ARCNET

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ARCNET (also CamelCased as ARCnet, an acronym from Attached Resource Computer

[edit] History
ARCNET was developed by principal development engineer John Murphy at Datapoint
Corporation in 1976 and announced in 1977.[1] It was the first loosely-coupled LAN-based
clustering solution, making no assumptions about the type of computers that would be connected.
This was in contrast to contemporary larger and more expensive computer systems such as
DECnet or SNA, where a homogeneous group of similar or proprietary computers were
connected as a cluster.

The token-passing bus protocol of that I/O device-sharing network was subsequently applied to
allowing processing nodes to communicate with each other for file-serving and computing
scalability purposes. An application could be developed in DATABUS, Datapoint's proprietary
COBOL-like language and deployed on a single computer with dumb terminals. When the
number of users outgrew the capacity of the original computer, additional 'compute' resource
computers could be attached via ARCNET, running the same applications and accessing the
same data. If more storage was needed, additional disk resource computers could also be
attached. This incremental approach broke new ground and by the end of the 1970s (before the
first cassette-based IBM PC was announced in 1981) over ten thousand ARCnet LAN
installations were in commercial use around the world, and Datapoint had become a Fortune 500
company. As microcomputers took over the industry, well-proven and reliable ARCNET was
also offered as an inexpensive LAN for these machines.

ARCNET remained proprietary until the early-to-mid 1980s. This did not cause concern at the
time, as most network architectures were proprietary. The move to non-proprietary, open
systems began as a response to the dominance of International Business Machines (IBM) and its
Systems Network Architecture (SNA). In 1979, the Open Systems Interconnection Reference
Model (OSI Model) was published. Then, in 1980, Digital, Intel and Xerox (the DIX consortium)
published an open standard for Ethernet that was soon adopted as the basis of standardization by
the IEEE and the ISO. IBM responded by proposing Token Ring as an alternative to Ethernet but
kept such tight control over standardization that competitors were wary of using it. ARCNET
was less expensive than either, more reliable, more flexible, and by the late 1980s it had a market
share about equal to that of Ethernet.
When Ethernet moved from co-axial cable to twisted pair and an "interconnected stars" cabling
topology based on active hubs, it became much more attractive. Easier cabling, combined with
the greater raw speed of Ethernet (10 Mbit/s, as compared with 2.5 Mbit/s for ARCnet) helped to
increase Ethernet demand, and as more companies entered the market the price of Ethernet
started to fall—and ARCNET (and Token Ring) volumes taper off.

In response to greater bandwidth needs, and the challenge of Ethernet, a new standard called
ARCnet Plus was developed by Datapoint, and introduced in 1992. ARCnet Plus ran at 20 MBits
per second, and was backward compatible with original ARCnet equipment. However, by the
time ARCnet Plus products were ready for the market, Ethernet had captured the majority of the
network market, and there was little incentive for users to move back to ARCnet. As a result,
very few ARCnet Plus products were ever produced. Those that were built, mainly by Datapoint,
were expensive, and hard to find.

ARCNET was eventually standardized as ANSI ARCNET 878.1. It appears this was when the
name changed from ARCnet to ARCNET. Other companies entered the market, notably
Standard Microsystems who produced systems based on a single VLSI chip, originally
developed as custom LSI for Datapoint, but later made available by Standard Microsystems to
other customers. Datapoint eventually found itself in financial trouble and eventually moved into
video conferencing and (later) custom programming in the embedded market.

[edit] Description
Original ARCNET used RG-62/U coax cable of 93Ω impedance and either passive or active
hubs in a star-wired bus topology, a layout eventually copied by modern twisted pair Ethernet
LANs. At the time of its greatest popularity ARCNET enjoyed two major advantages over
Ethernet. One was the star-wired bus; this was much easier to build and expand (and was more
readily maintainable) than the clumsy linear bus Ethernet of the time. Another was cable distance
– ARCNET coax cable runs could extend 2000 feet (610 m) between active hubs or between an
active hub and an end node, while the RG-58 (50Ω) ‘thin’ Ethernet most widely used at that time
was limited to a maximum run of 600 feet (183 m) from end to end. Of course, ARCNET
required either an active or passive hub between nodes if there were more than two nodes in the
network, while thin Ethernet allowed nodes to be spaced anywhere along the linear coax cable,
but the ARCNET passive hubs were very inexpensive. Passive hubs limited the distance between
node and active hub to 100 feet (30 m). More importantly, the "interconnected stars" cabling
topology made it easy to add and remove nodes without taking the whole network down, and
much easier to diagnose and isolate failures within a complex LAN.

To mediate access to the bus, ARCNET, like Token Ring, uses a token passing scheme, rather
than the carrier sense multiple access approach of Ethernet. When peers are inactive, a single
"token" message is passed around the network from machine to machine, and no peer is allowed
to use the bus unless it has the token. If a particular peer wishes to send a message, it waits to
receive the token, sends its message, and then passes the token on to the next station. Because
ARCNET is implemented as a distributed star, the token cannot be passed machine to machine
around a ring. Instead, each node is assigned an 8 bit address (usually via DIP switches), and
when a new node joins the network a "reconfig" occurs, wherein each node learns the address of
the node immediately above it. The token is then passed directly from one node to the next.

Historically, each approach had its advantages: ARCNET added a small delay on an inactive
network as a sending station waited to receive the token, but Ethernet's performance degraded
drastically if too many peers attempted to broadcast at the same time, due to the time required for
the slower processors of the day to process and recover from collisions. ARCNET had slightly
lower best-case performance (viewed by a single stream), but was much more predictable.
ARCNET also has the advantage that it achieved its best aggregate performance under the
highest loading, approaching asymptotically its maximum throughput. While the best case
performance was less than Ethernet, the general case was equivalent and the worst case was
dramatically better. An Ethernet network could collapse when too busy due to excessive
collisions. An ARCNET would keep on going at normal (or even better) throughput. Throughput
on a multi-node collision-based Ethernet was limited to between 40% and 60% of bandwidth
usage (depending on source). Although 2.5 Mbit/s ARCNET could at one time outperform a 10
Mbit/s Ethernet in a busy office on slow processors, ARCNET ultimately gave way to Ethernet
as improved processor speeds reduced the impact of collisions on overall throughput, and
Ethernet costs dropped.

In the early 1980s ARCNET was much cheaper than Ethernet, in particular for PCs. For example
in 1985 SMC sold ARCNET cards for around $300 whilst an Ungermann-Bass Ethernet card
plus transceiver could cost $500.

Another significant difference is that ARCNET provides the sender with a concrete
acknowledgment (or not) of successful delivery at the receiving end before the token passes on
to the next node, permitting much faster fault recovery within the higher level protocols (rather
than having to wait for a timeout on the expected replies). ARCnet also doesn't waste network
time transmitting to a node not ready to receive the message, since an initial inquiry (done at
hardware level) establishes that the recipient is able and ready to receive the larger message
before it is sent across the bus.

One further advantage that ARCNET enjoyed over collision-based Ethernet is that it guarantees
equitable access to the bus by everyone on the network. Although it might take a short time to
get the token depending on the number of nodes and the size of the messages currently being
sent about, you will always receive it within a predictable maximum time; thus it is
deterministic. This made ARCNET an ideal real-time networking system, which explains its use
in the embedded systems and process control markets. Token Ring has similar qualities, but is
much more expensive to implement than ARCNET.

In spite of ARCNET's deterministic operation and historic suitability for real-time environments
such as process control, the general availability of switched gigabit Ethernet and Quality of
service capabilities in Ethernet switches has all but eliminated ARCNET today.

At first the system was deployed using RG-62/U coax cable (commonly used in IBM mainframe
environments to connect 3270 terminals and controllers), but later added support for twisted-pair
and fibre media. At ARCNET's lower speeds (2.5 Mbit/s), Cat-3 cable is good enough to run
ARCNET. Some ARCNET twisted-pair products supported cable runs over 2000' on standard
CAT-3 cable, far beyond anything Ethernet could do on any kind of copper cable.

In the early 90s, Thomas-Conrad Corporation developed a 100 Mbit/s topology called TCNS
based on the ARCNET protocol, which also supported RG-62, twisted-pair, and fiber optic
media. TCNS enjoyed some success until the availability of lower-cost 100 Mbit/s Ethernet put
an end to the general deployment of ARCNET.