DUPL

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Approximate
Best Experimental Value for Problem
Quantity (Units) Symbol Value Work

12
Permittivity of free space (F/m) eu 8.854 x 10

Permeability of free space (H/m) /j,o 4i7 x 10" 7 12.6 x 10" 7

Intrinsic impedance of free rj o 376.6 120ir
space (fl)

Speed of light in vacuum (m/s) c 2.998 x 108 3 X 108

Electron charge (C) e -1.6030 x 10" l 9 -1.6 x 10" 1 9

Electron mass (Kg) mQ 9.1066 x 10" 31 9.1 x 10" 31

Proton mass (kg) mp 1.67248 x 10" 27 1.67 x 10" 27

Neutron mass (Kg) ma 1.6749 x 10" 27 1.67 x 10 27

Boltzmann constant (J/K) K 1.38047 x 10" 23 1.38 x 10" 23

Avogadro's number (/Kg-mole) N 6.0228 x 1026 6 x 1026

Planck's constant (J • s) h 6.624 x 10" 34 6.62 x 10" 3 4

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 9.8

(m/s2)

Universal contant of gravitation G 6.658 x 1 0 - " 6.66 x 10" 11

(m2/Kg • s2)

Electron-volt (J) eV 1.6030 x 10" 19 1.6 x 10" 1 9

CONTENTS

Preface xiii
A Note to the Student xvi

PART 1 : VECTOR ANALYSIS

1 Vector Algebra 3
1.1 Introduction 3
11.2 A Preview of the Book 4
1.3 Scalars and Vectors 4
1.4 Unit Vector 5
115 Vector Addition and Subtraction 6
1.6 Position and Distance Vectors 7
1.7 Vector Multiplication 11
1.8 Components of a Vector 16
Summary 22
Review Questions 23
Problems 25

2 Coordinate Systems and Transformation 28

2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z) 29
2.3 Circular Cylindrical Coordinates (p, <f>, z)29
2.4 Spherical Coordinates (r, d, z) 32
f2.5 Constant-Coordinate Surfaces 41
Summary 46
Review Questions 47
Problems 49

VII
Contents

3 Vector Calculus 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume 53
3.3 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals 60
3.4 Del Operator 63
3.5 Gradient of a Scalar 65
3.6 Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem 69
3.7 Curl of a Vector and Stokes's Theorem 75
3.8 Laplacian of a Scalar 83
t3.9 Classification of Vector Fields 86
Summary 89
Review Questions 90
Problems 93

PART 2 : ELECTROSTATICS

4 Electrostatic Fields 103

4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Coulomb's Law and Field Intensity 104
4.3 Electric Fields due to Continuous Charge Distributions 111
4.4 Electric Flux Density 122
4.5 Gauss's Law—Maxwell's Equation 124
4.6 Applications of Gauss's Law 126
4.7 Electric Potential 133
4.8 Relationship between E and V—Maxwell's Equation 139
4.9 An Electric Dipole and Flux Lines 142
4.10 Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields 146
Summary 150
Review Questions 153
Problems 155

5 Electric Fields in Material Space 161

5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 Properties of Materials 161
5.3 Convection and Conduction Currents 162
5.4 Conductors 165
5.5 Polarization in Dielectrics 171
5.6 Dielectric Constant and Strength 774
f 5.7 Linear, Isotropic, and Homogeneous Dielectrics 175
5.8 Continuity Equation and Relaxation Time 180
 CONTENTS IX

5.9 Boundary Conditions 182

Summary 191
Review Questions 192
Problems 194

6 Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problems 199

6.1 Introduction 199
6.2 Poisson's and Laplace's Equations 199
f 6.3 Uniqueness Theorem 201
6.4 General Procedure for Solving Poisson's or Laplace's
Equation 202
6.5 Resistance and Capacitance 223
6.6 Method of Images 240
Summary 246
Review Questions 247
Problems 249

PART 3: MAGNETOSTATICS

7 Magnetostatic Fields 261

7.1 Introduction 261
7.2 Biot-Savart's Law 263
7.3 Ampere's Circuit Law—Maxwell's Equation 273
7.4 Applications of Ampere's Law 274
7.5 Magnetic Flux Density—Maxwell's Equation 281
7.6 Maxwell's Equations for Static EM Fields 283
7.7 Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials 284
f 7.8 Derivation of Biot-Savart's Law and Ampere's Law 290
Summary 292
Review Questions 293
Problems 296

8 Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices 304

8.1 Introduction 304
8.2 Forces due to Magnetic Fields 304
8.3 Magnetic Torque and Moment 316
8.4 A Magnetic Dipole 318
8.5 Magnetization in Materials 323
f 8.6 Classification of Magnetic Materials 327
8.7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions 330
8.8 Inductors and Inductances 336
Contents

8.9 Magnetic Energy 339

f8.10 Magnetic Circuits 347
18.11 Force on Magnetic Materials 349
Summary 354
Review Questions 356
Problems 358

PART 4: WAVES AND APPLICATIONS

9 Maxwell's Equations 369

9.1 Introduction 369
9.2 Faraday's Law 370
9.3 Transformer and Motional EMFs 372
9.4 Displacement Current 381
9.5 Maxwell's Equations in Final Forms 384
t9.6 Time-Varying Potentials 387
9.7 Time-Harmonic Fields 389
Summary 400
Review Questions 407
Problems 404

10 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 410

10.1 Introduction 410
tl0.2 Waves in General 411
10.3 Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics 417
10.4 Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics 423
10.5 Plane Waves in Free Space 423
10.6 Plane Waves in Good Conductors 425
10.7 Power and the Poynting Vector 435
10.8 Reflection of a Plane Wave at Normal Incidence 440
f 10.9 Reflection of a Plane Wave at Oblique Incidence 451
Summary 462
Review Questions 464
Problems 466

11 Transmission Lines 473

11.1 Introduction 473
11.2 Transmission Line Parameters 474
11.3 Transmission Line Equations 477
11.4 Input Impedance, SWR, and Power 484
11.5 The Smith Chart 492
 CONTENTS XI

11.6 Some Applications of Transmission Lines 505

f 11.7 Transients on Transmission Lines 512
111.8 Microstrip Transmission Lines 524
Summary 528
Review Questions 530
Problems 533

12 Waveguides 542
12.1 Introduction 542
12.2 Rectangular Waveguides 543
12.3 Transverse Magnetic (TM) Modes 547
12A Transverse Electric (TE) Modes 552
12.5 Wave Propagation in the Guide 563
12.6 Power Transmission and Attenuation 565
tl2.7 Waveguide Current and Mode Excitation 569
12.8 Waveguide Resonators 575
Summary 581
Review Questions 582
Problems 583

13 Antennas 588
13.1 Introduction 588
13.2 Hertzian Dipole 590
13.3 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna 594
13.4 Quarter-Wave Monopole Antenna 598
13.5 Small Loop Antenna 599
13.6 Antenna Characteristics 604
13.7 Antenna Arrays 612
113.8 Effective Area and the Friis Equation 62 /
tl3.9 The Radar Equation 625
Summary 629
Review Questions 630
Problems 632

14 Modern Topics 638

14.1 Introduction 638
14.2 Microwaves 638
14.3 Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility 644
14.4 Optical Fiber 649
Summary 656
Review Questions 656
Problems 658
\ii • Contents

15 Numerical Methods 660

15.1 Introduction 660
tl5.2 Field Plotting 667
15.3 The Finite Difference Method 669
15.4 The Moment Method 683
15.5 The Finite Element Method 694
Summary 713
Review Questions 714
Problems 7 / 6

Appendix A Mathematical Formulas 727

Appendix B Material Constants 737
Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 740
Index 763
PREFACE

The fundamental objectives of the book remains the same as in the first edition—to present
electromagnetic (EM) concepts in a clearer and more interesting manner than earlier texts.
This objective is achieved in the following ways:

1. To avoid complicating matters by covering EM and mathematical concepts simul-

taneously, vector analysis is covered at the beginning of the text and applied gradually.
This approach avoids breaking in repeatedly with more background on vector analysis,
thereby creating discontinuity in the flow of thought. It also separates mathematical theo-
rems from physical concepts and makes it easier for the student to grasp the generality of
those theorems.
2. Each chapter starts with a brief introduction that serves as a guide to the whole
chapter and also links the chapter to the rest of the book. The introduction helps students
see the need for the chapter and how the chapter relates to the previous chapter. Key points
are emphasized to draw the reader's attention to them. A brief summary of the major con-
cepts is provided toward the end of the chapter.
3. To ensure that students clearly understand important points, key terms are defined
and highlighted. Essential formulas are boxed to help students identify them.
4. Each chapter includes a reasonable amount of examples with solutions. Since the
examples are part of the text, they are clearly explained without asking the reader to fill in
missing steps. Thoroughly worked-out examples give students confidence to solve prob-
lems themselves and to learn to apply concepts, which is an integral part of engineering ed-
ucation. Each illustrative example is followed by a problem in the form of a Practice Exer-
cise, with the answer provided.
5. At the end of each chapter are ten review questions in the form of multiple-choice
objective items. It has been found that open-ended questions, although intended to be
thought provoking, are ignored by most students. Objective review questions with answers
immediately following them provide encouragement for students to do the problems and
gain immediate feedback.
A large number of problems are provided are presented in the same order as the mate-
rial in the main text. Problems of intermediate difficulty are identified by a single asterisk;
the most difficult problems are marked with a double asterisk. Enough problems are pro-

XIII
\iv • Preface

vided to allow the instructor to choose some as examples and assign some as homework
problems. Answers to odd-numbered problems are provided in Appendix C.
6. Since most practical applications involve time-varying fields, six chapters are
devoted to such fields. However, static fields are given proper emphasis because they are
special cases of dynamic fields. Ignorance of electrostatics is no longer acceptable because
there are large industries, such as copier and computer peripheral manufacturing, that rely
on a clear understanding of electrostatics.
7. The last chapter covers numerical methods with practical applications and com-
puter programs. This chapter is of paramount importance because most practical problems
are solvable only by using numerical techniques.
8. Over 130 illustrative examples and 400 figures are given in the text. Some addi-
tional learning aids, such as basic mathematical formulas and identities, are included in the
Appendix. Another guide is a special note to students, which follows this preface.

In this edition, a new chapter on modern topics, such as microwaves, electromagnetic

interference and compatibility, and fiber optics, has been added. Also, the Fortran codes in
previous editions have been converted to Matlab codes because it was felt that students are
more familiar with Matlab than with Fortran.
Although this book is intended to be self-explanatory and useful for self-instruction
the personal contact that is always needed in teaching is not forgotten. The actual choice o1
course topics, as well as emphasis, depends on the preference of the individual instructor
For example, the instructor who feels that too much space is devoted to vector analysis o:
static fields may skip some of the materials; however, the students may use them as refer
ence. Also, having covered Chapters 1 to 3, it is possible to explore Chapters 9 to 15. In
structors who disagree with the vector-calculus-first approach may proceed with Chapter;
1 and 2, then skip to Chapter 4 and refer to Chapter 3 as needed. Enough material i
covered for two-semester courses. If the text is to be covered in one semester, some sec
tions may be skipped, explained briefly, or assigned as homework. Sections marked wit!
the dagger sign (t) may be in this category.
A suggested schedule for a four-hour semester coverage is on page xv.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Peter Gordon and the editorial and production staff of Oxford Un
versity Press for a job well done. This edition has benefited from the insightful commeni
of the following reviewers: Leo C. Kempel, Michigan State University; Andrew Diene
University of California, Davis; George W. Hanson, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukei
Samir El-Ghazaly, Arizona State University; and Sadasiva M. Rao, Auburn University,
am greatly indebted to Raymond Garcia, Jerry Sagliocca, and Dr. Oladega Soriyan f<
helping with the solutions manual and to Dr. Saroj Biswas for helping with Matlab. I a:
grateful to Temple University for granting me a leave in Fall 1998, during which I was ab
to work on the revision of this book. I owe special thanks to Dr. Keya Sadeghipour, de;
of the College of Engineering, and Dr. John Helferty, chairman of the Department of Ele
trical and Computer Engineering for their constant support. As always, particular than]
 PREFACE xv

Suggested Schedule

Chapter Title Approximate Number of Hours

1 Vector Algebra 2
2 Coordinate Systems and Transformation 2
3 Vector Calculus 4
4 Electrostatic Fields 6
5 Electric Fields in Material Space 4
6 Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problems 5
7 Magnetostatic Fields 4
8 Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices 6
9 Maxwell's Equations 4
10 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 5
11 Transmission Lines 5
12 Waveguides 4
13 Antennas 5
14 Modern Topics (3)
15 Numerical Methods (6)
Exams 4
TOTAL 60

go to my wife, Chris, and our daughters, Ann and Joyce, for the patience, prayers, and full
support.
As usual, I welcome your comments, suggestions, and corrections.

Matthew N. O. Sadiku
A NOTE TO THE STUDENT

Electromagnetic theory is generally regarded by most students as one of the most difficult
courses in physics or the electrical engineering curriculum. But this misconception may be
proved wrong if you take some precautions. From experience, the following ideas are pro-
vided to help you perform to the best of your ability with the aid of this textbook:

1. Pay particular attention to Part I on Vector Analysis, the mathematical tool for this
course. Without a clear understanding of this section, you may have problems with the rest
of the book.
2. Do not attempt to memorize too many formulas. Memorize only the basic ones,
which are usually boxed, and try to derive others from these. Try to understand how for-
mulas are related. Obviously, there is nothing like a general formula for solving all prob-
lems. Each formula has some limitations due to the assumptions made in obtaining it. Be
aware of those assumptions and use the formula accordingly.
3. Try to identify the key words or terms in a given definition or law. Knowing the
meaning of these key words is essential for proper application of the definition or law.
4. Attempt to solve as many problems as you can. Practice is the best way to gain
skill. The best way to understand the formulas and assimilate the material is by solving
problems. It is recommended that you solve at least the problems in the Practice Exercise
immediately following each illustrative example. Sketch a diagram illustrating the
problem before attempting to solve it mathematically. Sketching the diagram not only
makes the problem easier to solve, it also helps you understand the problem by simplifying
and organizing your thinking process. Note that unless otherwise stated, all distances are in
meters. For example (2, - 1 , 5) actually means (2 m, - 1 m, 5 m).

A list of the powers of ten and Greek letters commonly used throughout this text is
provided in the tables located on the inside cover. Important formulas in calculus, vectors,
and complex analysis are provided in Appendix A. Answers to odd-numbered problems are
in Appendix C.

XVI