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Hydrographs: Base-Flow Separation

The document discusses base flow separation methods to distinguish between groundwater and surface water contributions to streamflow. It presents three common base flow separation methods: the straight line method, method 2, and method 3. An example is provided to illustrate applying base flow separation and calculating rainfall excess and the phi index using a given hydrograph. Base flow is separated as a constant 5 m3/s value. The rainfall excess is calculated as 5.52 cm and the phi index is calculated as 0.135 cm/hr.

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Muhammad Farooq Zia
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452 views19 pages

Hydrographs: Base-Flow Separation

The document discusses base flow separation methods to distinguish between groundwater and surface water contributions to streamflow. It presents three common base flow separation methods: the straight line method, method 2, and method 3. An example is provided to illustrate applying base flow separation and calculating rainfall excess and the phi index using a given hydrograph. Base flow is separated as a constant 5 m3/s value. The rainfall excess is calculated as 5.52 cm and the phi index is calculated as 0.135 cm/hr.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Farooq Zia
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydrographs

Base-Flow
Separation
Base-Flow Separation
• Base-Flow : The delayed flow that reaches a
stream essentially as groundwater flow.

• Base-Flow Separation: It is the deduction of


base-flow from total storm hydrograph to get
surface flow hydrograph.
Methods
• Method-1 (Straight Line Method)
N= 0.83*A0.2
• Method-2

• Method-3
Base-Flow Separation Methods
Base-Flow Separation Methods
Conclusion
 Any of these three methods can applied,
depending upon

 Local Practice
 Predictions made in the past
Note:
Surface runoff hydrograph is also called
Direct Runoff Hydrograph, after base flow
separation (DRH)
Example

• Rainfall of magnitude 3.8 cm and 2.8 cm


occurring on two consecutive 4-hr
durations on a catchment of area 27
sq.km produced the following hydrograph
of flow at the outlet of catchment. Estimate
rainfall excess and ø-index.
Time from start of rainfall (hr) Observed flow/Discharge (m3/s)
-6 6
0 5
6 13
12 26
18 21
24 16
30 12
36 9
42 7
48 5
54 5
60 4.5
66 4.5
Solution
Given that,
o Total Rainfall = 3.8 +2.8 = 6.6 cm , Duration =8 hr ,A= 27 km2
o Rainfall Excess =? And ø-index =?
Hydrograph is plotted.
Using eq. N= 0.83*A0.2 (Straight line Method)
N= 0.83*(27)0.2 =1.6 days = 38.5 hr
• By given data, DRH
Starts at, t= 0 Peak at, t = 12 hr ---- Ends at, t= 48 hr
(giving N= 48-12 = 36 hr)
• As DRH »» t=0 to 48 hr.
So, we’ll prefer N= 36 hr
• Base Flow Separation gives a constant
value at 5m3/s for base flow.
Example

Base- Flow
Example
• So,
Area of DRH = (6*60*60) [1/2*(8) +1/2*(8+21) +1/2*(21+16)
+1/2*(16+11) +1/2*(11+7) +1/2*(7+4)
+1/2*(4+2) +1/2*(2)]

=3600*6*(8+21+16+11+7+4+2)
=1.4904*106 m3
= total direct runoff due to storm.
We know that.
 Runoff Depth = Runoff Volume / Catchment area
= 1.49.4*106 / 27 *106
= 0.0552 m
= 5.52 cm
= Rainfall Excess
 Total Rainfall = 3.8 +2.8 = 6.6 cm
 Duration =8 hr
 Rainfall Excess = 5.52 cm

Ø-index = (Total Rainfall –Rainfall Excess) / Duration

= (6.6-5.52) / 8
= 0.135 cm/ hr Answer
Example

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