Q #1) What is Automation Testing?

Automation testing or Test Automation is a process of automating the manual process to

test the application/system under test. Automation testing involves the use of a separate
testing tool which lets you create test scripts which can be executed repeatedly and doesn’t
require any manual intervention.

Q #2) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

Benefits of Automation testing are:

1. Supports execution of repeated test cases

2. Aids in testing a large test matrix
3. Enables parallel execution
4. Encourages unattended execution
5. Improves accuracy thereby reducing human-generated errors
6. Saves time and money
Q #3) Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool?
Selenium

1. is a free and open source

2. have a large user base and helping communities
3. have cross Browser compatibility (Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari etc.)
4. have great platform compatibility (Windows, Mac OS, Linux etc.)
5. supports multiple programming languages (Java, C#, Ruby, Python, Pearl etc.)
6. has fresh and regular repository developments
7. supports distributed testing

Q #4) What is Selenium? What are the different Selenium components?

Selenium is one of the most popular automated testing suites. Selenium is designed in a
way to support and encourage automation testing of functional aspects of web-based
applications and a wide range of browsers and platforms. Due to its existence in the open
source community, it has become one of the most accepted tools amongst the testing
professionals.

Selenium is not just a single tool or a utility, rather a package of several testing tools and
for the same reason, it is referred to as a Suite. Each of these tools is designed to cater
different testing and test environment requirements.

The suite package constitutes of the following sets of tools:

 Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – Selenium IDE is a

record and playback tool. It is distributed as a Firefox Plugin.
 Selenium Remote Control (RC) – Selenium RC is a server that allows a user to
create test scripts in the desired programming language. It also allows executing test
scripts within the large spectrum of browsers.
 Selenium WebDriver – WebDriver is a different tool altogether that has various
advantages over Selenium RC. WebDriver directly communicates with the web
browser and uses its native compatibility to automate.
 Selenium Grid – Selenium Grid is used to distribute your test execution on multiple
platforms and environments concurrently.
Q #5) What are the testing types that can be supported by Selenium?
Selenium supports the following types of testing:

1. Functional Testing
2. Regression Testing

Q #6) What are the limitations of Selenium?

Following are the limitations of Selenium:

 Selenium supports testing of only web-based applications

 Mobile applications cannot be tested using Selenium
 Captcha and Barcode readers cannot be tested using Selenium
 Reports can only be generated using third-party tools like TestNG or JUnit.
 As Selenium is a free tool, thus there is no ready vendor support through the user
can find numerous helping communities.
 The user is expected to possess prior programming language knowledge.

Q #7) What is the difference between Selenium IDE, Selenium RC, and WebDriver?
Feature Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver

Browser Selenium IDE comes Selenium RC supports a WebDriver supports a

Compatibility as a Firefox plugin, varied range of versions varied range of versions
thus it supports only of Mozilla Firefox, of Mozilla Firefox,
Firefox Google Chrome, Internet Google Chrome,
Explorer and Opera Internet Explorer and
Opera.
Also supports
HtmlUnitDriver which
is a GUI less or
headless browser.

Record and Selenium IDE Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver doesn't

Playback supports record and supports record and support record and
playback feature playback feature playback feature

Server Selenium IDE doesn't Selenium RC requires WebDriver doesn't

Requirement require any server to server to be started before require any server to be
be started before executing the test scripts started before executing
executing the test the test scripts
scripts

Architecture Selenium IDE is a Selenium RC is a WebDriver uses the

Javascript based JavaScript based browser's native
framework Framework compatibility to
automation

Object Oriented Selenium IDE is not Selenium RC is semi WebDriver is a purely

Feature Selenium IDE Selenium RC WebDriver

an object oriented tool object oriented tool object oriented tool

Dynamic Finders Selenium IDE doesn't Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver supports

(for locating web support dynamic support dynamic finders dynamic finders
elements on a finders
webpage)

Handling Alerts, Selenium IDE doesn't Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver offers a

Navigations, explicitly provides explicitly provides aids to wide range of utilities
Dropdowns aids to handle alerts, handle alerts, navigations, and classes that helps in
navigations, dropdowns handling alerts,
dropdowns navigations, and
dropdowns efficiently
and effectively.

WAP Selenium IDE doesn't Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver is designed

(iPhone/Android) support testing of support testing of in a way to efficiently
Testing iPhone/Andriod iPhone/Andriod support testing of
applications applications iPhone/Android
applications. The tool
comes with a large
range of drivers for
WAP based testing.
For example,
AndroidDriver,
iPhoneDriver

Listener Support Selenium IDE doesn't Selenium RC doesn't WebDriver supports the
support listeners support listeners implementation of
Listeners

Speed Selenium IDE is fast Selenium RC is slower WebDriver

as it is plugged in with than WebDriver as it communicates directly
the web-browser that doesn't communicates with the web browsers.
launches the test. directly with the browser; Thus making it much
Thus, the IDE and rather it sends selenese faster.
browser commands over to
communicates directly Selenium Core which in
turn communicates with
the browser.

Q #8) When should I use Selenium IDE?

Selenium IDE is the simplest and easiest of all the tools within the Selenium Package. Its
record and playback feature make it exceptionally easy to learn with minimal acquaintances
to any programming language. Selenium IDE is an ideal tool for a naïve user.
Q #9) What is Selenese?
Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE.

Q #10) What are the different types of locators in Selenium?

The locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element uniquely within the
webpage. Thus, to identify web elements accurately and precisely we have different types of
locators in Selenium:
 ID
 ClassName
 Name
 TagName
 LinkText
 PartialLinkText
 Xpath
 CSS Selector
 DOM

Q #11) What is the difference between assert and verify commands?

Assert: Assert command checks whether the given condition is true or false. Let’s say we
assert whether the given element is present on the web page or not. If the condition is true
then the program control will execute the next test step but if the condition is false, the
execution would stop and no further test would be executed.
Verify: Verify command also checks whether the given condition is true or false.
Irrespective of the condition being true or false, the program execution doesn’t halt i.e. any
failure during verification would not stop the execution and all the test steps would be
executed.

Q #12) What is an XPath?

XPath is used to locate a web element based on its XML path. XML stands for Extensible
Markup Language and is used to store, organize and transport arbitrary data. It stores data
in a key-value pair which is very much similar to HTML tags. Both being markup languages
and since they fall under the same umbrella, XPath can be used to locate HTML elements.
The fundamental behind locating elements using XPath is the traversing between various
elements across the entire page and thus enabling a user to find an element with the
reference of another element.

Q #13) What is the difference between “/” and “//” in Xpath?

Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create Xpath with absolute path i.e. the xpath
would be created to start selection from the document node/start node.
Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create Xpath with relative path i.e. the xpath
would be created to start selection from anywhere within the document.

Q #14) What is Same origin policy and how it can be handled?

The problem of same origin policy disallows to access the DOM of a document from an origin
that is different from the origin we are trying to access the document.

Origin is a sequential combination of scheme, host, and port of the URL. For example, for a
URL http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/resources/, the origin is a combination of http,
softwaretestinghelp.com, 80 correspondingly.
Thus the Selenium Core (JavaScript Program) cannot access the elements from an origin
that is different from where it was launched. For Example, if I have launched the JavaScript
Program from “http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com”, then I would be able to access the
pages within the same domain such as “http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/resources” or
“http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/istqb-free-updates/”. The other domains like
google.com, seleniumhq.org would no more be accessible.

So, In order to handle same origin policy, Selenium Remote Control was introduced.

Q #15) When should I use Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms
and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution, testing under
different environments and saving execution time remarkably.

Q #16) What do we mean by Selenium 1 and Selenium 2?

Selenium RC and WebDriver, in a combination, are popularly known as Selenium 2.
Selenium RC alone is also referred as Selenium 1.

Q #17) Which is the latest Selenium tool?

WebDriver

Q #18) How do I launch the browser using WebDriver?

The following syntax can be used to launch Browser:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

Q #19) What are the different types of Drivers available in WebDriver?

The different drivers available in WebDriver are:

 FirefoxDriver
 InternetExplorerDriver
 ChromeDriver
 SafariDriver
 OperaDriver
 AndroidDriver
 IPhoneDriver
 HtmlUnitDriver
Q #20) What are the different types of waits available in WebDriver?
There are two types of waits available in WebDriver:
1. Implicit Wait
2. Explicit Wait
Implicit Wait: Implicit waits are used to provide a default waiting time (say 30 seconds)
between each consecutive test step/command across the entire test script. Thus,
subsequent test step would only execute when the 30 seconds have elapsed after executing
the previous test step/command.
Explicit Wait: Explicit waits are used to halt the execution till the time a particular
condition is met or the maximum time has elapsed. Unlike Implicit waits, explicit waits are
applied for a particular instance only.

Q #21) How to type in a textbox using Selenium?

The user can use sendKeys(“String to be entered”) to enter the string in the textbox.

Syntax:
WebElement username = drv.findElement(By.id(“Email”));
// entering username
username.sendKeys(“sth”);

Q #22) How can you find if an element in displayed on the screen?

WebDriver facilitates the user with the following methods to check the visibility of the web
elements. These web elements can be buttons, drop boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons,
labels etc.

1. isDisplayed()
2. isSelected()
3. isEnabled()
Syntax:
isDisplayed():
boolean buttonPresence = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();
isSelected():
boolean buttonSelected = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfba”)).isDisplayed();
isEnabled():
boolean searchIconEnabled = driver.findElement(By.id(“gbqfb”)).isEnabled();

Q #23) How can we get a text of a web element?

Get command is used to retrieve the inner text of the specified web element. The command
doesn’t require any parameter but returns a string value. It is also one of the extensively
used commands for verification of messages, labels, errors etc displayed on the web pages.

Syntax:
String Text = driver.findElement(By.id(“Text”)).getText();

Q #24) How to select value in a dropdown?

The value in the dropdown can be selected using WebDriver’s Select class.

Syntax:
selectByValue:
Select selectByValue = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_One”)));
selectByValue.selectByValue(“greenvalue”);
selectByVisibleText:
Select selectByVisibleText = new Select (driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Two”)));
selectByVisibleText.selectByVisibleText(“Lime”);
selectByIndex:
Select selectByIndex = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“SelectID_Three”)));
selectByIndex.selectByIndex(2);

Q #25) What are the different types of navigation commands?

Following are the navigation commands:
navigate().back() – The above command requires no parameters and takes back the user
to the previous webpage in the web browser’s history.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().back();
navigate().forward() – This command lets the user to navigate to the next web page with
reference to the browser’s history.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().forward();
navigate().refresh() – This command lets the user to refresh the current web page there
by reloading all the web elements.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().refresh();
navigate().to() – This command lets the user to launch a new web browser window and
navigate to the specified URL.
Sample code:
driver.navigate().to(“https://google.com”);

Q #26) How to click on a hyper link using linkText?

driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Google”)).click();
The command finds the element using link text and then click on that element and thus the
user would be re-directed to the corresponding page.

The above-mentioned link can also be accessed by using the following command.

driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“Goo”)).click();
The above command finds the element based on the substring of the link provided in the
parenthesis and thus partialLinkText() finds the web element with the specified substring
and then clicks on it.

Q #27) How to handle frame in WebDriver?

An inline frame acronym as iframe is used to insert another document within the current
HTML document or simply a web page into a web page by enabling nesting.

Select iframe by id
driver.switchTo().frame(“ID of the frame“);
Locating iframe using tagName
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElements(By.tagName(“iframe”).get(0));
Locating iframe using index
frame(index)
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
frame(Name of Frame)
driver.switchTo().frame(“name of the frame”);
frame(WebElement element)
Select Parent Window
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
Q #28) When do we use findElement() and findElements()?
findElement(): findElement() is used to find the first element in the current web page
matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that only first matching element would
be fetched.
Syntax:
WebElement element = driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));
findElements(): findElements() is used to find all the elements in the current web page
matching to the specified locator value. Take a note that all the matching elements would
be fetched and stored in the list of WebElements.
Syntax:
List <WebElement> elementList
= driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//div[@id=’example’]//ul//li”));
Q #29) How to find more than one web element in the list?
At times, we may come across elements of same type like multiple hyperlinks, images etc
arranged in an ordered or unordered list. Thus, it makes absolute sense to deal with such
elements by a single piece of code and this can be done using WebElement List.

Sample Code
1 // Storing the list
List <WebElement> elementList =
2
driver.findElements(By.xpath("//div[@id='example']//ul//li"));
3 // Fetching the size of the list
4 int listSize = elementList.size();
5 for (int i=0; i<listSize; i++)
6{
7 // Clicking on each service provider link
8 serviceProviderLinks.get(i).click();
// Navigating back to the previous page that stores link to service
9
providers
10 driver.navigate().back();
11 }

Q #30) What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit command?

close(): WebDriver’s close() method closes the web browser window that the user is
currently working on or we can also say the window that is being currently accessed by the
WebDriver. The command neither requires any parameter nor does it return any value.
quit(): Unlike close() method, quit() method closes down all the windows that the program
has opened. Same as close() method, the command neither requires any parameter nor
does is return any value.

Q #31) Can Selenium handle windows based pop up?

Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing.
Therefore, windows pop up cannot be handled using Selenium.

Q #32) How can we handle web-based pop up?

WebDriver offers the users with a very efficient way to handle these pop-ups using Alert
interface. There are the four methods that we would be using along with the Alert interface.
 void dismiss() – The accept() method clicks on the “Cancel” button as soon as the
pop-up window appears.
 void accept() – The accept() method clicks on the “Ok” button as soon as the pop-up
window appears.
 String getText() – The getText() method returns the text displayed on the alert box.
 void sendKeys(String stringToSend) – The sendKeys() method enters the specified
string pattern into the alert box.
Syntax:
// accepting javascript alert
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();
Q #33) How can we handle windows based pop up?
Selenium is an automation testing tool which supports only web application testing, that
means, it doesn’t support testing of windows based applications. However Selenium alone
can’t help the situation but along with some third-party intervention, this problem can be
overcome. There are several third-party tools available for handling window based pop-ups
along with the selenium like AutoIT, Robot class etc.

Q #34) How to assert title of the web page?

//verify the title of the web page
assertTrue(“The title of the window is incorrect.”,driver.getTitle().equals(“Title of the
page”));

Q #35) How to mouse hover on a web element using WebDriver?

WebDriver offers a wide range of interaction utilities that the user can exploit to automate
mouse and keyboard events. Action Interface is one such utility which simulates the single
user interactions.

Thus, In the following scenario, we have used Action Interface to mouse hover on a drop
down which then opens a list of options.

Sample Code:
1 // Instantiating Action Interface
2 Actions actions=new Actions(driver);
3 // howering on the dropdown
actions.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.id("id of the
4
dropdown"))).perform();
5 // Clicking on one of the items in the list options
6 WebElement subLinkOption=driver.findElement(By.id("id of the sub link"));
7 subLinkOption.click();
Q #36) How to retrieve CSS properties of an element?
The values of the css properties can be retrieved using a get() method:

Syntax:
driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“name of css attribute”);
driver.findElement(By.id(“id“)).getCssValue(“font-size”);
Q #37) How to capture screenshot in WebDriver?
1 import org.junit.After;
2 import org.junit.Before;
3 import org.junit.Test;
4 import java.io.File;
5 import java.io.IOException;
6 import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
7 import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
8 import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
9 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
10 import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
11
12 public class CaptureScreenshot {
13 WebDriver driver;
14 @Before
15 public void setUp() throws Exception {
16 driver = new FirefoxDriver();
17 driver.get("https://google.com");
18 }
19 @After
20 public void tearDown() throws Exception {
21 driver.quit();
22 }
23
24 @Test
25 public void test() throws IOException {
26 // Code to capture the screenshot
27 File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
28 // Code to copy the screenshot in the desired location
29 FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("C:\\CaptureScreenshot\\google.jpg"))
30 }
31 }
Q #38) What is Junit?
Junit is a unit testing framework introduced by Apache. Junit is based on Java.
Q #39) What are Junit annotations?
Following are the JUnit Annotations:

 @Test: Annotation lets the system know that the method annotated as @Test is a
test method. There can be multiple test methods in a single test script.
 @Before: Method annotated as @Before lets the system know that this method shall
be executed every time before each of the test methods.
 @After: Method annotated as @After lets the system know that this method shall be
executed every time after each of the test method.
 @BeforeClass: Method annotated as @BeforeClass lets the system know that this
method shall be executed once before any of the test methods.
 @AfterClass: Method annotated as @AfterClass lets the system know that this
method shall be executed once after any of the test methods.
 @Ignore: Method annotated as @Ignore lets the system know that this method
shall not be executed.

Q #40) What is TestNG and how is it better than Junit?

TestNG is an advanced framework designed in a way to leverage the benefits by both the
developers and testers. With the commencement of the frameworks, JUnit gained an
enormous popularity across the Java applications, Java developers and Java testers with
remarkably increasing the code quality. Despite being easy to use and straightforward, JUnit
has its own limitations which give rise to the need of bringing TestNG into the picture.
TestNG is an open source framework which is distributed under the Apache Software
License and is readily available for download.
TestNG with WebDriver provides an efficient and effective test result format that can, in
turn, be shared with the stakeholders to have a glimpse on the product’s/application’s
health thereby eliminating the drawback of WebDriver’s incapability to generate test
reports. TestNG has an inbuilt exception handling mechanism which lets the program to run
without terminating unexpectedly.
There are various advantages that make TestNG superior to JUnit. Some of them are:

 Added advance and easy annotations

 Execution patterns can set
 Concurrent execution of test scripts
 Test case dependencies can be set
Q #41) How to set test case priority in TestNG?
Setting Priority in TestNG
Code Snippet
1 package TestNG;
2 import org.testng.annotations.*;
3 public class SettingPriority {
4 @Test(priority=0)
5 public void method1() {
6}
7 @Test(priority=1)
8 public void method2() {
9 }
10 @Test(priority=2)
11 public void method3() {
12 }
13 }
Test Execution Sequence:
1. Method1
2. Method2
3. Method3

Q #42) What is a framework?

The framework is a constructive blend of various guidelines, coding standards, concepts,
processes, practices, project hierarchies, modularity, reporting mechanism, test data
injections etc. to pillar automation testing.

Q #43) What are the advantages of Automation framework?

The advantage of Test Automation framework
 Reusability of code
 Maximum coverage
 Recovery scenario
  Low-cost maintenance
 Minimal manual intervention
 Easy Reporting

Q #44) What are the different types of frameworks?

Below are the different types of frameworks:
1. Module Based Testing Framework: The framework divides the entire “Application
Under Test” into the number of logical and isolated modules. For each module, we
create a separate and independent test script. Thus, when these test scripts taken
together builds a larger test script representing more than one module.
2. Library Architecture Testing Framework: The basic fundamental behind the
framework is to determine the common steps and group them into functions under a
library and call those functions in the test scripts whenever required.
3. Data Driven Testing Framework: Data Driven Testing Framework helps the user
segregate the test script logic and the test data from each other. It lets the user
store the test data into an external database. The data is conventionally stored in
“Key-Value” pairs. Thus, the key can be used to access and populate the data within
the test scripts.
4. Keyword Driven Testing Framework: The Keyword Driven testing framework is
an extension to Data-driven Testing Framework in a sense that it not only segregates
the test data from the scripts, it also keeps the certain set of code belonging to the
test script into an external data file.
5. Hybrid Testing Framework: Hybrid Testing Framework is a combination of more
than one above mentioned frameworks. The best thing about such a setup is that it
leverages the benefits of all kinds of associated frameworks.
6. Behavior Driven Development Framework: Behavior Driven Development
framework allows automation of functional validations in easily readable and
understandable format to Business Analysts, Developers, Testers, etc.

Q #45) How can I read test data from excels?

Test data can efficiently be read from excel using JXL or POI API. See detailed tutorial here.

Q #46) What is the difference between POI and jxl jar?

# JXL jar POI jar

1 JXL supports “.xls” format i.e. binary based format. POI jar supports all of these
JXL doesn’t support Excel 2007 and “.xlsx” format i.e. formats
XML based format

2 JXL API was last updated in the year 2009 POI is regularly updated and
released

3 The JXL documentation is not as comprehensive as POI has a well prepared and
that of POI highly comprehensive
documentation

4 JXL API doesn’t support rich text formatting POI API supports rich text
formatting

5 JXL API is faster than POI API POI API is slower than JXL API
Q #47) What is the difference between Selenium and QTP?
Feature Selenium Quick Test Professional (QTP)

Browser Selenium supports almost all the QTP supports Internet Explorer,
Compatibility popular browsers like Firefox, Chrome, Firefox and Chrome. QTP only
Safari, Internet Explorer, Opera etc supports Windows Operating
System

Distribution Selenium is distributed as an open QTP is distributed as a licensed tool

source tool and is freely available and is commercialized

Application Selenium supports testing of only web QTP supports testing of both the
under Test based applications web based application and windows
based application

Object Object Repository needs to be created QTP automatically creates and

Repository as a separate entity maintains Object Repository

Language Selenium supports multiple QTP supports only VB Script

Support programming languages like Java, C#,
Ruby, Python, Perl etc

Vendor As Selenium is a free tool, user would Users can easily get the vendor’s
Support not get the vendor’s support in support in case of any issue
troubleshooting issues

Q #48) Can WebDriver test Mobile applications?

WebDriver cannot test Mobile applications. WebDriver is a web-based testing tool, therefore
applications on the mobile browsers can be tested.

Q #49) Can captcha be automated?

No, captcha and barcode reader cannot be automated.

Q #50) What is Object Repository? How can we create Object Repository in

Selenium?
Object Repository is a term used to refer to the collection of web elements belonging to
Application Under Test (AUT) along with their locator values. Thus, whenever the element is
required within the script, the locator value can be populated from the Object Repository.
Object Repository is used to store locators in a centralized location instead of hardcoding
them within the scripts.

In Selenium, objects can be stored in an excel sheet which can be populated inside the
script whenever required.