lt jkmfbf/
/xg] / p;sf] cIf/ / efjgfsf]
O{dfGbf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ h'g
k|ltj4tf b]vfPsf] x'G5, To;nfO{

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

JolQmut / ;+:yfut b'j} :t/df

lhDd]jf/
lgsfo
Pj+
kbflwsf/Lx?n] lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
ckfsf z}lIfs xssf] Joj:yfsf]
cfjZostfsf] k[i7e"lddf vf;
sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L cljnDj
nfu' ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] ;f] Joj:Yff
ug{ kg]{ s'/fdf Wofgfsif{0f u/fp+b}
tTsfn} b]lv ljBfno jf
dxfljBfnodf lzIff k|fKt ug{
rfxg] jlx/f]kgsf] c;/ k/]sf]
JolQmx?sf]
cfjZostfnfO{
;Djf]wg ug{ rfn' z}lIfs ;q
leq ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWod4f/f
lzIffdf cj;/ kfFpg] ljBfno jf
dxfljBfno ls6fg u/L k|lzlIft
bf]efif] jf lzIfsx?sf] Joj:Yff
ug'{,
ToxfF
k|of]u
x'g]
kf7\o;fdfu|Lx? ;f+s]lts efiffdf
cg'jfb ug]{ k|s[of z'? u/L
Toxf+sf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfjZos
kf7\o;fdfu|L oyflz3| pknJw
u/fpg', ;f+s]lts efiffdf lzIf0f
ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQmsf] tflndsf]
Joj:yf cljnDj z'? ug{
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfx?

k|sfzdl0f zdf{, /df kGt -v/]n_,
zldnf{ >]i7
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
jh|z Kofs'/]n
cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f
>]i7M
g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f
@#**-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf kg{
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
lgj]bs ;:yf hglxt ;+/If0f
d~r -k|f]=klJns_ :yfkgfsfnb]lv g}
;fdflhs Gofo, ;fj{hlgs xs lxt /
c;n zf;gsf If]qdf lg/Gt/ lqmoflzn
/x+b} cfPsf] 5 . xfdL lgj]bs
clwjQmfx? klg k|f]=klJns;+u ;Dj4 e}
dfgj clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs , n}ls,
jftfj/0fLo Gofosf] p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu
sfo{/t /x+b} cfPsf 5f}+ . To:t} lgj]bs
dWo]sf /fdk|;fb clwsf/L / c?0f
l;njfn zfl/l/s ?kdf jlx/f ePs}
sf/0f P;=Pn=l;=kf; kZrft pRr lzIff
xfl;n ug{jf6 jlGrt ePsf 5f}+ .
lzIff dfgljo ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{
cfwf/ xf] . lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg' ;kfFu
hlQs} ckfFusf] klg clwsf/ xf] . t/
lj8Djgf jlx/f ePs} sf/0f lzIff k|fKt
ug{jf6 jlGrt e} /x]sf 5g\ . s]jn
;kfnfO{ dfq lzIff pknJw u/fpg] u/L
jgfPsf] z}lIfs k"jf{wf/sf sf/0f sfg
g;'Gg] jlx/f ckfFun] cGo dfgj ;/x
lzIff xfl;n ug{jf6 jlGrt x'g' k/L
/x]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .
Psftkm{ ljleGg ljWg jfwf v]Kb}
jNntNn P;=Pn=;L= plQ0f{ ug{ ;kmn
ePsf jlx/f ljBfyL{nfO{ pRr :t/Lo
lzIff cWoogsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf
gx'+bf pgLx?df k9fO{ k|lt g} lg/fzf
hfUg yfn]sf] 5 . /fHosf >f]t ;fwgdf
;j} gful/ssf] ;dfg xs clwsf/ x'G5 .

179

c+s @

s'g} klg cfwf/df lje]b ug]{ clwsf/

/fHonfO{ 5}g, j? k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{
ljz]if ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ /fHosf]
bfloTj xf] .
;Fo'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq !($*
df ckfx?sf] lzIff nufotsf xs
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fHon]
cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L ;dflhs , cfly{s
tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL
cGt/fli6o cg'jGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f @ -u_
n] pRr lzIffdf ;j}sf] kx'+r x'g' kg]{
s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] pSt
cg'jGwdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t u/]sf] / ;GwL
P]g, @)$& n] cGt/fli6o ;GwLsf]
kl/kfngf ug'{kg]{ bfloTj pNn]v u/]sf]
5.
b]ze/ slj/ % nfv jlx/fsf]
;+Vof ePklg gt k|fylds txdf
pgLx?nfO{ kof{Kt lzIff cfh{g ug]{
jftfj/0f /fHon] u/]sf] 5 , gt pRr
z}lIfs lgsfodf ;fFs]lts efiff cg'?k
ljz]if z}lIfs Joj:yf g} u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k zfl/l/s ?kdf
ckfFu ePs} sf/0f lzIff h:tf] cfwf/e"t
dfgjLo cfjZostfjf6 ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf
jlGrt x'g' jfWo ePsf]n] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!!_ -#_ ,!* / @^-(_ f/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs
xssf] ;fy} ckfFu ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf %-!_ / (-#_ n]
ckfFusf] nflu lzIff k|fKtL nufotsf
sfg"gL xs clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu
ljz]if
Joj:yf
ug'{kg]{
bfloTj
ljkIfLx?nfO{ t]flsPsf]df xfn;Dd klg

To; tkm{ cfjZos kxn gu/]jf6

;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf k|:t't
lgj]bg;fy pkl:yt ePsf 5f}+ .
ctM jlx/f ljBfyL{x?sf nflu
ljz]if kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yfsf] ;fy}
;fFs]lts efiffsf] dfWodjf6 k9fO{ x'g]
u/L b]ze/ :s'n tyf pRr lzIffnosf]
:yfkgf ug'{ , u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf]
gfp+df k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f
cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+m eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL .
o;df s], s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt
ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ pkl:yt x''g
egL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lgod
adf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^#.^.@& sf] cfb]z .
cGwf , jlx/f, ;':tdgl:ylt
ePsf jf zfl/l/s sf/0fn] ckfFu
jfnjflnsfnfO{ ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug]{
p2]Zon] ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\ u7g x'g],
lzIff lbg] ljBfno vf]Ng ;lsg] / ljz]if
lzIff lbg] ljBfnonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf lbg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
df eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ljz]if lzIffsf
;DjGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ pbfl;g /x]sf]
5}g . d'n'sdf pknJw >f]t / ;fwgsf]
cfwf/df o; ;DjGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf
x'g] g} x'+bf k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+m
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
180

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg :yfgdf

jlx/f ;d'xsf nflu cWoog ug]{ ljBfno
;Grfng e} /x]sf / ;fwg / >f]tsf]
pknJwtf;+u} /fHon] To; tkm{ eljiodf
ljBfnosf] lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg] g} 5 .
hxf+;Dd ;fFs]lts efiffdf pRr lzIff
xfl;n ug{ kfpg] u/L sn]hsf] :yfkgf
ug'{kg]{ / ;/sf/L kf7\o k':tsnfO{
;fFs]lts efiffdf cg'jfb ug]{ u/fpg]
;DjGwdf pknJw ;fwg / >f]tsf]
kl/lwleq /xL o; lsl;dsf] Joj:Yff ug]{
u/fpg] tkm{ o; dGqfno ;+w} ;sf/fTds
/x]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff
tyf v]ns"b dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; dGqfnosf] s] s'g sfd
sf/jfxLjf6 lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/ xgg
x'g uPsf] xf] ;f] sf] k'i6\ofO{ ;lxtsf]
sf/0f v'nfpg g;s]sf] x'+bf ljgf sf/0f
o; dGqfno ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL jgfO{
bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h u/L
kfp+m eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlxnf , jfnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9L
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{jf6 pkl:yt
lj4fg clwjQmfx? >L k|sfzd0fL zdf{,
>L /df kGt -v/]n_ / >L zld{nf >]i7n]
jlx/fx? /fHosf gful/s x'g . pgLx?
lzIffsf] clwsf/jf6 jlGrt ePsf 5g\ .
pRr lzIff cWoogsf] nflu ;fFs]lts
efiffdf k9fO{ gePjf6 jlx/fx? rfx]/klg
pRr lzIffsf] cWoog ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f !! n] ;j} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df
;dfg 5g\ egL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

u/]tfklg ckfn] k|of]u ug]{ ;fFs]lts

efiffsf] pRr lzIff cWoog ug]{ Pp6}
dfq sn]h gePjf6 jlx/fx? ;dfg
;+/If0fsf] df}lns xsjf6 ;d]t jlGrt
ePsf]n]
lgj]bg
dfu
jdf]lhd
jlx/fx?nfO{ pRr lzIff cWoogsf] nflu
ljz]if kf7\ok':tssf] ;fy} ;f+s]lts
efiffdf k9fO{ x'g] sn]hsf] Joj:Yff ug'{
egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfp+df k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/Lxf];\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx;
k|:t't ug'{eof] .
ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff tyf
v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf] tkm{jf6
pkl:yt lj4fg pkGofofwLjQmf >L jh|];
Kofs'/]nn] cGwf, jlx/f, ;':tdgl:ylt
ePsfx?nfO{ ljz]if lzIff k|bfg ug{
;/sf/ k|oTg/t /x]sf] 5 . pknJw >f]t
/ ;fwgsf] cfwf/df cfjZos Joj:Yff
x'g] g} 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
lj4fg sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{
ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lg lgj]bg ;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu
bfjL jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg]
xf], xf]O{g < eGg] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{
b]lvg cfof] .
@=
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
k|:t't d'2f ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fsf]
?kdf k|:t't ePsf] / lgj]bsx? dWo]
/fdk|;fb clwsf/L / c?0f l;njfn :jo+
jlx/f ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ ;f]xL sf/0fn]
pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ gkfPsf] sf/0f
b]vfp+b} lghx? / ;fj{hlgs xs /
;/f]sf/sf] If]qdf sfd ul/ cfPsf
hglxt ;+/If0f dGr / pSt ;+:yfsf
k|ltlglwx? ;d]t k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

181

c+s @

o;jf6 jlx/f]kgsf] k[i7e"ld ePsf

JolQmx?sf] jf:tljs c;'ljwfhgs
cj:yfx?nfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ To:t} km/s
cg'ej ePsf JolQmx?sf] xs / lxtsf]
;Djf]wgsf] nflu lgj]bsx?n] u/]sf]
dfusf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2fdf ljrf/ ug'{
k/]sf] 5 .
#=
lgj]bsx?n]
jlx/f]kg
ePsf / To:t} km/s cg'ejx? ePsf
JolQmsf] ;DjGwdf sfg"gL dfWodjf6
pkrf/sf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't
d'2fdf jlx/f]kgsf cg'ej ePsf
JolQmx?sf] ;fd'lxs ;/f]sf/sf] k|Zg
pkl:yt x'g cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
tTsflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f ** / jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&
;d]tn] ;fj{hlgs xs Pj+ ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifodf pkrf/ lbg ;Sg] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q ;af]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf]n] o:tf] d'2fdf cbfntn] ckgfpg]
pbf/ k|s[ofsf ;DjGwdf ljleGg
d'2fx?df ;af]{Rr cbfntn] cfkm\gf]
wf/0ff JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . j:t'tM vf;
ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs jf lxtsf]
pNn3+g ePsf] cj:Yffdf c;/ k/]sf
x/]s JolQm :jo+ pkl:yt eO{ dfu u/]sf]
x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ckjfbs} ?kdf
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf pbf/
xsb}ofsf] l;4fGt o; cbfntn]
k|ltkfbg ul/ cfPsf] xf] . h;nfO{
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf w]/} d'2fx?df o;
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj4tf k6s k6s
k'g{hfx]/ ul/ cfPsf] 5 .
$=
To;sf]
cltl/Qm
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf ;/f]sf/jfnf

kIfsf] k|ltlglwTj cGo JolQm jf ;+:yfn]

ug]{ dfq xf]O{g ls To:tf] d'2fsf] kof{Kt
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg, ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;du|
Pj+ cBfjlws k|:t't u/fpg, vf; vf;
s'/fsf] tYofTds cg';Gwfg u/L e/kbf]{
k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ / ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt
;'xfp+bf] k|efjsf/L / k"0f{?k]0f ;d:ofsf]
;Djf]wg u/fpg o; cbfntn] ;DefJo
pkrf/x?nfO{ /rgfTds 9+un] vf]hL u/L
lgsfz lbg klg sf]lz; ul/ cfPsf] 5 .
cd"s JolQm kIf ljkIf ePsf] lghL
;/f]sf/sf] d'2fx?df eGbf o:tf]
;fj{hlgs xs lxtsf k|Zgx? ;dfj]z
ePsf d'2fx?df km/s sfo{z}nL / k|s[of
ckgfpg' Gofosf] lgikIf ;DkfbgnfO{
ljrlnt ug]{ p2]Zo ge} To:tf] ju{ jf
;d'xsf] ljlzi6 lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
;fd'lxs / k|efjsf/L pkrf/ lbgsf]
nflu xf] . xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLn]
To:tf] k|Zgdf ljlzi69+un] ;Djf]wg ug{
ljz]if pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]jf6 klg
;f] ;Dej ePsf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf
cbfnt :jo+ klg ;dfhsf] c+u ePsf]
gftfn] ;fdflhs cg'ejjf6 cfk'mnfO{
cnUofpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] d'2fdf lghL
dfdnfdf h:tf] lr;f] t6:ytf cjnDjg
ug{ h?/L klg dflgGg, j? cbfntn]
cfkm\gf] klg lhDd]jf/L jf]w u/]/ ;lqmo
;+nUgtf vf]Hg' jfG5lgo dflgG5 .
%=
oyfy{df ;fd'lxs xs jf
;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdf s'g} JolQm jf ju{
lj?4sf] xssf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g] ge} ;+ljwfg
Pj+ sfg"gn] To:tf] ju{sf] kIfdf l;h{gf
u/]sf] xsx? jf k|Tofe"ltx? oyfy{df
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP jf ePg <
eGg] k|Zg v8f ePsf] kfO{G5 / cbfntn]
182

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTjsf] c+zsf]

?kdf To:tf] ju{sf] xs jf lxtsf]
;+/If0fsf] nflu lgofds Pj+ ;xhstf{sf]
jx'cfoflds e"ldsf v]nL lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
vf; ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] xssf] pb\3f]if0ff
dfq t ;+ljwfg, P]g sfg"gn] klg w]/}
xb;Dd ul/ lbPsf] x'g ;S5 t/ hj
To:tf
pb\3f]if0ffTds
Joj:yfx?
s[ofTds txdf ?kfGtl/t x'b}gg\
cbfntn] cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfnfO{
jflG5t
nrstfsf;fy
k|efjsf/L
jgfpg yk cGj]if0ffTds pkfox? ug{
pBt x'g' kg]{ x'G5 .
^=
;+ljwfgdf
Jojl:yt
pkrf/x?nfO{ oflGqs ?kdf gx]/L
hLjg;+ut 9Fun] ;d;fdlos, ultlzn,
Jojxfl/s / k|efjsf/L jgfpg' kg]{ x'G5
. vf; u/]/ ;fj{hlgs xs jf lxt
;lGglxt /x]s]f d'2fdf cbfntn] ;+ljwfg
jdf]lhd lbg vf]h]sf] pkrf/ oyfy{df
h'g ju{sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu
cfk'mn] sfd u/]sf] 5 ;f] ju{n] To:tf]
pkrf/sf] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
v8f ug{ ;Dd g} cfk\mgf] e"ldsf k|z:t
ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
k|s[ltsf] d'2f / lghL k|s[ltsf] d'2fsf]
jLrdf /x]sf] of] u'0ffTds cGt/nfO{
gj'e\mg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
d'2fdf cbfntn] v]Ng vf]h]sf] /rgfTds
/ k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf sf]l;;x?nfO{
Gofodf ljrngsf] ?kdf x]g]{ r]i6f x'g
;S5 . oyfy{df ;+ljwfgn] ;af]{Rr
cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfg / o;sf d"Nox?sf]
;+/If0f ug]{ h'g lhDdf lbPsf] 5 / ;f]
jdf]lhd hgtfsf lghL Pj+ ;fd'lxs
xsx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ h'g clwsf/ If]q

;'lDkPsf] 5, To;sf] nflu ;+ls0f{ Goflos

lrGtgsf] bf;Tjjf6 d'Qm u/]/ k"0f{ /
k|efjsf/L Gofostf{sf] ?kdf cfk'mnfO{
pEofpg' o; cbfntsf] bfloTj g} jg]sf]
k|i6 x'G5 . xfn ;Dd ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf ljleGg d'2fx?df o;
cbfntn] ckgfPsf ljljw k|s[ofx? Pj+
sbdx?n] oxL dfGotfnfO{ k|i6 ub{5 .
k|:t't d'2fdf klg jlx/f]kgn]
c;/ k/]sf JolQmx?sf] z}lIfs xssf]
dfGotf / k|rngsf] nflu jf:tljs c;/
k/]sf JolQmx? Pj+ To:tf ju{sf]
k|ltlglwTj ug{ O{R5's ;+:yfsf] ;Fo'Qm
lgj]bgnfO{ pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf o;
cbfntn] ljz]if ?kn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5
. lgj]bsx?n] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf
jlx/fx?sf] hg;+Vof / ;d:ofsf]
cfFsng ;d]t k]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . k|:t't
lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Psf] pkrf/sf]
;Gbe{df ;d:ofsf] ?k/]vfsf] ljZn]if0f
ljz]if?kn] dxTjk"0f{ 5 . lgj]bg cg';f/
g]kfndf jlx/fsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/
nueu % nfvsf] 5 . t/ k|fylds tx
b]lvg} pRr z}lIfs lgsfo;Dd ;f+s]lts
efiffdf lzIff k|bfg ug{] Joj:Yff 5}g
eGg] g} d'Vo egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
jlx/f]kgnfO{ zf/Ll/s ckftfsf] Ps
lsl;dsf] ?kdf x]/L hLjgnfO{ u'0ffTds
?kn] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L pgLx?sf]
z}lIfs xsnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] c+usf]
?kdf x]g'{ kg]{ d'Vo cfjZostf
cf}NofO{Psf] kfO{G5 .
jlx/f]kg;+u ;DjlGwt ljljw
;d:ofx?sf] cWoog /fli6o Pj+
cGt/fli6o ?kdf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;Fo'Qm
/fi6 ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efjf6 ( l8;]Dj/,

183

c+s @

!(&% df kfl/t ckfx?sf] xsx?sf]

3f]if0ffkq cg';f/ "ckf JolQm eg]sf]
k"0f{ jf cfFlzs ?kdf s'g} ju{sf] sdhf]/L
eP/ jf geP/ p;sf] zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s Ifdtfdf k/]sf] c;/sf] sf/0fn]
s'g} JolQmn] p;sf] ;fdfGo lghL jf
;fdflhs hLjgsf] cfjZostf ;'lglZrt
ug{ g;Sg] ePsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfp+b5 "The term 'disabled person' means any
person unable to ensure himself or
herself, wholly or partly, the necessities
of a normal individual / and or social
life, as a result of deficiency, either
congenital or not, in his or her physical
or mental capabilities_ jlx/f]kg ljleGg

sf/0fx?jf6 x'g] ckftfsf] Ps c+u xf] .

ckftfnfO{ ;du|df x]g]{ xf] eg] ljZjsf
s'n hg;FVofsf] bz k|ltzt cyf{t sl/j
^) s/f]8 hg;FVof s'g} g} s'g} ?kn]
ckf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ckftf leq
;fdfGotof
zf/Ll/s
ckftf,
b[li6ljlxgtf, jlx/f]kg / ;':tdgl:yltsf]
l:ylt ;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . To;
dWo] klg jlx/f]kg eg]sf] sfg g;'Gg]
cj:yf xf] . o;df klg k6Ss} sfg
g;'Gg] / ;fdfGo eGbf sd ;'Gg] u/L b'O{
lsl;dsf] ckftf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k6Ss}
g;'Gg] jlx/fx? d'vn]
jf]Nb}gg\ .
jlx/fx?sf] ljZj ;+u7g -The world
Federation of the Deaf_ sf cg';f/
"jlx/f] JolQm eGgfn] dWod b]lv ulDe/
cj:yf ;Ddsf >j0f Ifdtfdf leGgtf
ePsf ljleGg k[i7e"ld ePsf hfthflt,
pd]/, wd{, pTklQ, bz{g Pj+ ljleGg
eflifs
cfwf/
ePsf
Jofks
hg;d'bfonfO{ hgfp+b5 ." (The term

'Deaf people'-includes a wide spectrum

of people with hearing differences from
moderate to profound from various
backgrounds races, ages, creeds,
ethnicities and philosophies and with
different levels of linguistic variables)

jlx/fx? nufotsf ;j} lsl;dsf

ckfx?n] ;dfhsf cGo ;jn cyf{t
ckftf/lxt JolQmx? ;/x ;dfhdf
;xeflutf /fVgdf ljleGg Jojwfgx?
dxz'z ul//x]sf 5g\ . tL Jojwfgx?n]
ubf{ pgLx? e]befj, b'Joj{xf/ / ul/jLsf
lzsf/ x'g] hf]lvd Joxf]g{ jfWo x'G5g\ .
pgLx?nfO{ c? ;Ifd JolQmx? ;/x
;dfg ?ksf xsx? pkef]u ug{df /x]sf
Jojwfgx?nfO{ x6fO{ pgLx?sf xssf]
dfGotf glbP;Dd ;dfhsf] d"n k|jfxjf6
pgLx?n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf jlxis/0f /
u/LjLj/0f ul//xg jfWo x'G5g\ , h'g
pgLx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn3+gsf d'Vo
sf/s jGb5g\ . ckfx?n] cGt/fli6o
b]lv :yflgo :t/ ;Dd g} ljleGg
lsl;dsf] e]befj Joxf]/]sf] kfO{G5 .
pgLx?sf zf/Ll/s ckftf g} ;dflhs,
dgf]j}1flgs / sfg"gL nufotsf]
e]befjsf] sf/0f jgfO{Psf] kfO{G5 .
oyfy{df ckftf eg]sf] s'g} JolQmsf]
dfgj x'gsf] nflu cof]Uotf xf]O{g .
dfgj x'g' eg]sf] s'g} c++usf] l:yltn]
hgfpg] kl/ro klg xf]O{g . ;+;f/df
dfgj leqsf] w]/} ljljwtfx? 5g\, tL
ljljwtf cfkm}df cof]Uotfx? xf]O{gg\, j?
ljz]iftfx? x'g .
dfgj clwsf/sf] b[li6n] x]g]{ xf]
eg] dfgjsf] ?kdf hGd] kl5 dfgjn]
kfpg] :jfefljs ;j} clwsf/x? ;j}
184

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

dfgjn] kfp+b5g\ . To;}n] ckfsf klg

Tolt g} clwsf/ x'G5g\ hlt clwsf/
cGo ;Ifd elgPsf JolQmx?sf x'G5g\ .
of] cy{df ckfn] dfgj clwsf/x? Pj+
sfg"gL clwsf/x?nfO{ ;dfg ?kn]
pkef]u ug{ kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . of]
b[li6sf]0fnfO{ clxn] cGt/fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ sfg"gn] k"0f{ ?kn] cfTd;ft
u/]sf] klg 5 . ;Fo'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf]
;fwf/0f ;efjf6 kfl/t ckfx?sf] xs
;DjGwL 3f]if0ffkqdf ckfx?nfO{ dfgj
k|lti7fsf] ;fydf jfFRg] cGtlg{lxt
clwsf/ 5 eGb} ckftfsf] sf/0f, k|s[lt
/ uDeL/tf h] eP klg p;sf ;djoL
cGo gful/sx? ;/x df}lns xsx?sf
xsbf/ x'G5g\ . h;sf] dtnj d"ntM
;fdfGo / k"0f{ ?k]0f k|lti7fk"0f{ hLjg decenl life_ ljtfpg] x'G5 elgPsf] 5 .
;fy} ckfx?n] :jf:Yo ;DjGwL,
dgf]j}1flgs / sfo{d'ns pkrf/sf] xs
klg kfPsf x'G5g\ . h; leq lzIff,
Joj;flos tflnd, k'g:yf{kgf, k/fdz{
kb{5g\ , h;n] pgLx?sf] Ifdtf / zLksf]
clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u u5{g / ;fdflhs
;+ldngsf] k|s[ofnfO{ k|z:t ub{5g\ . Disabled persons have right to medical,
psychological and functional treatment
including prosthetic and orthetic
appliances, to medical and social
rehabilitation, education, vocational
training
and
rehabilitation,
aid
counselling, placement services and
other sources which will eneble them to
develop there capabilities and skills to
the maximum and will hasten the thair
social integration or reintegation.

;+;f/sf ;j} dflg;x? ;dfg

lsl;dn] ;Ifd 5}gg\ . zf/Ll/s Pj+
dfgl;s ?kn] x/]s JolQm km/s x'g
;Sb5g\ . zf/Ll/s ?kn] ;jn eg]sf]
JolQm dfgl;s jf z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn]
b'\j{n / zf/Ll/s ?kn] b'j{n eg]sf] JolQm
jf}l4s ?kn] jf zf/Ll/s ?kn] klg leGg
lsl;dn] jf leGg sfdsf] nflu ;jn x'g
;Sb5 . JolQmsf ;jntfsf / b'j{ntfsf
If]qx? cfcfkm\gf] lsl;dsf x'G5g eg]
Tof] g} p;sf] nflu e]befj ug]{ cfwf/
jGg ;Sb}g . To;}n] cfhsn ckf eGg]
zJb k|lt klg cfklQ hgfpg yflnPsf]
5 / ckfnfO{ "leGg lsl;dn] ;Ifd"
eGg yflnPsf] 5 . cfhsn s] ;/sf/L
lgsfo, s] ljZjljBfno, s] lj1fg / s]
Jofkf/ ;j} If]qx?df ckfx?n] ;Ifdtf
k"j{s cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfnL cfPsf]
kfO{G5 . o:tf] k[i7e"lddf ckfnfO{
zf/Ll/s sdhf]/Lsf] ?kdf eGbf p;sf]
zf/Ll/s u7gsf] lx;fjn] leGg Ifdtf
ePsf] ?kdf x]g{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
ckf x'g' / ckf gx'g' eg]sf]
s]jn cg'ejsf] cGt/ xf] . Pp6f
ckftf gePsf] JolQmnfO{ klg lj/fdL
kg]{ ljlQs} c?sf] ;xf/f lng kg]{ cj:yf
cfp+5 . ;jnx? jLr xf]rf] dflg;sf]
cg'ej cUnf]sf] eGbf km/s x'G5 . ckf
/ ckftfljlxg jLr klg cg'ejsf]
cGt/n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{
leGg ;fwg jf >f]tjf6 ;Djf]wg ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . h:t}M n8f] ePsf] JolQmnfO{
j}zfvLsf] h?/L x'G5, xf]rf]nfO{ cUnf]
kf]l8od sfd gnfUg] x'G5 . To:t} u/]/
h'g lsl;dsf] ckftf xf] tb\g'?k
;xof]uL ;fwgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . of]

185

c+s @

JolQm lkR5]sf] ljlzi6 km/s cg'ej xf] /

To:tf] cfjZostfs]f ljz]if ;Djf]wg u/]/
g} ;dfhdf ;dfgtfsf] xs pkef]u ug]{
;fdfGo / ;dfg l:ylt v8f ug{ ;lsG5
. To;sf] pk]Iff Pp6f ju{nfO{ ;'xfpg]
u/L / csf]{ ju{nfO{ k|lts"n x'g] u/L
ef}lts jf cGo l:yltx? v8f ul/of] eg]
cyjf cj;/x? l;h{gf ubf{ s;}nfO{
ljz]if ?kn] ;'xfpg] u/L / c?nfO{
k|lts"n x'g] u/L jf p;sf] kx'Fr
;'lglZrt gx'g] u/L l;h{gf ul/of] eg]
lglZrt ?kdf ;j}n] dflg;sf] ?kdf
k|fKt u/]sf] xssf] ;dfg pkef]u ug{
;Sb}gg\ . To:tf] l:ylt v8f ug]{ sfg"gL
/fHosf] clei6 x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] ckf
ePsf] sf/0fn] Tof] ju{n] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf]
leGg c;'ljwfnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L cGo
;Ifd elgPsf] ju{sf] ;/x lzIff,
:jf:Yo, /f]huf/L nufotsf] xs pkef]u
ug{ ;Sg] u/fpg /fHon] To:tf]
c;'ljwfhgs cg'ejnfO{ nIo u/L ljz]if
sfo{qmd ;Grfng ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . To;f]
ug'{ eg]sf] ckftfjf6 k|efljt ju{sf]
nflu ljz]if ;xof]u geO{ cGo ;fdfGo
;jn ju{nfO{ u/] ;/xsf] Jojxf/sf]
?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 .
t/ oyfy{df ckfn] ckftfjf6
zf/Ll/s ?kn] e]mNg' kg]{ c;'ljwf eGbf
w]/} u'0ff j9L ckftf ;DjGwL c1fgtf /
ldYof cjwf/0ffn] ubf{ ckfx? dfly
ul/Psf] b'Jo{jxf/ jf e]befjsf] rf]6 j9L
b]lvG5 . ckftfsf] sf/0fn] eGbf cGo
sf/0fx?n] ckfx? dfly pgLx?sf]
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljljw kIfx?df Jofks
pNn3+gsf 36gfx? JofKt x'g] u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . h:t}M c? ;/x hLjgsf]

clwsf/ x'+bf x'+b} klg ckfx? pk/

pgLx?sf]
cGg,
kfgL,
cfjf;,
cf}ifwf]krf/ cflbdf e]befj u/]/
u'0ffTds hLjg lhpg] xsdf c;/
k'ofpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . sltko d'n'sdf
ckf jfnssf] kfngkf]if0fsf] sl7gfO{n]
3f]/ nfk/jfxL jf st{Jo u/L dg]{ ;Ddsf]
cj:yfdf 5f8]sf] jf df/]sf] 36gfx?
kfO{G5g\ . ckfx?sf] xs k|ltsf]
;+jb]gzLntfsf] cefjdf To:tf] sfo{nfO{
sd ulDe/ dfgL sd ;hfFo ug]{ k|j[lQ
;d]t obfsbf b]Vg kfO{G5 . tYofx?jf6
ckfn] g} Hofbf q'm/, cdfgljo /
lgGbgLo Jojxf/ ;xg k/]s]f / pgLx?n]
of}g zf]if0f / zf/Ll/s oftgf j9L
ef]u]sf] kfO{G5 . pgLx? dfly hj/h:tL
cf}ifwL kl/If0f ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfO{G5 .
pgLx?nfO{ :jtGqtf pkef]u ug{ lbg]
eGbf d"n k|jfxjf6 jfx]s u/L y'g5]s
ug]{ jf O{R5f ljk/Lt /fVg] k|j[lQ kfO{G5 .
jfx\o ;xof]u / ;dy{gsf] cefjdf
pgLx?n] ;+3 ;+:yf v8f u/L cfkm\gf]
lxt k|lt/Iff ug]{ cj:Yff klg /xGg /
gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] l:ylt
/xGg . pgLx?sf] uf]klgotfsf] xs,
kl/jf/ ;DjGwL xs klg c?n] g}
lgwf{l/t u/L lbg] ugf{n] s'l07t b]lvG5 .
o:t} u/]/ pgLx?s]f ljrf/ cleJolQmsf]
:jtGqtfsf] pkef]usf] nflu rflxg]
tslgsL ;xof]u / ;fwgsf] cefjdf Tof]
emg j9L k|efljt x'G5 . gful/ssf]
x}l;otn]
d"nk|jfxsf]
/fhlso
lqmofsnfkdf pgLx?sf] kx'+r lgif]lwt
k|fo /xG5 .
&=
cfly{s,
;fdflhs,
;fF:s[lts
clwsf/sf]
;Gbe{df
186

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

ckfx?nfO{ emg} j9L ;dy{gsf] h?/t

kb{5 . lzIff ljgf /f]huf/L x'+b}g /
/f]huf/L ljgf cfly{s >f]t gh'6\g] x'+bf
hLjgnfO{ u'0ffTds ?kdf pkef]u ug{
g;Sg] x'gfn] ljsf;sf] ;du| rqmdf oL
ltg j6f tTjsf] ;ld>0f u/L ;3fpg
/fHon] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ oyfy{df
ckfsf] nflu cfjZos ;+Vofdf ljBfno
v8f
ul/Psf]
x'+b}g,
ltgLx?sf]
cfjZostf ;'xfp+bf] >f]t, ;fwg / k4lt
klg h'6fO{Psf] kfO{b}g . ;f+s]lts efiffdf
jf j|]n lnlkdf kf7\oqmd ;fdfu|L pTkfbg
gug]{, cfjZos dfqfdf lzIfs tflnd
glbg], z}lIfs jftfj/0f tbg's"n
gjgfpg], To:tf] cfjZostfnfO{ sfg"gL
?kn] clgjfo{ u/fO{ dfGotf ;d]t lbg]
Joj:yf gug]{ cflb ;d:ofx? ljBdfg
b]lvG5 . kl/0ffd :j?k To:tf ckf
ljBfyL{sf] rfxgf / ;DefJotf cg';f/
pRr lzIff ;Dd cWoog ug{ gkfpg] eO{
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ klg k|efljt ePsf]
kfO{G5 . /f]huf/bftfn] /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf
ckf d}qL cj:yfx? l;h{gf u/L
/f]huf/sf] cj;/ glbPdf To;sf]
kl/0ffd ckf lzIffdf klg kg{ ;Sb5,
lsgeg] /f]huf/sf] nflu sfd gnfu]
k9fpg
cgfjZos
7flgG5
.
kl/0ffd:j?k eljiodf pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo,
;fdflhs cGt/lqmof, dgf]/Ghg /
hLjg:t/ ;j} k|efljt x'G5 . oL ;j}sf]
c;/ ;dfhsf] zflGt / ljsf;df kg{
hfG5 eGg] s'/f d'VotM ;dfhsf ;j}
;b:on] / /fHosf ;DjlGwt If]qn]
x[bo+ud ug{ h?/L 5 .
*=
hg;+Vofsf]
dxTjk"0f{
lx:;f, hf];+u cGo ;Ifd eg]sf JolQmx?

;/x of]ubfg lbg] ;j} ;DefJotf 5

To;sf] cltl/Qm klg /fHon] prLt
k|fyldstf / Jojxf/ ug{ g;s]sf]
sf/0fn] ltgLx?sf] of]ubfg k|fKt ug{
g;Sg' /fHosf] tkm{jf6 lgDTofPsf] 3f6f
x'G5 eg] cGofo, z]fif0f / c;dfgtfsf]
cg'ej jf]s]sf ckfx?jf6 ;dfhdf
zflGt / d}qL k|jw{g klg x''g ;Sb}g .
o;/L ckfx?sf] ;d:of jx'cfoflds
b]lvG5 eg] /fHon] pgLx?nfO{ c?
gful/sx?n] ;/x ;dfg ?kdf ;dfhdf
;xeflutf /fVg] cj:yfx? klg l;h{gf
ug'{ clgjfo{ b]lvg cfp+5 . jlx/fx?n]
Joxf]/]sf] cg'ej pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt
ckfx?sf] j[xQ kl/j]z leqs} ;d:of
ePsf]n] tb\g's"n pgLx?sf] ;d:ofsf]
;Djf]wg x'g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb
ug'{kg]{ b]lvGg .
k|:t't lgj]bgdf jlx/f]kg /
z}lIfs xssf] ;Gbe{df dfu k|:t't
ul/Psf] x'gfn] ltgLx?sf] jLrsf]
cGt{;DjGwsf] jf/]df 5nkmn ug'{
;fGb{les g} x'g] b]lvG5 . dfly g} klg
pNn]v ul/ ;lsPsf] 5 ls jlx/fx?
nufot ckfx?sf] nflu lzIffsf] xssf]
bL3{sflng dxTj 5 . lzIff x/]s
JolQmsf] nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] ,
of] :jtGqtf, / /f]huf/L nufotsf]
cfly{s Pj+ cfTd;zlQms/0f (Self
empowerment_ sf] nflu ;d]t h?/L 5
. g]kfn ;d]t ;b:o ePsf cGt/fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL cfn]vx? h:t}M
dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*
sf] wf/f @^ -!_, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts
clwsf/sf] cGt/fli6o cg'jGw, !(^^ sf]
wf/f @^, cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf

187

c+s @

;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/fli6o

cg'jGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !# n] ckf
;d]tsf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
5 . To;sf] cltl/Qm g]kfn ;d]t ;b:o
ePsf] United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) o'g]:sf]sf] ljwfg, !($% n]

klg of] xsnfO{ ;j}sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]

?kdf :ki6 dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
(=
;Fo'Qm
/fi6
;+3sf]
j8fkqn] lzIffdf pTklQ, ln+u, pd]/ ,
ckftf / wd{ cflb cfwf/df e]befj
j]u/ ;j} hgtfsf] xs x'g] s'/f pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . pSt cfwf/df jlx/f]kg ePsf
JolQmx?sf] klg lzIffdf ;dfg xs x'g]
s'/fdf ljjfb ePg . tYout cfwf/df
eGg] xf] klg efiff nufotsf] s'/fdf cGo
jfnjflnsf hlt g} jlx/f]x?df klg
Ifdtf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf kfO{G5 .
pgLx?nfO{ s]jn prLt dfWod b[ZodfWod_ u'0f:t/o'Qm z}lIfs sfo{qmd
/ ;xfotf h?/L x'G5 . jlx/f x'+b}df
z}lIfs Ifdtf gx'g] eGg ldNb}g .
pgLx?sf] lzIffdf kx'+rsf] xsnfO{ s'g}
dfg]df klg cgb]vf ug{ ldNg] b]lvGg .
lzIff cfkm}df s'g} uGtJo geO{ hLjg
e/L hf/L /xg] lg/Gt/sf] l;Sg] k|s[of xf]
. of] Pp6f :jtGq, lzlIft, /f]huf/ /
cfkm\gf] nIo -self-actualizing_ k|fKt
u/]sf] JolQmn] h:tf] cfk\mgf] ;d"bfo jf
;dfhsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] lbg] of]ubfg
c?n] lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] c? ju{nfO{
h:tf] u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] rfxgf
ckfx?df klg /xg' :jefljs 5 .
ckfx?sf] lzIffsf] xsnfO{ ckfx?sf]
xs ;DjGwL dxf;GwL -Convention of

the Right of Persons with Disabilities_

n] :ki6 zJbdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . pSt
dxf;GwLdf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'+bf
;f] cGtu{tsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf eO{
;s]s]f b]lvG5 .
pSt dxf;GwLn] eg]sf] 5
"jlx/f]kg
ePsf] ;d"bfosf] eflifs
klxrfgsf] k|j{4g / ;f+s]lts efiffsf]
lzIffnfO{ k|z:t ug{ /fHon] pko'Qm
pkfox? ug{} kg]{ 5 . ;/sf/x?n] jlx/f
tyf cGwfx?sf] pko'Qm efiffx?df /
prLt jftfj/0fdf lzIff lbg] s'/fsf]
k|Tofe"lt lbg'kg]{5 , h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf]
k|fl1s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; x'g ;sf];\
. ;/sf/x?n] ;f+s]lts efiffdf of]Uo
lzIfsx? lgo'Qm ug{ pko'Qm sbd
rfNg]5g\ ." (States shall take
appropriate measures for facilitating the
learning of sign langauge and the
promotion of the lingustic identity of the
deaf community. Governments shall
ensure that education of deaf and deaf
blind persons is delivered in the most
appropriate
languges
and
in
environments
which
maximize
academic and social development. The
governments
shall
also
take
appropriate measures to employ
teachers who are qualified in sign
language_=

pk/f]Qm clesygdf jlx/fx?sf]

eflifs klxrfgsf] s'/f ul/Psf] 5, prLt
efiffdf lzIff lbO{g] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 /
;f+s]lts efiffdf of]Uo lzIfsx?sf]
Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;xh / :jefljs
?kdf xfdL ;j}n] :jLsfg'{ kg]{ s'/f s] xf]
188

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

eg] jlx/f] jfnjflnsfx? dfgj

ljljwtfsf dxTjk"0f{ c+z x'g\ . pgLx?n]
x's{bf] pd]/;+u} cfkm\gf] Ifdtf j9fpg /
ljlzi6 klxrfg hf]ufP/ ;dfhjf6
ck]lIft nfex? xfl;n ug]{ xs /fVb\5g\ .
xfdLn] dfly ;f+s]lts efiffsf s'/f uof}+
t/ ;f+s]lts efiff eGg] ljlQs} km]/L Pp6}
efiff eGg] xf]O{g . x/]s ;dfhsf k|rlnt
ljleGg efiffx? x'G5g\ tb\g'?k :yflgotf
;lxt g} ;f+s]lts efiffsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . oL ;j} s'/fsf] ;Fof]hg ug{
jlx/f]kg s]Gb|Lt ljljwkIfsf] z}lIfs
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;
leq ljBfno ;DjGwL sfg"g, kf7\oqmd,
kf7\o;fdfu|L, lzIfs k|lzIf0f, kf7\o
ljifox? / ljBfnosf Joj:yf ;d]t
;d]l6g' kg]{ x'G5 .
jlx/f]kg ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf]
nflu ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodsf] hf]8
lbg'sf] cy{ klg j'em\g' h?/L 5 .
jlx/fx? eg]sf] k|ydtM b]Vg] Ifdtf
ePsf t/ >j0f Ifdtf k|efljt ePsf
JolQmx? x'g To;}n] pgLx?sf] cfFvf g}
;F;f/sf] ;"rgf / 1fgxfl;n ug]{
dfWodx? x'g . To;}n] lzIff jf ;"rgfsf]
xssf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;f+s]lts
efiffdf lzIff kfpg] p;sf] xs hGdl;4
xss} ?kdf dflgG5 . jlx/f]kg /
cGwf]kgsf] ;d:of ePsf JolQmsf] xsdf
eg] cltl/Qm dfWodx? h:t}M ;f+s]lts
efiff, j|]n lnlk -Brailie _ / Mobility
skills ;d]tsf] ;ld>0f x'g' h?/L 7flgG5
. t/ 1ftJo s] 5 eg] jlx/f]kg ePsf
jfnjflnsfx? of t ljBfnodf egf{
x'+b}gg\ , ePklg w]/} ;do lg/Gt/tf
lb+b}gg\ , lbP klg pRr lzIff ;Ddsf]

kx'+r
x'+b}g . To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k
jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt jfnjflnsfx?df
;fIf/tfsf] cg'kft sd b]lvG5 . ckf
lzIffdf xfnsf lbgx?df ;+ljwfgsf]
lgb]{zfTds l;4fGtx? Pj+ gLltx? tyf
ckf ;DjGwL sfg"gdf h] Joj:yf
ePklg lzIffsf] dfWodsf] cfwf/e"t
tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;f+s]lts efiff -Sign
Language_ nfO{ lzIff;+u cfj4 ul/Pg
eg] Tof] ju{sf] nflu lzIff c;Dej h:tf]
jGg hfG5 . To;}n] lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf]
;fFFs]lts efiffsf] dfWod4f/f lzIff lbg]
k|s[of / tt\;DjGwL ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfnfO{
jlx/fkgjf6
k|efljt
JolQmx?sf] dfgj clwsf/s} ?kdf
dfGotf lbg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfp+5 .
olb of] ;f+s]lts efiffsf] cfjZostfnfO{
O{Gsf/ ug]{ xf] jf ;f] cg';f/sf] Joj:yf
gug]{ xf] eg] To:tf] k|j[lQ jlx/fkgn]
k|efljt ljBfyL{x? pk/sf] b'Jo{jxf/ abuse_ s} ?kdf lnP klg x'g] b]lvG5 .
lsgeg] ;f] efiff g} pgLx?sf] nflu
efjfleJoQm ug]{ Ps dfq dfWod xf] .
hj ;Dd of] efiffdf hf]8 lbO{Gg, tj
;Dd pgLx?sf] cleJolQm cj?4 /xG5 .
o:tf] efiffsf] dfWod k|f/lDes lzIffdf
cfwf/e"t /xG5 eg] tbf]k/fGt lzIffsf]
x/ s'g} kxn'df h?/L x'g] x'gfn] To;sf]
bL3{sflng dxTj x'g] b]lvG5 . hlt l56f]
of] efiffsf] ;'ljwf pknJw x'g ;Sof],
Tolt g} rfF8f] jlx/f]kgn] k|efljt
JolQmx?sf] k"0f{ ljsl;t, jf}l4s,
;dflhs Pj+ efjgfTds ljsf; ;Dej
x'G5 .
dfly ;f+s]lts efiffdf lzIffsf]
xssf] k|s[lt, jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt

189

c+s @

JolQmx? / o;sf] k|efjsf] jf/]df rrf{

ul/of] . cj pSt xsnfO{ Jojxf/df
?kfGt/0f ug{ ljkIfLx?jf6 kof{Kt k|of;
eP ls ePgg\ < ljkIfLx?sf] sfg"gL
bfloTj 5 jf 5}g < ljkIfLsf] gfp+df
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]O{g < eGg]
g} d'Vo ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
ljkIfLx? dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non]
lbPsf]
lnlvt
hjfkmdf
lzIff
lgdofjnL,@)%(
sf]
ljleGg
Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;Fs]t ub}{ zf/Ll/s
sf/0fn] ckf jfnjflnsfnfO{ ljz]if
lzIff k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ljz]if lzIff
kl/ifb\ u7g x'g], To:tf] lzIff lbg]
ljBfno vf]Ng ;lsg] / To:tf] lzIff lbg]
ljBfnonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'ljwf lbg
;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] >f]t / ;fwgsf] cfwf/df o;
;DjGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf x'g] eGg]
lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfL dWo]sf] lzIff tyf v]ns'n
dGqfnon] eg] b]zsf] ljleGg :yfgdf
jlx/f ;d'xsf nflu cWoog ug]{ ljBfno
;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] / ;fwg>f]t x]/L
eljiodf ljBfnosf] lj:tf/ x'g] s'/f
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsx?n] dfu u/]sf] ;f+s]lts
efiffdf pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfFpg] u/L
sn]h :yfkgf ug]{ / kf7\ok':tsnfO{
;f+s]lts efiffdf cg'jfb ug]{ s'/fsf]
xsdf pknJw >f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/lw
leq /xL To:tf] Joj:yf ug{ ;sf/fTds
/x]sf] lhls/ klg pSt dGqfnon] u/]sf]
5 . csf]{ lt/ dlxnf, jfnjflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm

x]bf{ pSt dGqfnon] s] s'g sfd

sf/jfxLjf6 lgj]bssf] xs xgg\ ePsf]
xf] v'nfpg g;s]sf]n] ljgf sf/0f ljkIfL
jgfPsf] eGb} lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg
dfu ul/Ps]f 5 . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf]
;b{edf pk/f]Qm hjfkmx? x]bf{
ck|Tofl;t / lg/fzhgs b]lvG5 .
k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{non] lbPsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ckf
jfnjflnsfsf] nflu ljz]if lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ p2]Zon] ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\ u7g
ug]{ / ljz]if lzIff lbg] ljBfno vf]nL
;'ljwf lbg ;lsg] lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] Joj:yf pNn]v u/]s]f ePklg
;f] jdf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfdsf] emfFsL
k|:t't u/]s]f kfO{Pg . lzIff lgodfjnL,
@)%( sf] lgod $& df jlx/f nufotsf
ckfx?sf] ;DjGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf x'g'
Pp6f s'/f xf], t/ ;f] jdf]lhdsf]
Jojxfl/s ?kfGt/0f ug'{ csf]{ s'/f xf] .
g]kfndf ckfx?sf] cfjZostfnfO{
nlIft u/L ckf ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f
P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf %-!_ Pj+ (-#_ df
Joj:yf gePsf] xf]O{g . lzIff P]g, @)@*
n] ckfx?sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg
gu/]sf] klg xf]O{g . ;dfh sNof0f P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf $ , :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @*, (^ /
!*( sf] ;fy} jfnjflnsf ;DjGwL P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf $ n] klg ckfx?sf]
;DjGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ubf{ jxfn
/x]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] efu # df}lns xs cGtu{t wf/f !!
sf] pkwf/f -!_ jdf]lhd ";j} gful/s
sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{
190

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fjf6 jlGrt

ul/g] 5}g ." eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5
;fy} pkwf/f -#_ cg';f/ "/fHon]
gful/sx?sf jLr wd{, j0f{, ln,hft
hflt jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g}
s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .
t/ dlxnf, jfns, j[4 jf
zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQm
jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n]
lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f jf ljsf;sf]
nflu sfg"gf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;lsg]5" eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
cg'?ksf] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xs
lzif{s cGtu{t Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
To;} u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] efu $ /fHosf] gLltx?
cGtu{t wf/f @^-(_ jdf]lhd "/fHon]
cgfy jfnjflnsf, c;xfo dlxnf , j[4 ,
ckfFu / czQmx?sf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf
nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
ljz]if Joj:Yff ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{5
." eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yff u/]sf] b]lvG5
eg] pSt Joj:Yff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #% df /fHosf
gLltx? eGg] lzif{sdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
cj:Yff 5 .
ckfFu ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g,
@)#( sf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/
"s'g}
ckfFux?nfO{ lghsf] s]jn
ckfFukgsf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfn clw/fHo
leqsf] lzIff / tflnd lbg] jf ;fdflhs
jf ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmd ug]{ s'g} klg
;+:yf jf Snj jf ;d'bfo jf ;df/f]xdf
k|j]z ug{jf6 /f]Sg kfO{g] 5}g ." eGg]
pNn]v ug'{sf] ;fy} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf (-#_

n] "cGwf, jlx/f / ;':t dgl:ylt

ePsfnfO{ lzIff lbg] ljz]if k|sf/sf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] 5" eGg] sfg"gL
Jojyf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
pSt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
k|fjwfgx? :jo+ sfof{Gjg gx'g] e}
Jojxfl/s sfo{qmdx? Pj+ gLltx? dfkm{t
sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ pk/f]Qm
lnlvt hjfkmn] lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt
jlx/f]kgn] c;/ k/]sf JolQmx?sf] lzIff
/ efiffsf] ;DjGwdf s'g} lglZrt hjfkm
lbg ;s]sf] kfO{Pg .
o; cbfntdf hj gful/sx?
cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsx?sf]
Jojxfl/s k|rngsf] nflu pkrf/ dfUg
cfpF5g\, cbfntn] ltgsf] xssf] k|s[lt /
k|rngsf] l:yltsf] ;d'lrt ;ldIff u/L
cfjZos dfu{ lgb]{z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lj8Djgf s] s'/fdf x'G5 eg] hj kIfx?n]
lglZrt ljifodf cfkm\gf] dfu k|:t't
u/]sf x'G5g t/ ljkIfL sfo{kflnsf pRr
lgsfox? ;Ddjf6 lglZrt tYoo'Qm
hjfkm lbO{Gg / uf]Zjf/f / emf/f 6fg]{
lsl;dsf] hjfkm lbO{G5 . ljkIfL
k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nojf6
k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmdf pSt sfof{no
lgj]bssf dfu k|lt pbfl;g 5}g /
d'n'ssf] >f]t ;fwg cg';f/ cfjZos
Joj:yf x'g] x'+bf lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+g
dfu ul/Psf] 5 . pSt ljkIfL lgj]bssf]
dfu k|lt pbfl;g 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f
oyfy{df lglZrt sfo{qmd ;lxt
lgj]bssf] ;d:ofsf] ;DjGwdf ;Djf]wg
x'g ;Sof] jf ;s]g eGg] tYojf6 lgwf{/0f
x'g] xf] . t/ k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmjf6
lgj]bsx?sf] dfusf] ;DjGwdf dfu

191

c+s @

u/]sf] k|utL jtfpg g;s]sf] / dfunfO{

;Djf]wg ug]{ sfo{of]hgfsf] cefjdf
ljkIfLsf] ;s[otfsf] ;+k/LIf0f ug{ ;Dej
x'g] s'/f ePg .
hxf+;Dd pknJw >f]t / ;fwg
cg';f/ cfjZos Joj:yf x'g] eGg] s'/f
5, of] klg c:ki6 5 . ckf eg]sf] cGo
JolQm ;d'xjf6 km/s lsl;dn] c;'ljwf
dxz'; u/L /x]sf JolQmx? x'g\ / d"n
k|jfxsf] /fHosf] ljsf; sfo{qmdx?n]
lbPsf cj;/x?sf] nfe lng] ltg}
ckftfsf] sf/0fn] g;sL /x]sf] l:yltn]
ubf{ pgLx?n] ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] dfu ug'{
k/]sf] x'G5 . u}/ ckfx?sf] nflu d'n
k|jfxdf ul/g] lzIffsf] Joj:Yff g} ;fdfGo
lzIff x'G5 eg] jlx/f ckfx?sf nflu
nlIft ljz]if sfo{qmd g} ;fdfGo lzIff
x'G5 . ljljw cg'ej ePsf JolQmx?sf]
nflu Pp6} jf Psgf;] lzIff lbO{g' k5{
eGg] xf] eg] ;j} /f]usf] nflu Pp6}
cf}ifwL eg] h:tf] x'G5 . o:tf] l:yltnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ /fHon] ljz]if ?kn]
c;'ljwfdf k/]sf ckfx?sf] nflu
k|fyldstf ;fy sfo{d"ns ljz]if z}lIfs
sfo{qmd cljnDj ;Grfng ug'{ ;+ljwfg
Pj+ ;+ljwfgdf cleJoQm ;fdflhs
Gofosf] efjgf cg's"n st{Jo x'g hfG5 .
To;f] gu/L pknJw >f]t / ;fwgsf]
cfwf/df cfjZos Joj:yf x'b} hfg] s'/f
;Dd JoQm ug'{n] ljifosf] ulDe/tf
cg';f/ sfo{d'ns Jojxf/ x'g g;s]sf]
cg'ej x'G5 .
oxF +g]/ ;Fo'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf]
tTjfjwfgdf ;fwf/0f ;efjf6 !((# sf]
l8;]Dj/df kfl/t ckfx?sf nflu cj;/
;dfgLs/0f ;DjGwL k|dfl0fs lgodx? -

Standard Rules on the Equalization of

Opportunities
for
Persons
with
Disabilities_ sf] lgod ^ sf] lzIff

;DjGwL Joj:yfn] pNn]v u/]sf s'/fx?

x[boFud ug{ nfossf] b]lvG5 . pSt
Joj:yf cGtu{t vf; u/L lgDg Joj:yf
pNn]vlgo 5 .
/fHon] ckf jfnjflnsf, o'jf /
jo:ssf] nflu k|fylds , dfWolds tyf
pRr dfWoflds lzIffsf] nflu ;dfg
cj;/sf] l;4fGtnfO{ Plss[t ?kdf
dfGotf lbg' k5{ . ckf lzIff, ckf
lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf
/flvg' k5{ . ;fwf/0f lzIffsf clws[t
lgsfo g} Plss[t ?kdf ckf lzIffsf]
nflu pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . ckf lzIff
/fli6o lzIff of]hgf, kf7\oqmd ljsf; /
:s'n k|0ffnLsf] Ps cleGg c+u x'g' kb{5
. ;fwf/0ftof :tl/o :s'nx?df lzIff
lb+bf bf]efif] tyf cGo pko'Qm ;xof]u
;]jfx?sf] k|fjwfg pknJw 5 eGg]df
cf:j:t eO{G5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf
ckfx?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ rflxg]
kx'+r / ;xof]u ;]jfx? kof{Kt dfqfdf
:s'nn] k'ofPsf] x'g' kb{5 . -Rule 6"state should recognize the principle of
equal primary, secondary and tertiary
educational opportunities for children,
youth and adults, with disabilities in
integrated settings. They should ensure
that the education for persons with
disabilities as an integral part of the
educational system")

g]kfnn] pSt lgodnfO{ ;g\

!((# df g} x:tfIf/ u/L ;s]sf] / g]kfn
;Fo'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] /
192

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

cfkm\g} ckf hgtfx? k|lt ;d]t xfd|f]

/fHosf] pQ/ bfloTjsf] efjn] ;d]t
pSt lgodsf] /fHo leq sfof{Gjog ug'{
cf}lrTo / Gofo ;+ut b]lvG5 . ;Ifd
eg]sf cGo JolQmnfO{ d"n k|jfxsf] lzIff
Joj:yf ug{ tTk/ /fHon] l;dfGts[t
ckfsf lzIffnfO{ pk]Iff ug{ s'g}
xfntdf klg ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . /fli6o
>f]tsf] ljlgof]hgdf ckf lzIffn] prLt
k|fyldstfsf] ck]Iff ug'{ c:jefljs
b]lvg cfp+b}g . To;}n] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqL kl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] jlx/fsf
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ jf/] lglZrt
sfo{qmdsf ;fy cl3 j9g h?/L b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . ljkIfL dWo]sf lzIff tyf
v]ns'b dGqfno jlx/f lzIffsf] nflu
sfd ug]{ d'Vo hjfkm b]xL jf]s]sf]
dGqfno ePklg pSt dGqfnosf]
hjfkmdf klg lgj]bsx?sf] dfu jdf]lhd
jlx/fx?sf nflu sn]h :yfkgf ug{ /
kf7\ok':ts ;f+s]lts efiffdf cg'jfb ug]{
;DjGwdf ;sf/fTds /x]sf] dfq} pNn]v
ePsf] kfO{of] . vf; sfo{qmd th'{df u/L
sfof{Gjog u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfO{Pg .
!)= jf:tjdf
lgj]bsx?
;+ljwfg / sfg"g jdf]lhd cfjZos
Joj:yfsf] nflu dfu lnO{ cfPsf]
cj:yfdf pgLx? k|lt pSt dGqfno
;sf/fTds x'+b}df k'Ug] s'/f cfp+b}g .
pgLx?sf] dfu k|lt ;sf/fTds x'g' :jo+
;sf/fTds s'/f xf] t/ ;sf/fTds x'+b}df
dfusf] ;Djf]wg x'g] jf sfg"gL bfloTjsf]
sfof{Gjog x'g] ge} To;sf] nflu ;+ljwfg
/ sfg"gsf] efjgf cg's"n sfo{of]hgf
;lxt Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'gfn]

ljkIfL lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfnon]

xfnsf] eGbf j9L lhDd]jf/ / lqmoflzn
eO{ lgj]bssf] dfusf] ;DjGwdf ulDe/
k|of; ug'{ h?/L b]lvg cfp+5 .
ljkIfL dlxnf jfnjflnsf tyf
;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] lbPsf] hjfkm
cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] ck|Tofl;t b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . pSt dGqfnon] cfk'mn]
lgj]bsx? pk/ s] s:tf] sfd u/]sf] e}
lgj]bssf] xs xgg ePsf] v'nfpg
g;s]sf]n] cgfjZos ljkIfL jgfPsf]
eGg] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L
kfpg dfu u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
pSt ljkIfLsf] gfd x]bf{ dlxnf ,
jfnjflnsf / ;dfh sNof0f ug]{ vfnsf]
b]lvG5 . ckf / jlx/f]klg :jefljs
?kn] dlxnf , jfnjflnsf /
;dfhsNof0f;+u klg ;Dj4 ljifo
b]lvG5 . ;dfhdf l;dfGts[t ju{df kg]{
o:tf] ;d'bfosf] nflu pSt dGqfnon] s]
s:tf] tTk/tf b]vfPsf] 5 , b]vfpg' kg]{
x'G5 . p;jf6 To:tf] ju{sf] lxtsf]
k|ltlglwTj jf ;dGjo u/]sf] x'g' ck]lIft
x'g]df To;sf] pk]Iff pSt dGqfnon] s]
s:tf] gsf/fTds e'ldsf v]n]sf]
gv'nfPsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkm lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljifo h:tf] k|s[ltsf]
d'2fdf pSt dGqfnon] s] u/]g dxTjk"0f{
xf]O{g, s] uof] Tof] dxTjk"0f{ xf] .
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifodf dGqfnosf]
tkm{jf6 s'g} sfd gx'g' eg]sf] /fHosf]
tkm{jf6 ePsf] cs{d0otfnfO{ hgfp+5 .
pk/f]Qm ;ldIffjf6 /fHosf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt
hjfkmjf6 lgj]bss]f xsdf ug'{kg]{
;sf/fTds sfd sf/jfxL geP gu/]sf]

193

c+s @

:ki6 b]lvg cfp+5 . ljkIfLx?sf]

k|ltlglwTj ug'{ x'g] dxfGofofwLjQmfsf]
sfof{nosf pkGofoflwjQmf >L jh|];
Kofs'/]nn] klg lgj]bssf] dfusf]
;DjGwdf lglZrt sfo{qmd ;lxt
;Djf]wg u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ lng ;s]sf]
;d]t b]lvg cfp+b}g . o; l:yltdf
lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]O{g < s] ug'{kg]{ xf] < ;f]
;DjGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0fx?jf6 lgj]bgdf
pNn]v eP em} jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt
ePsf JolQm nufotsf ckfx?nfO{
tt\sflng g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !! Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# wf/f !# jdf]lhd ;d]t
sfg"gsf cufl8 ;dfg / sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0fsf] xs ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg .
;f] jdf]lhd cGo ;Ifd ju{sf] ;dfg
jlx/f]kgn] k|efljt JolQmx?n] ;d]t d"n
k|jfxsf] lzIff Joj:Yff ug]{ ljkIfL
;/sf/s} cleGg bfloTjsf] ?kdf
jlx/fx?sf] nflu ;d]t cfjZos /
prLt pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{
b]lvg cfp+5 . pSt bfloTj cGt/fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g ;DjGwL g]kfn kIf
ePsf] ljleGg b:tfj]hx? h:t} dfgj
clwsf/ ;DjGwL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* -wf/f
@^_, gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/
;DjGwL cGt/fli6o cg'jGw, !(^^ -wf/f
@^_, cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/fli6o dxf;GwL,
!(^^ -wf/f !#_, jfn clwsf/ ;DjGwL
dxf;GwL, !(*( -wf/f @* / @(_ sf
cltl/Qm ckftf ;+/If0f ;DjGwL
dxf;GwL (Convention on protection of

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>[lht u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ckf ;+/If0f tyf
sNof0f P]g, @)#( ;fy} lzIff P]g,@)@*
nufotn] klg lgj]bsx?sf] xs bfloTj
l;h{gf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;sf] cltl/Qm lgj]bs ;'b{zg
;'j]bL lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/, dGqL kl/ifb\
;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] k/dfb]zo'Qm
k|ltif]wsf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntjf6
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;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ljkIfLx?sf
gfp+df cfb]z hf/L eO{ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
pSt cfb]zdf "cGwf, ckf, jlx/f tyf
;':tdgl:ylt ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ g]kfn
clw/fHoel/sf
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ljBfno, ljZjljBfno tyf tflnd
s]Gb|x?df lgMz'Ns egf{ u/L u/fO{
lghx?jf6 egf{ ePkl5 s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] ;]jf z'Ns glng', lng
gnufpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfp+df
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L" ePsf] 5 . ;f]
cfb]z sfof{Gjog gePsf] egL hglxt
;+/If0f d~rsf] tkm{jf6 ;d]t kg{ cfPsf]
;Dj\t @)^# ;fnsf] l/=g+= #%^$ sf]
lgj]bgdf o; cbfntn] ldlt @)^$.!.@%
df yk cfb]z u/L sfof{Gjogsf] lgb]{z
lbPsf] b]lvG5, h'g o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 "
;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gn] ljz]if Joj:yf
jdf]lhd zf/Ll/s ?kdf leGg ePsf
JolQm jf ;d'bfosf] lxt ;+/If0fsf] nflu
;DjlGwt ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfsf]
k|ltlglw ;d]t ;fd]n u/fO{ ljz]if1 ;d]t
/x]sf] ;/sf/L k|ltlglwsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
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;'ljwf ;'lglZrt u/L nfu' ug'{, u/fpg' /
To;sf] k|ltj]bg o; cbfntnfO{ ^^
dlxgfdf lb+b} hfg' egL ljkIfLx?sf]
gfp+df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf]
cj:yf 5 .
!!= pSt cfb]zx?jf6 ljkIfL
;/sf/sf c+ux?n] ckf lzIffsf] vf;
pNn]vlgo k|fjwfg u/L k|utL gu/]sf]
b]lvG5 eg] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] /f]xdf vf;
u/L jlx/fkgsf] k|efj k/]sf JolQmx?sf]
pRr lzIffsf] nflu sn]h :yfkgf ug]{ /
kf7\o k':tsx?sf] ;f+s]lts efiffdf
cg'jfb ug]{ s'/fx? emg} c;DjlGwt
b]lvg cfof] . /fHon] ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{
bfloTjsf] c+u :j?k dflgg] lzIff h:tf]
s'/fdf o; lsl;dsf] pbfl;gtf /fHosf]
nflu ;'xfp+bf] x]fO{g . o;jf6
jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt ju{ ljz]if ?kn] yk
jlx:s/0fdf kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / sfof{Gjogsf]
bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf]
Gofokflnsfsf] x}l;otn] o; cbfntn]
df}g j:g ;Sg] l:ylt klg /x]g .
o:t} cj:yfdf Sofgf8fsf]
;af]{Rr cbfntn] Eldridge sf] d'2fdf
lbPsf] lg0f{o :d/l0fo 5 . pSt d'2fdf
jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt JolQmx?n] ljut
cyf{t P]ltxfl;+s sfnb]lv c?n] eGbf
cltl/Qm c;'ljwf ef]u]sf] x'G5g\ / /fHon]
pgLx?sf] ;d'lrt k|jGw gu/]sf]n]
:jf:Yo nufotsf To:tf kl/l:ylt
l;h{gf ePsf] x'+bf cj To:tf] JolQmsf]
nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf lng 8fS6/sxf+ hfFbf
pgLx?n] dfu u/]sf bf]efif]sf] clgjfo{

Joj:yf ug'{, ;f+s]lts efiffsf] k|of]u ug'{

egL Toxf+sf] ;af]{Rr cbfntn] ;/sf/sf]
gfddf cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . pSt
lg0f{odf cbfntn] ;j} gful/snfO{ ;/x
o; ju{sf gful/sx?n] klg sfg"gsf]
;dfg nfe lng kfFpg] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] 5 . pSt d'2fdf :jf:Yo ;]jf
lngnfO{ jlx/f]kgn] c;/ u/]sf] JolQmn]
lrlsT;s jf lrlsT;f ;+:yfdf cfkm\gf]
s'/f cleJoQm ug{ k/]sf] c;'ljwfsf]
cg'ejnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ cfb]z ePsf]
x'+bf jlx/f]kgsf] c;/ /x]s]f JolQmnfO{
efiff / ;Dk|]if0fsf] dxTjnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf]
5 . To;sf] dxTj lzIff If]qdf cem j9L
/xg] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . jlx/f]kgn]
c;/ kf/]sf] JolQmn] lzIff, :jf:Yo,
oftfoft nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfsf
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;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|fjwfg lg/Gt/ ub}{
cfPsf] ePklg ;dfgtfsf] xssf]
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;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZostfg';f/ Plss[t
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c+lusf/ u/L sfo{of]hgf ;fy cl3 j9\g'
kg]{ ePsf]df To:tf] ePsf] kfO{b}g .
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;dfgtfsf] If]qdf vf; k|ult gx'g] /
ljleGg ju{, Joj;fo, wd{, ln+u /
cj:yfsf JolQmx? pk/sf] e]befjsf]
l:ylt lg/Gt/ / c;Djf]lwt /xL /xg'n]

195

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ug{ lje]bx? x6fpg' kb{5 . lje]bx?
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jgfO{ sfo{fGjog ug'{ kb{5 . Ps ljGb'
;Dd ljz]if sfo{qmd ;fy lje]bx?sf]
pGd'ng ug{] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog u/L
clje]bsf] l:ylt v8f u/L ;dfg
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To;sf] nfe lng ;Sg] cj:yf /xGg . of]
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sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / sfg"gsf]
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sfg"gsf] ;dfg nfesf] s'/f ;d]t
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hf]8]/ xfd|f] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ;dfgtfsf]
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h?/L b]lvg cfPs]f 5 .
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s] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgdf xsx?sf] nfdf] ;"lr
k|:t't u/] klg ltgLx? :jtM sfof{Gjog

x'+b}gg\ . ltgsf] k|rngs]f nflu Goflos

pkrf/ dfu ul/P klg jf cbfntn]
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klg :jtM sfof{Gjog x'b}gg\ .
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ug{ /fHon] ;+ljwfg hf/L ubf{ ;+ljwfg
k|lt jkmfbf/ /xg] / p;sf] cIf/ /
efjgfsf] O{dfGbf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ h'g
k|ltj4tf b]vfPsf] x'G5 ,To;nfO{
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ubf{ ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6]sf d'No / dfGotf
j}w 5g\ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ /fHosf]
jt{dfg Pj+ efjL ;/sf/ jf ltgsf]
c+ux? O{dfGbf/ x'G5g\ / sfof{Gjog
ug]{5g\ eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf x'G5g\ .
e'mSofpgsf] nflu dfq} ;+ljwfgsf] s'g}
lqmoflzn efudf hg ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx?
;d]l6Psf xf]nfg\ egL hgtfn] ;f]Rg
;Sg] l:ylt /x+b}g . t/ ckfx?sf]
;d:ofsf] ;DjGwdf cbfntsf] k6s
k6ssf] cfb]z lgb]{z kZrft klg x''g' kg]{
Joj:yfx?
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;+j]bgzLntfdf k|Zg lrGx bzf{O{ /x]sf]
5 . /fHon] cfkm\gf] hgtfk|lt vf; u/L
l;dfGts[t ju{sf] ;d:of k|ltsf] cfkm\gf]
sfg"gL Pj+ g}lts lhDd]jf/LnfO{
lqmofTds ?kn] g} k'/f u/]/ b]vfpg
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cfjZotfg';f/ o; cbfntn] klg cfkm\gf]
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ldNb}g .
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sf] wf/f !# df Jojl:yt ;dfgtfsf]
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blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL,
ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s ;fdflhs jf
;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf
jfns, j[4 tyf ckf jf zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f,
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ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg]
5}g" eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pSt
k|ltjGwfTds Joj:yf oyfy{df wf/f !#
sf] d"n Joj:Yffsf] ckjfbsf] ?kdf eGbf
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. ;f] cGtu{t k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{
dfWoflds tx ;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg]
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;+/If0f ;d]t ug{ kfpg] -pkwf/f #_
xssf] h'g Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] leq
jlx/f]kg nufot ljleGg lsl;dsf]
ckftfjf6 k|efljt JolQmsf] xs / lxt
klg s;/L ;Djf]wg ug]{ s'/fsf] vf]hL ug'{
h?/L b]lvG5 . lgMz'Ns lzIff eg]sf] d'n
k|jfxsf ;Ifd eg]sf JolQmx?sf] dfq}
lzIff ge} ;j} tKsfsf JolQmx?sf]
lgMz'Ns lzIff eg]/ j'em\g' kg]{ x'gfn]
lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt
JolQmx?sf] klg lzIff dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 .
To:t} pkwf/f -#_ df Jojl:yt k|To]s
;d"bfosf] efiff jf lnkL eGgfn] d'n
k|jfxsf] ;Ifd eg]sf] JolQm jf ;d'bfosf]

gfp+df cf cfkm\gf] efiff jf lnlksf] s'/f

dfq} geP/ jlx/f]kg jf cGwf]kgsf] c;/
ePsf JolQmsf] efiff jf lnlknfO{ klg
;lDdlnt u/L ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
csf]{ zJbdf jlx/f]kgsf] nflu d"n
k|jfxsf] >Jo efiff / cGwf]kgsf] nflu
b[ioefiffsf] sfd gx'g] x'gfn] cf cfkm\gf]
;d'x jf ;d"bfosf] nflu pko'Qm efiff,
lnlk jf ;f] sf] dfWod eg]/ j'em\g' kg]{
x'G5 . o; cy{df pgLx?sf]
cfjZostfg';f/sf] efiff, lnlk jf ;f]sf]
dfWodsf] ;d'lrt ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j{4g ug{
kfpg] s'/f pgLx?sf] xssf] ?kdf
:jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ / ;f] jdf]lhd cfjZos
Joj:Yff ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] x'gfn]
lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ljifo ;j{yf sfg"g
;Ddt eO{ /fHosf] tkm{jf6 clgjfo{
bfloTjsf] ?kdf Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ljifo
b]lvg cfof] .
cj lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf]
pkrf/sf] ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .
lgj]bsn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_ -#_, !* -@_, @^(_ f/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs xs Pj+ ckf
;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( sf] bkmf
%-!_ / (-#_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] lzIff
nufotsf] sfg"gL xs ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf
pNn]v ub}{ jlx/f]kgn] k|efljt ljBfyL{sf]
nflu ljz]if kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yfsf]
;fy} ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodjf6 k9fO{
x'g] u/L b]ze/ :s'n tyf pRr
lzIffnosf] :yfkgf ug'{ u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLsf] gfp+df k/dfb]zsf] dfu u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] pk/f]Qm
sfg"gL Joj:yfx?n] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/

197

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Pj+ bfloTjsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ltgsf]

Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ s'/f dlfy g} pNn]v ul/
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hjfkmjf6 ckfx? dWo] vf; u/L
jlx/f]kgsf] c;/ /x]sf ljBfyL{x?sf
xsdf ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWodjf6
lzIf0f x'g] k|fylds b]lv pRr lzIff tx
;Ddsf] Joj:yf ePsf] :s'n jf
dxfljBfnosf] lglZrt cfFs8f k]z x'g
;s]sf] kfO{Pg . g t To:tf] Joj:yfsf]
nflu lglZrt sfo{of]hgf k]z x'g ;s]sf]
kfO{of] . jlx/f]kgjf6 k|efljt hg;+Vofsf]
cfjZostf / To;nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{
lglZrt gLlt / sfo{of]hgfsf] cefjdf
To:tf] ;d:ofsf] lz3| ;dfwfg x'g
nfu]sf] cfef; kfpg] 7fp+ klg st}
b]lvPg .
;Fo'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f
;efjf6 kfl/t ckfx?sf] nflu
cj;/x?sf] ;dfgtf ;DjGwL k|dfl0fs
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df Jojl:yt lgodx?sf] k|jGw ug{

vf]lhPsf] dfu{lrq klg b]lvPg . ;f]
cg';f/ d'n k|jfxsf] :s'n dfkm{t g}
jlx/f]kgsf] ;d:of ePsf ljBfyL{x?sf]
;Djf]wg ug{ vf]lhPsf] eP bf]efif]sf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ;f] ePsf] kfO{Pg . g t
jlx/fkgsf] nflu b]zsf] ljleGg efudf
ljz]if ljBfno jf dxfljBfnosf] Joj:yf
ug{] sfo{of]hgf g} kfO{of] . ;fdfGo jf
ljz]if ljBfnox?df hg;d'bfon] dfGotf
lbPsf] efiff;+u ;dfof]hg u/L ;f+s]lts
efiffsf] dfWodnfO{ c+lusf/ u/L
;dfof]hg ug]{ gLlt th'{df Pj+

sfof{Gjogsf] gLlt klg kfO{Pg .

jlx/f]kgn] c;/ u/]sf] ljBfyL{sf] nflu
;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfGotf, kf7\oqmd
kl/dfh{g, pko'Qm lzIf0f ;fdfu|L
;f+s]lts efiffdf kf7\ok':tsx?sf]
cg'jfb / pknJwtf pSt efiffdf tflnd
k|fKt lzIfs, lzlIfsf cflbsf] Joj:yf
;d]t ePsf] kfO{Pg . pSt s'/fx?sf]
cefjdf jlx/f]kgn] c;/ u/]s]f
JolQmx?sf] nflu cfjZos x'g] vf;
;Grf/ Joj:yfsf] cefj /x]sf] kfO{of] .
h;sf] cefjdf jlx/f]kgsf] k|efj k/]sf
JolQmx?sf] nflu Go"gtd pko'Qm lzIf0f
Pj+ z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] cefj /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
!$= o:tf ju{sf] xs k|lt
/fHosf] pQ/bfloTj cGt{lglxt / lg/Gt/
k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] s'g} cd"s sfnv08 jf
ljsf; l:ylt jf >f]t / ;fwgsf]
pknJwtf h:tf zt{x? b]vfP/ lgj]bgdf
dfu ul/Psf] xssf] k|rngnfO{ s'g}
cy{df klg ljnDj ug{ gldNg] k|i6 5 .
t;y{, ckfsf z}lIfs xssf] Joj:yfsf]
cfjZostfsf] k[i7e"lddf vf; u/]/
lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt ljifodf dfly pNn]v
eP jdf]lhd vf; sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L
cljnDj nfu' ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] ;f] Joj:Yff
ug{ kg]{ s'/fdf Wofgfsif{0f u/fp+b}
lgj]bsx? dWo] tTsfn} b]lv ljBfno jf
dxfljBfnodf lzIff k|fKt ug{ rfxg]
jlx/f]kgsf] c;/ k/]sf] JolQmx?sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ rfn' z}lIfs
;q leq ;f+s]lts efiffsf] dfWod4f/f
lzIffdf cj;/ kfFpg] ljBfno jf
dxfljBfno ls6fg u/L pSt efiffdf
k|lzlIft bf]efif] jf lzIfsx?sf] Joj:Yff
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hgzlQmsf] tflndsf] Joj:yf cljnDj
z'? ug'{ egL ljkIfLx? k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / lzIff tyf
v]ns"b dGqfno ;d]tsf gfp+df
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/ lbPsf] 5 .
o; cfb]z jdf]lhd eP u/]sf] s'/fsf]
k|ult k|ltj]bg ^ dlxgf leq o;
cbfntsf] cg'udg zfvfdf clgjfo{
?kdf k|:t't ug'{ egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ n]lv
k7fO{ ;f] jdf]lhd eP u/]sf] s'/fsf]

cg'udg u/L cfjZos lgsf;fsf] nflu

O{hnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ egL o;
cbfntsf] cg'udg zfvfnfO{ ;d]t
lgb]{z ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf]
k|ltlnlk dxfGofofwLjQmfsf] sfof{nodf
k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg'/ u/L j'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{
Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv $ ut]
/f]h $ z'ed\
km};nf tof/ ug]{M O{=c=xl/ sf]O{/fnf

199

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(#@

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'tm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb
sf]O/fnf
;Djt @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g )%#!
km};nf ldltM @)^$.!).*.#

d'2fM hfn;fhL .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltafbLM nlntk'/ lhNnf

nlntk'/ pk=d=g=kf=j8f g++ (
3/ e} xfn sf7df08f} lhNnf
;t'+un uf=lj=;= j8f g+ $ j:g]
laSsL dxh{g
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM sf7df08f} lhNnf ;t'+un
uf=lj=;=j8f g= # j:g] /fwf
lj;+Vo]

z'? k}m;nf ug]{ lhNnf GofofwLz >L

zDe' jxfb'/ sfsL{
k'g/fa]bg cbfntdf k}m;nf ug]{ df=Gof=
>L clncsj/ lds/fgL
df=Gof= >L hubLz zdf{ kf}8]n

;uf]nsf] k}lqs ;DklQdf laqmL

Joaxf/ cflb h];'s} x'g] cj:yfdf
pd]/ k'u]sf] c+lzof/sf] d+h'/L
lng' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf n]gb]g
Joaxf/sf] !) g+ sf] sfg"gn]
u/]sf] cj:yfdf c+z gePsf]
c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ a]r
ljvg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs

5fl8 lb+bf P]gn] cfk'mv'zL ug{

kfpg] c?sf] dGh'/L lng' gkg]{df
jfx]s c?df Psf3/sf c+lzof/
;j} ;fIfL j;]sf] jf dGh'/Lsf]
lnvt u/L lbPsf] eP dfq kSsf
7xg]{ .
cfgf] kfnfdf cfh]{sf] ;DklQ
lghL 7xg]{ cj:yf jfx]s ;u}
j;]sf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] cfh{gdf
;j} clzof/sf] efu nfUg] .
lnvt ab/ / hfn;fh ;DjGwdf
kIfn] cfk'mnfO{ ;xh kg]{ h'g;'s}
af6f] cjnDjg ug{ ;Sg] g} x'Fbf
jfbL lnvt jb/df gcfO{
hfn;fhdf dfq cfPsf]nfO{
cGoyf eGg gldNg] .
jfbLsf] xs nfUg] hUuf lghsf]
dGh'/L j]u/ laqmL Joaxf/ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf]n] lst]{ sfuhsf] # g+
cg';f/ xs d]6g] sfo{ u/]sf] x'Fbf
hfn;fh
x'g]
cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLx?n] n]gb]g u/]sf] lnvt
;DklQdf jfbLsf] bfaL sfod
/xg g;Sg] eGg pko'tm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg

jl/i7
clwjQmf
/fw]Zofd
clwsf/L / ljfg clwjQmf
r08]Zj/nfn >]i7
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf
lvdfgGb jGhf8], ?s' yfkf s]=;L=
/ led/fh s8l/of
cjnlDjt ghL/M g]=sf=k= @)%$, lg0f{o
g+=^#)#, k[o7 !
200

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

km};nf
Gof=
/fh]Gb|k|;fb
sf]O/fnfM
k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.@.@* sf] k}m;nf pk/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/
bf]xf]ofO{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fa]bgdf
btf{ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
lakIfL klt l;x/fdn] cfgf]
k'Vof]{nL ;DklQaf6 cfgf] c+z xs hlt
lnO{ ldlt @)%@.*.% df c+z j08fkq e}
;s]sf] 5 . lakIfL klt l;x/fdsf] c+z
xs vfg]df klt l;+x/fd, h]7L >LdtL d
lkm/fbL /fwf, / lakIfL ;f}tf sfG5L
>LdtL udnf u/L # hgf dfq 5f}= .
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ lakIfL klt lhDdf /x]sf]df
d ;d]tsf] c+z xs nfUg] lakIfL l;+x/fd
lj;+Vo] ;fsL{ g]kfnLsf] gfpFdf btf{ ePsf]
sf=lh= ;t'+un uf=lj=;=j8f g= $-v_
ls=g+ %! sf] If]=km= #!))) hUuf k'/}
lakIfL klt l;+x/fd lj;+Vo] ;fsL{
g]kfnLn] lbg] / lakIfL laSsL dxh{gn]
lng] tyf lakIfL udnf lj;+Vo] g]kfnL
;fIfL j;L ldlt @)%&.!@.!% df /=g+=
$&@* sf] lnvtaf6 Ps cfk;df
ldn]fdtf] u/L hfgL hfgL hfn;fhL k"0f{
lqmofaf6 d]/f] c+z xs d]6fpg] sfo{
u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm lnvt dWo] # v08sf]
Ps v08 lnvt lst]{ sfuhsf] # g+
adf]lhd hfn;fhL 3f]lift u/L ;f] lnvt
ab/ u/L P]=sf] !) g+ adf]lhd
lakIfLx?nfO{ xb} ;Ddsf] ;hfo ul/kfpFm
eGg] jfbL bfaL .
lakIfLsf klt l;+x/fd 3/sf] d'nL
dfG5]n] 3/ ;Nnfx adf]lhd 3/sf]
Joaxf/ rnfpgsf] nflu cfgf] gfpFdf

btf{ /x]sf] ;t'+un uf=lj=;=j8f g= $ v

ls=g+ %! sf] If]=km= #!))) hUuf
ldlt @)%&.!@.!% df /=g+ $&@* af6
dnfO{ /flhgfdf kfl/t u/L lbg' ePsf] xf]
. ;f] s'/f lakIfL jfbLnfO{ p;} avt yfxf
hfgsf/L lyof] . lakIfLsf] dGh'/L ;d]tn]
lghsf] kltn] dnfO{ hUuf kfl/t u/L
lbPsf] xf] . bfaLsf] lnvt lst]{ sfuhsf]
# g+ k|lts"n ePsf] 5}g . pQm lnvt
n]gb]g Joaxf/sf] !) g+= k|lts"n gePsf]
sf/0faf6 ;d]t lakIfL jfbLsf] e'mf
lkm/fb bfaLaf6 cnu k'm;{+b kfpF eGg]
k|ltjfbL laSsL dxh{gsf] k|ltpQ/
lhls/ .
o;df k|ltjfbL l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]
;fsL{ g]kfnL / udnf lj;+Vo] g]kfnLsf]
gfpFdf hf/L ePsf] Dofb ldlt
@)%(.$.@# df tfd]n ePsf]df lghx?n]
k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L j;]sf
/x]5g .
o;df z'?sf] cfb]zfg';f/ jfbLsf
;fIfL sfG5f lj;+Vo]n] jfbLnfO{ ;dy{g
x'g] u/L sfG5f lj;+Vo] / k|ltjfbL laSsL
dxh{gsf] ;fIfL ho/fd >]i7n]
k|ltjfbLsf] ;dy{g x'g] u/L askq u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
o;df h]7L >LdtL jfbLnfO{
gb]vfO{ lghsf] c+z xs dfg]{ lgotn]
Jox]f/f 9f6L u/L lbPsf] lnvt hfn;fhL
xf]Og eGg gldNg] x'Fbf bfaLsf] /flhgfdf
lnvtsf] # efu dWo] jfbLsf] Ps efu
;Dd lst]{ sfuhsf] # g+ adf]lhd
hfn;fhL x'g] / ;f] xb;Dd ptm lnvt
lgis[o ;d]t x'G5 . k|ltjfbL laSsL
dxh{gnfO{ c+lzof/ /x]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L
gePsf] x'bf lghnfO{ hfn;fhLdf ;hfo

201

c+s @

x'g ;St}g . k|ltjfbL l;+x/fd / udnfn]

hfgL hfgL lnvt u/L lbPsfn]
lghx?nfO{ hfn;fhLsf] ljuf] ?
#,##,###.#$ sf] lst]{ sfuhsf] !) g+
adf]lhd ;os8f @% k|ltztn] x'g] ?
*#,###.#$ sf] bfdf;fxLn] hl/jfgf x'g]
7x5{ eGg] z'? sf7df08f} lhNnf
cbfntsf] @)^!.#.@! sf] k}m;nf .
lakIfL jfbLsf] lajflbt lnvtdf
dGh'/L gePsf] eP n]gb]g Joaxf/sf] !)
g+ adf]lhd sfg"gsf Dofb} leq gfn]z
lnO{ cfpg' kg]{ k|i6 5 . pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yf adf]lhd bfaL glnO{ lst]{
sfuhsf] # g+ adf]lhd bfaL ug{ kfpg]
x}g . d k'g/fj]bsn] ldlt @)%&.!@.!%
df lnvt kfl/t u/L lnPsf] x'F . lakIfL
jfbLsf] lkm/fb ldlt @)%(.!.!( df kg{
cfPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf sfd eP
u/]sf] ldltn] @ jif{ leq gfn]z ug'{kg]{df
@ jif{ g3fO{ kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fb vf/]h
gu/L x'g k'u]sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] gx'Fbf
pQm k}m;nf ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpF eGg]
;d]t Jox]f/fsf] k|ltjfbL laSsL dxh{gsf]
k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf]
k'g/fa]bg .
z'?af6 ePsf] k}m;nf gldnL
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf c=j= @)@ g+
adf]lhd 5nkmnsf] nflu k|ToyL{nfO{
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fa]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^@.&.@ ut]sf]
cfb]z .
d]/f] ;d]t c+z xs nfUg] ls=g+=
%! sf] If]=km= #!))) hUuf k'/}
lakIfLx?sf] ldnf]dtf]df d]/f] c+z xs
d]6fpg] dg;fon] hfn;fhL k"0f{ tj/n]

/flhgfdfsf] lnvt u/L lbg' lng' u/]sf]

x'Fbf pQm lnvt dWo] # v08sf] ! v08
lnvt hfn;fhL 3f]lift u/L ;f] lnvt
ab/ u/L lakIfLnfO{ xb};Dd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfaL / jfbLsf kltn]
cfgf] 3/ Joaxf/ rnfpgsf nflu hUuf
ljqmL u/]sf] sfo{df jfbLsf] ;xdtL 5}g
eGg gldNg] x'bf e'mf lkm/fb bfaLaf6
k'm;{b kfpF eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhls/ /x]sf]df
# efusf] ! efu lnvt hfn;fhL 3f]lift
u/L ;f] lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fO{ z'?n]
u/]sf] k}m;nf pk/ k|:t't k'g/fa]bg bfo/
x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df08f} lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^!.#.@!df ls=g+ %!
sf] If]=km= #!)) hUufdf k|ToyL{
jfbLsf] # efusf] ! efu c+z xs nfUg]
hUuf lghsf] dGh'/L glnO{ ldlt
@)%&.!@.!% df k|ltjfbL l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]
g]kfnLn] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL laSsL
dxh{gnfO{ /flhgfdf u/L pQm hUuf #
efusf] ! efu hfn;fhL u/L ljqmL u/L
lbPsfn] ;f] xb;Dd pQm lnvt
hfn;fhL 7x/L pQm lnvt lgis[o ;d]t
e} k|ltjfbL dWo]sf k|ltjfbL l;+x/fd
lj;+Vo] / udnf lj;+\Vo] g]kfnLnfO{ lst]{
sfuhsf] !) g+ adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t
x'g] u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.#.@! sf]
sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf
dgfl;j b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^@.@.@* ut]sf] k}m;nf .
o; d'2fdf dfq lakIfL jfbLsf
klt / ;f}tfn] k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpg' ePsf]
5}g . cGo lnvt ab/ / hfn;fhLdf
k|ltpQ/ lnO{ pkl:yt x'g' ePsf] 5 .
o;af6 klg s] k|i6 x'G5 eGg] d]/f bftf
202

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

/ lakIfL jfbL ;d]t ldnL dnfO{

cgfxsdf b'Mv lbg] ldn'jf d'2f ug{ jb
lgot /fv]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . oxfF d}n] dfly
k|s/0f k|s/0fdf lnPsf] lhsL/nfO{
k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L j}slNks ?kdf
s] s'/f p7fpg rfxfG5' eg] d]/f bftfn]
c+zj08fsf] !(-!_ adf]lhd k}t[s
;DklQsf] cfwf;Dd 3/ Joaxf/ ug{
s;}sf] dGh'/L jf ;xdlt lng'kg]{ cj:yf
5}g . o;/L x]bf{ b]lvPs} k}t[s ;DklQ ^
@! /x]sf] 5 . To:fsf] cfwf eg]sf] #!
)@ hUuf;Dd s;}sf] dGh'/L glnO{
Joaxf/ ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf lajfb x'g
;Sb}g . #!)) af6 #!@ 36fpbf )
*@ dfq lajflbt /xof] / pQm )*@
dWo] # v08 cyf{t )@#) hUuf ;Dd
ab/ x'g] xf] . To; tk{m ljrf/;Dd gu/L
cfTdlgi7 eO{ u/]sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g .
pQm k}m;nf gldn]sf] Jox]f/f ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;Djt \
@)%@ ;fnsf] b]=ld=g ##** led jxfb'/
sfsL{ lj?4 sdn jxfb'/ sfsL{ ePsf]
;=c=j'n]l6g jif{ ( c+s * k[i7 !) _
;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePs} 5 . lakIfL
jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfaL gk'Ug] ;dy{gdf
g]=sf=k= @)%% lg=g+= ^%() k[i7 $**
g]=sf=k= @)%# lg=g+ ^!%* k[i7 !(%
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]taf6 ;dly{t
ePs} 5 . ctM dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf
pNn]lvt j]xf]/f jd]flhd lakIfL jfbLsf]
e'm7f] j]xf]/fsf] ;fy, xbDofbsf] cefjdf
sfg"g ljk/Lt k/]sf] lkm/fb bfaL k'Ug]
u/L x'g uPsf] k}m;nf ab/ efuL /x]sf]
k|i6 5 . t;y{ k'g/fa]bg cbfntsf]
k}m;nf ab/ efuL /x]sf]n] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{

OG;fkm kfpF eGg] o; cbfntdf kg{

cfPsf] jfbLsf] lgj]bg .
o;df jfbL /fwf lj;+Vo] l;+x/fd
lj;+Vo]sL kTgL eGg] b]lvG5 . log} klt
klTg aLr rn]sf] c+z d'2faf6 jfbLsf]
kltsf] lajflbt ls=g+ %! sf] hUuf #
!))) dfq geO{ hDdf ^!#) hUuf
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . jfbL /fwf lj;+Vo]
tLg clzof/ dWo]sf] Ps c+lzof/ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . jfbLsf] kltn] k'g/fj]bsnfO{
laqmL u/]sf] hUufdf jfbLsf] dGh'/L
glnO{ laqmL u/]sf] ePklg jfbLsf] ltg
v08sf] Psv08df dfq xs x'g] /
c+zj08fsf] !( g+ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bsnfO{
laqmL u/]sf] hDdf hUufdf cfwf hUuf
dfq ljqmL u/]sf] x'Fbf jfbLsf] kltn]
jfbLsf] dGh'/L glnO{ laqmL ug{ ;Sg]df
jfbLsf] dGh'/L glnO{ laqmL u/]sf] elg
jfbLn] lnvt ab/ tk{m bfaL g} glnO{
hfn;fhL u/]sf] egL k/]sf] lkm/fbsf]
cfwf/df lnvt ab/ u/]sf] z'?sf] k}m;nf
;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
k}m;nf c=j= !*$ g+ tyf c+zj08fsf]
!( g+ sf] JofVofTds q'6L x'Fbf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_
adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg
u/L lbPsf] 5 . sfg"g adf]lhd ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfnt ;+o'tm Ohnf;sf] ldlt
@)^#.!@.@* ut]sf] cfb]z .
@=
lgod adf]lhd k]zL
;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fsf] k'g/fa]bg lhls/ ;lxtsf] ldl;n
cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs laSsL dxh{gsf]
tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf] ljfg jl/i7
clwjtmf >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/L /
clwjQmf >L r08]Zj/ nfn >]i7n]

203

c+s @

lajflbt hUuf s[lif ljsf; j}sdf jfbLsf]

>Ldfgn] lwtf] /fvL lnPsf] C0f r'tmf
ug{ jfbLsf] ;xdltaf6 ljqmL u/]sf]
hUuf xfd|f] kIfn] vl/b u/L lnPsf] xf] .
s'g} hfn;fh k"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g .
jfbLsf] >Ldfgsf] cGo hUuf jfFsL g}
ePsf] / ;f] hUufaf6 c+z kfpg] g} x'Fbf
lajflbt hUuf vl/b u/L lnPsf] xf] .
k|ToyL{ jfbLn] lnvt ab/ d'2f 5'} lbg'
kg]{df pQm d'2f glbO{ k|:t't hfn;fhL
d'2fsf] cfwf/df xfd|f] kIfn] lnPsf]
hUufsf] #efusf] ! efu lnvt ab/ x'g]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf jfbL bfaL vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] jx; ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{ jfbL
tk{maf6
ljfg
/fwf
lj;Vo]sf]
clwjtmfx? lvdfgGb jGhf8], ?s' yfkf
s]=;L+= / led/fh s8l/ofn] xfd|f kIf
k|ToyL{ dWo]sf] l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]sf] h]7L
>LdtL /x]sf] / lghx?sf] aLrdf ljlwjt
c+zj08f ePsf] 5}g . jfbL /fwf lj;Vo]
l;x/fd lj;+Vo]sf] h]7L >LdtL /x]sf]
cj:yf lghsf] >Ldfg l;+x/fdn] lajflbt
hUuf ljqmL ubf{ /flhgfdf sfuhdf
jfbLnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]sf] 5}g . jfbL /fwf
lj;+Vo]sf] d+h'/gfdf geP;Dd jfbLsf]
>Ldfgn] ljqmL u/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf]
ljqmL ePsf] /lhi6]zgsf] lnvt n]gb]g
Joaxf/sf] !) g+ cg';f/ ab/ x'g ;Sg]
x'G5 . t;y{ k|ltjfbLx?n] ldn]fdtf] u/L
hfn;fhk"j{s ljqmL lng' lbg' u/]sf] x'Fbf
hfn;fhL 7x/fO{ # efusf] ! efusf]
lnvt hfn;fh u/]sf] 7x/fO{ ab/ x'g]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
k}m;nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf ;b/ x'g' kb{5 eGg]
jx; ug'{eof] .

#=
lg0f{o tk{m ljrf/ ubf{
xfdL # c+lzof/ 5f} . ;Dk'+0f{ ;DklQ
kltsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf] 5 . d h]7L
>LdtL x'Fbf x'b} klt l;+x/fd lj;+Vo]n]
d]/f] c+z xs nfUg] hUuf sf=lh=;t'+un
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $ v ls=g+ %! sf]
If]qkmn #!))) hUuf hfn;fhL u/L
@)%&.!@.!% df csf{ k|ltjfbL laSsL
dxh{gnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] x'Fbf lst]{
sfuhsf] # g+ adf]lhd hfn;fhL 3f]lift
u/L P]sf] !) g+ cg';f/ ;hfo ul/kfpFm
eGg] jfbL bfaL / bfaLsf] sfuh # g+
k|lts"n ePsf] 5}g . lakIfL jfbLsf]
dGh'/Laf6 lghsf] kltn] lajflbt hUuf
ljlqm u/L lbPsf]n] n]gb]g Joaxf/sf]
!) g+ k|lts"n gePsf]n] jfbL bfaL vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfb lhls/ ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf hfn;fhL 7x/fO{ z'?
sf7df08f} lhNnf cbfntn] # efusf] !
efu lnvt lgis[o 7x/fPsf] k}m;nfnfO{
;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
k}m;nf pk/ k|ltjfbL laSsL dxh{gsf]
lgj]bgdf bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg e}
k'g/fjb]gdf btf{ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf]
b]lvof] .
$=
o;df lajflbt hUUff
;t'+un uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $-v_ ls=g+ %!
sf] If]qkmn #!))) ;DklQ ;uf]ndf
/x]sf] / oL jfbL /fwf lj;+Vo] clzof/
/x]sf]df lajfb b]lvPg . o:tf] ;uf]nsf]
k}lqs ;DklQdf ljqmL Joaxf/ cflb h]
;'s} x'g] cj:yfdf pd]/ k'u]sf] c+lzof/sf]
d+h'/L lng'kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf n]gb]g
Joaxf/sf] !) g+ sf] sfg"gn] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . h; cg';f/ c+z gePsf]
c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ a]r ljvg
204

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lb+bf

P]gn] cfk'm v'zL ug{ kfpg] c?sf] dGh'/L
lng' gkg]{df jfx]s c?df Psf3/sf
c+lzof/ ;j} ;fIfL j;]sf] jf dGh'/Lsf]
lnvt u/L lbPsf] eP dfq kSsf 7x5{ .
k|:t't lnvtdf oL jfbL ;fIfL j;]sf] jf
dGh'/L lbPsf] klg b]lvb}g . 3/ Joaxf/
rnfpg cfwf;Dd 3/sf] d'nLn] ljqmL
ug{ kfpg] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] klg
j}sdf lwtf] ;DklQ psf; ug]{
l;nl;nfdf Joaxf/ rnfpg ljqmL u/]sf]
eGg] b]lvg cfPg . o:tf]df c+zj08fsf]
!* g+ n] lghL 7xg]{ / P] sf] !( g+ n]
cfgf] kfnfdf cfh]{sf] ;DklQ lghL 7xg]{
cj:yf jfx]s ;u} j;]sf] ;DklQ
;uf]nsf] cfh{gdf ;j} clzof/sf] efu
nfUg] eGg] g]=sf=k= @)%$ lg=g+ ^#)#
k[i7 ! df nIdL b]jL jf:tf]nf lj?4 OGb|
df]xg clwsf/L ePsf] lnvt ab/ d'2fdf
j[xb k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
eO{;s]sf] ;d]taf6 ;dly{t ePsf] b]lvg
cfpF5 . lnvt ab/ / hfn;fh
;DjGwdf kIfn] cfk'mnfO{ ;xh kg]{
h'g;'s} af6f] cjnDjg ug{ ;Sg] g} x'Fbf
jfbL lnvt jb/df gcfO{ hfn;fhdf
dfq cfPsf]nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldn]g
k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ jfbL /fwf lj;+Vo]sf]

xs nfUg] hUuf lghsf] dGh'/L j]u/

ljqmL Joaxf/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] lst]{
sfuhsf] # g+ cg';f/ xs d]6g] sfo{
u/]sf] x'Fbf hfn;fh x'g] 7x5{ . o;
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLx?n] n]gb]g u/]sf]
lnvt ;DklQdf jfbLsf] bfaL sfod /xg
g;Sg] eGg pko'tm gx'g] x'Fbf o;
cbfntjf6 d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f
k|bfg x'Fbf pNn]v j"+bf ;+u of] Ohnf;
;xdt x'g ;s]g . ctM jfbL bfaL
cg';f/ jfbLsf] xsdf ;Dd ldlt
@)%&.!@.!% sf] lnvt hfn;fh x'g]
7x/fPsf] z'? sf7df08f} lhNnf
cbfntsf] k}m;nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.@.@* sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] b]lv+bf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgod adf]lhd
j'emfO{ lbg' .
ptm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7
Olt ;Djt @)^$ ;fn df3 * ut] /f]h
# z'ed=======================================
Zffvf clws[t M hjfx/k|;fb l;+x

205

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(## g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'St Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L kjg s'df/ cf]emf
;+jt @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 gDj/ )^(&
cfb]z ldltM @)^$.&.@&.
laifoM pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !!
eb|sfnL Knfhf l:yt g]zgn
sG:6S;g sDkgL g]kfn
lj?4
ljkIfLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6g,
nlntk'/ ;d]t

;Demf}tdf dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]{

ljlw / dWo:ysf] ;+Vof cflb
;d]t :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] t/
pNn]v ePsf] k|lqmof / ljlw
ckgfpFbf klg dWo:y lgo'lQm x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dWo:ytf P]g,
@)%% sf] bkmf & adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cfk"mdf
ePsf] appointing authority sf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dWo:y
lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
kIfx?n]
ljjfb
;dfwfg
dWo:yf/f u/fpg] u/L ;+emf}tf
u/]sf]df ;+emf}tfaf6 pTkGg
ljjfbnfO{ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{
Gofoaf6 al~rt ug]{ p2]Zon]
dWo:y ;dIf ljjfb g} k]z ug{

206

gkfpg] u/L dWo:ysf] u7g g}

x'g glbg] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf s'g}
klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;Demf}tfdf
ljjfb ;dfwfg dWo:yf/f ul/g]
5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] Ps kIfn]
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ /fv]sf]
k|:tfj csf]{ kIfn] OGsf/ ug{
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
b'O{ kIfn] cfk;L ;xdtL /
;xdtLf/f OdfGbf/Ltf -good
faith_ sf cfwf/df ul/Psf]
;Demf}tfnfO{ Ps kIfLo ?kn]
abNg ;Sb}g . o:tf] ug'{
;Demf}tfdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf
cjlwe/ Ps kIfLo ?kn]
;Demf}tfsf zt{x? +;+;f]wg jf
km]/abn ug{ gkfpg] u/L /fv]sf]
stabilization
;Demf}tfsf]
clauses / cGt//f{li6o sfg"gsf]
dfGo l;4fGt pacta sund
servanda" cyf{t agreement
must be honoured" eGg] dfGo
l;4fGtsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] .
;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn] s'g}
klg sf/0f b]vfO{ PstkmL{ ?kn]
;Demf}tf eu+ u/] klg ;Demf}tf
e+u u/]sf] sf/0f ljjfb
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf dWo:ytf
cyf{t agreement to arbitrate
sf] Joj:yf klg e+u gx'g],
Arbitration clause hLljt g}
/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
;Demf}tf
e+u
u/]
klg
agreement to Arbitrate cyf{t

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

dWo:ysf] Joj:yf survive ug]{

x'Fbf ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn]
s'g} cj:yf, cfwf/ / sf/0f
b]vfO{
dWo:yf/f
ljjfb
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf frustrate
ug{ g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@!_
k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?n] bkmf &
cg';f/
cfk"mdf
ePsf]
appointing
authority
sf]
clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ dWo:yf/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ frustrate ug{
;Demf}tfsf Ps kIfn] lng ;Sg]
lhls/ tyf bkmf ^-!_ sf]
DofbnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL
Dofb leq ePdf / j}slNks k"jf{
cj:yf jf pkrf/ ;d]t invoke
u/] gu/]sf] x]/L cfkmgf] clwsf/
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfo

jb|Ljxfb'/ sfsL{ / of]u]Gb|jxfb'/
clwsf/L
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
nIdLjxfb'/ lg/fnf, ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf ;/f]h uf}td /
ljfg clwjQmf qLnf]rg uf}td
cjnlDjt ghL/M
cfb]z
Gof=jn/fd
s]=;LM
g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@,!)&
-@_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf]

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+

7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 .
lgj]bs sDkgL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k"0f{ :jfldTj ePsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL
sfo{x? ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+:yflkt sDkgL xf]
. lgj]bs sDkgLaf6 tTsfnLg >L % sf]
;/sf/ xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o eP
cg';f/ hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfnsf] OG8f]/
ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ laifodf lgj]bs sDkgL
7]Ssf bftf / hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfnsf
jLr ldlt @)%&.@.!# ut] lgdf{0f
;Demf}tf ePsf]df ;f]xL lgdf{0f sfo{
h=a=g+=%^& cGtu{t ug]{ u/fpg] u/L
ldlt @)%&.#.& b]lv @)%&.#.@# sf]
cjlwdf ljleGg !& Kofs]hsf] ?kdf
;xfos 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf lakIfL k|]mG8;
sG:6S;g k|f=ln= Pj+ lgj]bs sDkgL
7]Ssfbftfsf jLrdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
lakIfL 7]s]bf/ tyf lgj]bs sDkgLsf
jLrdf ePsf] pQm d"n ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg
ug{ g;sL a9L ;do nfUg uPsf] /
clGtd e'QmfgL ;d]t e};s]sf]df lakIfL
7]s]bf/n] nfdf] ;do Joltt e};s] kl5
ldlt @)^!.!.% ut] ;DkGg sfdsf]
e'QmfgL cltl/Qm sfo{sf] ;d]t u/L
;Demf}tf jdf]lhd kfpg' kg]{ /sd eGbf
a9L ?=!,@*,!$,@@!. sf] bfjL lgj]bssf]
of]hgf sfof{no hgsk'/ / lgj]bs
sDkgLdf lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
lakIfL
7]s]bf/sf]
pko'{Qm
jdf]lhdsf] bfjL :jLsfo{ gePsf] /
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ jdf]lhd ;f] /sd ltg]{
Joxf]g]{ lhDd]jf/L gb]lvPsf] tyf sfg"g
adf]lhdsf] af6f] cjnDag ug{ ;lsg]
cfzosf hjfkm lgj]bs sDkgLsf

207

c+s @

tkm{af6 lbO;s]sf] lyof] . o;/L cl3 g}

k6s k6s ljkIfL 7]s]bf/n] k]z u/]sf
yk e'QmfgLsf] bfjL lgj]bs sDkgLn]
c:jLsf/ u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbO;s] kl5
klg yk /sd lbnfO{ kfpF elg kq n]Vg]
sfo{ hf/L /fv]sf]df lgj]bs ;+rfns
;ldltsf] txdf k]z e} ljrf/fwLg /x]s}
cj:yfdf lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug{ elg
ljkIfL ;DdfgLt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 cfb]z ;lxt Dofb k|fKt x'g
cfPsfn] ljkIfLsf] kl5Nnf] kqsf
;DaGwdf yk sf/jfxL ug'{ k]g{ cj:yf
g/xL lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfb]z adf]lhdsf]
dgfl;j cfwf/ sf/0f ;lxt Dofb leq}
lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't u/L dWo:ytf P]g,
@)%% tyf s/f/ P]g, @)%^ adf]lhd
Dofb ;d]t gf3L k/]sf] lgj]bg / e'QmfgL
/fkm;fkm e};s]sf] ljifodf dWo:ytfsf]
k|s[of k|f/De ug{ gldNg] egL ;lj:tf/
lgj]bs sDkgLn] cg'/f]w u/L ;s]sf]
cj:yf lyof] t/ ldlt @)^#.#.#@ ut]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]zaf6
lgj]bs sDkgL 7]SsfbftfnfO{ cfkm\gf]
tkm{af6 dWo:y lgo'Qm x'g] # hgf
JolQmsf] gfd / lghx?sf] ;xdlt !%
lbg leq bflvnf ug{ nufO{ k]z ug'{ eGg]
ePsf cfb]z k|rlnt dWo:ytf P]g,
@)%% Pj+ sDkgL P]g, @)%^ ;d]tsf]
Joj:yfn] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd
dWo:ytfaf6 lg0f{o x'g' kg]{ jf x'g ;Sg]
ljjfbsf] u}/ ljBdfgtfdf k|:t't
sf/jfxL rfn' /fvL dWo:ysf] lgo'lQm
ul/lbg] / tTkZrft dWo:ytf dfkm{tsf]
sfd sf/jfxL cl3 a9\g] lglZrt ePsf]
/ pQm cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'Fbf lgj]bsn]
u}/sfg"gL ?kdf dWo:yx?sf] lgo'lQmdf

;xdlt hgfPsf] 7xg]{ tyf u}/sfg"gL

sfd sf/jfxLn] dfGotf kfpg] / To;/L
u7g ul/g] dWo:yx?sf] lg0f{oaf6 sfod
x'g ;Sg] bfloTjx? ;d]t Joxf]g'{ kg]{
cj:yf lgj]bs sDkgL h:tf] ;/sf/sf]
k"0f{ :jfldTjdf :yflkt sDkgLn] sl7g
cfly{s kl/l:yltdf cgfjZos yk
cfly{s Jooef/ v]Kg' kg]{ eGb} pQm ldlt
@)^#.#.#@ sf] cfb]z ab/ u/fO{ dfUg
;Ddflgt cbfntdf ldlt @)^#.$.@!
ut] l/=g+= ))*! df cGtl/d cfb]z
;lxt pTk|]if0fo'Qm k|ltif]w ldl>t
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg
lgj]bg bfo/ e} pQm l/6 lgj]bg
;Ddflgt cbfntdf ljrf/flwg 5 .
o;/L ljkIfL ;Ddflgt k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.#.#@ sf]
cfb]z pk/ o; ;Ddflgt cbfntdf
cGtl/d cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf k6s k6s
5nkmndf k]zL r9] klg ljljw sf/0fn]
5nkmn x'g g;s]sf] / pQm ldlt
@)^#.#.#@ sf] cfb]z cg';f/ lgj]bs
sDkgLn] gfd l;kmfl/; gu/];Dd tf/]v
lbg OGsf/ u/L tf/]v u'hfg{ afWo kf/L
;f]xL cfwf/df ljkIfL 7]sb] f/ sDkgLn]
k|:tfj u/]sf JolQm dWo] >L nIdLaxfb'/
lg/fnf, jl/i7 clwjQmfnfO{ dWo:y
lgo'Qm ug]{ u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^#.$.@*
ut]sf] >L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
km};nf gSsn ldlt @)^#.(.!@ ut] ;f/L
lnO{ yfxf hfgsf/L x'g cfPsfn] pQm
km};nf jb/ u/fO{ dfUg cGo j}slNks
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
#@!)&-@_, !^& ;d]t cGtu{t pQm
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! -#_ -r_, !( jdf]lhd
208

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

df}lns xs, sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf

* tyf dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^.&
;d]tf/f k|bQ sfg"gL xssf] ;+/If0f Pj+
k|rng ul/kfpFm .
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ k|]mG8; sG:6S;g
k|f=ln= n] ldlt @)^!.#.@@ df lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] of]hgf sfof{no hgsk'/
dfkm{t k]z u/]sf] kqdf To; sDkgL
cGtu{t h=a=g+=%^& sf] ljleGg k}s]h
u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf] OG8f]/ ejg ;d]tsf]
e'QmfgL lnO{ ;s]sf] / pQm ejgdf
h8fg ePsf] ljB't tyf ;]g]6/L nufot
aLn adf]lhdsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfg xfgL
gf]S;fgL rf]/L cflb e} s'g} Iflt gPdf
o; sDkgL lhDd]jf/ g/xg] Joxf]/f
cg'/f]w 5 elg hfgsf/L lgh :jo+n]
lbPsf] l:ylt 5 . pQm kqn] ljkIfL
7]s]bf/ sDkgL / lgj]bs sDkgLsf
aLrdf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd ;DkGg e}
x/ lx;fa km/kmf/s ;d]t e} ;s]sf]
:ki6 b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] sfd
;DkGg e} lng' lbg' kg]{ /sd e'QmfgL
lnO{ ;s] kZrft lgj]bs sDkgL /
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgL aLr s'g} e'QmfgL
;DaGwL ljjfb g/x]sf] k'i6L x'G5 .
tTkZrft clt/l~ht ;fy lgj]bs
sDkgLdf e'QmfgLsf] nflu k6s k6s
lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bs sDkgLn] :ki6
hjfkm lb+bf lb+b} ljjfb g} gePsf]
ljifodf dWo:yf/f ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg
u/fO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg lbPsf e/df
ljjlGwt s'g} ljrf/ / ljj]rgf g} gu/L
ul/Psf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf jb/ efuL5 .
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6g ;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf
@)^@.!).!& ut] lgj]bs sDkgLsf]

;+rfns ;ldlt / ldlt @)^@.!!.!! df

P]= ;ldltsf cWoIfHo" ;dIf ;d]t
lghsf] bfjLsf] ljifodf lgj]bg lbPsf]df
xfn;Dd hjfkm k|fKt gePsf]n] ;f]xL
ldlt @)^@.!).!& sf] lgj]bgnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL ldlt @)^#.!.!& df dWo:ytf P]g,
@)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd Dofb leq
of] dWo:y lgo'Qm ul/kfpFm elg lgj]bg
lbPsf] b]lvG5 . hasL lgj]bs sDkgL /
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgL aLr e'QmfgL jf
cGo s'g} ljjfb g/x]sf] eGg] s'/f ljkIfL
7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] ldlt @)^!.#.@@ df
lgj]bs sDKgLdf lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 :ki6
b]lvG5 . tTkZrft ljkIfLn] lgj]bs
sDkgLdf e'QmfgL bfjL ;DaGwL ljjfbsf]
dWo:ytff/f ;dfwfg ul/kfpFm elg
u/]sf] cfu|xnfO{ ldlt @)^@.&.! sf]
kqaf6 c:jLs[t e} ljkIfLn] ;f] pk/
lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] b]lvG5 . lglj{jfb
?kdf lgj]bs sDkgLsf] tkm{af6 lbPsf]
ldlt @)^@.&.! sf] kqsf] ldltaf6 g}
dWo:ytf P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_
adf]lhdsf Dofb} leq lgh ljkIfLn]
cfjZos sfg"gL sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg'
kg]{df clt g} ljnDa u/L dWo:ytf P]g,
@)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd k/]sf]
lgj]bgdf xbDofb h:tf] ulDe/ sfg"gL
k|Zgdf ljrf/ g} gu/L ul/Psf] km};nf
pQm bkmf ljk/Lt x'Fbf jb/efuL /x]sf]5 .
lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL 7]s]bf/
sDkgL aLrdf ;DkGg ;Demf}tfsf] zt{
g+= !# sf] sf/0fn] lgof]Qmf;+u ePsf] d"n
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= %!-@_ ljjfb g}
gePsf] ljifodf cfs[i6 x'g'kg]{ jf x'g
;Sg] s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f ljBdfg 5}g .
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ tyf lgj]bs sDkgLsf

209

c+s @

aLrdf ePsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf ljjb

pTkGg ePdf ;Demf}tfsf zt{ g+= !$
adf]lhd ljjfbsf] clGtd lg0f{osf] nflu
lgj]bs sDkgLsf] ;+rfns ;ldlt ;dIf
lghn] ldlt @)^@.!).& ut] dfq} lgj]bg
k]z u/]sf] t/ xfn;Dd hjfkm k|fKt
gePsf] eGg] tYo tkm{ ;Ddflgt
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] Wofgb[li6 k'u]sf] 5}g
. lgj]bs sDkgL;+u ljkIfL sDkgLn]
u/]sf] ;Demf}tsf] zt{ g+= !$ cGtu{t
lgj]bssf] ;+rfns ;ldltn] ljjfbsf]
clGtd lg0f{o lbO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf d"n
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= %!-@_ cGtu{tsf]
dWo:ytf ;DaGwL pkrf/sf] bfjL ug]{
xs jf xsb}of ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{
k|fKt x'g} g;Sg]df To;tkm{ s'g} ljj]rgf
g} gu/L PstkmL{ ?kdf dWo:y lgo'Qm
ug]{ u/L u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nfdf d"n ;Demf}tfsf] zt{
g+= %! tyf ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgL;+u
ePsf] ;Dmef}tfsf] zt{ g+= !#, !$ sf]
k"0f{ ckJofVof x'g u} ;fx|} cGofo x'g
uPsf] 5 . pko'{Qm adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL
k|Zgsf] lg?k0f o; cl3 ljrf/flwg l/6
lgj]bgaf6 x'g] g} 5 .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.@* ut]sf] k}m;nfdf d"n
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g==%-!_ -@_ / -#_ df
afblajfbsf] lgK6f/f dWo:yaf6 u/fpg]
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] egL ;f]nfO{ e'QmfgL
lajfbsf] lg?k0f x'g' kg]{ eGg] cfwf/
lnPsf] eP klg pQm d"n ;Demf}tfsf]
zt{ g+=%!-@_ cfs[i6 x'g' k"j{ zt{ g+=%! !_ -@_ -#_ cGtu{tsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofsf]
cjnDag u/L slyt lajfbsf] ;dfwfg
ul/;s]sf] x'g' kb{5 t/ lakIfL 7]s]bf/

sDkgLn] d"n ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+=%!

cGtu{tsf] s'g} klg k|s[of cjnDag
gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljkIfL 7]s]bf/
sDkgLn] lhls/ lng g;s]sf] Pj+ k'li6
ug{ g;s]sf] s'/f cbfnt :jo+n] d"n
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+= %!-!_-@_-#_ sf]
k|lqmof k'/f eO{;s]sf] eGg] dgf]ut ?kdf
cy{ u/L dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]{ u/L u/]sf]
km};nfdf ljNs'n Goflos dgsf] cefj
/xL ab/ efuL /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} dWo:y
lgo'Qm ;DalGw sf/jfxL k'/f x'g' cl3 g}
lgj]bs kIfsf tkm{af6 /L6 lgj]bg kl/
dflyNnf] cbfntdf ljrf/flwg d'2faf6
k|ToyL{ dWo:yHo"sf] lgo'lQmsf] j}Btfsf]
lg?k0f ug'{ cl3 g} dWo:y ;DaGwL
sf/jfxL rfn' /fVg' ePsf]n] lgh
dWo:ysf] sf/jfxL ;DaGwL ldlt
@)^#.!).!* sf] cfb]z jb/ efuL 5 .
ctM pk/f]Qm sf/0faf6 ljkIfL
7]s]bf/ sDkgL :jo+n] ;Demf}tf cg'?ksf]
sfd ;DkGg e} kfpg' kg]{ e'QmfgL lnO{
;s]sf] elg ldlt @)^!.#.@@ df
hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bs
sDkgL / ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLsf aLrdf
;Demf}tf adf]lhd e'QmfgL lbg' lng' kg]{
/sd g/x]sf]n] ljjfb g} gePsf] ljifodf
sfg"g ljk/Lt dWo:y lgo'Qm u/L
ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg u/fO{ kfpF elg lbOPsf]
lgj]bg ljjGwg Pj+ xbDofbsf sf/0faf6
;d]t vf/]h ug'{kg]{df dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]{
u/L ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
ldlt @)^#.$.@* sf] km};nf Pj+ q'6Lk"0f{
x'Fbf pTk|]if0f nufot h'g;'g} pko'Qm
cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm
kfpF .
210

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;fy} k|:t't ljjfb s} ;DaGwdf

o; k"j{ g} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
cfb]z pk/ ;Ddflgt cbfntdf l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ e} ljkIfLx?sf gfp+df
sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf x'Fb} ;f] tkm{
s'g} ljrf/ gu/l tf/]v u'hf/L a;]sf]
elg PstkmL{ ?kdf jl/i7 clwjQmf
nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfnfO{ dWo:y lgo'Qm
u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df dWo:yn] cfkm\gf]
d'sfd sf7df8f}+ /fdzfxkydf /fvL sfd
sf/jfxL ug{ yfn]sf] / To;/L dWo:yn]
sfd sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPdf c;/ kg]{
u/L l/6 If]qaf6 af]Ng gldNg] eGg]
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bgsf]
cf}lrTo ;dfKt x'g] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf]
6'f]
gnfu];Dd
s'g}
sfdsf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fpg' elg
k|ToyL{ dWo:y ;d]tsf gfpdf ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!
adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L
Gofo kfpF eGg] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf],
lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < lnlvt hjfkm lnO{
pkl:yt x'g' egL lakIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{
lnlvt hjfkm cfP kl5 jf cjlw gf3]
kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ ;fy} lgj]bg
dfu jdf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]zug]{ gug]{
;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf] nflu lakIfLx?nfO{
& lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ .
pQm cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwL 5nkmnsf]
6'+uf] gnfu] ;Ddsf nflu dWo:ytfaf6
s'g} sfd sf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fO{
oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf]

Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt

@)^#.!).@@ sf] cfb]z .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !! -#_ r st} b]lvb}g . wf/f !!
df gful/stf 6f]nL ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5
eg] wf/f !( n] eminent domain ;DaGwL
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . k|ToyL{n]
vf/]h e};s]sf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf * pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . h;
cGtu{t s]xL ug{ ;lsGg . dWo:y P]g,
@)%% sf] bkmf ^ / & cGtu{t cbfntn]
k|of]u u/]sf] Goflos clwsf/df l/6
If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . k|ToyL{ /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf aLrdf ePsf] ldlt
@)%&.@.!# df ePsf] ;Demf}tfn]
k|ToyL{nfO{ Pp6f s/f/Lo xs ;Dd lbPsf]
5 . s/f/Lo xsnfO{ ;+a}wflgs jf sfg"gL
xssf] w/ftn /fVg ldNb}g . k|ToyL{ /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] aLrdf ;DkGg ePsf]
@)%&.@.!# sf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! n]
afblajfbsf] lgK6f/f dWo:ytfaf6 x'g]
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d]/f] / k|ToyL{sf
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf % n]
k|ltkmnsf nflu lgof]u cyf{t k|ToyL{ /
g]kfn
;/sf/sf
aLr
;DkGg
;Demf}tfnfO{ g} 6]s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] ;f]
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !# n] d]/f] / k|ToyL{sf
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf gePsf zt{ /
;'ljwfsf xsdf k|ToyL{ / g]kfn ;/sf/
aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ g} cg'df]bg
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|ToyL{n] lgh / g]kfn
;/sf/sf aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{
lnP/ s/f/sf] kljqtf cyf{t Privity of
contract sf] l;4fGt tk{m Olt ug'{
ePsf] eg] d]/f] / k|ToyL{sf aLrdf ePsf]
s/f/sf] bkmf % n] Privity of contract sf]

211

c+s @

l;4fGt lqmoflzn x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g /

d]/f] / k|TohL{sf aLrdf collateral
contract ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
s/f/sf] k|efjsf/Ltf l/6 If]qaf6
x]g{ ldNg] xf]Og . dWo:y lgo'lQmsf] dfu
xbDofb leq /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] eGg] laifo
g} s/f/sf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] k|Zg xf] .
k|ToyL{n] dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !^
-!_ jdf]lhdsf] k|s[of cjnDag ug'{
ePsf] 5}g . pQm bkmf !^ -!_
jdf]lhdsf] dfu{ oyfjt /xFbf /xFb} bfo/
u/]sf] l/6 vf/]h efuL 5 . k|ToyL{n] d
;d]t pk/ bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] @)^#
;fnsf] l/6 g+=))*! df ;d]t o; l/6
lgj]bgdf p7fpg' ePsf sfg"gL tYo
;+j}wflgs k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf]df of] l/6
c=a+=*% g+=/ &# g+=;d]t ljk/Lt 5 .
k|ToyL{n] p7fpg' ePsf] d"n
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+=%! -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf]
;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofsf] canDag x'g' kg]{ lhls/
lng' ePsf] 5 . d}n] k|ToyL{ lgj]bsnfO{
ldlt @)^@.%.* sf] kqdf Ifltk'lt{ /
e'QmfgLsf] bfjL k]z u/] kZrft k|ToyL{n]
;f] jdf]lhd gu/] kl5 k'gM @)^@.!).!&
sf] kq dfk{mt ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !$
cGtu{t lajfbsf] lg/f]k0fsf] dfu u/]sf]
5' . k'gM d]/f] @)^@.!).!& sf] lgj]bg
k|ToyL{n] k|fKt u/] kZrft d"n
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! -#_ jdf]lhdsf]
k|s[of ckgfpg] bfloTj k|ToyL{sf] xf] .
k|ToyL{sf] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] k|s[of
ckgfpFbf dWo:y x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf
b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . o; cj:yfdf
dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf & -!_
cfslif{t eP kZrft k|ToyL{n] dWo:y
lgo'lQm k|s[ofdf pbfl;gtf b]vfP kZrft

cbfntn] P]gsf] bkmf & -#_ sf] clwsf/

k|of]u u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{ tk{m
Goflos k|s[of cufl8 a9fpFbf d"n
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! -!_ -@_ / -#_ uf}0f
x'g k'Ub5 . o; cj:yfdf dWo:ytf P]g,
@)%% / dWo:ytf -cbfntlL sfo{ljlw_
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ^ jdf]lhd
dWo:y lgo'lQm ubf{ lakIfLsf] df}lns xs
jf sfg"gL xs cf3fltt gx'g] x'Fbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|]m08; sg6S;g k|f=ln=sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
k|m]08; sG:6S;g sDkgLn] bfjL
u/]sf] /sd bfjLsf ;DaGwdf sfg"g
jdf]lhdsf] dfu cjnDag u/] s'g}
cfklQ gx'g] hjfkm g]zgn sG;6S;g
sDkgLaf6 k|fKt ePsfn] cbfntaf6
dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo dfu
/x]sf]df Pg=;L=;L=Pg / hgsk'/ c+rn
c:ktfnsf] aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{
g+=%! -!_ -@_ / -#_ df pn]v eP
jdf]lhdsf zt{nfO{ k|]m08; sG:6S;g
k|f=ln= / l/6 lgj]bg aLr ePsf] kl5Nnf]
@)%&.*.# sf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ g+=!#
g+=df :jLsfl/P cg'?k o; cbfntaf6
l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ cfgf] tk{msf dWo:ysf]
gfd k|:tfj ug{ cfb]z ul/Psf]df ldlt
@)^#.$.!! sf] tf/]v g} u'hf/L a;]sfn]
lgj]bs k|]m08; sG:6S;g k|f=ln= sf]
tk{maf6 al/i7 clwjQmf >L nIdLaxfb'/
lg/fnfnfO{ cWo:tf P]g, @)%% / dWo:tf
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod ^ jdf]lhd
dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] . ;f]xL
lgodsf] !) jdf]lhd dWo:y lgo'lQmsf]
hfgsf/L lgj]bs / dWo:ytfnfO{ ;d]t
oyfzSo lbg' egL ldlt @)^#.$.@* df
212

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

o; cbfntdf sfg"g jdf]lhd k}m;nf

ePsf] x'Fbf pQm k}m;nf ab/ x'g g;Sg]
e} l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfn
tyf Pg=;L=;L=Pg=sf aLrdf @)%&.@.!#
df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! -!_ -@_ #_ x]bf{ k|yd kIf hgsk'/ c+rn
c:ktfn / lakIfL k|]m08; sG:6S;g
k|f=ln= aLrdf ePsf] eGg] klg b]lvg
cfpFb}g . Pg=;L=;L=Pg= / k|]m08;
sG:6S;g k|f=ln=sf aLrdf ePsf] ldlt
@)%&.#.*
sf]
;Demf}tfdf
5'}
dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yf ePsf] klg kfOb}g .
o; l:yltdf Pg=l;=l;=Pg / k|]m08;
sG:6S;g k|f=ln= aLrsf] lajfbsf]
lgK6f/f klg dWo:yf/f g} x'g] gx'g] eGg]
;DaGwdf dWo:ytf P]g, @)%% sf]
Joj:yf af/] la:t[t laj]rgf ul/g' kg]{
l:ylt b]lvG5 . dWo:ytfsf] lgo'lQm
e};s]sf] / lghn] sfd z'? ug]{ k|jn
;Defjgf klg ePsf] x'Fbf tTsfnsf] nflu
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] g} b]lv+bf
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] lg?k0f e}
of] l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP
;Dd dWo:ytfn] o; af/] s'g} sfd
sf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fpg' egL ldlt
@)^#.!).@@ df o; cbfntaf6 hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z lg/Gt/ u/L lbPsf]
5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.^.#
sf] cfb]z .
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.@* sf] lg0f{o jdf]lhd dnfO{
dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/Psf] x'Fbf d}n]
dWo:ysf] x}l;otn] sf/jfxL k|f/De ug]{

;Gbe{df ;j{ k|yd lgikIftfsf] nflu

;ky u|x0f u/]sf] 5' . kmn:j?k d}n]
;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L lgikIftfk"j{s lgjf{x
ug]{ jfx]s kIfkft ug]{ 5}g eGg] lgla{jfb
5 . lgj]bs lsg dWo:yaf6 efUg
vf]h]sf] xf], a'g sl7g 5 . h] cfwf/
a'Fbf lakIfLn] l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fpg'
ePsf] 5 tL ;a} k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg dWo:y
P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !^ n] O+lut u/]s} 5
. ctM l/6 lgj]bg ;j{yf sfg"g /
;+ljwfgsf] ljk/Lt 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dWo:y nIdLaxfb'/
lg/fnfsf] ldlt @)^#.!!.!@ sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"lrdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ldl;n
sfuhft cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tk{msf
ljfg clwjQmf o >L ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{
/ >L of]u]Gb|axfb'/ clwsf/Ln] dWo:y
lgo'lQm ug]{ k|fjwfg xfd|f] kIf / hgsk'/
c+rn c:ktfnsf jLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf
pNn]v 5 . xfd|f] kIf / lakIf k|]m08;
sG:6S;g k|f=ln= sf jLr ePsf] bf]>f]
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v 5}g . lgj]bs /
lakIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] tL
;Demf}tfsf] unt JofVof u/L dWo:y
lgo'lQm ug]{ k}m;nf sfg"g Pj+ ePsf]
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt zt{ ljk/Lt x'Fbf
pQm k}m;nf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
xfd|f] kIf / lakIfL k|]mG8; sG:6S;g
k|f=ln=sf jLrsf] pTkGg k|:t't lajfbsf]
clGtd lgK6f/f Pg=l;=l;=Pg=sf] board
f/f u/fpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
xf]; eGg] ax; ug'{eof] .
lakIfL k|]mG8; sG:6S;g k|f=ln=
sf] tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf ljfg clwjQmf

213

c+s @

>L lqnf]rg uf}tdn] l/6 lgj]bs kIf;+u

/sd
pknJw
u/fpg]
;DaGwL
laifoa:t'df k6s k6s lnlvt cfu|x
ubf{ lgj]bs To; k|lt pbfl;g ePsf]
k|i6} b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf afWo e} dWo:y
lgo'lQm k|s[ofdf nfUg' k/]sf] xf], h'g zt{
;Demf}tf ljk/Lt gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
xf]; eGg] ax; ug'{eof] .
lakIfL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf]
k|lt/Iffy{ pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
>L ;/f]h uf}tdn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gaf6 eP ul/Psf dWo:y lgo'lQm
;DaGwL sf/jfxL Pj+ k}m;nf sfg"g;+ut
g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; eGg] ax;
ug'{eof] .
lakIfL dWo:y al/i7 clwjQmf
nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfn] dnfO{ cbfntaf6
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug'{ eGg] cfb]zfg';f/
dWo:y lgo'lQm ePsf] x'F . d}n]
lgikIftfsf] zky ;d]t lnPsf] x'Fbf
dWo:ytfaf6 l/6 lgj]bs efUg vf]Hg'
sfg"g Pj+ ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt 5 .
cbfntaf6 dWo:y ;DaGwL sf/jfxL
gug'{ eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt eP kZrft
s'g} sfo{ k|s[ofsf] yfngL ePsf] gx'Fbf
cgfjZos em0em6 lbg bfo/ ul/Psf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ax;
Pj+ 5nkmn ;d]t ug'{eof] .
b'a} kIf Pj+ lakIfaf6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg clwjQmfsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t
;'gL cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v
tf]lsPsf]df kmfon ;+nUg sfuhft
cWoog u/L lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < To;df
lg0f{o lbg kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o;df hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfnsf]

O08f]/ ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifodf lgj]bs
g]zgn sGi6S;g sDkgL / hgsk'/
c+rn c:ktfn aLr @)%&.@.!# ut] Ps
;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] / pQm ;Demf}tf
cGtu{tsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ u/fpg
lgj]bs sDkgL / k|m]G8; sGi6S;g
sDkgL k|f=ln= aLr ldlt @)%&.#.& b]lv
@)%&.#.@# ;Ddsf] cjlwdf ljleGg !&
Kofs]hsf] ?kdf 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ePsf]
eGg] b]lvof] . ;DkGg ePsf] sfdsf]
e'QmfgL kfpg] /sd eGbf a9L
?=!,@*,^$,@@!. /sd ljkIfL k|m]G8;
sGi6S;g sDkgL k|f=ln=n] bfjL u/]sf]
eGg] b]lvG5 . al9 /sd :jLsfo{
gePsf]n] sfg"gLaf6f] cjnDag ug{
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{
;lsPsf]df yk kq n]Vg] sfd ljkIfL
7]s]bf/ sDkgLn] hf/L /fv]sf]n] lgj]bs
sDkgLsf] ;+rfns ;ldlt txdf
ljrf/flwg /x]sf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 .
ljkIfL 7]s]bf/ k|m]G8; sGi6S;g sDkgL
k|f=ln=nfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd af6f]
cjnDag u/]df lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{
cfklQ gx'g] eGg] lgj]bs sDkgLsf]
@)^@.&.! sf] kq klg ldl;n ;+nUg
b]lvG5 . ljkIfL k|m]G8; sGi6S;g sDkgL
k|f=ln= n] lgj]bs sDkgL ;dIf b'a} kIf
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !# /
lgj]bs sDkgL / hgsk'/ c+rn
c:ktfn aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf
%!-#_ adf]lhd dWo:yf/f ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg @)^@.!).!& ut]sf]
kqaf6 cg'/f]w u/]sf]df lgj]bs sDkgLsf]
k|lts[of ldl;naf6 b]lv+b}g .
214

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

ljkIfL sDkgLn] lgj]bs sDkgL

;dIf lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL sDkgL
aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !$ sf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ @)^@.!).!& df /sd
dfu u/L bfjL k]z u/L bkmf @$ sf]
Joj:yf adf]lhd ;+rfns ;ldltaf6}
ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ul/kfpFm jf d'n
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %!-#_ cg';f/ dWo:ysf]
dfWodaf6 ljjfb lg/f]k0f u/fO{ kfpF elg
k|:tfljt dWo:yx?sf] gfd ;d]t k]z
u/]sf]df lgj]bs sDkgLn] s'g} hjfkm g}
glbPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dWo:ytf P]g
@)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] Ps ;b:oLo dWo:y lgo'lQm
u/L lbPsf]df Ps ;b:oLo dWo:y
lgo'Qm ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^#.$.@* sf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd lgj]bs
Pg=;L=;L=Pg sDkgLsf] o; cbfnt
;dIf k|:t't lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] .
dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg]
Ps z;Qm / k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] .
@)#* ;fndf klxnf] dWo:y P]g @)#*
nfu" eO{ vf; ljjfb dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg
u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] z'?jft eof] .
dWo:y P]g, @)#* nfu" eO{ dWo:yf/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
z'? ePsf] em08} #) jif{ k'Ug nfUbf klg
cem} dWo:y lgo'lQm u/L lbg] ;DaGwdf
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{ cl3sf/L cyf{t
appointing authority sf] e"ldsf /
clwsf/ / dWo:yn] lbPsf] award pk/
k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?sf] e"ldsf /
clwsf/ ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntx?
cem} :ki6 ePsf] b]lv+b}g . oL k|Zgx? /

k|:t't lgj]bgsf] dfusf ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/

b]xfosf] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .
s_ dWo:y
lgo'lQmsf
;DaGwdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] clwsf/ s]
s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
v_ ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} Ps kIfn] dWo:y
lgo'lQmsf] nflu u/]sf] k|:tfj csf]{
kIfn] OGsf/ ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g <
u_ ldlt @)^#.$.@* df k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn]
jl/i7
clwjQmf
nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnfnfO{ Psn
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{ u/L u/]sf]
lg0f{o ab/ ug'{kg]{ xf] xf]Og <
@=
klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ dWo:y P]g @)%% sf] bkmf # df
s'g} ;Demf}tfdf dWo:yf/f ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5
eg] To:tf] ljjfb dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg
u/fpg kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . bkmf #
sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ olb s'g} @ jf @
eGbf a9L kIfx?n] ;Demf}tf u/L s'g}
sfo{ ubf{ tL kIfx? aLr ;Demf}tfnfO{
lnP/ s'g} ljjfb jf dte]b pTkGg ePdf
To:tf] ljjfbdf cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q
oust ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To:tf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf] ljjfb
dWo:yf/f g} ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 . dWo:y P]g @)%% n]
dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{df
k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ @ j6f e"ldsf
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf & cg';f/
dWo:y x'g] JolQm lgo'lQm ug]{ / dWo:yn]
lbPsf] award pk/ bkmf #) cg';f/
k/]sf] lgj]bgdf tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df ab/

215

c+s @

ug{ ;Sg] . k|:t't ljjfb dWo:yn] lbPsf]

award ab/ ;DaGwL gePsf] x'Fbf To;
tkm{ ljrf/} ug{ k/]g .
#=
dWo:y lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf
P]gsf] bkmf ^ / & df :ki6 Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 . bkmf ^ / & sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] x}l;ot dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{
appointing authority sf] ?kdf /x]sf]] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf ^ / & cfsif{0f x'g ;aeGbf
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f kIfx? aLr s'g} ljjfb
pTkGg ePdf To;/L pTkGg ljjfb
dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf
;Demf}tfdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
o;nfO{ agreement to arbitrate cyjf
arbitration clause klg elgG5 . To;/L
kIfx?n] ;Demf}tfdf agreement to
arbitrate sf] Joj:yf ;Demf}tfdf /fv]df
dfq k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] appointing
authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dWo:y
lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sb5 . olb ;Demf}tdf
ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf g} pNn]v
gePdf jf dWo:ytff/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug]{ arbitration clause sf] Joj:yf
gePdf P]gsf] bkmf #-@_ sf] cj:yfdf
jfx]s k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] appointing
authority sf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] b]lv+b}g .
$=
;Demf}tf eg]sf] b'O{ jf b'O{
eGbf a9L kIfx? ldnL s'g} sfd s]
s:tf] zt{df ;DkGg ug]{ egL cfk;L
dGh'/Ln] n]va4 u/L tof/ u/]sf] zt{o'Qm
lnvt xf], h;nfO{ ;Demf}tf, s/f/ cflb
gfdfs/0f ul/G5 . agreement to
arbitrate klg ;Demf}tfsf] Ps cleGg
zt{ xf] . ;Demf}tfn] k"0f{tf / sfg"gL
dfGotf kfpg ;Demf}tfdf ljjfb
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g

clgjfo{ x'Fb}g . ;Demf}tfdf ljjfbsf]

;dfwfg dWo:yf/f u/fpg] Joj:yf
;dfj]z u/]klg dWo:ytf ug]{ JolQmsf]
;+Vof s] slt x'g]< dWo:y sf] x'g]<
dWo:y s;/L lgo'lQm ug]{ ljlw cflb
;Demf}tfdf s]lx pNn]v gePsf] klg x'g
;Sb5 . ;Demf}tfdf dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{
ljlw, dWo:ysf] ;+Vof jf dWo:y x'g]
JolQm jf s'g} authority g} dWo:y x'g]
elg ;Demf}tfdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g
klg ;S5, o;/L ;+Vof ljlw cflb pNn]v
ePsf]df pNn]lvt ljlw cg';f/ dWo:y
lgo'lQm x'g ;Sbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
appointing authority sf] s'g} e"ldsf
x'Fb}g . ;Demf}tfdf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg
dWo:yf/f u/fpg] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf]
t/ dWo:y s] s;/L lgo'lQm ug]{,
dWo:ysf] ;+Vof slt x'g], ;f] ;DaGwdf
s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePsf]df cyjf
;Demf}tdf dWo:y lgo'Qm ug]{ ljlw /
dWo:ysf] ;+Vof cflb ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v
ePsf] t/ pNn]v ePsf] k|lqmof / ljlw
ckgfpFbf klg dWo:y lgo'lQm x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf bkmf & adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cfk"mdf ePsf]
appointing authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
%=
dWo:y P]g @)%% sf]
bkmf # o; k|sf/ 5M dWo:ytff/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg' kg]{M
-!_ s'g} ;Demf}tf dWo:ytff/f ljjfb
;dfwfg ul/g] Joj:yf ePsf]df
To:tf] ;Demf}tf jf ;f] cGtu{tsf
ljifo;+u
;DalGwt
ljjfb
;Demf}tfdf g} sfo{ljlw pNn]v
216

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

ePsf]df ;f]xL ad]flhd /

gePsf]df o; P]g adf]lhd
dWo:ytff/f ;dfwfg u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cbfntdf
bfo/ ePsf] k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd ldnfkq x'g ;Sg]
Jofkfl/s k|s[ltsf] s'g} b]jfgL d'2f
;DalGwt kIfx?n] dWo:ytff/f
;dfwfg ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg
lbPdf To:tf] ljjfb ;d]t
dWo:ytff/f ;dfwfg u/fpg'
kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
^=
bkmf # sf] Joj:yf
cg';f/ b'a} kIfn] ;Demf}tfdf ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg dWo:yf/f u/fpg] Joj:yf
pNn]v u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df voluntarily
cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q oust u/]sf]
elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfsf]
Joj:yf ljk/Lt cbfntn] clwsf/ If]q
u|x0f u/L ;Demf}tfdf pTkGg To:tf]
s/f/Lo ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ;Sb}g .
;Demf}tfdf dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
u/fpg] Joj:yf tyf dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{
ljlw dWo:ysf] ;+Vof cflb ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?
;d]t pNn]v ePsf]df klg ;Demf}tfsf
Ps kIfn] ljjfb ;dfwfg dWo:yf/f
u/fpg /fv]sf] k|:tfj csf]{ kIfn] gdfgL
dWo:y lgo'lQmsf] sfo{df c;xof]u u/L
jf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 dWo:y lgo'lQm gu/L
;Demf}tfsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg]
Joj:yfnfO{ frustrate lg/y{s ug]{ k|oTg
ug{ ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|:t't
ljjfbdf ljkIfL 7]s]bf/n] dWo:yf/f

ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg /fv]sf] k|:tfj

lgj]bs sDkgLn] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{
cfjZos 5}g eg]sf] eGg] kmfonaf6
b]lv+bf dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg]
;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yf lg/y{s ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L
pkrf/ :j?k dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf]
bkmf & n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{
appointing authority sf] clwsf/ lbPsf]
xf] .
&=
bf]>f] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ ljjfb ;dfwfg dWo:yf/f u/fpg]
Joj:yf Ps k|efjsf/L / ;zSt dfWod
xf] . k/Dk/fut cbfntaf6 ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yfsf] ljsNkdf
dWo:ynfO{ lnOG5 . dWo:yf/f ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg] forum l56f] 5l/tf] /
z'ne dflgG5 . k/Dk/fut cbfntaf6
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{nfO{ cbfntsf] cfkm\g}
sfo{ljlw sfg"g cg';f/ d'2fsf] sf/jfxL
ul/G5
.
cbfntdf
tf]lsPsf
GofofwLzx?af6 d'2f lg/f]k0f ul/G5 t/
dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{
sf/jfxLdf ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg
ePsf] JolQmnfO{ kIfx?n] cfcfkm\gf]
dWo:y /f]hL dWo:y lgo'lQm ul/G5 /
To;/L lgo'Qm dWo:yx?n] ldnL d'Vo
dWo:ysf] ?kdf t];|f] dWo:y rog u/L
plgx? ;dIf cfkm\gf] ljjfb k]z u/L
ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg u/fOG5 . o:tf]
sf/jfxLdf cbfntsf] sfo{ljlw sfg"g
k|of]u u/L /xg' kb}{g . kIfx? ldn]/
cfkm\gf] ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{sf] sfo{ljlw
cfkm} to ub{5g\ / o;sf] ;fy} cbfntdf
h:tf] cfkm\gf] d'2fsf] kfnf] slxn] cfpnf
elg k|ltIffdf /xg kb}{g . dWo:yf/f

217

c+s @

ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] sfo{ l56f] 5l/tf]

/ z'ne dflgG5 . dWo:yf/f ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg] sfo{ klg /fHosf]
Gofokflnsfsf] Ps c+u dflgG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
Rohtas Industries vs Its Union sf]
d'2fdf dWo:ytfsf] ;DaGwdf b]xfo
adf]lhd ljj]rgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . "It is
legitimate to regard such an arbitrator
now as part of the methodology of the
soverign's dispensation of justice thus
falling within the rainbow of statutory
tribunals amenable to judicial review."

*=
cfkm\gf] e" efu leq
k|To]s gful/s Pj+ JolQmnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf]
/ z'ne Gofo k|bfg ug{] k|To]s /fi6sf]
;+j}wflgs st{Jo xf] eg] access to
justice k|To]s gful/ssf] df}lns xs xf]
. h;/L /fHon] cbfnt vf/]h jf aGb
u/L gful/sx?sf] xs k|rng u/fpg]
forum z'Go ug{ ;Sb}g, To;} u/L
kIfx?n] ljjfb ;dfwfg dWo:yf/f
u/fpg] u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf]df ;Emf}tfaf6
pTkGg ljjfbnfO{ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{
Gofoaf6 al~rt ug]{ p2]Zon] dWo:y
;dIf ljjfb g} k]z ug{ gkfpg] u/L
dWo:yfsf] u7g g} x'g glbg] k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g .
;Demf}tfdf ljjfb ;dfwfg dWo:yf/f
ul/g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] Ps kIfn]
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ /fv]sf] k|:tfj csf]{
kIfn] OGsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g .
(=
kIfx?f/f
dWo:ysf]
lgo'lQm / u7g g} x'g glbg b]xfosf]
cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

-s_ ;Demf}tfsf] Ps kIfn] dWo:y

lgo'lQm ug{' cufl8 Amicable
settlement f/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug{ /fv]sf] k|:tfjdf c;xof]u jf
c:jLs/ u/]/,
-v_ dWo:ysf] sf/jfxL z'? ug'{ cufl8
cGo s'g} lgsfo ;dIf ljjfb k]z
ug]{ ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf ePsf]df
To:tf]df c;xof]u jf c:jLsf/
u/]/,
-u_ dWo:y lgo'lQm ug]{ ljlw
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf]df Ps
kIfn] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ /fv]sf]
k|:tfj c;xof]u jf c:jLsf/ u/]/
jf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{
dWo:y lgo'lQm g} gu/]/,
-3_ ;Demf}tf PstkmL{ e+u u/L ;Demf}tf
g} e+u u/]sf] x'Fbf ;Demf}tf e+u
ePsf] sf/0f ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt
dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg]
Joj:yf klg :jtM e+u ePsf]n]
dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ gkg]{ eGg]
lhls/ u/L cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 klg
dWo:y lgo'lQm gug]{ / csf]{
kIff/f lgo'Qm
dWo:ysf]
Jurisdiction klg :jLsf/ gu/]/ .
!)= pk/f]Qm h'g;'s} sf/0f
pNn]v u/L Ps kIfn] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{
/fv]sf] k|:tfj csf]{ kIfn] c:jLsf/ /
c;xof]u ubf{ ;Eemf}tsf] csf]{ kIfsf]
Access to Justice h:tf] dxTjk"0f{
df}lns clwsf/af6 alGrt x'g hfG5 .
;Demf}tfaf6 pTkGg ljjfb dWo:yf/f
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf
;Demf}tfsf] Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{
218

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

af6 alGrt gxf];\

eg]/ dWo:y P]g, @)%% n] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntnfO{ appointing authority sf]
dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
!!= dWo:yf/f
ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] s'g}
;Demf}tfdf pTkGg ljjfbdf ljjfb
dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg rfxg] kIfn]
ljjfb dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg
/fv]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ frustrate ug{ dfly -s_
-v_ -u_ / -3_ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
dWo:y u7g / lgo'lQm ug{' cul8sf
j}slNks k"j{fj:yfx?df csf]{ kIfn]
c;xof]u / c:jLsf/ u/]/ kl5 dWo:y
ug]{ JolQmx?sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ k|s[ofdf g}
c;xof]u / c:jLsf/ u/L dWo:yx?sf]
u7g ug{ g} afwf lj/f]w v8f u/L
;Demf}tfdf ePsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ lg:qm[o u/fpg] cj:yf
l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
Appointing authority sf] x}l;otn]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
/xG5 . sltko ;Demf}tfdf dWo:yf/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg dWo:yf lgo'lQm
jf u7g ug'{ cufl8 kIfx? cfkm} a;L
cfk;L ;/;Nnfx ;dembf/L u/L
ljjfbnfO{ amicable settlement f/f
;dfwfg ug{] Joj:yf klg pNn]v ePsf]
x'G5 . sltko ;Demf}tfdf pTkGg
ljjfbnfO{ dWo:y u7g u/L dWo:y
;dIf k]z ug{ cufl8 cGo lgsfo h:t}
dispute resolution board cflb s'g} body
jf authority jf cGo clwsf/L ;dIf k]z
u/L ;se/ tL lgosfox?af6 ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf klg pNn]v
ePsf] x'G5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf To:tf
Access to Justice

j}slNks k"jf{j:yfx? ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z

ePsf 5g\ eg] dWo:ytf ug]{ JolQmsf]
lgo'lQm ug'{ cufl8 jf dWo:y tribunal
u7g z'? ug]{ sf/jfxL yfngL ug'{ cufl8
To:tf j}slNks k"jf{j:yfx? kIfn]
clgjfo{ ?kn] invoke u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
Appointing authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] dWo:y P]g
@)%% sf] bkmf & sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{
cufl8 ;Demf}tfdf To:tf Joj:yfx? 5g\
5|}gg\ / To:tf Joj:yfx? ;Demf}tfdf 5g\
eg] ;DalGwt kIfn] oL j}slNks Joj:yf
invoke u/] gu/]sf] x]g'{ k5{ . To:tf
j}slNks Joj:yf ;Demf}tdf ;dfj]z x'Fbf
x'Fb} tL j}slNks Joj:yfx? invoke gu/L
kIfn] dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf &
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 pkrf/
dfu ug{ ;Sb}g .
!@= ;Demf}tfaf6
pTkGg
ljjfbdf dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
u/fpg rfxg] kIfn] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf
;DaGwdf dfly pNn]lvt j}slNks
k"jf{j:yfsf pkrf/sf Joj:yfx? invoke
u/] gu/]sf] x]/L pk/f]Qm j}slNks k"j{
pkrf/ k"/f u/]sf] jf pk/f]Qm j}slNks
k"j{ pkrf/sf Joj:yff/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
u/fpg rfxg] kIfn] k|:tfj u/]sf] t/
csf]{ kIfn] k"j{ pkrf/sf Joj:yfx? g}
frustrate u/]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] cfk"mdf ePsf] dWo:y P]g,
@)%% sf] bkmf & sf] appointing
authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sfg"g
adf]lhd dWo:y lgo'lQm u/L lbg' kb{5 .
!#= k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn]
appointing authority
sf] x}l;otn]
;Demf}tfaf6 pTkGg ljjfbdf dWo:y

219

c+s @

lgo'lQm u/L lbg'kg]{ csf]{ cyjf rf}yf]

cj:yf, Ps kIfn] Ps kIfLo ?kn]
;Demf}tf e+u u/L lbg] / ;Demf}tf e+u
ePsf] sf/0f ;Demf}tfs} zt{ dWo]s} Ps
zt{ dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg]
Joj:yf klg :jtM e+u ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf
g} g/x]sf]n] ca dWo:y ug{ gkg]{ eGg]
lhsL/ u/L ;Demf}tfsf] dWo:ytff/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] Joj:yf g}
lg/y{s u/L ;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIfnfO{
access to justice sf] clwsf/af6 alGrt
ug]{ cj:yf pTkGg x'g k'Ub5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf klg k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
cfk"mdf ePsf] appointing authority sf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm u/L
lbg' kb{5 . ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg
;Demf}tfnfO{ lnP/ pTkGg ljjfb
dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg u/fpg] dWo:ytfsf]
Joj:yf e+u x'Fb}g . Ps kIfLo ?kn]
;Demf}tf e+u eP tfklg ;Demf}tfsf]
dispute settlement ug]{ arbitration
clause jf agreement to arbitrate sf]
Joj:yf e+u x'Fb}g . olb To:tf] JofVof
ug]{ xf] eg] ;Demf}tfsf Ps kIfn] Ps
kIfLo ?kn] ;Demf}tf e+u ul/lbgf;fy
csf]{ kIf access to justice sf]
clwsf/af6 alGrt x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{
s/f/ sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGt s] xf] eg]
;Demf}tf Ps kIfLo ?kn] e+u u/] klg
;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] dWo:ytff/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] arbitration clause
sf] Joj:yf e+u x'Fb}g . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf]
Joj:yf survive ub{5 . of] s/f/
sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt g} xf] .
!$= ;Demf}tfdf
ePsf]
dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{

Joj:yfnfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn]

s'g} klg sf/0f jf afxfgfn] frustrate ug{
kfpFb}g . ;Demf}tf e+u ePsf] sf/0f
atbitration clause klg e+u ePsf]n]
dWo:ysf] sf/jfxL x'g g;Sg] eGg] jf
;fj{ef}d clwsf/ ;DkGg /fHon] cfkm"df
ePsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
;fj{ef}ds ljwflosfn] sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L
sfg"gf/f g} ;Demf}tf e+u u/]sf] eGg] jf
sfg"g agfO{ sfg"gn] g} ;Demf}tfdf
ePsf] dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{
Joj:yf x6fPsf]n] ca dWo:y x'g g;Sg]
eGg] cflb s'g} klg sf/0fn] appointing
authority n] dWo:y lgo'lQm ug{ g;Sg]
eGg] s'g} klg lhls/ dfGo x'Fb}g . b'O{
kIfn] cfk;L ;xdtL / ;xdtLf/f
OdfGbf/Ltf -good faith_ sf cfwf/df
ul/Psf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ Ps kIfLo ?kn]
abNg ;Sb}g . o:tf] ug'{ ;Demf}tfdf
ePsf] ;Demf}tf cjlwe/ Ps kIfLo ?kn]
;Demf}tfsf zt{x? +;+;f]wg jf km]/abn
ug{ gkfpg] u/L /fv]sf] ;Demf}tfsf]
slabilization clauses / cGt//f{li6o
sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt pacta sund
servanda" cyf{t agreement must be
honoured" eGg] dfGo l;4fGtsf] ;d]t
ljk/Lt x'G5 . t;y{ ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg
kIfn] s'g} klg sf/0f b]vfO{ Ps tkmL{
?kn] ;Demf}tf eu+ u/] klg ;Demf}tf e+u
u/]sf] sf/0f ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf
dWo:ytf cyf{t agreement to arbitrate
sf] Joj:yf klg e+u x'Fb}g . Arbitration
clause rfFxL hLljt /xG5 .
!%= ;f] ;DaGwdf oxfF Prof.
Prosper weil sf]] N.Y.L.Q Rev 600, 10611 (1940)
df k|sflzt "The
220

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

separability doctrine" in America and

Foreign Arbitration df ;Demf}tfsf cGo

Joj:yf / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf

km/s km/s Joj:yfx? x'g\, ;Demf}tfsf
cGo zt{ eGbf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf
Independent Joj:yf xf] / ;Demf}tfsf]
Ps kIfn] dWo:ysf] sf/jfxLnfO{ s'g}
klg jfxfgfdf afwf lj/f]w / lg/y{s
cyf{t frustrate ug{ ;Sb}g egL o;/L
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . "Consequently, the
State cannot modify unilaterally the
mechanism
established
for
the
settlement of disputes in a direct way
by dictating through its authority a
change in the arbitration clauses, or in
an indirect way through refusing to
accept the arbitral procedure as it is
provided in the contract, or by putting
obstacles in the way of its operation; by
such actions, the State would be
committing
an
unlawful
act,
Furthermore, it would be less
acceptable for a State to revoke the
contract in its entirity in order to claim
that the arbitration clause has become
inoperative and thus to evade its
effects by such a device. Indeed, it is
unanimously recgnized that arbitration
clauses are autonomous in relation to
the other provisions of the contract and
that the invalidity or the termination of
the contract remains without influence
on them."

!^= ;Demf}tfsf]
ljjfb
;dfwfgsf Joj:yf cGo Joj:yfaf6
ljNs'n :jtGq cnu / leGg Joj:yf

cyf{t

Arbitration clause is independent

from the principle clause eGg] ;DaGwdf
UNCITRAL cyf{t United Nations

Commissions on International Trade

Law" sf] wf/f @! -@_ af6 klg b]lvG5 .
Art 21 para -@_ df "An arbitration
clause which forms part of a contract
and which provides for arbitration under
these Rules shall be treated as an
agreement independent of the other
terms of the contract. A decision by the
arbitral tribunal that the contract is null
and void shall not entail ipso jure the
invalidity of the arbitration clause." eGg]

Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

!&= ;Demf}tfsf]
ljjfb
;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf / cGo Joj:yf km/s
km/s x'g cyf{t\ Ps kIfn] Ps kIfLo
?kn] ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg ;Demf}tfsf]
agreement to arbitrate sf] Joj:yf c?
Joj:yf eGbf km/s / Independent
Joj:yf ePsf] sf/0f agreement to
arbitrate sf] Joj:yf survive u5{ eGg]
;DaGwdf oxfF Pp6f case law LIAMCO
vs Libiya sf] dWo:ydf Single arbitrator
Dr. Sobhie Mohmassani, Counsellor at
Law n] u/]sf] JofVof pNn]vlgo 5 .
Arbitral Dispute df LIAMCO vs libiyo sf]
case nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ JofVof elgG5 .

;Demf}af6 pTkGg ljjfbdf dWo:ysf]

;DaGwdf of] ljjfb / of] ljjfbdf
dWo:ysf] award nfO{ pursuasive
authority dflgG5 .
!*= Libiya t]n ;DkGg /fi6
lyof] . Libiya t]nsf] pTvgg pTkfbg
sfo{df cfkm\gf] k"FhL k|ljwL / zLk

221

c+s @

gePsf] sf/0f

Libiya / cd]l/sfsf] Joint

venture co. LIAMCO gfdsf] sDkgL /
Libiya sf] ;/sf/ aLr t]n pTkfbg ug]{

;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ePsf]

lyof] .
;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf
;Demf}tf cjlw leq} Libiya n] PstkmL{
?kn] Libiya df ;Demf}tff/f t]n
pTkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg cd]l/sg
sDkgLsf] contract nfO{ Decree hf/L
u/L /fli6os/0f uof] . pQm /fli6os/0f
;Demf}tf ljk/Lt ePsf] elg LIAMCO n]
;Demf}tfsf] dWo:ytff/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
u/fpg] Joj:yf invoke u/L ljjfb
;dfwfg u/fpg dWo:ysf] k|:tfj ubf{
Libiya n] s'g} klg hjfkm glbPsf] sf/0f
LIAMCO n] -xfd|f] dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf]
bkmf & n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{
appointing authority tf]s]sf] h:tf]_
cGt//fli6o Gofofnosf] president nfO{
sole arbitrator lgo'lQm ug{ cg'/f]w uof]
. LIAMCO ;+usf] ;Demf}tfdf ljjfb
;dfwfg ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf
ePsf] lyof] . "1. If at any time during or
after the currency of this Concession
any difference or dispute shall arise
between the Government and the
Company concerning the interpretation
or performance here of, or anything
herein contained or in connection
herewith, or the rights and liabilities of
either of such parties hereunder and if
such parties should fail to settle such
difference or dispute by agreement, the
same shall, failing any agreement to
settle it any other way, be referred to
two Arbitrators, one of whom shall be

appointed by each such party, and an

Umpire who shall be appointed by the
Arbitrators immediately after they are
themselves appointed.
In the event of the Arbitrators
failing to agree upon an Umpire within
60 days from the date of the
appointment of the second Arbitrator,
either of such parties may request the
President or, if the President is a
national of Libya or of the Country
where the Company was incorporated,
the Vice-President, of the International
Court of Justice to appoint the Umpire.
2. The institution of Arbitration
proceedings shall take palce
upon the receipt by one of such
parties of a written request of
Arbitration from the other which
request shall specify the matter in
respect of which Arbitration is
required and name the Arbitrator
appointed by the party requiring
Arbitration.
3. the party receiveing the request shall
within 90 days of such receipt
appoint its Arbitrator and notify
this appointment to the other of
such parties failing which such
other party may request the
President, or in the case referred
to in paragraph 1 above, the VicePresident, of the International
Court of Justice to appoint a Sole
Arbitrator and the decision of a
Sole Arbitrator so appointed shall

222

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

be binding
parties."

upon

both

such

!(=

cGt//fli6o Gofonosf
president f/f ;Demf}tdf Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd cfkm"df ePsf] appointing
authority sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L Dr.
Sobhie
Mahmassani
nfO{ sole
Arbitrator lgo'lQm ul/of] . pQm ljjfbdf
Libiya n] cfkm\gf] b]z leq /x]sf] cfkm\gf]
;DkQL /fli6os/0f u/]sf]n] dWo:yf/f
ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] sf/0f klg g/x]sf]
eGg] ts{nfO{ o;/L JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5
. "It is widely accepted in international
law and practice that an arbitration
clause
survives
the
unilateral
termination by the State of the contract
in which it is inserted and continues in
force even after that termination. This is
a
logical
consequence
of
the
interpretation of the intention of the
contracting parties, and appears to be
one of the basic conditions for creating
a favorable climate for foreign
investment."

@)= ;f]
;DaGwdf
oxfF
ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Indian Drugs
& Pharmaceuticals Ltd. vs Indo-Swiss
Gem mfg Co.Ltd. sf] d'2fdf u/]sf]

JofVof klg pNn]vlgo 5 . pQm d'2fdf

klg ;Demf}tf e+u u/] klg arbitration
clause survive u5{ eGg] JofVof ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
@!= o;af6 klg ;Demf}tfsf
cGo Joj:yf jf zt{ / ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug]{ dWo:ysf] arbitration clause sf]
Joj:yf leGg :jtGq / independent

Joj:yf xf] eGg] k|df0fLt x'G5 . ;Demf}tf

e+u u/] klg agreement to Arbitrate
cyf{t dWo:ysf] Joj:yf survive u5{ .
ctM ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg kIfn] dfly
pNn]lvt cj:yf cfwf/ / sf/0f b]vfO{
dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf
frustrate ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .
@@= k'g/fj]bg
cbfntx?n]
dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf & cg';f/
cfk"mdf ePsf] appointing authority sf]
clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ dWo:yf/f ljjfb
;dfwfg ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf] Joj:yfnfO{
frustrate ug{ ;Demf}tfsf Ps kIfn] lng
;Sg] pk/f]Qm lhls/ tyf bkmf ^-!_ sf]
DofbnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL Dofb leq
ePdf / j}slNks k"jf{ cj:yf jf pkrf/
;d]t invoke u/] gu/]sf] x]/L cfkmgf]
clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .
@#= ca
t]>f]
k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf
;Demf}tfsf] Ps kIf ljkIfL k|m]G8;\
sGi6S;g k|f=ln= n] dWo:y lgo'lQm
ul/kfpFm elg tLg JolQmx?sf] gfd
k|:tfj u/L ldlt @)^@.!).!& df lgj]bs
sDkgLnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]df ldlt
@)^@.&.! sf] kqaf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn]
d"n ;+Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! sf] pkbkmf #
adf]lhd xfdL aLr dWo:ytf P]g
adf]lhd sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg ;Dej
gb]lv+bf sfg"g adf]lhdsf] af6f]
canDag u/]df sDkgLnfO{ s'g} cfklQ
gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOG5 elg hjfkm
lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
@$= k|:t't ljjfb;+u b'O{
;Demf}tf ;DaGwLt b]lvG5 . Pp6f
;Demf}tf lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL k|m]G8;

223

c+s @

sGi6S;g k|f=ln= / csf]{ ;Demf}tf lgj]bs

sDkgL / :jf:Yo dGqfno cGtu{tsf]
lgsfo hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfn aLr
ePsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs sDkgL / ljkIfL
k|m]G8; sGi6S;g k|f=ln= aLr ePsf]
;Eemf}tfsf] bkmf !$ df j}wflgstf
cGtu{t o; ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfo{
jfkt cyjf o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf
bkmfx?df jf o;} ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
gePsf b/ jf ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf sfo{
leq kg]{ s'g} s'/fdf dtleGgtf,
jfbljjfb ePdf o;} 7]Ssfbftf g]=s+=s+=g]=_ sf] ;+rfns ;ldltn] lbPsf]
lg0f{onfO{ clGtd lg0f{o dflgg] 5 eGg]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . bkmf !$ df
;Demf}tfnfO{ lnP/ pTkGg ljjfb
dWo:yf/f ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg] zt{ jf
s'/f jf Joj:yf ;dfj]z gePsf] x'Fbf
bkmf !$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ dWo:ysf]
Joj:yf dfGg ;lsPg . t/ lgj]bs
sDkgL / hgsk'/ c+rn c:ktfn aLr
ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! df dWo:ysf]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . bkmf %! arbitration
clause xf] . ljkIfL k|m]G8; sGi6S;g
sDkgLn] ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! nfO{
;dftL dWo:ytf lgo'lQm ul/kfpFm eg]sf]
b]lvG5 . bkmf %! cg';f/ dWo:ytf
lgo'lQm ug]{ k"jf{j:yf dWo:ytf u/fpg
rfxg] kIfn] ljjfb ;j{k|yd OlGhlgo/
;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;j{k|yd
OlGhlgo/ ;dIf ljjfb k]z ug{ kg]{
clgjfo{ / jfWofTds zt{ xf] . bkmf %!!_ adf]lhd OlGhlgo/ ;dIf k]z eO{ k]z
u/]sf] ljjfbdf OlGhlgon] s'g} lg0f{o
glbPdf jf OlGhlgo/n] lbPsf] lg0f{odf
lrQ ga'em]df dfq OlGhlgo/n] () lbg

leq lg0f{o glbPsf] ldltn] jf

OlGhlgo/n] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf lrQ
ga'em]df OlGhlgo/n] lg0f{o lbPsf] ldltn]
() lbg leq bkmf %!-@_ adf]lhd
dWo:ysf] sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fpg kg]{
x'G5 . o;/L dWo:yf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug{ /fv]sf] k|:tfj lgj]bs sDkgLn]
c:jLsf/ u/]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;dIf
lgj]bg lbg kg]{ b]lvG5 . bkmf %!-!_
adf]lhd ;j{k|yd OlGhlgo/ ;dIf bfjL
k]z ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf xf] .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] bkmf %! sf] Joj:yf
adf]lhd OlGhlgo/ ;dIf bfjL k]z u/]sf]
eGg] lgj]bg Pj+ lnlvt hjfkmaf6
b]lv+b}g . ljkIfL 7]s]bf/n] bkmf %!-!_ sf]
;a} zt{ k"/f / kfngf u/] gu/]sf] /
dWo:y P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^-!_ sf]
Dofb leq lgj]bg k/]sf] xf] xf]Og < ;f]
gx]/L P]gsf] bkmf & sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L dWo:y lgo'lQm u/]sf] ldlt
@)^#.$.@* sf] cfb]z gldn]sf]n] pQm
cfb]z pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
lbPsf] 5 . lakIfL k|]m08; sG:6S;g
k|f=ln=n] dWo:ysf] sf/jfxL cufl8
a9fpg k"j{ ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %! sf]
j}slNks k"jf{j:yfx? cGtu{t OlGhlgo/
;dIf cfgf] bfjL k]z ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
To;/L OlGhlgo/ ;dIf bfjL k]z u/]sf]
t/ OlGhlgo/n] lg0f{o glbP jf
OlGhlgo/n] lbPsf] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'e]msf] eP dfq dWo:y ;dIf bfjL k]z
ug{ ;lsG5 . ca ljkIfL k|m]G8;
sGi6S;g sDkgLn] dWo:y lgo'lQmsf]
lgj]bg ug'{ cufl8 ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %!
sf] j}slNks k"jf{j:yfsf] invoke u/]
gu/]sf] cyjf kfngf u/] gu/]sf] x]/L
224

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

pQm k"jf{j:yfx? kfngf u/]sf] t/ pQm

k"jf{j:yf klg lgj]bs sDkgLn] frustrate
u/]sf] / P]gsf] bkmf ^-!_ sf] Dofb leq
To; cbfnt ;dIf lgj]bg k/]sf] eP
P]gsf] bkmf & adf]lhd b'a} kIfnfO{ dfGo
x'g] dWo:y lgo'Qm ug{' elg k/dfb]z
;d]t hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=kjgs'df/ cf]emf
Olt ;Dat @)^$ ;fn sflt{s @& ut]
/f]h z'ed\
zfvf clws[tM v8\u /fh clwsf/L

225

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(#$

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'tm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn
;Dat\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#!@%
cfb]z ldltM @)^$.!@.%.#

Privileges and immunities of

the Specialized Agencies df

laifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lga]bsM cGt/f{li6o Plss[t kj{tLo
ljsf; s]Gb|sf] d'Vo k|zf;sLo
Pj+ sfg"gL k|ltlglw 8fO/]S6/
hg/n h]=u|fj]n sfDj]n
lj?4
ljkIfLM >d cbfnt cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+
;d]t

;jf]{Rr
cbfntn]
g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t g]kfn
;/sf/ ;/sf/L c+u / g]kfn
sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t /fHosf
Instrumentalities f/f g]kfn
sfg"g k|of]u u/L ul/Psf]
lg0f{osf]
dfq
GofoLs
k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 . g]kfn sfg"g
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sf] Human Resources Policy Manual

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sfof{nosf] pQm cfb]z ab/ u/fpg

231

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lgj]bsn] >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{

>d cbfntn] klg >d sfof{nosf] lg0f{o
;b/ u/]sf] sf/0f k|:t't lgj]bg kg{
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ca ;f] ;DaGwdf
b]xfosf ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
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policy Manual cGtu{t eP u/]sf]

sfd sf/jfxLdf o; cbfntn]

tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_
adf]lhd k|fKt c;fwf/0f clwsf/
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;S5, ;Sb}g,
lgj]bsn] bfjL u/] ;/x lgj]bs
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>d
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@)^).!@.!@ sf] cfb]z / >d
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lg0f{o ab/ x'g kg]{ xf], xf]Og .

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klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
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s6'jfnnfO{
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lgj]bs ICIMOD n] s/f/df lgo'lQm
lbPsf]df ljkIfL dfgaxfb'/nfO{ k6s
k6s ;r]t u/fpFbf klg g;'lw|Psf]n]
s/f/ gjLs/0f gu/L ;]jf cGTo u/]sf]
eGg] ( May, @))# sf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 .
;]jf cGTo u/] pk/ >d sfof{non]
k'g/fj]bg ;'Gbf ICIMOD sf] lg0f{o
ljk/Lt lg0f{o u/]sf]n] ;f] lgj]bg kg{
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg nfu" g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f

**-@_ df o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f

clwsf/If]qsf] Aoj:yf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
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cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t
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;'g'jfO{ u/L k"0f{ Gofo k|bfg ug{ prLt /
cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;S5
^=
wf/f **-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ Writ Juridiction xf] . o;
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lgsfox?sf] lg0f{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5
. of] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfg
jf sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t ;fj{hlgs
hjfkmx]bL ePsf /fHo jf /fHosf c+u
cyf{t\ ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no jf
;/sf/sf] clwsf/Lx? jf /fHon] ug]{
sfd ug{ sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t ;+:yf jf
lgsfo cyf{t\ state / state sf
instrumentalities n] u/]sf] lg0f{ox? h;
pk/ ;'g'jfO{ ug{ cGo pkrf/sf] Aoj:yf
ePsf] x'Fb}g, To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfo{sf]
tYoleq k|j]z gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf]
k|lqmofsf] dfq Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/G5 . o;nfO{ k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf]
efiffdf Merit of the Decision sf] xf]Og
Decision Making Process sf] dfq
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f
**-@_
cGtu{t
Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ tYoleq k|j]z ug'{
x'Fb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] State of UP vs Dharmendra
Prasad Singh sf] d'2fdf o;/L AofVof
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
Judicial review under Art.226
cannot be converted into an

232

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+ @

appeal. Judicial review is directed,

not against the decision, but is
confined to the examination of the
decision makingprocess. When
the issues raised in judicial review
is whether a decision is vitiated by
taking into account irrelevant or
neglecting to take into account of
relevant factors or is so manifestly
unreasonable that no reasonable
authority, entrusted with the power
in question could reasonably have
made such a decision, the judicial
review of the decision making
process includes examination, as a
matter of law, of the relevance of
the factors.

&=
wf/f **-@_ adf]lhd
/fHosf c+ux?n] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' jf
tYoleq k|j]z ul/+b}g s]jn sfg"gL s'/f
dfq x]l/G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf oxfF Garner
sf] Administrative Law pNn]v ug{
cfjZos b]lvG5 . Garner n] sfo{sf/L0fL
k|zf;sLo lg0f{odf cbfntn] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/
cGtu{t
x:tIf]k
ug]{
cfwf/x?dfM
-s_ Breach of the principles of Natural
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Justice
Excess of Power
Error of Procedures
Error of Law
failure to perform a duty
Bad faith or abuse of power, in
the sense of using a power in a

meaning
other
than
that
contemplated enabling statute

eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

*=

o; cbfntn] tTsfnLg
;+ljwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-@_ /
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!)&-@_ cGtu{t k|fKt c;fwf/0f clwsf/
pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / cj:yfdf k|of]u ub{5 .
wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntn]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u u/L s] s:tf]
cj:yfdf / s] s;/L Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;Dat\
@)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+=##@^ lgj]bs lj/h'
/GhLt la?4 lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno
ePsf]
lg0f{odf
Garner
sf]
Administrative
Law
sf pk/f]Qm
l;4fGtsf] ;d]t pNn]v u/L ldlt
@)^!.!!.#.@ df lj:t[t AofVof u/L
;lsPsf] 5 .
(=
tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
**-@_ sf] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q cGtu{t s] s:tf] cj:yfdf
o; cbfntn] lgj]bg ;'gL cfb]z hf/L
ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs k|bLk
s'df/ cu|jfn lj?4 s/ sfof{no df]/
;d]tsf] d'2fdf & hgfsf] j[xb k"0f{
Ohnf;n] klg AofVof ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt cg';f/
Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{o
jf cfb]z clwsf/If]qlalxg 5 eg] jf
lghn] k|of]u u/sf] sfg"gg} ;+ljwfg
;Ddt 5}g eg] jf clwsf/ gePsf]
lgsfon] clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/]sf] 5 eg]
jf k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf o;

233

c+s @

cbfntn] wf/f **-@_ sf] clwsf/If]q

u|x0f u/L prLt cfb]z lbg ;S5 eGg]
AofVof ePsf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf
ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Ln] s]Gb|sf] sfd ubf{
g]kfnsf] cbfntn] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{
g;Sg]df >d sfof{no / >d cbfntn]
clwsf/If]q
u|x0f
u/]sf]
sfo{
clwsf/If]qlalxg x'Fbf o; cbfntn] wf/f
**-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ u|x0f u/L
prLt cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;S5 .
!)= k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljkIfL
dfgaxfb'/ s6'jfn lgj]bs ICIMOD df
s/f/df sfo{/t AolQm eGg] b]lvG5 .
ICIMOD Pp6f cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfg eGg] b]lvG5 . ICIMOD sf]
Human Resources Policy, ICIMOD df
sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ nfu" x'g] b]lvG5 .
ICIMOD sf] Human Resources Policy
g]kfn sfg"g xf]Og . o; cbfntn] wf/f
**-@_ cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/L
c+u / g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd ul7t
/fHosf Instrumentalities f/f g]kfn
sfg"g k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{osf] dfq
GofoLs k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 . g]kfn sfg"g
afx]ssf cGo Document jf ljwfg jf
Charter sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg0f{osf]
GofoLs k'gj/fnf]sg ub}{g cyf{t\ o;
cbfntn] wf/f **
-@_ cGtu{t
ICIMOD sf] service law ;/xsf]
Human Resources Policy sf] AofVof /
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sb}g . wf/f **-@_
cGtu{t k|:t't lgj]bg xfdLn] ICIMOD
sf] Human Resources Policy / Human
Resources Policy cGtu{t ICIMOD sf]
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/Psf] xf]Og . >d sfof{no / >d

cbfnt g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L

cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] Public Authority ePsf]
sf/0f tL clwsf/Lx?af6 cfk"mnfO{
clwsf/ gePsf] d'2f x]/]sf] sf/0f
clwsf/If]qlalxg ePsf] lg0f{osf] Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] xf] .
!!= o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z
ePsf] ICIMOD Human Resources
Policy h:t} vfnsf] INGO gj]{sf] Red
Varna / kl5 ;]e b lrN8]g ePsf]
gj]{sf] Staff Regulation cGtu{t ePsf]
sf/jfxL jf lg0f{o ;DaGwL ljjfbdf o;
cbfntn] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{tsf]
clwsf/If]qdf k/]sf] lgj]bgdf ;]e b
lrN8]g gj]{sf] Staff Regulation g]kfn
sfg"g gePsf] / pQm Regulation
cGtu{t lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/L klg g]kfn
sfg"g cGtu{tsf] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] AolQm ;d]t gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
;]e b lrN8]g gj]{sf] pQm lg0f{o o;
cbfntaf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g
;Sb}g, t/ pQm ljjfbdf >d sfof{no /
>d cbfntaf6 klg lg0f{o ePsf] / >d
sfof{no / >d cbfnt Public Authority
ePsf] x'Fbf >d sfof{no / >d
cbfntsf] lg0f{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg
x'g ;Sg] egL o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z
ePsf] @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@^)^
lgj]bs eb| s]=;L=lj?4 >d cbfnt
ePsf] lgj]bgdf @)^@.%.& df o;
cbfntaf6 lj:t[t JofVof u/L l;4fGt
:yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 .
!@= ca bf]>f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/
ubf{, lgj]bs ICIMOD, g]kfn ;/sf/ /
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] Specialized Agency
UNESCO lar #), September !(*!
234

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

df ePsf] ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cGt/f{li6o

Plss[t kj{tLo ljsfz s]Gb| P]g, @)$)
cg';f/ :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 / * April,
!(*$ df tTsfnLg ;/sf/ / ICIMOD
lar Head Quarter Agreement ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
!#= P]g cyf{t\ cGt/f{li6o
Plss[t kj{lto ljsf; s]Gb| P]g, @)$)
sf] bkmf !$-!_ df af]8{sf] ;ldltsf]
;b:o / ICIMOD sf] lgb]{zs /
pklgb]{zsnfO{ s'6g}lts AolQmnfO{ lbP
;/xsf] pGd'lQm lbg] Aoj:yf / pkbkmf @_ df ICIMOD sf sd{rf/LnfO{ st{Ao
kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf !($& gf]e]Da/, @!
df kfl/t ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ljz]if
;+:yfx?sf] ;'ljwf tyf pGd'lQm ;DaGwL
;lGw kq cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf cyf{t\

12.2

12.3

Convention on the Privileges and

Immunities of the Specialized Agencies

cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf lbg] Aoj:yf ePsf]

b]lvG5 .
!$= * clk|n, !(*$ df
tTsfnLg ICIMOD / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr
Head Quarter Agreement ePsf] b]lvG5
. g]kfn ;/sf/ / ICIMOD aLr ePsf] *
clk|n, !(*$ sf] Head Quarter
Agreement sf] pGd'lQm ;DaGwL wf/f !@
o; k|sf/ b]lvG5 .

12.4

12.5
Privileges and Immunities for the Staff
Member and Officials of the Centre.
12.1 The members of the Centre's
Board of Governors and its
Director and Deputy Director
shall enjoy, during their stay in
the kingdom of Nepal and while

discharging their duties, the

privileges,
facilities
and
immunities
accorded
to
members of foreign Diplomatic
Missions accredited to HMG/N.
These privileges shall not,
however, be accorded to the
nationals of Nepal
The Officials of the Centre shall
during their stay in the kingdom
of Nepal and while discharging
their duties enjoy the privileges
and immunities as laid down in
the Convention.
Such privileges and immunities
as provided in section 12.1 and
12.2 above shall be accorded
by HMG/N at the request of the
Centre.
The Centre shall provide the
name, position, nationality of
the officials of the centre and
the description of the nature of
their work to the Foreign
Ministry of HMG/N. the Foreign
Ministry of HMG/N shall also be
appraised of any change made
therein.
persons claiming privileges and
immunities under this article
shall be rquired to show their
identity cards issued by the
Centre.

!%=
Agreement

235

Head

Quarter

sf] wf/f !@-!_ df s]Gb|sf]

c+s @

af]8{ ckm ue{g/sf ;b:ox? /

8fO/]S6/x?nfO{ g]kfndf /x+bf a:bf /
s]Gb|sf] sfd ubf{ s'6g}lts k|ltlglwnfO{
lbg] pGd'lQm / ;'ljwf lbOg] Aoj:yf
ePsf] / pkwf/f !@-@_ df s]Gb|sf
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ g]kfndf /x+bf / a:bf /
s]Gb|sf] sfd ubf{ Convention on the
Privileges and Immunities
Specialized Agencies sf]

of

the

;'ljwf /
pGd'lQm lbOg] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvof] .
k|:t't lgj]bgdf wf/f !@-@_ nfu" x'g]
b]lvof] .
!^= pNn]lvt Agreement sf]
wf/f !@ cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ICIMOD
sf sd{rf/Lx?n] u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfd
sf/jfxLdf g]kfnsf] sfg"gL sf/jfxLaf6
pGd'lQm k|bfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!&= g]kfn pQm Convention
cyf{t\ Convention on the Privileges and
Immunities
of
the
Specialized
Agencies sf] ;]K6]Da/ @*, !(^% b]lv

kIf ePsf] eGg] P]gaf6 g} b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f ##-8_ df /fHo kIf ePsf]
cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] eGg]
;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties
sf] wf/f @^ df Pacta Sunt Servanda
sf] dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ Every Treaty
in force is binding upon the Parties to it
and must be performed by them in
good faith eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
Quarter
!*= Head
Agreement / ICIMOD ;DaGwL g]kfn
sfg"g b'a}n] ICIMOD / ICIMOD sf

sd{rf/LnfO{ ICIMOD sf] cf}krfl/s

sfd sf/jfxLdf pQm Convention
cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf tyf pGd'lQm k|bfg ug]{
eg]sf] / g]kfn Convention on the
privileges and Immunities of the
Specialized Agencies sf] kIf ePsf]
x'Fbf k|:t't ljjfbdf Convention sf] wf/f
VI sf] section !( sf] ;'ljwf / pGd'lQm
ICIMOD / ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{

k|fKt x'g] b]lvof] .

!(= Convention sf] wf/f VI
sf] Section !( df Officials of the
specialized agencies shall be immune
from legal process in respect of words
spoken or written and all aspects
performed by them in their official
capacity eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;f] Aoj:yfn] pQm Convention sf] kIf
/fi6x? Specialized Agency sf

kbflwsf/Lx?n] u/]sf] cf}krfl/s cyf{t\

official sfdsf] ;Gbe{df p7]sf] ljjfbdf
To:tf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gL
sf/jfxLaf6 pGd'lQm k|bfg ug{ s6La4
5g\ . pQm Convention sf] wf/f VI,
Section @@ cg';f/ To:tf] pGd'lQm
sd{rf/Lx?sf] AolQmut kmfObfsf] nflu
ge} ;+u7gsf] lxtsf] nfuL k|bfg ul/G5
egL Section @@ df Privileges and
immunities are granted to officials in
the interest of the specialized agencies
only and not for the personal benefit of
the individuals themselves eGg] pNn]v

5.
@)=

Convention

on

the

privileges and Immunities of the

specialized Agencies sf kIf /fi6x?

236

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

pQm

nfu" x'g] specialized

k|ltlglw jf ;b:o
nufotsf ;Da4 clws[tn] u/]sf sfd
sf/jfxLdf convention cg';f/ Host
Government sf] sfg"gL k|s[ofaf6
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;+o'Qm
/fi6 ;+3sf] Gofokflnsf cyf{t\
International Court of Justice n] @(
clk|n !((( df ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf]
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf Special
Rapporteur Dato k/d s'df/f:jfdLsf
;DaGwdf International Court of Justice
sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f ^% cGtu{t lbPsf]
Advisory Opinion dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
@!= k/d s'df/f:jfdL k|Voft
dn]l;og h'l/i6nfO{ ;g\ !(($ df
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3 dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]
Convention
Agencies sf

Independence of Judges and Lawers

sf] Special Rapporteur lgo'Qm u/]sf]
Special
Rapporteur
lyof]
.

s'df/f:jfdLn] !((%
dlxgfsf]
k|sfzgdf

sf]

gf]e]Dj/

International

sf] k|sfzgnfO{
lbPsf] cGt/jftf{nfO{ lnP/ dn]lzofdf
rn]sf] sf/jfxLdf s'df/f:jfdL United

Commercial Litigation

Nations Commission on Human Rights

(UNCHR) sf] Special Rapporteur

ePsf]

sf/0f

s'df/f

:jfdLnfO{

Convention
on
Privileges
and
immunities of the Specialized Agencies
sf] wf/f VI Section @@ cg';f/
Immunity k|fKt x'G5 . dn]lzofsf]

cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q x'g g;Sg] egL

!$! sf] ax'dtn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
Advisory Opinion lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

Advisory Opinion

sf]

Ratio

o; k|sf/

5.
The Court is of the Opinion
By fourteen votes to one,
That Article VI, Section 22, of
the Convention on the privileges and
Immunities of the United Nations is
applicable in the case of Dato' Param
Cumaraswamy as Special Rapporteur
of the Commission on Human Rights
on the Independence of Judges and
Lawyers;
By fourteen votes to one,
That
Dato'
Param
Cumaraswamy is entitled to immunity
from legal process of every kind for the
words spoken by him during an
interview as published in an article in
the
November
1995
issue
of
International Commercial Litigation;
By thirteen votes to two,
That
the
Government
of
Malaysia had the obligation to inform
the malaysian courts of the finding of
the Secretary-General that Dato'
Param Cumaraswamy was entitled to
immunity from legal process;
By fourteen votes to one,
That the Malaysian courts had
the obligation to deal with the question
of immunity from legal process as a

237

c+s @

preliminary issue to be expeditiously

decided in liminelitis;
Unanimously,
That
Dato;
Param
Cumaraswamy shalll be held financially
harmless for any costs imposed upon
him by the Malaysian courts, in
particular taxed costs;
By thirteen votes to two,
That
the
Government
of
Malaysia has the obligation to
communicate this advisory opinion to
the Malaysian courts, in order that
Malaysia's international obligations be
given effect and Dato' Param
Cumaraswamy's
immunity
be
respected.

@@=

Convention sf] wf/f (

Settlement of Disputes sf] Section #@
df Convention n] k|bfg u/]sf] pGd'lQm

k|bfg ug]{ egL s'g} ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v

ePsf]df ;Demf}tfsf kIfx?aLr pGd'lQm
;DaGwL
ljjfb
pTkGg
ePdf
International Court of Justice (I.C.J.)
;+u Advisory Opinion dfUg' kg]{ /
International Court of Justice n] cfgf]

ljwfgsf]

wf/f

^% cg';f/ lbPsf]
Advisory Opinion cflwsfl/s AofVof x'g]
eGg] :ki6 Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf oxfF Convention sf] wf/f (
sf] Section #@ / I.C.J. sf] ljwfgsf]
wf/f ^% x]g'{kg]{ x'gcfof] .

sf] wf/f ( sf]

o; k|sf/ 5 .

Convention

Section

#@

All differences arising out of the

interpretation or application of the
present convention shall be referred to
the International Court of Justice unless
in any case it is agreed by the partics to
have recourse to another mode of
settlement. If a difference arises
between one of the specialized
agencies on the one hand, and a
member on the other hand, a request
shall be made for an advisory opinion
on any legal question involved in
accordance with Article 96 of the
Charter and Article 65 of the Statute of
the court and the relevant provisions of
the agreements concluded between the
United Nations and the specialized
agency concerned. The opinion give by
the court shall be accepted as decisive
by the parties.

o;}u/L I.C.J sf] ljwfgsf] wf/f ^% o;

k|sf/ 5 .
1.
The Court may give an advisory
opinion on any legal question at the
request of whatever body may be
authorized by or in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations to make
such a request.
2.
Questions upon which the
advisory opinion of the court is asked
shall be laid before the court by means
of a written request containning an
exact statement of the question upon

238

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

which an opinion is required, and

accompanied by all documents likely to
throw light upon the question.

@#=
Justice sf]

International Court of
Advisory Opinion, Head
Quarters Agreement sf] wf/f !@ tyf
Convention on the Privileges and
immunities of the Specialized Agencies

sf] wf/f !( / wf/f @@ sf] AofVofdf

Pursuasive
Authority
dfq xf]Og
cflwsfl/s AofVof g} dfGg' k5{ .
@$= k|:t't d'2fdf ICIMOD sf]
Statute sf] wf/f !(, Head Quarters
Agreement sf] wf/f !@, Convention on
the Privileges and immunities of the
Specialized Agencies sf] wf/f !(, @@
/ ICIMOD P]g sf] bkmf !$ vf; u/L

pkbkmf ! / @ tyf bkmf !^ sf] Aoj:yf

cg';f/ ICIMOD sf sd{rf/Ln] s]Gb|;+u
;DalGwt cfgf] st{Ao kfngf u/]sf]
l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sfo{df To:tf
sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] sfg"gL k|lqmofaf6
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 eGg] AofVofdf I.C.J.
sf] pQm Advisory Opinion dxTjk"0f{ Aid
dfGg'k5{ .
@%= ca
t]>f]
k|Zgsf]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, ICIMOD ;DaGwL
sfg"gsf] bkmf !$, Head Quarters
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ICIMOD nfO{ Convention on the
Privileges and immunities of the
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Section !(-!_ / Section @@ cg';f/
pGd'lQm k|fKt x'G5 . ICIMOD sf

sd{rf/Lf/f s]Gb|;+u ;DalGwt eP u/]sf]

sfo{nfO{ lnP/ g]kfnsf] cbfntsf]

clwsf/If]q nfu" x'Fb}g . >d sfof{no Pj+
>d cbfnt b'j}n] clwsf/ u|x0f u/L d'2f
x]/]sf] sfo{ clwsf/If]qlalxg eO{ q'l6k"0f{
sfo{ u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . ldlt
@)^).!@.!@
sf]
>d
sfof{no
sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{o / pQm lg0f{o pk/
>d cbfntn] k'g/fj]bg ;'gL u/]sf] ldlt
@)^@.%.( sf b'a} lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ x'G5 . >d sfof{no,
afUdtL c~rn / >d cbfnt
sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog gug{",
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfL x?sf gfpFdf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/lbPsf]
5.
@^= g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ##-8_ df /fHo
kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fHosf]
bfloTjsf] Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f !))!_ df cbfntx?n] Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt
cg';f/ klg Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{
Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f !%^ sf] ;lGw
jf ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL Aoj:yf / g]kfn
;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( sf] Aoj:yf
cg';f/ g]kfn kIf ePsf] ;lGw xfd|f]
nflu g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] Aoj:yf
ePs] x'Fbf ICIMOD ;+u ePsf] Head
Quarters Agreement, ICIMOD sf]
Statute / Convention on the Privileges
and immunities of the Specialized
Agencies sf] Aoj:yfx? vf;u/L k|:t't

ljjfbdf wf/f !( / wf/f @@ sf

Aoj:yfx? xfd|f] nflu g]kfn sfg"g ;/x
k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . tL k|fjwfgx? ljk/Lt
x'g] u/L s'g} sfo{ ug{ ;ls+b}g . oxfF

239

c+s @

Draft Universal Declaration on the

Independence of Justice h;nfO{
Singhvi Decleration klg elgG5, pQm
Declaration sf] wf/f $) / $! dxTjk"0f{

5.
Article 40,
Judges shall keep themselves
imformed
about
international
covnentions and other instruments
establishing human rights norms, and
shall seek to implement them as far as
feasible, within the limits set by their
national constitutions and laws.

d2t lnO{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^@.%.( sf]

km};nf x]bf{, vf; k|sf/sf] d'2f x]g{ u7g
ePsf] specialized court sf] ?kdf
:yflkt >d cbfntsf] Gofo ;Dkfbg
cyf{t\ performance k|:t't d'2faf6
;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvPg . g]kfn sfg"g Pj+
cGt/f{li6o b'a} sfg"gn] Convention on
the Privileges and immunities of the
Specialized Agencies df g]kfn kIf

ePsf] /x]5 eg] kIf ePkl5 pQm

sf] Aoj:yf kIf /fi6 ePsf]
sf/0f g]kfnn] sfg"g ;/x nfu" / kfngf
ug'{kb{5 . Singhvi Declaration sf] wf/f
$) cg';f/ Gofoflwzx? ;a} cGt/f{li6o

Convention

Law making Treaties and Convention

Article 41,
These Principles and standards
shall apply to all persons exercising
judicial functions, including international
judges, assessors, arbitratiors, Public
Prosecutors and procurators who
peform judicial functions, unless a
reference to the context necessarily
makes
them
inapplicable
or
inappropriat. eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 .

@&= pQm Declaration / xfd|f]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-8_, wf/f
!)!-!_, g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf
( sf] Aoj:yfn] klg GofofwLzx? g]kfn
sfg"g dfq xf]Og dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
Convention x? / cGt/f{li6o sfg"g;+u
klg kl/lrt /xg'k5{ eGg] b]lvG5 . >d
cbfntn] k'g/fj]bs ICIMOD ljkIfL
dfgaxfb'/ s6'jfn ePsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{
kfpF eGg] d'2fdf Amicus curia ;d]tsf]

x?af6 ;';"lrt eP/ /xg' kb{5 . t/

To;sf] ljk/Lt pQm Convention / xfd|f]
ICIMOD ;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"g tyf
Head Quarters Agreement n] ICIMOD
sf
sd{rf/Ln]
st{Jo
kfngsf]
l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] sfddf g]kfn
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qaf6 pGd'lQm k|bfg
ug'{kg]{df To;sf] ljk/Lt >d sfof{no /
>d cbfntn] clwsf/ If]q u|x0f u/L
dfgaxfb'/ s6'jfnnfO{ >d sfg"gsf]
;'ljwf lbg] u/L ICIMOD lj?4 cfb]z
u/]sf] b]lvof] .
@*= Head
Quarters
Agreement sf] wf/f !@-#_ df ICIMOD
sf] cg'/f]wdf ICIMOD sf] sd{rf/Ln]
st{Ao kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf]
sfddf g]kfnsf] cbfntdf ;'g'jfO{ x'g
g;Sg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ICIMOD sf]
cg'/f]wdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'ljwf tyf
pGd'lQm pknAw u/fpg] eg]sf] b]lvG5 .
wf/f !@-$_ df s]Gb|n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
240

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

pGd'lQm k|fKt x'g'kg]{ clwsf/Lsf]

gfdfjnL kb cflb pknAw u/fpg' kg]{
eg]sf] 5 . lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 pGd'lQmsf]
bfjL u/]kl5 >d sfof{no / >d
cbfntn] Convention / Head Quarter
Agreement sf] Aoj:yf a'em\g g;s] klg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ICIMOD sf] s; s;nfO{
s] s:tf] pGd'lQm tyf ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fPsf] 5 g]kfn ;/sf/;+u a'em]/ dfq
lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ lyof] . a'lem lg0f{o u/]sf]
eP ;a} s'/f k|i6 x'g] lyof] . Goflos
sfo{jfxLsf] ljz]iftf g} lg0f{o ug'{ cufl8
;a} s'/f a'lem lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ xf] t/ >d
cbfntn] cfk"mn] klg ga'emL / a'em\g]
k|oTg klg gu/L sfg"g / ;lGwsf] unt
AofVof dfq xf]Og sfo{ljlw g} k"/f gu/L
lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . ctM eljiodf o:tf]
unt cfb]z gx'g b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ .

sfof{no / Specialized Agencies

;/xsf] x}l;ot /fVg] ;fs{ nufot
ljleGg cGt/f{li6o NGO x? tyf
bft[ /fi6sf ljleGg ;xfotf
lgof]ux?sf sfof{no g]kfndf
:yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fhb'tfjf;
/ /fhb'tfjf;sf clwsf/Lx?n]
u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfddf Vienna
Convention
on
Relation nufotn]

Diplomatic

pGd'lQm k|fKt
x'G5 . >d cbfntsf] pNn]lvt
lg0f{o x]bf{ /fhb'tfjf; jf
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] cf}krfl/s sfddf
klg g]kfnsf] cbfntn] clwsf/If]q
u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf]
b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f ##-8_, !))-!_,
!))-@_, !%^ / Singhvi
Decleration sf] wf/f $) / g]kfn
;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( sf]
Aoj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;lGw
;Demf}tf ;DaGwL g]kfn sfg"g tyf
cGt/f{li6o sfg"g;+u ;DalGwt
ljjfbdf eljiodf ca o:tf] unt
km};nf gx'g >d cbfntdf sfd
ug]{ GofoflwznfO{ / z'? d'2f x]g]{
Gofoflwzx?nfO{ ;lGw ;Demf}tf
;DaGwL, Convention ;DaGwL
vf;u/L Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relation s'6gLlts
;'ljwf / pGd'lQm ;DaGwL, Head
Quarters
Agreement
;DaGwL
nufotsf cGt/f{li6o sfg"g
;DaGwL
dfGotfx?sf]
af/]df
Go"gtd hfgsf/L lbnfpg /fli6o
Goflos k|lti7fgn] s]lx lbgsf]

-s_ >d sfof{nodf slDtdf >d P]g /

cfgf]
clwsf/If]q
a'em]sf]
clwsf/LnfO{ dfq kbf:yfkg ug'{
egL /lhi6f/, ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
>d;+u ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]lv
k7fpg' .
-v_ xfd|f] cbfntsf km};nfx? ljb]zL
cbfntn] ;d]t dfGotf lbg] :t/sf]
x'g'kb{5 . >d cbfntsf] lg0f{o x]bf{
yk s]xL s'/f pNn]v x'g cfjZos
b]lvof] . Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt
;d]t k|of]u u/L km};nf ug{ xfdL
clwsf/ ;DkGg 5f}+ . g]kfnsf]
ljleGg /fi6;+u a9\bf] bf}To ;DaGw,
g]kfndf ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] sfof{no,
;+o'Qm
/fi6;+3s}
ljleGg
Specialized
Agencies
x?sf]

241

c+s @

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ tkm{ Gofo

kl/ifb\ ;lrjnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{
of] km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk /fvL
/lhi6f/n] Gofo kl/ifb\ ;lrjnfO{
n]lv k7fpg] .
of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx?nfO{
lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn
Olt ;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q % ut] /f]h
# z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL

242

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lg0f{o g+=&(#%

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;af]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx

dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn

;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ()#^, ($(@

km};nf ldltM @)^$.!!.*.$

d'2fM ?k}of+ lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfpFm .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM sf7df8f} lhNnf,
sf7df8f} gu/kflnsf j8f g+= #)
7d]n sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if ejg
l:yt lxdfnog a}+ ln=sf
tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt sDkgL
;lrj, z'zLn hf]zL
la?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f
g+= @( 7d]n a:g] b'uf{b]jL 8f]n
;d]t
Pj+
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g++ @( a:g] >LdtL b'uf{b]jL
8f]n ;d]t
la?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+=
#) 7d]n sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if
l:yt lxdfnog a}+s ln= sf
tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt sDkgL
;lrj z'zLn hf]zL
z'? km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof=zDe'axfb'/ sfsL{
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M
df=Gof= dw';'bgnfn >]i7
df=Gof= xl/afa' e/fO{

s/f/ ug]{ kIfx?n] cfkm\gf] ;'ljwf

/ s/f/sf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu
k|:tfjx? /fVg / zt{x? lgwf{/0f
ug{ :jfoQ / :jtGq x'G5g\
To:tf] k|:tfj jf zt{ csf]{ kIfn]
:jLsf/ ug{ jf OGsf/ ug{ klg
:jfoQ x'G5 . zt{x?df :jLs[lt
lbO{ ;xL5fk u/]sf] jf tbg's'n
cfr/0f / Jojxf/ u/]sf] ;d]t
cj:yfdf s/f/ ;DkGg x'g] /
s/f/sf tL zt{x? kIfx? pk/
sfg"g ;/x aGwgsf/L x'g] .
cbfntn] s/f/sf zt{x?sf]
JofVof ubf{ s/f/sf kIfx?sf]
clek|fo -Intention_ sf] cfwf/df
ug'{kg]{ .
s/f/sf] AofVofdf klg sfg"gsf]
AofVof ;DaGwL lgodx? g}
cfslif{t x'g] / s/f/ jf cGo s'g}
lnvtsf] JofVof ubf{ ;f] s/f/ jf
lnvtsf] s'g} vf; c+z dfq
geO{ k"/} s/f/ jf lnvtsf]
cWoog u/L AofVof ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg

clwjQmfo sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] /
z}n]Gb|s'df/ bfxfn
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg
clwjQmf xl/ZrGb|k|;fb ;'j]bL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ sf]

243

c+s @

pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd

k|ltjfbLsf] bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lgj]bg k/L o;
cbfntaf6 bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ cfb]z e} k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg o;}
cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] e} ;+lIfKt
tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 .
ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdo / qm]l86
sf8{;+u ;DalGwt Joj;fo ug{sf] lgldQ
lakIfLx?sf] ;+o'Qm lt/f]df /x]sf]
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g++ @( df /x]sf]
3/sf] e'O{ tNnfsf] @%$ :Sjfo/ lkm6 /
k|yd tNnfsf] ##( :Sjfo/ lkm6 u/L
hDdf %($ :Sjfo/ lkm6 lkm/fbL a}+sn]
jxfndf lng] u/L !) aif{sf] nfuL
dfl;s ?= (),))). lbg] u/L #! cui6
@))) b]lv ;Demf}tf eP cg';f/ clu|d
ef8f jfkt ?= @!,^),))). a}+ssf]
r]s=g+= ))!)))&))% ldlt ^ ;]K6]Dj/
@))) sf] ldltdf @ aif{sf] clu|d ef8f
e'StfgL lbO{ lnPsf] 3/ lkm/fbL a}+snfO{
cfjZos gePsf] x'Fbf Lease Agreement
sf] bkmf % sf] b]xfo -;L_ adf]lhd
lakIfLnfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] clu|d ;"rgf
lbO{{ !$ ;]K6]Dj/ @))! df n]vL
k7fPsf]df lakIfL k|= dWo]sf] /fh'dfg
8+uf]nn] ;"rgf a'emL lng' ePsf] /
axfndf lnPsf] 3/ ;d]t lakIfL
k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ g} pQm ldltaf6 lhDdf
lbPsf]df o;/L lakIfLx? / a}+ssf]
aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf /2 ePkl5 xfdL
a;]sf] cjlwsf] jxfn sf u/L jf+sL x'g
cfpg] ?= (,%!,))). lkmtf{ a'emfpg'
kg]{df ga'emfPsf] x'Fbf x'nfs dfkm{t kq
n]vL k7fPsf]df lghx?n] ga'emL kq
lkmtf{ cfPsf]n] lakIfL k|ltjfbLx?af6
s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ adf]lhd

lkmtf{ kfpg] /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfp+ eGg]

lkm/fb bfjL .
lakIfL jfbL ;+u xfdL k|ltjfbL #tLg_ hgfsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf eO{ 3/
ef8fdf lng] lbg] u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf]df
s'g} ljjfb 5}g . s/f/df :ki6 ?kdf b'a}
kIfsf] ;xdlt ePsf]df jfx]s s'g} klg
;dodf s/f/ /2 ePdf clu|d ?kdf
a'emfPsf] 3/ef8f lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ egL
s/f/ ul/Psf] 5}g . s/f/ /4 ul/Psf]
hfgsf/L klg xfdL # hgfnfO{ 5}g . Ps
hgfnfO{ dfq hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}
s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ df :ki6
?kn] b'O{ kIfsf] ;xdltdf s/f/ /2
ePdf dfq /sd jf s'g} nfe lnO;s]sf]
eP lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n]
o;df xffdL s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ yfxf
hfgsf/L geO{ s/f/ /4 ePsf]n]
xfdLx?n] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ xf]Og,
To;sf/0f k|:t't lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;+o'Qm k|ltpQ/ lhls/ .
lakIfL jfbLx? ;+u ;Demf}tf
ePsf] xf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd s/f/ eO{
Joxf]/fx? n]vL ;xL 5fk u/L lbPsf] x'F .
Joxf]/f kl5 sDKo'6/df n]lvPsf] /x]5 .
;xL5fk d]/f] g} xf] ;2] xf] egL k|= sf=
jf/];n] u/]sf] &* g+= adf]lhdsf] jofg .
jfbL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLx?n] cf
cfkm\gf] kIfdf u/]sf] askq ldl;n
;fd]n /x]5g\ .
o;df oL jfbLn] bfjL lnP
cg';f/ ;Demf}tf /2 u/]kl5 pQm 3/df
jfbL kIfaf6 h8fg u/]sf j:t' x6fO{
k|=x?nfO{ lhDdf lbPsf] s'/f k'li6 x'g
gcfPsf] ;fy} jxfn lng] kIfn]
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf % -;L_ adf]lhd
244

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clGtd e'StfgL ePsf]

/sd lkmtf{ ug{ kg]{ eGg] pQm ;Demf}tfdf
pNn]v gePsf] ;d]taf6 jfbL bfjL
adf]lhd ?= (,%!,))). lbnfO{ kfp+ eGg]
jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] z'?
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfnts]f ldlt
@)%(.(.!% sf] km};nf .
o;df z'?sf] km};nfdf lrQ
a'em]g . k'g/fj]bs a}+s / lakIfLx? aLr
#! cui6 @))) df 3/ jxfnsf]
;Demf}tf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ sf] Joj:yf x]bf{
# j6f zt{x? /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}+sn] s'g}
klg avt s/f/sf] cjlw k'/f gx'Fb} Ps
dlxgfsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ s/f/ /2 ug{
;Sg] 5 . -v_ a}+sn] cfkm'n] ef8fdf
lnPsf] 3/ 5f]8\g' kbf{ 3/wgLnfO{ 3/
5f]8\g kg]{ s'g} sf/0f lbg a}+s jfWo x'g]
5}g / 3/wgLx?n] a}+sn] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf
%-;L_ adf]lhd 3/ 5f]8\g] ;"rgf u/]sf]
lbg ;Ddsf] eGbf a9L lbgsf] jxfn lng
kfpg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ePaf6
jfbL a}+sn] 3/ jxfn jfkt clu|d ?kdf
a'emfPsf] /sd ? @!,^),))). jf6
a}+sn] 3/ jxfndf k|of]u u/]sf] !# dlxgf
!# lbgsf] /sd s6fO{ jf+sL x'g cfpg]
?= (,%!,))). lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{
pQm s/f/sf] bkmfn] :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{
ljjfbsf] Joj:yf ;+u ;DalGwt sfg"gL
k|fawfgsf] ljj]rgf u/L OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df
;f] gu/L jfbL / k|ltjfbL aLrsf] d"n
ljjfbsf] ljifo ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_
sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ unt JofVof u/L
ul/Psf] km};nf k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf %$ /
d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !*$s g+= ;d]tsf]

k|lts"n / q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf lgh

k|ltjfbLx?;+u ;g @))) cu:6 #! df
ePsf] 3/ jxfn ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_
sf] cfwf/df s/f/ P]g @)%^ sf] bkmf
*$ g+= adf]lhd 3/ jxfnsf] lx;fj
ldnfg u/L jfFsL x'g cfpg] /sd ?=
(,%!,))). ?k}ofF lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfp+ eGg]
jfbL lxdfno a}+ssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ .
sf=lh=c= n] 7x/ v08df pNn]v
u/]sf] lrQ a'em]g . jfbLn] ?=
@!,^),))). sf] r]s ;+emf}tf adf]lhd
lb+bf s/f/df tLghgf kIf dWo]
ljZjdfgsf] gfddf lbO{ a'emL lnPsf]df
c? s/f/sf @ hgfn] /sd a'em]sf] 5}g
eGg g;s]s]f cj:yfdf # hgfsf] gfddf
s/f/ /2 ug]{ kq tof/ u/L /fh'dfgn]
a'emL c=a+= &* g+= adf]lhd ;gfvt ubf{
kqdf ePsf] ;xLnfO{ ;sf/ u/]kl5 pQm
kq a'em]sf]df c?n] klg a'em\g' kb{Yof]
a'em]sf] 5}g, o;}n] pQm ;Demf}tf /2
ePsf] xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L g} 5}g eGg
ldn]g . kq a'em]kl5 ;Demf}tf /2 ePsf]
kqs]f hfgsf/L ;a}nfO{ /x] ePsf] b]lvg
cfp+5 . ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] pQm
/sd k'g/fj]bs dWo] @ hgf /fh'dfg /
b'uf{ b]jLn] kfPsf 5}gg\ eGg] k|:t't
d'2fsf] ljjfb gePs]f ;Gbe{df cbfntn]
ljjfbsf] ljifo eGbf jflx/ uP/ xfdL
/fh'dfg / b'uf{ b]jLn] bfjL ug'{kg]{
ljjfbsf] ljifo cbfntn] cfkm} p7fO{
;f]xL s'/fnfO{ k|df0fdf lnO{{ P]g ;Da4
k|df0f lnO{ 7x/ v08df pNn]lvt ;f]
s'/f k|df0f P]g @)#! sf] bkmf #, %$ /
g]=sf=k @)$# s]f k[i7 $() df sfod
l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt ePsfn] sf=lh=c=
sf] ldlt @)%(.(.!% sf] km};nfdf #

245

c+s @

hgf dWo] ! hgfn] Termination of

Agreement sf] kq a'emL tLg} hgfn]
a'em]sf] dfGg'kb{5 / ;Demf}tf /2 eof]
eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/L u/]sf] km};nf ;f]
xb;Dd dfq ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
k|ltjfbLx?sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ .
tLg}hgf k|ltjfbLsf] gfd pNn]v
u/L s/f/ e ePsf] kq k|fKt u/]sf]nfO{
cGoyf k|dfl0ft x'g] u/L k|df0f lbg
;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / kqdf ePsf] ;xL
cfkm\gf] ePsf] :jLsf/ u/L /fv]sf]n] s/f/
e ePsf] kq a'emL lnPsf] xf]Og eGg
;lsg] b]lvPg . s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ sf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ s/f/ e ePsf]
cj:yfdf clu|d e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd
lkmtf{ kfpg] eGg] /x]sf] gx'Fbf clu|d
e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfp+
eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fO{ ePsf]
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%(.(.!% sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^).(.!* sf] km};nf .
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf pk/ xfd|f] lrQ a'em]g . s/f/sf
s'g} zt{ aGb]hx? km]/abn jf yk36 ug]{
clwsf/ s]jn s/f/sf kIfx?df dfq
l;ldt x'G5 g ls c? kIfx?df . k|:t't
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ sf] JofVof ug]{
qmddf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 pQm
bkmfsf] Joj:yfn] k|ltjfbLx?n] s/f/ /2
ePsf] ;"rgfsf] Ps dlxgf ;dfKt
ePkl5 ;f] kZrftsf] cjlwsf] xsdf
axfn kfpg]] k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g
egL :ki6 pNn]v ePtfklg clu|d
e"QmfgL jfkt lnPsf] ?k}of lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{

s'/f pNn]v gu/]sf] eGg] sfNklgs ts{

;dfj]z u/L pQm ;Demf}tfsf] % -;L_ sf]
k|fawfg / dg;fonfO{ lgis[o kg]{ u/L
u/]sf] JofVof / ;f]xL cfwf/df jfbL bfjL
gk'Ug] u/L u/]sf] km};nf j:t'lgi7 ge}
cfTdlgi7 /xg'sf ;fy} cbfntn]
ljjfbsf] d"n ljifo eGbf aflx/ u} jfbL
jf k|ltjfbLsf] ?k u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
k|:t't ljjfb s/f/ ;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf]n]
cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ubf{ s/f/df cfwfl/t
e} ug'{kg]{df ;f] ge} efjgfdf c8]/
ul/Psf] x'Fbf sfg"gsf] cfwf/df km};nf
gePsf] x'Fbf d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !*% g+=
;d]tsf] q'l6 /x]sf], ;fy} c=a+= &* g+=
adf]lhd sfuh ubf{ ;xL ;2] xf] egL
:jLsf/ u/L;s]kl5 o;tkm{ Wofg glbO{
ul/Psf] km};nfdf c=a+= &* g+= tyf
g]=sf=k= @)%! lg=g+= $(*% c+s !)
k[i7 &$$ tyf g]=sf=k= @)$$ lg=g+=
#!#@ c+s ^ k[= ^*( df k|sflzt
;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf] jLk/Lt ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5
. ctM sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfnt tyf
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf]
km};nfdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
!@ sf] b]xfo ! v08 -s_ / -v_ sf]
cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg u/L pQm km};nf ab/
u/L bfjL adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
lgj]bg .
c=a+= &* adf]lhd aofg ubf{ s/
k|of]hgsf nfuL lakIfL a}+ssf] vfnL
Kof8df xfdL k'g/fj]bs dWo] /fh'dfgn]
;xL u/L lbPsf] xf] . sfuhsf] k|s[lt x]bf{
cIf/df d /fh'dfgs]f ;xLn] 5f]Psf] 5}g
/ Receive eGg] cIf/ d]/f] xf]Og . ;f]
246

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

Kof8df ldlt ;d]t pNn]v 5}g . olb ;f]

kqdf d /fh'dfgn] a'em]sf] eP ;f]
Receive eGg]
cIf/ d lgj]bsn]
n]Vg'kg]{df ;f] tkm{ s'g} Goflos ljj]rgf
g} gu/L u/]sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd c=a+=
!*$s -!*%_ g+= ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{
:jtM ab/efuL 5 . t;y{ k|df0f P]g
@)#! sf] bkmf #, @^, @* / %$, c=a+=
!*$s, !*% g+= tyf ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt x'Fbf tLg}hgf k|ltjfbLsf] gfd
pNn]v u/L s/f/ e ePsf] kq k|fKt
u/]sf]nfO{ cGoyf k|df0f lbg ;s]sf]
gb]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/ lnO{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] u/]sf]
@)^).(.!* sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gx'Fbf
Gofo k|zf;g @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_
/ -v_ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf]n] d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k|ltjfbLsf] lgj]bg .
o;df jfbL k|ltjfbL aLr ;DkGg
ePsf] s/f/sf] bkmf % -;L_ df !
dlxgfsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ ;Demf}tf Ps
klIfo ?kdf /2 ug{ ;Sg] / ;f] kZrft
axfn e'QmfgLsf] clwsf/ gx'g] Joj:yf
ePsf] ;Gbe{df jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg]
7x/fPsf] z'? OG;fkmnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nfdf
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf # / %$ sf]
q'6L b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lakIfLnfO{
lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!).^ sf] cfb]z .
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!).^
sf] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 jfbL kIfn]

bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]

/ tLg hgfn] ;xL u/L s/f/ u/]sf]df
PshgfnfO{ ;"rgf lbP k'U5 egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfdf
oLg} kIf lakIf aLr ePsf] ldlt #!
cui6 @))) df ePsf] s/f/sf] bkmf %;L_ tyf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #,%$
sf] uDeL/ sfg"gL q'l6 b]lv+bf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_
cg';f/ d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . bf]=lg=g+= $#^^ sf] lgj]bgdf
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] ldl;n
;d]t /fvL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.#.*.% sf] cfb]z .
@=
lgod adf]lhd cfhsf]
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf]
ldl;n k|df0f sfuhft cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bs jfbL lxdfnog a}+s lnld6]8sf
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf >L sf]dn
k|sfz l3ld/] / z}n]Gb| s'df/ bfxfnn]
jfbL / k|ltjfbL aLrsf] d"n ljjfbsf]
ljifo ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf % -;L_ / s/f/
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ nfO{ j]jf:tf
u/L ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ sf]
k|fjwfgnfO{ unt JofVof u/L ul/Psf]
km};nf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ /
d'n'sL P]g c=a+= !*$s g+= ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhd xf];\ eGg]
tyf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf >L xl/ZrGb| ;'j]bLn] PstkmL{
?kdf s/f/ e+u ePsf] ;"rgf s/f/ ug]{
dWo]sf PshgfnfO{ dfq lbPsf] /
PstkmL{ ?kdf s/f/ /2 ePdf clu|d
a'emL lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf

247

c+s @

s/f/df 5}g . sfg"g adf]lhd klg lkmtf{

ug'{kg]{ gePsf]n] ljjfbsf] ljifo eGbf
aflx/ uP/ xfd|f kIf /fh'dfg / b'uf{
b]jLn] bfjL ug'{kg]{ ljifo cbfntn] cfkm}
p7fO{ c;Da4 s'/fnfO{ k|df0fdf lnO{ 7x/
u/]sf] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] #, %$ /
;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt sfg"gL
l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L xf];\ eGg] ;d]t
ug'{ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
#=
b'a}
tkm{sf
ljfg
clwjQmfn] ug'{ePsf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t
;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L OG;fkm tkm{ larf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] OG;fkm
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g / k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg
lhls/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g, ;f]xL ljifodf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg cfof] .
$=
jfbLn] cfkm' / k|ToyL{x?
aLr ;g @))) cu:6 #! df !) aif{sf]
nfuL dfl;s ?=() xhf/df 3/ef8f lng]
lbg] u/L ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd @
aif{sf] clu|d ef8f ^ ;]K6]Dj/ @))) sf]
r]sf/f ?= @!,^),))). lbPsf] / pQm
;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ adf]lhd !
dlxgfsf] ;"rgf lbO{ ;Demf}tf /2 u/]sf]
;"rgf k|ToyL{ /fh'dfgn] a'lemlnPsf] /
axfndf lnPsf] 3/ ;d]t lakIfLx?nfO{
;f]xL ldltdf lhDdf lbPsf] x'Fbf k|of]u
u/]sf] cjlwsf] axfn s6fO{ ?=
(,%!,))). lkmtf{ gu/]sf]n] lkmtf{ lbnfO{
kfp+ egL jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf]df
cfkm\gf] k|ltpQ/df jfbLn] s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf c;Dej ePsf] cj:yfdf s/f/
P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *$ cg';f/ /sd
lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ ePklg ;f] geO{ lakIfLn]

Ps kIfLo ?kdf s/f/ /2 eof] egL

;"rgf u/]sf] s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ n]
lakIfLx?nfO{ s/f/ /2 ug]{ clwsf/
ePklg clu|d lnPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{
xf]Og . xfn;Dd klg 3/ a}+ss} lhDdfdf
/xL Ps kIfLo ?kdf s/f/ /2 u/]sf] /
;f] kq a'emfpFb}df lakIfLn] lbPsf] ef8f
ltg'{ kg]{ 5}g eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf]
lhls/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf axfn lng]
kIfn] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf %-;L_ adf]lhd
;Demf}tf /2 u/]df clu|d e'QmfgL ePsf]
/sd lkmtf{ ug{ kg]{ eGg] pQm ;Demf}tfdf
pNn]v gePsf] ;d]taf6 jfbL bfjL
adf]lhd ?= (,%!,))). lbnfO{ kfp=
eGg] jfbL bffjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fPsf]
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pk/
jfbL / k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df z'?
sf7df8f} lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/
ug]{ 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf pk/ b'a} kIfsf] o; cbfntdf
bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L kfp+ egL lgj]bg kg{ cfO{
o; cbfntsf] cfb]zn] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{
k'g/fj]bgsf] ?kdf k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
%=
lg0f{o tkm{ larf/ ubf{
jfbL lxdfnog a}+s ln=n] k|=x?sf] btf{
lt/f] /x]sf] 3/sf] e"Otnf @%$ ju{ lkm6
/ k|yd tnfsf] ##( ju{ lkm6 u/L %($
ju{ lkm6 dfl;s ?=(),))). axfn lbg]
u/L !) aif{sf] nflu #! cu:6 @)))
b]lv ef8fdf lng] k|=x?;+u ;Demf}tf
u/]sf] / @ aif{sf] clu|d ef8f afkt
?=@!,^),))).
a}+ssf]
r]s=g+=
))!))&))% ldlt ^ ;]K6]Dj/ @))) df
oL k|ltjfbLx?n] a'emL lnPsf] s'/f kIf
lakIfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 3/
a}+snfO cfjZos gx'Fbf s/f/sf] bkmf %248

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;L_ adf]lhd lakIfLnfO{ ! dlxgfsf]

;"rgf lbO{ !$ ;]K6]Dj/df s/f/ /2
ePsf] egL /fh'dfgn] ;"rgf a'emL lnO{
3/ klg lhDdf lbPsf]df a;]sf] cjlwsf]
axfn sf u/L afFsL ?k}ofF ga'emfPsf]n]
;f] afFsL /sd lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpFm egL
jfbLsf] k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
;f] jfFsL /sd lkmtf{ lbg kg]{ s/f/df
s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] ;f]
/sd lkmtf{ lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
^=
jfbLn] bfjL ubf{ cfkm';+u
ePsf] s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ sf] cfwf/df
/sd lkmtf{sf] bfjL u/]sf]n] a}+sn]
k|ltjfbL;+u u/]sf] pQm s/f/ adf]lhd
s/f/ e+u u/]sf] cj:yfdf a}+sn] clu|d
e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd k|= n] lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{
xf] xf]Og eGg] g} k|:t't d'2fdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ d'Vo k|Zg /x]sf] 5 . b'a} kIf
jLr #! cu:t ;g @))) df ePsf]
pQm s/f/sf Joj:yfx?sf] cWoog ubf{
s/f/sf] bkmf %-aL_ df b}jL k/L e'sDk,
cfunfuL, af9Lh:tf sfa' aflx/sf]
cj:yf eO{ 3/ eTsL gi6 ePdf s/f/sf]
kl/kfngf c;Dej ePdf !% lbgsf]
;"rgf lbO{ s/f/ e+u ug{ ;lsg] / o:tf]
ePdf jfFsL cjlwsf] clu|d /sd lkmtf{
ug'{kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t},
bkmf %-;L_ df 3/ axfn lng]n] jxfn
cjlw e'QmfgL x'g' cufj} s'g}klg ;dodf
s'g} cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ Ps dlxgfsf] k"j{
;"rgf lbO{ s/f/ e+u ug{ ;Sg]5 / axfn
lng]n] o:tf] ;"rgf lbPsf] cj:yfdf
jxfn lbg]nfO{ ;f] lbg ;Ddsf] axfn
jfx]s cGo e'StfgLsf] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g
eGg] zt{ pNn]v /x]sf] pQm s/f/sf]
k|ltlnkLjf6 b]lvG5 .

&=
s/f/ ug]{ kIfx?n] cfkm\gf]
;'ljwf / s/f/sf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu
k|:tfjx? /fVg / zt{x? lgwf{/0f ug{
:jfoQ / :jtGq x'G5g\ / To:tf] k|:tfj
jf zt{ csf]{ kIfn] :jLsf/ ug{ jf OGsf/
ug{ klg :jfoQ x'G5 . zt{x?df :jLs[lt
lbO{ ;xL5fk u/]sf] jf tbg's'n cfr/0f
/ Jojxf/ u/]sf] ;d]t cj:yfdf s/f/
;DkGg x'g] / s/f/sf tL zt{x? kIfx?
pk/ sfg"g ;/x aGwgsf/L x'G5 . jfbL
k|ltjfbLx? jLr ;xL5fk ePsf] #!
cu:t ;g\ @))) sf] pQm s/f/
:j]R5fk"j{ssf] s/f/ eO{ b'a} kIfx? pk/
aGwgsf/L ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . pQm
s/f/sf]
pko'{Qm
b'a}
zt{x?sf]
cWoogaf6 3/ axfn lbg] / lng]
kIfx?sf jLr b'O{ leGgf leGg} cj:yfdf
s/f/ e+u u/L 3/ vfnL ug{ ;lsg]
p2]Zosf nfuL leGgf leGg} zt{ /fVg]
clek|fo /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . cbfntn]
s/f/sf zt{x?sf] JofVof ubf{ s/f/sf
kIfx?sf] clek|fo -Intention_ sf]
cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} s/f/sf]
AofVofdf klg sfg"gsf] AofVof ;DaGwL
lgodx? g} cfslif{t x'g] x'G5 / s/f/ jf
cGo s'g} lnvtsf] JofVof ubf{ ;f] s/f/
jf lnvtsf] s'g} vf; c+z dfq geO{ k"/}
s/f/ jf lnvtsf] cWoog u/L AofVof
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;f] adf]lhd s/f/sf] bkmf
%-aL_ / %-;L_ sf b'O{ cj:yf k/L axfn
lng] a}+sn] 3/ 5f8\g ;Sg] clek|fo
pNn]v u/L clu|d axfnsf] /sdsf
;DaGwdf leGgf leGg} clek|foaf6 zt{
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . axfn lng]n]
b}jL k/L s/f/sf] kl/kfngf c;+ej ePsf]
cj:yfdf s/f/ e+u u/L 3/ vfnL ug{

249

c+s @

k/]df clu|d axfn /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{

:ki6 Joj:yf s/f/sf] bkmf %-aL_ df
/x]sf] 5 . t/ cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/
sf/0f / cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ 3/ 5f8\g
;lsg] zt{ bkmf %-;L_ df /x]sf] ePklg
o:tf] cj:yfdf 3/ 5f8\bf cu|Ld axfn
/sd lkmtf{ ug{'kg]{ eGg] zt{ :ki6 ?kdf
/fv]sf] pQm s/f/af6 b]lvg cfpFb}g .
s/f/sf] JofVof ubf{ klg sfg"gsf] JofVof
;DaGwL l;4fGt / lgod g} cfslif{t x'g]
ePsf]n] To;/L JofVof ubf{ s/f/sf cIf/
/ zAbsf] cy{ ;fy} s/f/ ug]{ kIfx?sf]
dg;fosf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;f]
adf]lhd pQm s/f/df e'sDk, jf9L h:tf
b}jL k/L sfj' aflx/sf cj:yfdf s/f/
e+u ug'{kg]{ ePdf tyf s'g} sf/0f /
cf}lrTo lagf Ps kIfsf] OR5f cg';f/
s/f/ e+u ul/Pdf ;d]t clu|d axfnsf]
/sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ s/f/sf kIfx?sf]
;dfg cfzo / clek|fo eP ;f] b'a}
cj:yfdf clu|d /sd lkmtf{ ug]{
;DaGwdf ;dfg Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{ x'GYof]
. t/ ;f] geO{ b}jL k/L sfa' jflx/sf]
cj:yf k/L 3/ vfnL ug]{ ;DaGwdf
ePsf] bkmf %-aL_ df clu|d /sd lkmtf{
ug'{kg]{ eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] 5 eg]
s'g} sf/0f / cf}lrTo gb]vfO{ PstkmL{
?kdf s/f/ e+u ug{ ;lsg] ;DaGwL bkmf
%-;L_ df ;f] adf]lhd clu|d /sd lkmtf{
ug'{kg]{ eGg] :ki6 zt{ /x]sf] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOb}g . ;dfg ?ksf] 3/ vfnL
ug]{ cj:yfdf clu|d /sd lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{
;dfg Joj:yf / zt{ ;f] s/f/df pNn]v
g/x]sf]n] s/f/ ubf{ clu|d axfn /sdsf
;DaGwdf s/f/ ug]{ kIfx?sf] leGgf leGg}

clek|fo /x]sf] lyof] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .

k|:t't ;Gbe{df 3/ axfn lng] a}+sn]
cfkm\gf] OR5f cg';f/ s'g} sf/0f /
cf}lrTo ljgf s/f/ e+u u/]sf] / o:tf]
cj:yfdf 3/ axfn lbg]n] clu|d axfn
/sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ ;f] s/f/sf] zt{
/x]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] /sd lkmtf{ kfpg]
eGg] Unjust Enrichment sf] Theory
cg';f/ klg eGg gldNg] x'G5 .
*=
ctM dfly ljj]rgf /
AofVof ul/P cg';f/ jfbL / k|ltjfbL
jLr ePsf] pQm s/f/sf] bkmf %-;L_ df
axfn lng]n] s/f/ e+u u/L 3/ vfnL
ubf{ clu|d lnPsf] axfn /sd 3/wgLn]
lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ eGg] zt{ /x]sf]
gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] cu|Ld lbPsf] axfn /sd
lkmtf{ lbnfO{ kfpF eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug
g;Sg] 7x/fPsf] sf7df8f} lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf dgfl;j x'Fbf
;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] /
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug
;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn
Olt ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fn kmfNu'g dlxgf *
ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM xl/k|;fb zdf{ pkfWofo
k+u]gL

250

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lg0f{o g+=&(#^

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;af]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb
sf]O/fnf
;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= ##%*
km};nf ldltM @)^$.&.@^.@
d'2fM Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM k|]daxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]
hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/
la?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf Onfd, cfdrf]s
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & a:g]
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]n
z'? km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof= >L k|]d/fh 9sfn
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M
df=Gof= >L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
df=Gof= >L b'uf{k|;fb pk|]tL

Hofg dfg]{ pBf]usf] s;"/ x'gsf

nflu kLl8tnfO{ nfu]sf] rf]6 jf
3fpsf] dfqf / kl/df0f dxTjk"0f{
/ lg0ff{os tTj x'g] geO{ Hofg
dfg]{ dg;fon] k|xf/ ul/Psf] /
Hofg dg{ gkfPsf] jfws tTjsf]
ljBdfgtf lyof] lyPg eGg] g}
dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpg] .
k|xf/stf{sf] dg;fo / lgot
5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ p;sf] sfo{ /
ck/flws lqmofjf6 g} kQf
nufpg' kg]{ .

Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !% g+= sf]

cj:yf sfo{ / ck/flws lqmof
k|ltjfbLjf6
b]lvg
cfPsf]
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLsf] Hofg dfg]{
dg;fo lyPg egL eGg g;lsg]
;fy} nfu]sf] 3fpsf] kl/df0f /
dfqf ;fgf] k|s[lt / dg{ g;Sg]
k|s[ltsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLsf] Hofg dfg]{ dg;fosf]
tyf cj/f]w k'/\ofpg] t];|f]
tTjsf] ljBdfgtfdf lghnfO{
s;"/jf6 pGd'lQm lbg ;lsg]
cj:yf gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg

pkGofoflwjQmf Clifs]z jfUn]
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf
uf]ljGbjxfb'/ cfn] du/
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfxM Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ k|:t't
d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5M
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf] lbg d
l5d]sL sfhL /fO{nfO{ ;fydf lnO{ h]7f
bfh';+u 7]Ssfdf lnPsf] hUufdf /x]sf]
cn}rLjf/Ldf xfjfkfgLn] n8fPsf] ?v
sf6\g uPsf] lyP . P] lbgsf] c= #)
ah]sf] ;dodf d]/f] bfh' gftfsf
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]n xftdf v'kf{ ;d]t jf]sL
cfO{ dnfO{ Hofg} lng] lgotaf6 9'+uf tyf
v'kf{ ;d]tn] k|xf/ u/L d]/f] 6fpsf]
;d]tdf sf6L rf]6 k'ofPsf] sf6\b} ubf{

251

c+s @

u'xf/sf] cfjfh ;'gL tTsfn 36gf:yndf

7fn'dfg kf}8]n cfO{ k|ltjfbLsf] xftaf6
v'kf{ ;d]t vf];L lbPsf] sf/0f d]/f] Hofg
aRg uPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf]
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
lhNnf Onfd cfdrf]s uf=lj=;=
jf8{ g+= & l:yt n' ;' bf a:g]
7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf] cn}rfLjf/Laf6 klZrd
P] df /x]sf] g}gaxfb'/ kf}8]nsf
cn}rLjf/Laf6 k'j{ P]df /x]sf] g/axfb'/
kf}8]nsf] ds}jf/Laf6 blIf0f, P] df /x]sf]
8Da/axfb'/ kf}8]nsf] cn}rLjf/Laf6 pQ/
olt rf/ lsNnf aLrdf /x]sf] /xgaxfb'/
kf}8]nsf]
cn}rfLjf/Laf6
lardf
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg} lng] u/L
s'6lk6 u/]sf] 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf .
hfx]/jfnfn] hfx]/Ldf ls6fg ubf{
n]vfPsf k|ltjfbL /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn]
cfdfnfO{ em'SofO{ !% /f]kgL hUuf kf;
u/L lnPsf] / ;f] yfxf kfO{ hfx]/jfnfn]
;f] hUuf ;a} efOx?nfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{
lbPsf] ;d]t /L; OjLsf] sf/0f jf/bftsf]
cj:yfdf hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg lng]
lgotaf6 v'kf{ ;d]t k|xf/ u/L sf6]sf]
/x]5 . df}sfdf 7fn'dfg kf}8]n gk'u]sf]
eP hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg aRg] pkfo lyPg
eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|=gf=gL u+uf
s6'jfnsf] k|ltj]bg .
kf}8]nsf]
6fpsf]
k|]daxfb'/
;d]tdf ulx/f] rf]6 k/]sf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] 3f hfFr kmf/fd l/kf]6{ .
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf lbg
lbp;f] c+= #=#+ ah]sf] ;dodf cfkm\gf]
jf/L tkm{ uPsf] cj:yfdf l;dfgfdf
/x]sf] ?v k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nn] sf6L /x]sf]
b]lv gsf6\g eGg ;d]t gdfg]sf] / lgh

k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nn] dnfO{ klxn]af6} Hofb}

;tfPsf] cfdfn] lbPsf] hUuf klg lkmtf{
u/fPsf] dnfO{ em'7f d'2fdf km;fPsf]
;d]t l/; Oljsf] sf/0f d}n] xftdf jf]sL
/fv]sf] v'kf{n] k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]
6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/] . lghn] 5]Sbf 5]Sb}
lghsf] lgwf/ glhs 6fpsf]df sf6Lg
uof] .k|xf/ g5]s]sf] eP ulx/f] rf]6 kg]{
lyof] . bf]>f] k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf lghn] v'kf{
;dftL k|xf/ ug{ lbPgg\ . s]lxj]/kl5
ufpn] cfPsf]n] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k'/f ug{
;lsg . 7fn'dfg kf}8]n ;d]t gcfPsf]
eP lghsf] Hofg aRg] lyPg eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|= /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg .
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf lbg c+=
#=#+) ah]sf] ;dodf k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n /
sfhL /fO{ cn}rLjf/Ldf sf7 sf6L /x]sf
cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]n uO{
klxn] 9'+ufn] lxsf{O{ s]xL k/ uPkl5
nv]6\b} uO{ xftdf jf]s]sf] v'kf{n] ;d]t
k|xf/ u/L 6fpsf] ;d]tdf sf6]sf]
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]
Hofg lng] lgotaf6 n8fO{ 6fpsf]
;d]tdf sf6L/x]sf] cj:yfdf 7fn' dfg
kf}8]n ;d]tn] yfxf kfO{ tTsfn}
36gf:yndf k'uL k|ltjfbLsf] k|xf/
5]s]sf] sf/0f hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg aRg
uPsf] xf] . 7fn'dfg kf}8]n df}sfdf
gk'u]sf] eP hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg hfg]
lyof] . lgh k|ltjfbLn] hUuf ljifosf] k"j{
/L;Oljsf] sf/0f Hofg} lng nfu]sf] /x]5
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsf 8Da/
jxfb'/ kf}8]n, ugaxfb'/ kf}8]n,
xf]daxfb'/ kf}8]n, ejfgLdfof kf}8]n,
252

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

bnaxfb'/ kf}8]n, x]daxfb'/ kf}8]n

;d]tsf] k[ys k[ys sfuh .
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf] lbg d
k|]daxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] cn}rLjf/Ldf uO{
n8]sf ?vx? sf6L /x]sf] cj:yf lbgsf]
#=#) ah]sf] ;dodf /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]n
xftdf v'kf{ ;d]t lnO{ cfO{ k|]daxfb'/
kf}8]nnfO{ 9'+ufn] lxsf{P . lgh p7L efu] .
efu]sf] b]lv d klg csf]{ lbzf tkm{ efu]
s]lx k/ k'u]kl5 /fdaxfb'/n] k|]d jxfb'/
kf}8]nnfO{ n8fO{ v'kf{n] sf6\g nfu] . d}n]
xf/ u'xf/ u/]sfn] 7fn'dfg ;d]t df}sfdf
cfPsf] sf/0f k|]d jxfb'/sf] Hofg aRg
uPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfhL
/fO{sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut] #=#)
ah]sf] ;dodf /x/axfb'/ kf}8]naf6 k|]d
jxfb'/n] 7]Ssfdf lnPsf] cn}rLjf/Ldf
xf/ u'xf/ egL s/fPsf] ;'lgPsf] / sfhL
/fO{ ;d]t lrRofpb} cfPsf] b]lv
36gf:yn tkm{ hfFbf k|]d jxfb'/
kf}8]nnfO{ /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn] n8fO{
v'kf{n] sf6\g nfu]sf] b]lv v'kf{ vf];]sf] x'F
. d jf/bftsf] cj:yfdf gk'u]sf] eP
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg} lng] lyP .
hUuf ljifosf] ljjfb /L;Oljsf] s/f0f
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg lng
nfu]sf] /x]5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf] sfuh .
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut]sf] lbg
hfx]/Ldf ls6fg u/L xfn kqmfp k/L
cfPsf k|= /fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] hfx]/jfnf
k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] Hofg} lng] u/L v'kf{
h:tf] wf/Lnf] xltof/ k|xf/ u/L sf6]sf]
xf] jf/bftsf] cj:yfdf 7fn'dfg kf}8]n
gk'u]sf] eP hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg aRg

kfpFg] lyPg . 7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf

pkl:ytsf] sf/0f hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg
aRg uPsf] /x]5 . hUuf ljifodf /L;Olj
lnO{ dfg]{ ;Ddsf] pBf]u u/]sf] /x]5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] a:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsf .
lnnfdfof kf}8]nsf] gfddf btf{
/x]sf] hUuf /flhgfdf kfl/t eO{
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] gfddf bf=vf= ePsf]
/ kl5 c+z a08fn] k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n
;d]tsf] gfddf bf=vf= eO{ uPsf] >]:tf
jf6 b]lvPsf] eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no
Onfdsf] kq .
kLl8t hfx]/jfnfn] k|ltjfbLn]
em'SofO{ cfkm\gL cfdfaf6 cfkm\gf] gfddf
kf; u/fPsf] hUuf lkmtf{ u/fPsf] ;fy}
hfx]/jfnf / k|ltjfbL aLr hUufsf]
l;dfgf ljifodf ljjfb /x]sf] ;d]tsf]
s/f0f / l/;Oljaf6 k|ltjfbL /fdaxfb'/
kf}8]nn] Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zon] 9'+uf / v'kf{
h:tf
3fts
xltof/n]
kLl8t
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|xf/ u/L zVt 3fOt]
t'NofO{ d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DalGw dxnsf]
! g+= sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g
cfPsf]n] lgh k|ltjfbL /fdaxfb'/
kf}8]nnfO{ P] !% g+= adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]ukq
.
ldlt @)%(.$.@( ut] d lbg e/
cfkm\g} 3/df j;]s]f lyP . ;f] lbg
cn}rLjf/Ldf uOg . 7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf]
3/df d ;d]tn] k]N6Ls ;]6 /fv]sf] /
pQm k]N6Ls;]6 ;d'xut ?kdf @! 3/
ldnL /fv]sf]df a}+ssf] ?k}of ltg{ a}7s
x'Fbf d}n] k|]djxfb'/nfO{ k};f lgsfn eGbf
hfGbLg egL ljjfb eO{ xfdL lardf
emu8f eof], klxnf] sfsfsf] 5f]/f

253

c+s @

8Da/axfb'/ kf}8]nn] dnfO{ nf}/fn] s'6]

To;kl5 k|]d jxfb'/n] v'kf{n] 3'8f d'gL
sf6]sf]n] j]xf]; eP . xf]; v'Nbf k|]d
jxfb'/ ToxfF lyPgg\ . dnfO{ k|x/Ln]
s'6lk6 u/L dfg]{ 3/ b]vfO{ jofgdf ;lx
ug{ nufPsf x'g\ . jofgsf] Joxf]/f
jgfj6L em'7f dfq xf] . d}n] k|]d
jxfb'/nfO{ sf6] s'6]sf] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn]
cbfndf u/]sf] aofg .
cfb]zfg';f/ a'lemPsf hfx]/jfnf
k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n, a'lemPsf dflg;x?
sfhL/fO{, 7fn'dfg kf}8]n, xf]d jxfb'/
kf}8]n, ?kgf/fo0f clwsf/L, bn jxfb'/
kf}8]n, 8Dj/ jxfb'/ kf}8]n, g}g l;+x
kf}8]n tyf k|ltjfbLx?sf ;fIfL ad
jxfb'/ sfsL{n] cbfntdf u/]sf] askq
ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 .
cfb]zfg';f/ a'lemPsf 8f= lko';
bfxfnn] u/]sf] askq ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nnfO{
d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !% g++
adf]lhd ^ aif{ s}b x'g] 7x/fO{ z'? Onfd
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^).#.@( df
ePsf] km};nf .
z'? Onfd lhNnf cbfntn] dnfO{
x/fO{ cleof]u bfjL adf]lhd ^ aif{ s}b
;hfo x'g] u/L u/]sf] km};nf d}n] u/]sf]
aofg sfuh tyf ;fIfL ;/hLdgn]
as]sf] s'/fnfO{ jf:tf gu/L uPsf]
km};nf sfg"gL q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] km};nf
jb/ u/L ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/
kf}8]nsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

c=a+= @)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$* sf] lgod $&
adf]lhd k|ToyL{ ;d]t lemsfO{ cfPkl5
k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!!.@$ sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn]
kLl8t hfx]/jfnf k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]n dfly
lghs} Hofg} lng] lgot /fvL lghnfO{
s'6lk6 sf6 u/]sf] xf] egL 7x/ x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf g/x]sf]df k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/
kf}8]nn] hfx]/jfnf k|]d jxfb'/ kf}8]nsf]
Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u u/]sf] 7x/fO{ lgh /fd
jxfb'/nfO{ d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DalGw
dxnsf] !% g++ adf]lhd ^ aif{ s}b ug]{
u/L Onfd lhNnf cbfntn] ldlt
@)^).#.@( df u/]sf] km};nf gldn]sf]
x'Fbf pN6L e} ;f] cleof]u s;"/af6
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fd jxfb'/ kf}8]nn]
;kmfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^!.@.@% sf]
km};nf .
kLl8t / k|ltjfbLsf aLrdf hUuf
;DaGwL ljjfb ePsf] sf/0f k|ltjfbLsf]
cfqmd0f Hofg] l/;OaLaf6 ePsf] xf] .
k|ltjfbLn] klxnf 9'+ufn] k|xf/ u/L k5fl8
hf]vLdL xltof/n] lk5f u/L k|xf/ u/]sf]
tYo k|df0faf6 k'i6L ePsf] 5 . t]>f]
JolQmsf] cg'kl:yt ePdf kLl8tsf] Hofg
hfg] cj:yfdf k|df0fsf] d'Nof+sg g}
gu/L k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO{ kfpg] u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf
sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf cleof]u bfjL cg';f/
k|ltjfbLn] ;hfo kfpg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g'kb{5 eGg]
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf
kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bgkq .
254

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

o;df
jf/bftdf
pkl:yt
7fn'dfg kf}8]nsf] askqaf6 lghn]
k|ltjfbLsf] v'kf{ vf];]sf] eGg] pNn]v
ePsfn] yk k|xf/ x'gaf6 /f]lsPsf] eGg]
b]lvPsf] cj:yf / kLl8tsf] vKk/df
sf6]sf] 3fp b]lvPsf], ;f] k|ltafbLs}
k|xf/af6 ePsf] eGg] x'Fbf o; l:yltdf
Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u tkm{ ;kmfO{ lbPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ e}
km/s kg]{ x'Fbf 5nkmnsf lgldQ c=a+=
@)@ g+= adf]lhd lakIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
@=
lgod adf]lhd b}lgs
k]zL ;'lrdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf
;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cwoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt lafg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L Clifs]z jfUn]n]
kLl8t / k|ltjfbL bfh'efO{ gftfsf JolQm
eO{ 3/fo;L 3/ hUufsf] ljjfb /x]sf] /
;f]xL sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbLn] l/;OjL /fv]sf]
lyof] eGg] tYo askqaf6 k'i6L x'g
cfPsf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLsf] cfqmd0f Hofg}
lng] dg;fo ;fy ePsf] tYo k|df0faf6
k'i6L ePsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] 9'+ufn] xfg]kl5
kLl8t efUbf v]b\b} uO{ v'kf{n] xfg]sf] /
t]>f] kIfsf] pkl:ytLn] kLl8t afr]sf]
x'Fbf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg]u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf pN6L
u/L k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfjL cg';f/
;hfo kfpg'kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
#=
To;}u/L
k|ltjfbLsf]
tkm{af6 pkl:yt lafg clwjQmf >L
uf}jxfb'/ cfn]du/n] k|ltjfbL bfh'

gftfsf / kLl8t efO{ gftfsf JolQm x'g

. lghx? aLr 3/ hUufsf] ljjfx /x]sf]df
;f] ljjfb ;dfwfg eO;s]sf] 5 . Ps}
cfFtsf bfh'efO{ aLr Hofg} dfg]{ pBf]u
;Ddsf] dg;fo k|ltjfbLdf x'g ;Qm}g .
Onfd c:ktfnsf] 3f hfFr k|ltj]bgn]
kLl8tdf nfu]sf] 3fpmnfO{ dfG5] gdg]{
au{df /fv]sf] 5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]lkt
cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ lbg] u/]sf] km};nf
ldn]s} x'Fbf ;f]xL ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL ax;
lhls/ k|:t't ug'{eof] .
$=
pko'{Qm lafg sfg"g
Joj;foLx?sf] ax; lhls/ ;d]t ;'gL
OG;fkm tkm{ larf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt Onfdaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < / k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;S5 ;Qm}g < eGg]
;DaGwdf g} 7x/ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
%=
tT;DaGwdf x]bf{ k|ltjfbL
/fdaxfb'/ kf}8]nn] hfx]/jfnf k|]d jxfb'/
kf}8]nnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u u/]sf]n]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! g+=
la?4sf] s;"/df P] dxnsf] !% g+=
adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/sf] cleof]u bfjLdf z'? Onfd
lhNnf cbfntn] cleof]u bfjL cg';f/
;hfo x'g] 7x/fO{ ePsf] km};nfdf lrQ
ga'emL k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfddf kbf{ ;f]
cbfntn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ lbP pk/ jfbLsf]
lrQ ga'emL o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{
cfPsf] b]lvof] .
^=
lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{
hfx]/jfnf / k|ltjfbL ;xf]b/ bfh'efO{

255

c+s @

/x]sf] / lghx?sL cfdfsf gfddf /x]sf]

hUuf Psnf}6L vfg] u/L k|ltjfbLn]
cfkm\gf] gfpdf u/fPsf]df ;f] hUuf
kLl8tn] lkmtf{ u/fPsf] l/;OjLn] ldlt
@)%(.$.@( ut] v]tdf sfd u/L /x]sf]
;dodf k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ 9'+ufn]
xfGbf hfx]/jfnf efu]sf]df k|ltjfbLn]
nv]6\b} uO{ v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf]
xltof/n] kLl8tsf] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/]sf]
/ k'gM k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf v'kf{sf] la+8
hfx]/jfnfn] ;dft]sf] / s/fPkl5 ;+u}
ePsf sfhL /fO{n] / tTsfn cfO{ k'u]sf
7fn'dfg kf}8]nn] v'kf{ vf];]sf] sf/0f
k|ltjfbLsf] Hofg aRg uPsf] tYo hfx]/L
b/vf:t, ;f]xL ldngsf] kLl8tsf]
cbfntdf ePsf] askq Pj+ k|ltjfbLn]
cg';+wfg clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofgjf6
;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . hfx]/jfnfn] klxn]
b]lvg} cfkm"nfO{ ;tfPsf]n] 9'+uf l6kL
9f8df xfg]sf] To;kl5 v'kf{n] Ps k6s
xfgL csf]{ k6s k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf v'kf{
;dftL k|xf/ ug{ lbPgg egL s;"/hGo
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L k|ltjfbLn] jofg
u/]sf 5g . ;fy} 36gf:yndf ;+u} /x]sf
sfhL /fO{sf] v'kf{ vf]:g] 7fn'dfgsf]
cbfntdf ePsf] js;kqjf6 hUuf
;DjGwL lajfb x'Fbf Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zon]
k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] /
v'kf{ cfkm"n] ;dftL lbPsf] egL cfkm\gf]
jskqdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g . To:t}
8Dj/jxfb'/ nufotsf JolQmn] v'kf{ k|xf/
ug{ g/f]s]sf] eP Hofg dg{ ;SYof] egL
k|ltjfbLn] Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u u/]sf] egL
cfkm\gf] jskqdf JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ldl;n ;+nUg kLl8tsf] 3f hfFr s]z
kmf/fddf An incised wound and two

egL pNn]v u/]sf]

;d]t b]lvg cfpF5 . Hofg ;DjGwL
dxnsf] !% g+= df Hofg dfg]{ dg;fon]
uf]nL rnfpg] jf jd xfGg] jf 3fts
xltof/n] sf6\g] jf dfg{sf nflu c?
h'g;'s} s'/fsf] pBf]u u/L dg]{ ;Ddsf]
sfd u/]sfdf s'g} sf/0fn] Hofg dg{
kfPsf] eg] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] sfd ug]{ /
ug{ nufpg] tyf ;f] 7fpFdf uO{ jrg
lbg] jf d2t ug]{nfO{ kfFr jif{ b]lv jfx|
jif{;Dd s}b ug'{k5{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]s]f 5 . ;f] Joj:yfn] Hofg dfg{
pBf]usf] s;"/ x'gsf nflu kLl8tnfO{
nfu]sf] rf]6 jf 3fpsf] dfqf / kl/df0f
dxTjk"0f{ / lg0ff{os tTj x'g] geO{ Hofg
dfg]{ dg;fon] k|xf/ ul/Psf] / Hofg dg{
gkfPsf] jfws tTjsf] ljBdfgtf lyof]
lyPg eGg] g} dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .
k|xf/stf{sf] dg;fo / lgot 5'6\ofpg]
cfwf/ p;sf] sfo{ / ck/flws lqmofjf6
g} kQf nufpg' kb{5 . oL k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8tnfO{ klxn] 9'+uf k|xf/ u/]sf] / lgh
efu]kl5 v'kf{ h:tf] wfl/nf] xltof/ lnO{
nv6\b} uO{ 6fpsf]df Psk6s k|xf/ u/L
;ls bf];|f] k6s k|xf/ ubf{ kLl8t
hfx]/jfnf :jo+n] cfkm" jRg v'kf{sf] jL8
;dftL nft d'Ssfn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ xfg]sf]
/ t];|f] JolQm 7fn'dfg kf}8nn] cfO{
5'6\ofPsf] cj:yf ldl;njf6 b]lvbf bf];|f]
k6ssf] k|sf/ cfkm}n] 5]s]sf] geP tyf
7fn'dfgn] 36gf:yndf k'uL pQm v'kf{
gvf];]sf]] eP lgh pk/ k'gM k|xf/ eO{
hfx]/jfnf oL kLl8tn] Hofg dg]{ g} x'GYof]
eGg] ldl;nsf] ;Dk"0f{ cWoogjf6 lgh
k|ltjfbLn] dfg]{ dg;fo :ki6 /x]s]f
b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgh k|ltjfbLn]
multiple abrasion

256

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

v'kf{ h:tf] hf]lvdL wfl/nf] xltof/sf]

k|of]u u/L klxnf] k|sf/ u/L ;lsO{ bf];|f]
k|xf/ cfkm}n] 5]s]sf] / 7fn'dfgn] v'kf{
vf];L cj/f]w u/]sf] b]lvbf ;f]xL sf/0fn]
lgh hfx]/jfnfsf] Hofg dg{ gkfPsf]
b]lvbf Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !% g+= sf]
cj:yf sfo{ / ck/flws lqmof lgh
k|ltjfbLjf6 ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf lgh k|ltjfbLsf] Hofg dfg]{
dg;fo lyPg egL eGg g;lsg] x'G5 .
;fy} lgh hfx]/jfnfnfO{ nfu]sf] 3fpsf]
kl/df0f / dfqf ;fgf] / dg{ g;Sg]
k|s[ltsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df lgh
k|ltjfbLsf] Hofg dfg]{ dg;fosf] tyf
tTjsf]
cj/f]w
k'/\ofpg]
t];|f]
ljBdfgtfdf lghnfO{ s;"/jf6 pGd'lQm
lbg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvb}g .
&=
t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt
tYo, cfwf/ / sf0fjf6 lgh k|ltjfbLn]
kLl8t hfx]/jfnfnfO{ Hofg dfg]{
dg;fon] v'kf{ h:tf] wfl/nf] xltof/n]
6fpsf]df Psk6s k|sf/ u/L ;ls]kl5
k'gM csf]{ k6s k|xf/ ubf{ kLl8t :jo+n]
k|ltsf/ / t;|f] kIfsf] pkl:yt /
Jojwfgsf] sf/0f lghsf] Hofg dg{af6
aRg uPsf] b]lvPsf]n] lgh k|ltjfbLn]
Hofg ;DjGwLsf] !% g+= sf] s;"/ u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u
u/]sf] 7x/fpg' kg]{df k|ltjfbLnfO{
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ lbg]u/L ePsf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf]

gx'Fbf pN6L x'g] / z'? lhNnf cbfntn]
cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ k|ltjfbLnfO{
s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{ ^ aif{ s}b ug]{ u/]sf]
km};nf dgfl;j 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n
adf]lhd ug'{ .
tkl;n
k|=/fdjxfb'/ kf}8]n s] dlfy
OG;fkm v08df pNn]v eP cg';f/ lghn]
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ pBf]u u/]sf]
7x/L lgh k|=nfO{ ^ jif{ s}b x'g] ;d]t
7x/]sf]n] Onfd lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
cg';f/ ^ jif{ s}b x'g] nut s;L cl3
s}bdf j;]sf] eP ;f] cjlw c=j+= !@) g+=
jdf]lhd ldgfxf lbO{ jfFsL s}b sfg"g
jdf]lhd c;'n pk/ ug'{ egL z'? Onfd
lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fOlbg' !
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/L nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg' @
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fh]Gbk|;fb sf]O/fnf
Olt ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fn slt{s dlxgf @^
ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
zfvf clws[tM k/z'/fd e/fO{

257

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(#&

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'St Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL
cG;f/L
;Djt\ @)%& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%(%
cfb]z ldltM @)^%.@.@*.#

ljifo M pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z nufot cGo

pko'St cf1f cfb]z jf k'hL{ hf/L
ul/kfpFm .
lgj]bsM

eStk'/ lhNnf l;jf8f]n

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * a:g] ;l/tf
a:g]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM zfxL g]kfn afo';]jf lgud,
sfGtLky, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg' /

;hfo gx'g' eGg] km/s km/s
s'/f x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf
ljleGg p2]Zox? dWo] Pp6f
p2]Zo eg]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo
u/L To; ck/fwL :jo+nfO{ k'gM
ck/fw ug{af6 /f]Sg'sf ;fy} Tof]
;hfosf] eo b]vfP/ c?
JolStnfO{ klg ck/fwd"ns sfo{
ug{af6 /f]Sg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;hfo
k|bfg u/]/ ;hfosf] eoaf6
ck/fw /f]Sg] sfd ck/fwL hLljt
/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;+ej x'G5 .
ck/fw ug]{ JolStsf] d[To' ePsf]
cj:yfdf
eg]
ck/fwLnfO{
sf/fuf/df
/fvL
;hfo

258

sfof{Gjog ug{ g;lsg] e}

kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{
gx'g]
ePsf]n]
ck/fwLnfO{
;hfoaf6 d'St ul/G5 . g]kfnsf]
sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] o; s'/fnfO{
ck/fwL;+u} ck/fw klg d5{ eGg]
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag u/]sf]
kfOg] .
kmf}Hbf/L d'2f nfu]sf] dflg;sf]
d'2f km};nf eO;s] kl5 lghsf]
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ nfu]sf]
hl/jfgf, s}b jf lazf}+b dfkmL
x'g] s'/fsf] Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g
b08 ;hfosf] # g+= df kfO{G5
eg] d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf
d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg]
s'/f d'n'sL P]g cbfntL
aGbf]a:tsf] !&^ g+= df u}x|
d'2fdf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;
km};nf gx'b} dof] eg] ;f] dg]{nfO{
vtaft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf]
d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug]{ JolStnfO{
;f] ;sf/ u/]sf] gftfn] dfq
ck/fwL 7xofpg gx'g] eGg]
kfObf cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;sf]
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ ;f] ck/fw
u/] jfkt x'g ;Sg] s}b hl/jfgf
gnfUg] tyf lghsf] d'2f ;sf/
ug]{ JolStnfO{ ck/fwL 7x/ ug{
gldNg] .
cleof]u nfu]sf] dflg;sf] gfpFdf
lghsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] x'gfn]
b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut ;Dd
gsl;g] xf] . ck/fwsf] sf/0faf6
l;lh{t b]jfgL bfloTjaf6 eg]

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lgh d[ts jf lghsf] xsbf/

plDsg kfpg] cj:yf g/xg] .
cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg]
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf
kltsf] lgnDag km's'jf x'g]
cj:yf g/x]sf]n] ;'ljwf kfpg
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_

lgj]bs

tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf

;ltf/fd ltjf/L
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfo
k"0f{dfg zfSo / lg/Ghg kf08]
cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf
Gof=uf}/L 9sfnM tTsflng g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#
tyf ** cGt{ut o; cbfntdf kg{
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
d]/f] klt hgs/fh a:g]t ljkIfL
sfof{nosf]
lqe'jg
cGt/f{li6o
ljdfg:yndf lkog -nf]8/_ kbdf sfo{/t
/xg' x'Fbf nfu' cf}ifw r/]; lgsf;L
;dt]sf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] eGg] csf]{
cleo'Stn] u/]sf] kf]n k/L kqmfp eO{
d'2f rnL k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /x+bfsf]
qmddf ldlt @)%%.!.@! b]lv ljkIfL
lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 :jtM lgnDagdf /xg'
ePsf]df lghsf] ldlt @)%&.!.! df
sf/fuf/df d[To' ePsf] lyof] . d]/f] klt
;d]tnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfO{ rnfOPsf] pSt
nfu' cf}ifw d'2f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 )%&.!.* df km};nf x'Fbf
y'gfdf /x]sf k|ltjfbL hgs/fh a:g]t

aL/ c:ktfndf @)%&.!.! ut] /ftL #

ah] d/L ;s]sf] egL sf/fuf/ zfvf
sf7df8f}+n] @)%&.!.@ df n]lv k7fPsf]
b]lv+bf lghsf] xsdf lg0f{o ug'{k/]g
eGg] 7x/ v08df af]nL tkl;n v08df
;d]t sf/fuf/df dl/;s]sf] b]lv+bf s]xL
ug'{k/]g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . d]/f]
klt cleof]u k|dfl0ft gx'Fb} d/]kl5
ljkIfL lgudaf6 d]/f] kltn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{
afFsL /sd kfpF egL ldlt @)%&.!.!#
df / ldlt @)%&.#.% df ljkIfL lguddf
lgj]bg lbPsf]df ljkIfL lgudsf] ;+rfns
;ldltsf] @)%&.%.@^ sf] a}7saf6
lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL cg';f/
lgnDagdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] cleof]u
k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO{ kfPdf lghn]
lgnDagsf] cjlwdf kfPsf] lhljsf eQf
sf u/L afFsL k'/} tna kfpg] Joj:yf
ePsf] t/ pk/f]St s]zdf d[To'sf]
sf/0fn] s]xL ug'{ k/]g eg]sf]n] lghn]
;kmfO{ kfPsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] gb]lvPsf]n]
tkfOn] lbPsf] lgj]bg cg';f/ sf/jfxL
gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f
ldlt )%&.^.@ sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L
u/fOPsf] lyof] . ;f] lg0f{odf k'gM ljrf/
ul/kfpFm egL dfggLo ko{6g dGqLHo"
;dIf ldlt )%&.^.!) df lgj]bg
lbPsf]df dfggLo dGqLHo"af6 ;xfg'e"lt
k"j{s ljrf/ u/L lgodfg';f/ ldNg]
sf/jfxL ug]{ egL tf]s nflu lguddf
uPsf]df lgudaf6 @)%&.!!.!) df d]/f]
lgj]bgdf k'g{ljrf/ gul/g] / ;f] ;DaGwL
lnlvt ;"rgf klg lbg gldNg] eGg]
df}lvs hfgsf/L u/fOof] . d]/f] kltnfO{
nufOPsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g .
cleof]u nfUg' eg]sf] bf]ifL k|dfl0ft x'g'

259

c+s @

xf]Og eGg] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] cfwf/e"t

l;4fGt xf] . bf]ifL k|dfl0ft ge} d[To'
ePsf] cj:yfdf d]/f] kltsf] lgnDag
:jtM km's'jf ePsf] dflg lghn] kfpg]
;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug'{kg]{df ;f] gubf{ g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !!!_, !& cg';f/ k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs
xsdf cf3ft k/]sf]n] ljkIfL lgudsf]
;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%&.%.@^ sf]
lg0f{o, tbg';f/ hf/L ePsf] @)%&.^.@
sf] kq tyf o; ;DaGwdf dnfO{
hfgsf/L glbO{ dnfO{ ljk/Lt c;/ kg]{
ul/sg cGo s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] /x]5 eg]
;f] ;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
lbO{ d]/f] kltsf] ;]jf lgudaf6
g6'6];Ddsf] cjlwe/df lghn] kfpg]
ljleGg ;'ljwfsf /sdx? k|bfg ug'{ egL
ljkIfLx?sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufotsf
cGo cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6
lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg
hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt
ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !%
lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO cfkm} jf
cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL
l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.!@.@ sf]
cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bssf klt hgsaxfb'/
a:g]t o; zfxL g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud
cGt/ut
lqe'jg
cGt/f{li6o
ljdfg:yndf lkog kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf]
cj:yfdf nfu' cf}ifw r/]; lgsf;L

;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] cleof]udf

kqmfp e} o; sfof{noaf6 lgnDag
ePsf] / sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt ;dIf
d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf lghsf] d[To'
eO{ ;s]sf] b]lv+bf s]xL u/L /xg'k/]g egL
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf
ePsf] 5 . lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] cj:yf
5}g . zf=g]=jf=lg=sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf
zt{ lgodfjnL @)#! sf] lgod !!=3=$
-_ df lgnDagdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]
cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g g;sL ;kmfO{
kfPdf lghn] kfPsf] tna eQf sf u/L
afFsL k'/} tna kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
lgj]bssf kltn] cbfntaf6 ;kmfO{
kfPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] / cGo lgh
hgsaxfb'/ a:g]t ;+u} kqmfp k/]sf
cleo'QmnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t ePsf]
cj:yfdf ljkIfLsf] kltsf] tna ;'ljwf
pknJw u/fpg gldNg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf
lgud tyf ;f]= sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf]
;+o'St lnlvt hjfkm .
@=
lgod adf]lhd b}lgs
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf >L l;tf/fd
ltjf/Ln] tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf
lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t
hgs a:g]t dfly nufOPsf] nfu' cf}ifw
d'2f km};nf gx'b} lghsf] d[To' ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . cbfntaf6 pSt d'2f km};nf
x'Fbf lghsf] d[To' e};s]sf] x'Fbf lghsf]
xsdf lg0f{o ug'{k/]g egL pNn]v
u/LPsf] 5 . cbfntaf6 :ki6 ?kdf
cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf
lghnfO{ lgbf]{if dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . h'g
260

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

d'2faf6 lgnDagdf k/]sf] xf] ;f] d'2fdf

lghsf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft gePkl5
lgnDag :jtMkm's'jf x'g] ePsf]n] lghn]
kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf /sd kfpg] g} x'gfn]
lgj]bg bfjL cg';f/ l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{
egL / ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L k"0f{dfg zfSo tyf lg/Ghg
kf08]n] lgj]bssf] klt hgs a:g]t pk/
nufOPsf] nfu' cf}ifw d'2fsf] cf/f]kaf6
lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg] s'/f km};nfaf6
b]lvb}g . :ki6 ?kdf ;kmfO{ gkfPsf]
cj:yfdf lgnDag :jtM km's'jf x'g] xf]Og
t;y{ /L6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL
ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] . b'j}
kIfsf] ax; ;'lg ldl;n cWoog u/L
x]bf{ lgj]bg dfu bfjL cg';f/sf] cfb]z
hf/L ug'{kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGWfdf
g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] .
#=
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
cfkm\gf] klt zfxL g]kfn afo';]jf
lguddf lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t
/x+bfsf cj:yfdf lgh lj?4 nfu' cf}ifw
d'2f nufO{ cbfntdf cleof]u kq bfo/
u/]kl5 lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 :jtM lgnDag
x'g'ePsf]df d'2f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf
km};nf gx'Fb} lghsf] d[To' ePsf] / kl5
km};nf x'Fbf d[To' e};s]sf]n] lg0f{o
ug'{k/]g egL pNn]v e} lgh pk/
nufOPsf] cleof]u k'li6 gePsf]n]
lghsf] lgnDag :jtM km's'jf x'g] cj:yf
x'Fbf lghsf] hLjgsfndf zfxL g]kfn
jfo' ;]jf lgudaf6 kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf
lbnfO{ kfpF egL lgj]bg lbPsLdf
lgudaf6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL lg0f{o
ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{o ab/ u/L ;'ljwf lbnfO{
kfpF eGg] lgj]bg ePsf]df lgj]bssf]
kltn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf]

cj:yf gb]lv+bf lgnDag :jtM km's'jf

x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf lghnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg
ldNg] xf]Og eGg] ljkIfL zfxL g]kfn
jfo';]jf lgudsf] lnlvt hjfkm k/]sf]
kfOof] . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]t
tTsflng zfxL g]kfn afo';]jf lguddf
lkog - nf]8/ _ kbdf sfo{/t /x+bfsf
cj:yfdf lgh ;d]t pk/ nfu' cf}ifw
r/]; lgsf;L ;d]tsf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf]
egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf
cleof]ukq bfo/ e} lghnfO{ d'2f
k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf /flvPsf]
cj:yfdf ldlt @)%&.!.! ut] lghsf]
d[To' ePsf] b]lvG5 . lghsf] d[To' kZrft
pSt d'2f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
ldlt )%&.!.* df km};nf x'Fbf pSt
cbfntn] lghsf] xsdf lg0f{o ug'{k/]g
egL pNn]v u/]sf] / pSt d'2fdf ljleGg
kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kbf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 @)^#.@.@! df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nfdf ab/ u/L k'gM lg0f{o
ug{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf lkmtf{
k7fPsf]df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6
k'gM@)^$.%.@* df km};nf ePsf] kfOG5
. sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf x'Fbf
pSt d'2fdf s'g} klg cleo'Stn] ;kmfO{
kfPsf] b]lv+b}g eg] ;hfo tf]Sbf k|ltjfbL
hgs/fh a:g]tsf] xsdf lgh k'k{Ifsf]
lgldQ y'gfdf /x]s} cj:yf d[To' e}
;s]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] b]lv+bf
lghnfO{ s'g} ;hfo u/L /xg' k/]g egL
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pSt km};nf x]bf{
hgs/fh a:g]tn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{
kfPsf] ge} lghn] ;hfo ;Dd gkfPsf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{
kfpg' / ;hfo gx'g' eGg] s'/f km/s
km/s s'/f x'g\ . kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf

261

c+s @

ljleGg p2]Zox? dWo] Pp6f p2]Zo

eg]sf] ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo u/L Tof]
ck/fwL :jo+nfO{ k'gM ck/fw ug{af6
/f]Sg'sf ;fy} Tof] ;hfosf] eo b]vfP/
c? JolStnfO{ klg ck/fw d'ns sfo{
ug{af6 /f]Sg' /x]sf] x'G5 . ;hfo k|bfg
u/]/ ;hfosf] eoaf6 ck/fw /f]Sg] sfd
ck/fwL lhljt /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq
;+ej x'G5 . ck/fw ug]{ JolStsf] d[To'
ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] ck/fwLnfO{
sf/fuf/df /fvL ;hfo sfof{Gjog ug{
g;lsg] e} kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] pSt
p2]Zo k"lt{ gx'g] ePsf]n] ck/fwLnfO{
;hfoaf6 d'St ul/G5 . xfd|f] sfg"gL
k|0fnLn] of] s'/fnfO{ ck/fwL;+u} ck/fw
klg d5{ eGg] l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cjnDag
u/]sf] kfOG5 . kmf}Hbf/L d'2f nfu]sf]
dflg;sf] d'2f km};nf eO{;s] kl5 lghsf]
d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ nfu]sf] hl/jfgf s}b
jf lazf}+b dfkmL x'g] s'/fsf] Joj:yf
d'n'sL P]g b08 ;hfosf] # g+= df kfO{G5
eg] d'2f rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf d[To'
ePsf] cj:yfdf s] x'g] eGg] s'/f d'n'sL
P]g cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !&^ g+= df
Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;f] gDa/df
ePsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ u}x| d'2fdf cleof]u
nfu]sf] dflg; km};nf gx'b} dof] eg] ;f]
dg]{nfO{ vtaft nfUb}g . ;sf/ u/]sf]
d'2fdf klg ;sf/ ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;f]
;sf/ u/]sf] gftfn] dfq ck/fwL
7xofpg x'b}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfO{G5 . k|:t't Joj:yfn] cleof]u
nfu]sf] dflg;sf] d[To' ePdf lghnfO{ ;f]
ck/fw u/] jfkt x'g ;Sg] s}b hl/jfgf
gnfUg] tyf lghsf] d'2f ;sf/ ug]{
JolStnfO{ ck/fwL 7x/ ug{ gldNg] tkm{

;Dd O{+lut u/]sf] xf] . cleof]u nfu]sf]

dflg;sf] gfpFdf lghsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf]
x'gfn] b08 hl/jfgfsf] nut ;Dd
gsl;g] xf] . ck/fwsf] sf/0faf6 ;[lht
b]jfgL bfloTjaf6 eg] lgh d[ts jf
lghsf] xsbf/ eg] plDsg kfpg] cj:yf
/xb}g . lgj]bssf klt hgs/fhnfO{
;hfo gug'{sf k5fl8 klg oxL sf/0f
/x]sf] xf] . lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/af6
;kmfO{ kfPsf] sf/0f ;hfo gePsf] xf]Og
. zfxL g]kfn jfo" ;]jf lgudsf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)#!
sf] !!=#=$ -_ df ePsf] Joj:yf
cg';f/ lgj]bssf klt hgs/fh a:g]tn]
lgh pk/ nfu]sf] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{
kfPdf dfq lghsf] lgnDag km's'jf e}
lghn] kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf kfpg] xf] .
lghn] cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ kfPsf] eGg]
gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] lgnDag
km's'jf x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf]n] lgj]lbsfsf]
dfu cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] klg b]lvg
cfPg . t;y{ dfly pNn]lvt
cfwf/x?af6 lgj]lbsfsf] dfu cg';f/
cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf gb]lv+bf
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bgsf]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
pSTf /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/L
Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn h]i7 dlxgf @*
ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ================
Ohnf; clws[t zf=c= lzlz//fh
9sfn
262

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

lg0f{o g+=&(#*

g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;Fo'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/cnL cG;f/L
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb||k|;fb sf]O/fnf
;Djt @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *(&^
km};nf ldltM @)^%.@.#!.^
d'2fM df]xL nut sf .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM df]/ lhNnf
uf]ljGbk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # 3/
eO{ xfn P]= s;]gL uf=lj=;=j8f
g+=^ a:g] jnjxfb'/ j'9fyf]sL
la?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM df]/ lhNnf 8f+uLxf6
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g] dlrGb|
jxfb'/ lnDa'
z'? lg0f{o ug]{
e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L Zofd e08f/L
k'g/fj]bg lg0f{o ug]{M
df=Gof= uf]ljGb s'df/ >]i7
df=Gof= /f3jnfn j}B

ljz]if cbfnt P]g jf cGo s'g}

ljz]if sfg"gdf k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb
yfDg] ydfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf
gePsf] ca:yfdf ;fdfGo P]gsf]
?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL
jGbf]a:tsf] %( g+= cfslif{t x'Fb}g
eGg'
Gofo;+ut
gePsf]n]
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h|]df c=j+=
%( g+= cg';f/ yfDg kfpg]
;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_

e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf

%%-!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofb #% lbg / c= j+= %( g+=
adf]lhd yfDg kfpg] Dofb #)
lbg u/L ^% lbg leq k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg btf{
u/]sf] ca:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf]
xbDofb leq} k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{
xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg

clwjQmf eLdjxfb'/ 9sfn
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf
df]lt/fh uf}td
cjnlDjt ghL/M
km};nf
Gof=tflx/cln
cG;f/LM
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf
pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bgdf o;
cbfntjf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_
adf]lhd bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg e}
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M
d]/f gfd btf{sf] lhNnf df]/
s;]gL uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= ^-v_ sf] ls=
g+= #%@ sf] h= lj= )&% P]= P]= sf] ls=
g+= &@ sf] h= lj= )!)!% P]= j8f g+=
^-3_ sf] ls= g+= *! sf] h= lj= )!!*
P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= *# sf] )!@!)
P]= P]= sf] ls= g+= &$ sf] )!^% P]= P]=
sf] ls= g+= $% sf] )@!) P]= P]= sf]

263

c+s @

ls= g+= &! sf] )!@) ;d]t hUufsf]

df]xL dxndf k|ltjfbL ljkIfL jn jxfb'/
j'9fyf]sLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] / lghn]
pNn]lvt hUuf #).#$ aif{ cufl8 b]lv g}
df]xLdf hf]t cfjfb ug{ 5f8L cGoq}
uPsf] x'Fbf pQm hUuf d hUuf wgL
cfk}mn] hf]tcfjfb u/L cfPsf] x'Fbf e'=
;+= P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_ cg';f/
df]xLsf] nut sf ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf]
ph'/L lgj]bg .
k|ltjfbLsf gfddf sfof{nojf6
hf/L ePsf] Dofb ldlt @)%&.!.!) df
tfd]n eO{ k|ltjfb gk/L z'? Dofb g}
;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf z'? sfof{nojf6 ldlt
@)%&.@.% ut] :ynut ;h{ldg x'Fbf
pNn]lvt hUuf #@.## aif{ cufl8 b]lv
df]xLn] hf]t cfjfb ug{ 5f8L cGoq}
uPsf] x'Fbf pQm hUuf h= w= cfk}mn] hf]t
sdf]b u/L cfPsf] eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf]
d'r'Nsf
;d]tsf
cfwf/df
o;
sfof{nojf6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df df]xLsf]
nut sf x'g] u/L lg0f{o e} >]:tf
k'hf{df ;d]t df]xLsf] gfd sf e}
uPsf]df pQm lg0f{o d}n] ldlt
@)%&.$.!! df gSsn ;f/L ln+bf yfxf
x'g uPsf] x'Fbf yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] ^
dlxgf #% lbg leq cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf]
cGofo lk/ dsf{ ;d]t v'nfO{ c= j+=
@)* g+= adf]lhd k|ltpQ/ btf{ u/L
sfo{jfxLdf j:g kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltpQ/ kq btf{ e} k|ltjfbL ;d]t
tf/]vdf /x]sf] .
df]xL nut sf u/L lbg] u/L o;
sfof{nojf6 @)%&.@.( df ePsf] lg0f{o
kZrft klg df]xL k|ltjfbLn] cfgf] /
cfgf kl/jf/ tk{maf6 hUuf hf]t cfjfb

u/]sf] gb]lvPsf], df]xL nut e/]sf]

cg';"lr ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf], cfgf]
st{Ao / bfloTj k'/f gu/L hUuf hf]Tg
5f8L hUufwgL :jo+n] hUuf hf]lt cfPsf]
b]lvPsf]n] df]xL nut sf x'g] u/L ldlt
@)%&.@.( df ePsf] lg0f{odf kl/jt{g
x'g ;Sg] cfwf/x? gb]lvPsf]n] df]xL
nut sf ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
oyfl:yltdf /xg] lg0f{o ul/ lbPsf] 5'
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no df]/sf] ldlt @)^).(.#.% sf]
lg0f{o .
k|df0fsf] sfo{ljlwut k|s[of k'/f
gu/L lg0f{o u/]sf], e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @^-u_ sf] unt AofVof
u/]sf], #).#$ aif{ b]lv df]xL cGoq u}
j]kQf ePsf] egL lkm/fb bfjL lnPsf]
Psftk{m 5 eg] csf]{ tk{m @)%( ;fnsf]
s'tjfnL lbPg, lbnfO{ kfpF egL csf]{
lkm/fb klg lbPsf], To;tk{m s'g} Wofg
lbOPsf] 5}g . jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] k|df0f Ps
cfk;df ;'gfO{ c= j+= &* g+= sf] k|s[of
k'/f ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf], @)%( ;fnsf]
jfnL lbPg lbnfO{ kfpF egL jfbLn]
lbPsf] d'2f lghs} lj?4 k|df0f nufpg'
kg]{df ;f] tk{m ;d]t Wofg gk'ofPsf],
olb d}n] bflj adf]lhd #).#% aif{ cufl8
b]lv hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf] eP sfg"gsf]
Dofb leq jfbLn] ph'/ ug{ ;Sg' kg]{
lyof], ;f] eP u/]sf] 5}g . ctM z'?
k}m;nf cGofok"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ pN6L u/L
d]/f] df]xL xs oyfjt sfod ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
k'g/fj]bg .
o;df hUufwgLn] df]xLjf6 ls=
g+= #%@, &@, *!, *#, &$, $$, *!
264

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

;d]t lsQf hUufsf] @)%^ ;fnsf]

s'tjfnL s;]gL uf= lj= ;= sf] /f]xj/df
@)%^.!!.@@.! df j'emL lnPsf] / e"ld
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_-u_
adf]lhd df]xLn] hUuf hf]Tg 5f8]sf]
;"rgf ;d]t hUufwgLn] glbPsf]
ca:yfdf #$.#% aif{ cl3 b]lv g} df]xLn]
hf]Tg 5f8]sf] egL nut sf ug]{ u/]sf]
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/sf] O{G;fkm
gldn]sf]n] c= j+= @)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $&
adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt
@)^!.#.!$.@ sf] cfb]z .
o;df k'g/fj]bsn] o; d'2fdf
cfslif{t gx'g] c= j+= %( g+= cg';f/
u'h|]sf] Dofb ydfO{ k'g/fj]bg kq btf{
u/L sf/jfO{ rnfPsf] b]lvPsf] / ;f]
yfdL kfPsf] Dofb ;d]t ljz]if cbfnt
P]g, @)%( adf]lhd yfDg kfpg] !% lbg
eGbf a9Lsf] b]lvg cfPsf] ;d]t
sf/0fjf6 btf{ g} x'g g;Sg] k'g/fj]bg
kq btf{ x'g cfPsf] sf/0fn] k'g/fj]bssf]
k'g/fj]bg lhls/ leq k|j]z u/L /xg
k/]g . t;y{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!^ sf]
k}m;nf .
e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofb u'h|]df ydfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
gePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd
Dofb ydfpg kfpg] k|rng /xL cfPsf]
5 . To:t} ljkIfL jfbLn] d pk/ s't
lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg ul/kfpFm elg
@)%( ;fndf d'2f bfo/ u/]jf6 ;d]t

ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xL d ePsf] s'/f

k'i6L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pQm d'2fn] hUuf
hf]Tg 5f8]sf] x'Fbf df]xLsf] nut sf
ul/kfpFm elg lbPsf] d'2fdf ePsf] lg0f{o
vl08t ePsf] ca:yf 5 . o:tf]
ca:yfdf e"ld ;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd ljjflbt
hUufsf] df]xL d /x] ePsf] / ljjflbt
hUuf d}n] g} sdfO{ cfPsf]df s]jn
;h{ldgsf cfwf/df dfq df]xLsf] nut
sf ug{ ldNb}g . ctM ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntjf6 nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4
s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo -;= c= j'n]l6g
@)%& aif{ ( c !@, k[= !@_, s[i0fdfg
>]i7 lj?4 lrgsf yf? -;= c= j'n]l6g
@)%% c &, k[= &_ ;d]tsf d'2fdf
k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt Pj+ e"ld
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @(-@_ v,
@(s sf] b]xfo -v_ Pj+ d'n'sL P]g c= j+=
#% g+= ljk/Lt ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfntsf] q'6Lk"0f{ k}m;nf ab/ u/L Gofo
kfpF eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf]
tk{maf6 o; cbfnt ;dIf k/]sf] d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ x]/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bg .
o;df e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Ln] df]xL
nut sf ;DaGwL d'2fdf u/]sf] lg0f{o
pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{
c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd #) lbgsf] Dofb
yfDg yfldg ;Sg] egL o; cbfntjf6
;Dat @)%# ;fnsf] b]= k'= g+= #%!@
nvg d'lvof ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb
pkfWofo ePsf] s't lbnfO{ df]xL
lgisfzg d'2fdf k}m;nf e} l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] b]lvG5 . -;= c= j'n]l6g @)%&
c !@ k[= !@_ pNn]lvt glh/ / c= j+=
%( g+= sf] unt AofVof u/L k'g/fj]bg g}

265

c+s @

vf/]h x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntjf6

ePsf] k}m;nfdf c= j+= %( g+= /
pNn]lvt glh/sf] AofVofdf ulDe/ q'6L
ePsf] b]lvbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ sf]
cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f
k|bfg u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfL lemsfO{
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
@=
lgod adf]lhd k]zL
;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf eLd
jxfb'/ 9sfnn] ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL e} lghn] g} ljjflbt
hUuf hf]t sdf]b u/L cfPsf]df hUuf
wgLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] k|:t't df]xL nut
sf d'2fdf df]xL nut sf x'g] u/L
@)%).@.( df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6
sfg"g ljk/Lt lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . ;f]
lg0f{o pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 c= j+=
@)* g+= adf]lhd k/]sf] k|ltpQ/jf6
;d]t pQm @)%&.@.( df ePsf] lg0f{o
kl/jt{g gu/L ;f]xL lg0f{o sfod ug]{
u/L z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/jf6
@)^).(.# df lg0f{o eof] . ;f] pk/
sfg"gsf Dofb leq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df
Dofb gf3L k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] elg
k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h ug]{ u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf
q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . hUufwgLsf] tk{maf6 @)%(
;fndf k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lgisfzg
ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fjf6 ;d]t ljjflbt
hUuf d]/f] kIfn] sdfO{ cfPsf] tYo
k|dfl0ft ePsf] ca:yfdf c= j+= %( g+=
sf] Dofb leq k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h

ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]

k}m;nf sfg"g ;+ut gx'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{
jfbLsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
df]tL/fh uf}tdn] ljjflbt hUufsf] lkmN8
a'ssf] df]xLsf] dxndf k'g/fj]bssf] gfd
n]lvPsf] ePtfklg lghn] #), #$ aif{
b]lv hUuf sdfpg 5f8]sf]n] ;f]xL ldlt
b]lv hUuf wgLn] g} sdfO{ cfPsf 5g\ .
o:tf] ca:yfdf st{Ao lgjf{x gug]{
df]xLnfO{ lgisfzg u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/
sfof{nosf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'6L 5}g .
To;}u/L k|:t't d'2fdf ljz]if cbfnt P]g
adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb cfslif{t
x'g]df c=j+= %( g+= adf]lhdsf] Dofbdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq vf/]h u/L ePsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nfdf
s'g} q'6L gx'Fbf pQm k}m;nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
#=
b'a}
tk{msf]
ljfg
clwjQmfx?sf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog
u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf
ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL laifodf
lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .
$=
o;df, k|ToyL{ jfbLsf]
tk{maf6 e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/df
k/]sf] df]xL nut sf d'2fdf e"ld
;DagwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf]
v08 -u_ adf]lhd df]xL nut sf x'g]
7x/L ;f] sfof{nojf6 ldlt @)%&.@.( df
lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;df k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf tfd]n ePsf] Dofb j]/Ltsf] eGb}
;f] lg0f{o pk/ log} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf]
tk{maf6 c= j+= @)* g+= adf]lhd
k|ltpQ/ k/]sf]df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nojf6
ePsf] pQm @)%&.@.( sf] k"j{ lg0f{onfO{
266

gk] fn sfgg" klqsf @)^%, cs

+ @

g} oyfjt sfod /fvL df]xL lgisfzg

ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{
hUuf wgLsf] tk{maf6 df]xLn] s"t
ga'emfPsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ @)%(.!@.@& df
k/]sf] s"t lbnfO{ df]xL lg:sfzg d'2fdf
df]xL nut sf eO{ df]xLsf] xs} ;dfKt
e} ;s]sf]n] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no df]/jf6 @)^).(.#
df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ tk{m oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tk{maf6 k/]sf]
hUuf jf8kmfF8 d'2fdf df]xLsf] xs g}
;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf hUuf jfF8kmfF8 x'g
g;Sg] egL bfjL g} vf/]h ug]{ u/L
@)^).(.# df lg0f{o ePsf] ;d]t b]lvof]
. k|:t't df]xL nut sf d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/
sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pk/ log}
k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/jf6 laz]if
cbfnt P]g, @)%( adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq
k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ gu/L c= j+= %( g+=
adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]n] Dofb
gf3L k'g/fj]bg bfo/ ePsf] eGb} OG;fkm
tk{m k|j]z gu/L k'g/fj]bg vf/]h u/]sf]
b]lvof] .
%=
o:tf] ca:yfdf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg Dofb leq 5 jf 5}g ;f]xL
s'/fsf] ;j{k|yd lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .
o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ df]xL nut
sf ;d]tsf d'2fx?sf] sf/jfxL / lg0f{o
ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)#! cg';f/ ug'{kg]{
u/L e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
%#-!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL P]gsf]
bkmf %%-!_ n] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
cGtu{tsf] lg0f{o pk/ k}tL; lbg leq
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg]

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] jfx]s e"ld

;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb
yfDg] ydfpg] ;DaGwL :ki6 sfg"gL
Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvb}g . ljz]if cbfnt
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !! df ljz]if
cbfntdf k/]sf] d'2f / ;f] cbfntsf]
k}m;nf pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf !%
lbg;Dd Dofb tf/]v yfDg kfpg] ;Ddsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf !! n]
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h|]df yfDg kfpg]
cjwL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g . o;/L ljz]if
cbfnt P]g jf cGo s'g} ljz]if sfg"gdf
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb yfDg] ydfpg] :ki6
Joj:yf gePsf] ca:yfdf ;fdfGo P]gsf]
?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL
jGbf]a:tsf] %( g+= cfslif{t x'Fb}g eGg'
Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . o:tf] ca:yfdf
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h|]df c= j+= %( g+=
adf]lhd yfDg ydfpg kfpg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf nfu' x'g] :ki6 5 . o;} ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntjf6 k'g/fj]bs nvg d'lvof
ljg lj?4 s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo ePsf]
s't lbnfO{ df]xL lg:sfzg d'2fdf -;=c=
j'n]l6g @)%& c !@, k[= !@_
k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb u'h|]df c= j+= %( g+=
cg';f/ yfDg kfpg] ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bsnfO{
k|fKt x'g] egL o; cbfntjf6 klxnf g}
AofVof eO;s]sf] 5 .
^=
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
;d]tsf cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fdf oL
k'g/fj]bssf] gfddf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no
df]/jf6 hf/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb
ldlt @)^).!).@@ df tfd]n e} ;f]
ldltjf6 e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf %%-!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bgsf] Dofb

267

c+s @

#% lbg / c= j+= %( g+= adf]lhd yfDg

kfpg] Dofb #) lbg u/L ^% lbg leq
@)^).!@.!# df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lj/f6gu/df k|:t't k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/]sf]
ca:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofb leq}
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgnfO{ xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/
ePsf] eGg ldn]g .
&=
t;y{
Dofb
gf3L
k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df cf}lrTo
leq k|j]z gu/L k'g/fj]bg vf/]h ug]{
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf]
ldlt @)^@.#.!^.% sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf]
gb]lvbf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . cj sfg"g
adf]lhd hf] h] a'g' k5{ a'emL xbDofb
leq k/]sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bgjf6} 7x/

lg0f{o ug'{ egL pkl:yt kIfx?nfO{ tf/]v

tf]sL z'? / k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldl;n
;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/fgu/df k7fO{
lbg] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L /]s8{
ldl;n clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf
Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn h]7 #! ut]
/f]h ^ z'ed ==== .
O{hnfz clws[tM /d]zk|;fb 1jfnL

268