Solid waste disposal
Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but
incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. In the case of
landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil,
where underdeveloped countriescustomarily rely upon less stringent protocols. [9] The importance of
daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading ofpathogens. Daily cover also minimises
odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements
for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could
contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies).
For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant
adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have
superior life cycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered.[10] Composting
value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.
sanitation in food industry
Sanitation within the food industry means to the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a
process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance,
and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely
affecting the product or its safety for the consumer (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal
Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures are indispensable for food
industries in US, which are regulated by 9 CFR part 416 in conjunction with 21 CFR part 178.1010.
Similaly in Japan, food hygiene has to be reached through the compliance of Food Sanitation Law.[13]
Additionally, in the food and Biopharmaceutical industries, the term sanitary equipment means
equipment that is fully cleanable using Clean-in-place (CIP), and Sterilization in place (SIP) procedures:
that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids. The design should have a minimum
amount of deadleg[14] or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is not enough to remove product
deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from Stainless Steel 316L,
(an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). The surface is usually electropolished to an
effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre, to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion
to the surface.
Reference:
Waste management 16 August 2010 at 17:59 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management
PUSHING THE SANITATION AGENDA FORWARD
Recognizing that poverty will never be alleviated without the huge health and economic benefits of
improved sanitation, ADB has stepped up its efforts to catalyze investments in the sector.
Between 2003-2007, ADB's funding for all water and sanitation projects accounted for 8% of ADB's total
portfolio. For the 2008-2010 pipeline, this more than doubles to 17%. This is due to ADB's deliberate
drive to double investments in the sector to meet the MDG targets.
In terms of sanitation's share in ADB's lending portfolio, it averaged at 4.5% between 2003-2007. In the
2008-2010 pipeline, this share again doubles to 8%.
But ADB's efforts alone will not really make a huge dent in the sanitation gap. This will require concerted
and collaborative efforts by communities, local and national governments, private sector, civil society,
and donor and international agencies. Enabling mechanisms, innovative solutions, supportive policies
and regulations, financial re-engineering, technological evolutions, capacity development of champions,
implementers, and institutions, and more are needed to bridge the sanitation gap.
To increase funding for sanitation projects, ADB is organizing a Sanitation Dialogue with water,
environment, health, and finance ministers of its developing member countries on 3-5 March 2008.
Strategies and solutions will be discussed and action plans will be initiated to push the sanitation agenda
forward in a holistic way.
Reference:
Chiplunkar. A. getting sanitation on track February 2009 from
http://www.adb.org/water/articles/2009/Sanitation-Track.asp
Unsafe Water and Poor Sanitation Causes 4000 Children to Die Each Day
More people are affected by the negative impact of poor water supply and sanitation than by war,
terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction combined, states a paper published in this week's issue of
The Lancet.
The article is the fifth in a series of papers summarising the key conclusions of the Millennium Project-a
three-year independent advisory effort commissioned by UN Secretary-General KofiAnnan to review
progress of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). The MDG's commit the international community
to address extreme poverty, with quantitative targets set for the year 2015.
Jamie Bartram (World Health Organisation) and colleagues write that poor sanitation and a lack of safe
drinking water is a 'silent humanitarian crisis' that kills some 3900 children everyday and thwarts
progress to the MDG's, especially in Africa and Asia. While sufficient progress has been made to reach
the overall target of halving the proportion of the population without access to safe drinking water
between 1990 and 2015, meeting this target will still leave hundreds of millions of people without safe
drinking water, particularly in east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The article calls for immediate concerted
efforts to confront the reality that sanitation coverage rates in the developing world barely keep pace
with population growth. Four out of ten people in the world do not have access to a simple pit latrine.
The authors state that although access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation can have a strong
positive effect on human health, the development and management of water resources as a whole has
significant health implications. Man-made reservoirs and irrigation schemes help provide food
and nutrition but they can also form ideal habitats for intensified transmission of schistosomiasis, an
infection caused by a type of flatworm. Irrigation infrastructure and management of irrigation can be
designed to keep transmission to a minimum. Improving irrigation to avoid standing or slow-moving
water and improving disposal of household wastewater can also reduce mosquito breeding and
transmission of malaria.
The paper recommends dramatic scaling up of efforts, involving the expansion of safe drinking water
and sanitation coverage, in order to meet the MDG water and sanitation target by 2015. The authors
write that this requires neither colossal sums of money nor scientific breakthroughs or technological
advances.
Reference:
Bartram, J The Lancent Unsafe Water and Poor Sanitation Causes 4000 Children to Die Each Day
February 25, 2009 from
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/20328.php
