Sutarno 1991 - Phase Smoothing
Sutarno 1991 - Phase Smoothing
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In the frequency domain, the equations governing the In the real situation, equation (1) does not hold exactly due
magnetotelluric (MT) relations between the signal compo- to the presence of noise. Therefore, it is necessary to
nents of the electric and magnetic fields at the earth's surface estimate the impedance functions from many noisy data, and
are given by: the problem becomes statistical. Suppose n independent sets
of evaluations at a given harmonic are available to estimate
i = x or y. (1)
Zij. Then the following equation, which represents a linear
From the viewpoint of linear system theory, the tensor regression problem, can be formed
impedances Zix and Ziy are transfer functions of a dual
input, single output linear system through which the hori- x = V0il + r. (2)
Manuscript received by the Editor December 18, 1990; r~vise~ ma~uscript received May 28, 1991. .
*Centre for Geophysical Exploration Research, Macquane University, New South Wales, 2109, Austraha.
© 1991 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.
1999
2000 Sutarno and Vozoff
The vector x consists of n observations of the ith horizontal
electric field component, the n x 2 matrix V gives n values kt 2 ItI S to;
pet) = I 2 (6)
of the dual horizontal magnetic field components, the ele- { toltl-"2to Itl~to,
ments of !JA are impedance tensor elements (the unknown
parameters to be estimated), and the elements of rare with tuning constant to = 1.5. This hybrid form, which is
unknown errors. The above equation assumes that noise is based on a density function with a Gaussian center and
restricted to an output, while the input is assumed to be Laplacian tails, results in robustness of the M-estimator for
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noise free. Therefore this assumption may be approximately data with a "least informative" distribution (Huber, 1981).
valid if the magnetic field (input) may be measured much Note that the tuning constant to together with the scale
more accurately than the electric field (output). Except when parameter s determine the transition point, above which the
the magnetic channel is contaminated by artificial noise, the residuals are considered to be large. For p(t) given by (6) the
assumption is normally used in practice. All of the quantities corresponding Huber weight function is
in (2) are complex. However, it will be simpler to consider
the real case first, from which the complex analog can be I ItI S to;
deduced. Wet) = (7)
{
The M-estimator (or Maximum likelihood type estimator tolltl ItI ~ to·
of Huber, 1981) for !JA in (2) is the value of !JA which The scale parameter s must also be estimated robustly, for
minimizes which the median absolute deviation (MAD),
f(t) == t(exp (-t 2/2)) (t ~ 0). (11) utilized by Boehl et al. (1977), stems from the fact that only
the phase function can be estimated consistently using the
The MAD for the above PDF is 0.44845, whereas its quan- standard (4-channel) analysis techniques (Vozoff, 1972),
tiles are given by (Chave et al., 1987) whereas estimates for the amplitude are biased.
The new robust procedure proposed here, incorporates
a. =-V. J2 log ( n - I
.n
+ 0.5
) i == 1, ... , n. (12) phase smoothing in the regression M -estimation, The proce-
dure is essentially an iteratively reweighted least-squares
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In IZ(wo)1 == -
1 foo cI>(w)
- - dw (13a)
the phase-smoothed estimate of the impedance at each
frequency.
11' -00 Wo - w (h) Replace the original estimate by the phase smoothed
estimate and perform one-step iteration toward the
and
Thomson estimator.
<I>(wo) == - -
1 foo In IZ(w)1 dw. (13b)
U) Repeat step (g) in order to find the final phase-
smoothed estimate of the impedance.
11' -00 Wo - w
Note that this robust regression procedure can be used with
Boehl et al. (1977) and Fischer and Schnegg (1980) presented the standard (4-channel) or the RR (6-channel) technique. To
methods for calculating the amplitude of the impedance and employ the RR technique, elements of matrix U* in equation
thus the apparent resistivity from the phase or vice versa, for (14) should be replaced by the remote referen& field values.
,..-1
sites is about 3 miles. (No site map was available). Prelimi- ods. In addition, a diagnostic procedure, namely, the "nor-
nary processing of the data was conducted using standard mal scores test" (Hettmansperger, 1984), was done in order
MT analysis. The mean and linear trends were subtracted 10 examine the error distribution resulting from the prelimi-
from each segment of 32 points. The segments were multi- nary fit. For this purpose a real framework was used, so that
plied by a Hanning window and the 6th and 8th discrete the residuals may be regarded as having independent Gaus-
Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients were calculated for sian real and imaginary parts. From the diagnostic test, it is
each segment. To calculate the Fourier coefficients for the found that for frequencies higher than 0.035 Hz, most of
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output frequencies of the low bands in the low range, the residuals deviate from normal behavior. Figure 1 shows
cascade decimation procedure of Wight and Bostick (1986) normal scores plots of Ex and E; residuals for two frequency
was used. The impedance and thus the apparent resistivity values, 0.281 and 0.375 Hz. All the plots show a typical
and phase values were then computed using the new robust long-tailed behavior caused by outliers. The apparent resis-
method as well as the conventional standard and RR meth- tivity computed by the new method, along with the results
.~
•••
• .".
<P
*
)
f !
e 0
::)
-e
O.
,J
t ~
"0
I)
,.J
. r r
fIJ lfl
CI
"
~
-
w
-0
•• •I
~'"
-0
v
)
0'
~o.
• ·0
f
•
o •
~
"0
J
W
,. -0
~O
r -0
-0
I
r
if
-t.o 07 2.0 3.4 ·3 .... -'l.O -0 r 01 ~."
Normal Scores Normal Scores
FIG. 1. Normal scores plots of Ex (left) and E y (right) residuals for MT data from the Columbia River Plateau site
WI, for frequencies 0.281 Hz (top) and lU75 Hz (bottom). Number of samples, N == 1620.
M-Estimation of MT Impedance Functions 2003
Ilf . . , , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
I~
•
~
E
.: \
~
...
~
,
.,.. ........ -- ... .(
\
)('
>C
.,.. .....
~ 101 '"
Ie!'
Ilf ~--------------------------.
i 101
Ie!'
FIG. 2. (a) A comparison of results for Pxy on MT data from the Columbia River Plateau site 101, by four different
analyses: standard, RR, robust on four-channel data (Std. robust), and robust on six-channel data (RR robust). The
two robust analyses provide very smooth and consistent results. (b) As Figure 2a, but for Pvx' In addition to
smoothness, the two robust results are much more consistent than the other pair. -
2004 Sutarno and Vozoff
from the conventional standard and RR methods, are shown for two frequencies, 0.0012 and 0.0016 Hz. Here also, the
in Figures 2a and 2b, and the corresponding phases can be plots show a typical long-tailed behavior. The apparent
seen in Figures 2c and 2d. Based on smoothness, slope, and resistivity computed using the new method, along with the
compatibility of Pa and <I>, it can be seen from the figures that results from the standard and RR methods are depicted in
the conventional analyses yield impedance estimates that are Figures 4a and 4b, whereas their corresponding phases are
very poor in these qualities. The new method markedly shown in Figures 4c and 4d. As can be seen, the figures again
improves the impedance estimates. Furthermore, the proce- show the superiority of the new method over conventional
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MT data from the EMSLAB Lincoln line Regression M -estimation which is robust to violations of
the usual Gaussian error assumption has been applied in the
This field example was recorded at one of the EMSLAB
processing of MT data to estimate the impedance tensors.
Lincoln lines, by the Geological Survey of Canada. The
impedance function example was computed for the "quiet The outlier rejection facility provided by the procedures
period" of the MT record of the Lincoln line site 1, using site improves the impedance estimates. When the impedance
13 (135 km distant) horizontal magnetic field as a reference. function is assumed to be a minimum-phase system, it is then
As reported (Jones et al., 1989), the MT data in this period possible to compute the impedance amplitude from the
are badly contaminated. A telluric noise spike of about 200 phase by applying the phase smoothing process, which is
mVIkm and a polar substorm event dominate the data. As based on the Hilbert transform. Since the phase function can
before, except for interpolating across a few short data gaps, be estimated consistently from the noisy MT data, incorpo-
no preliminary editing of data was deemed necessary on the ration of the process in the regression M-estimation solves
basis of visual inspection, and the same process is conducted the bias problem and results in robust, consistent impedance
on the data. Figure 3 shows normal scores plots of residuals estimates.
135..,.....---------------------------.
---+-- RMT. REF. ... Cc)
- - -)( - - STD. M::THOD I
,
- 4 - STD. ROBUST
- - G - RR ROBUST
I \
I \
•••
80
~
... \
.•.. ~
.....
l 45 ,I
'\ I
.
\ ./
O+---,r-r-rrTTTTr-r-r-rTT1rTTr-"-"T""'1r-T'1"TTT...--,--rTTTTT..---.r-r-nrTTm
Icr l 10'1 uP Idl
FREQUENCY (Hzl
-45..,.....-------------------...----------:----:---.
....
--0+-- RMT. REF.
I \
Cd)
--* -- STD. M::THOD
-----...- STD. ROBUST ,I \
- 4 - RR ROBUST
I 'J \
••• -80 \
;;. \
.•.. \
....
i ·1
I
, /
-/
"-,I
-llIO-l--r"-rT1rrnr--'--'-"T'TTTT,.,--,r-r-rrTTnr-r-T""TTTrTTT--r-.,-",rrn1
10. 1 IcP
FREQUENCY (Hz I
FIG. 2. (c) (d) Phases for Figures 2a and 2b. The two robust results are very smooth and consistent.
M-Estimation of MT Impedance Functions 2005
15.
•
•
• •
•• •
•
a .,..• a
~ • ~
'0
,/ '0
.
••
-I.
.,# ..•• -2.
M
LIJ
•• >.
LIJ
••
-5. • -7.
•
-5.
-Z.' -1.7 -0.' 0.' 1.7 2.' -Z.' -1.7 -0.' 0.' 1.7 2.'
Normal Scores Normal Scores
••
a
~
'0
,.... • a
~
'0
7#'0·
0 •
.
••
M
-0.
..••
>.
-I.
•
......
•
LIJ LIJ •
-I. -5.
FIG. 3. Normal scores plots of Ex (left) and E)' (right) residuals for the quiet period of the MT data from the
EMSLAB Lincoln line site 1, for frequencies 0.0012 Hz (top) and 0.0016 Hz (bottom). Number of samples, N =
168.
2006 Sutarno and Vozoff
Iff
--+-- RMT. REF. (0 )
,
~ ----
- - .. - - STD. t.£THOD
STD. ROBUST
- - 4 - RR ROBUST
\
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10' \
\\
•
r ~
i:
I:
e
~
..... , ,
,\
\ J \
~ .... .........
Irl
~. 4 > ~t
'\ ..-
I :".'~
,,:'\
~ II \
,
.:' \
\\ II <,
II '\
\\ J \
.rl \
\ <,
101 "
10"" 10"' 10'2 10"1
FREQUENCY (He,' z I
Iff
"-\i --+-- RMT. REF. (b)
\ STD. t.£THOD
- - -)t - -
______ STD. ROBUST
~ RR ROBUST
\\
\
10'
\
\
•
I' ,
r
i
e
.....
, I
, '\
i
Irl "- <,
--"
10' +-----.--r--r-!'"TTTrr--.......,.--r--r-!'"TTTrr--.......,.--r--r-r-rTTr!
10"" 10"' 10"1
FREQUENCY (He,' z I
FIG. 4. (a) A comparison of results for Px on the quiet period of the MT data from the EMSLAB Lincoln line site
1, by four different analyses: standard, RR, robust on four-channel data (Std. robust), and robust on six-channel
data (RR robust). Here also, the two robust results are very smooth and consistent. (b) As Figure 4a, but for Pyx'
In addition to smoothness, again the two robust results are very consistent.
~Estimation of MT Impedance Functions 2007
13II...,----""""""T------------------------,
--..,-_____ . REF. (c)
--->t"- - sro. t.£THOO
--JI.- slq. ROBUST
, RR\~OBUST
...•••..
• 10
\\
\
.....
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~~~
0
10-4 10"5 10.2 10"1
FREOlEHCY (Hz)
·45
--~ •• RMT. REF. (d)
- - -)( - - STD. t.£THOO
- . A - - STD. ROBUST
---lD-- RR ROBUST
·..••
~
-10
~
•
.....
if -I
,.--- <,
00--
-I
FIG. 4. (c) (d) Phases for Figures 4a and 4b. Again, the two robust results are very smooth and consistent.