Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital

input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it
to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and
start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the

first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino
index of boards.
You can find here your board warranty informations.
Getting Started
You can find in the Getting Started section all the information you need to configure
your board, use the Arduino Software (IDE), and start tinker with coding and
electronics.
Need Help?

On the Software on the Arduino Forum

On Projects on the Arduino Forum

On the Product itself through our Customer Support

Technical specs
Microcontroller
Operating Voltage
Input Voltage (recommended)
Input Voltage (limit)
Digital I/O Pins
PWM Digital I/O Pins
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
Flash Memory
SRAM
EEPROM
Clock Speed
Length
Width
Weight

ATmega328P
5V
7-12V
6-20V
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6
6
20 mA
50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
2 KB (ATmega328P)
1 KB (ATmega328P)
16 MHz
68.6 mm
53.4 mm
25 g

The Arduino/Genuino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino Software (IDE).
Select "Arduino/Genuino Uno" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino/Genuino Uno comes preprogrammed with
a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol
(reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these
instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by:

On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near
the map of Italy) and then rese ing the 8U2.

On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB
line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac
OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an
external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed
tutorial for more information.
Warnings
The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's
USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500
mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until
the short or overload is removed.
Differences with other boards
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-toserial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Power
The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may
become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board
can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB
connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or
3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference
with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the
IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
See the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328P ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has
an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of
40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent
damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-toTTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
Communication
Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and
1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB
and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware
uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor
which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX
LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of
the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you

to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the interface toolbar. This
means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on
the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after
a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which
it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this
data.
The Uno board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on
either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESETEN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor
from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
Revisions
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two
other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to
adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible
with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino
Due that operates with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved
for future purposes.

Stronger RESET circuit.

Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

Geared DC motors

Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight
details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The
speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM
.The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This
concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear
reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head and
hence the working of geared DC motor.
External Structure
At the first sight, the external structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight expansion over
the simple DC ones.Fig.shows 60RPM,9V DC motor

The lateral view of the motor shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near the
shaft which helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of the assembly.

servomotor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position,
velocity and acceleration.[1] It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also
requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with
servomotors.
Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor
suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.
Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.
Fig. shows 4kg torque and 0- 240degree angle of rotation servo motor.

Mechanism

As the name suggests, a servomotor is a servomechanism. More specifically, it is aclosedloop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its
control is some signal, either analogue or digital, representing the position commanded for the output shaft.
The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In the simplest case,
only the position is measured. The measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the
external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that required, an error signal is generated
which then causes the motor to rotate in either direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate
position. As the positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.
The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a potentiometer and bang-bang control of their
motor; the motor always rotates at full speed (or is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in
industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos used for radio-controlled
models.
More sophisticated servomotors measure both the position and also the speed of the output shaft. They may
also control the speed of their motor, rather than always running at full speed. Both of these enhancements,
usually in combination with a PID control algorithm, allow the servomotor to be brought to its commanded
position more quickly and more precisely, with less overshooting

Infrared (IR) sensor

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

An Infrared (IR) sensor is used to detect obstacles in front of the robot or to differentiate between colors depending
on the configuration of the sensor.

The picture shown is a very simple black box model of the IR Sensor. The
sensor emits IR light and gives a signal when it detects the reflected light.

An IR sensor consists of an emitter, detector and associated circuitry. The circuit required to make an IR sensor
consists of two parts; the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit.
The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is
sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode,
its resistance and correspondingly, its output voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
This is the underlying principle of working of the IR sensor.

RS-232
In telecommunications, RS-232 is the traditional name for a series of standards
for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between DTE (data terminal
equipment)

and DCE (data

circuit-terminating

equipment,

originally

defined

as data

communication equipment[1]). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines
the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size
and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between
Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary
Data Interchange, issued in 1997.An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal
computer, used for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage,uninterruptible power
supplies, and other peripheral devices. However, the low transmission speed, large voltage
swing, and large standard connectors motivated development of the Universal Serial Bus, which
has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many modern personal
computers have no RS-232 ports and must use either an external USB-to-RS-232 converter or an
internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS-232 peripherals. RS-232
devices are still found, especially in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific
instruments.
RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the
standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. The full RS-

232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of these pins are
not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are equipped with male D
type connectors having only 9 pins.
9 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232 DB9

Pin Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver

L293D is a dual H-Bridge motor driver, So with one IC we can interface two DC motors which
can be controlled in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction and if you have motor with
fix direction of motion the you can make use of all the four I/Os to connect up to four DC
motors. L293D has output current of 600ma and peak output current of 1.2A per channel.

Moreover for protection of circuit from back EMF ouput diodes are included within the IC. The
output supply (VCC2) has a wide range from 4.5V to 36V, which has made L293D a best choice
for DC motor driver.A simple schematic for interfacing a DC motor using L293D is shown
below.

As you can see in the circuit, three pins are needed for interfacing a DC motor (A, B, Enable). If
you want the o/p to be enabled completely then you can connect Enable to VCC and only 2 pins
needed from controller to make the motor work.As per the truth mentioned in the image above
its fairly simple to program the microcontroller. Its also clear from the truth table of BJT circuit
and L293D the programming will be same for both of them, just keeping in mind the allowed
combinations of A and B. We will discuss about programming in C as well as assembly for
running motor with the help of a microcontroller.