Table of Contents

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................
Performance Objective .............................................................................................................................

The Importance of Specifications ..................................................................................................................1

Learning Objectives..................................................................................................................................1
The Importance of Specifications ....................................................................................................................2
Types of Instrument Specifications ...........................................................................................................2
Using Specifications .................................................................................................................................2
Advantages of Using Specifications ..................................................................................................3
Questions to Ask Your Customers .....................................................................................................3
Where to Find Specifications....................................................................................................................3
Product Data Sheets ..........................................................................................................................4
ISA/Instrument Data Sheets...............................................................................................................4

Physical Specifications ...................................................................................................................................5

Learning Objectives..................................................................................................................................5
Construction Materials ....................................................................................................................................6
Wetted Parts.............................................................................................................................................6
Nonwetted Parts .......................................................................................................................................6
Fill Fluids in Vacuum Applications ..........................................................................................................6
Installation Considerations..............................................................................................................................8
Process/Electrical Connections................................................................................................................8
Size/Weight ...............................................................................................................................................8
Vacuum Applications ................................................................................................................................8

Functional Specifications ..............................................................................................................................9

Learning Objectives.................................................................................................................................9
Range Values Versus Range Limits ................................................................................................................10
Range Values ...........................................................................................................................................10
Range Limits ............................................................................................................................................10
Range and Rangeability...........................................................................................................................11
Turndown .................................................................................................................................................11
Limit Considerations.......................................................................................................................................12
Temperature Limits..................................................................................................................................12
Process Temperature Limits.............................................................................................................12
Ambient Temperature Limits ............................................................................................................12
Pressure Limits ........................................................................................................................................12
Line Pressure Limit ..........................................................................................................................13
Overpressure Limit ...........................................................................................................................13
Proof/Burst Pressure ........................................................................................................................13
Environmental Limits ..............................................................................................................................13

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / iii

© 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Electrical Requirements/Considerations .......................................................................................................14
Power Supply and Load Limits...............................................................................................................14
Output Options and Power Supply Requirements ...........................................................................14
Load Limits ......................................................................................................................................14
Transient Protection ...............................................................................................................................15
Failure Mode Alarms..............................................................................................................................16
Adjustability ...................................................................................................................................................17
Zero Elevation or Suppression ...............................................................................................................17
Elevated Zero Range .......................................................................................................................17
Suppressed Zero Range ...................................................................................................................18
Damping .................................................................................................................................................19

Performance Specifications ..........................................................................................................................20

Learning Objectives................................................................................................................................20
Reference Accuracy .......................................................................................................................................21
Interpreting Accuracy Specifications .....................................................................................................21
Percent of Calibrated Span Example ..............................................................................................22
Percent of URL Example .................................................................................................................22
Percent of Reading Example ...........................................................................................................22
Types of Error ................................................................................................................................................23
Zero Error...............................................................................................................................................23
Span Error ..............................................................................................................................................23
Total Error..............................................................................................................................................24
Turndown Error......................................................................................................................................24
Systematic Error .....................................................................................................................................24
Error Sources.................................................................................................................................................25
Temperature Effects................................................................................................................................25
The Effects of Process Temperature................................................................................................25
The Effects of Ambient Temperature ...............................................................................................26
Line Pressure Effect................................................................................................................................26
Effects on Reference Accuracy ...............................................................................................................27
Linearity ..........................................................................................................................................27
Hysteresis ........................................................................................................................................27
Repeatability....................................................................................................................................28
Stability ...................................................................................................................................................28
Vibration Effect.......................................................................................................................................28
Power Supply Effect................................................................................................................................29
EMI/RFI Effect........................................................................................................................................29
Mounting Position Effect ........................................................................................................................29
Load Effect..............................................................................................................................................29
Overpressure Effect ................................................................................................................................29

iv / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Overall Performance: Total Probable Error.................................................................................................30
Root-Sum-Square Method.......................................................................................................................30
Calculating TPE: Pressure Transmitter Example ..................................................................................30
Step 1. List the Transmitter Specifications ......................................................................................31
Step 2. Define the Transmitters’ Operating Conditions ..................................................................31
Step 3. Convert All Errors to Common Terms and Units................................................................32
Step 4. Calculate TPE Using the RSS Method ................................................................................32

Product Approvals and Certifications..........................................................................................................33

Learning Objectives................................................................................................................................33
Safety in Hazardous Areas.............................................................................................................................34
The Fire Triangle....................................................................................................................................34
Advantages of Using Certified Equipment .............................................................................................34
Certification: Approval Agencies and Markings....................................................................................34
Approval Agencies...........................................................................................................................34
European ATEX Directive ...............................................................................................................35
Product Certification Process .........................................................................................................36
Approval Agency Safety Codes........................................................................................................36
Method of Protection .....................................................................................................................................38
Containment............................................................................................................................................38
Explosion-Proof Enclosures (Ex d) .................................................................................................38
Nonsparking Equipment (Ex n) .......................................................................................................39
Energy Limitation ...................................................................................................................................39
Intrinsic Safety (Ex i).......................................................................................................................39
Avoidance ...............................................................................................................................................40
Increased Safety (Ex e) ....................................................................................................................40
Material Classifications/Groups...............................................................................................................41
Gas Groups........................................................................................................................................41
Temperature Groups.................................................................................................................................41
Material Classification.............................................................................................................................42
Material Classification Code Examples...................................................................................................42
Hazardous Area Classifications .....................................................................................................................43
Enclosure Ratings .........................................................................................................................................44
IEC Ingress Protection Codes ........................................................................................................44
NEMA Ingress Protection Ratings .................................................................................................45
Comparing NEMA Enclosure Types with IEC Classifications ......................................................45
Installation Practices ....................................................................................................................................46
Explosion-Proof Installation .................................................................................................................46
Intrinsic Safety Installation ...................................................................................................................47
Sealing Installation ................................................................................................................................47

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / v

© 2002 Rosemount Inc.
 Table of Contents
Other Types of Certification .......................................................................................................................... 48
Hydrostatic Testing................................................................................................................................. 48
Calibration.............................................................................................................................................. 48
Special Cleaning Services....................................................................................................................... 49
Oxygen Cleaning ............................................................................................................................. 49
Cleaning for Special Service ........................................................................................................... 49
Cleaning for Chlorine/Fluorine ...................................................................................................... 49
Appendix:Instrument Data Sheets ................................................................................................................. 50
Typical ISA Data Sheet for Industrial Bimetal and Glass Thermometers.............................................. 51
Typical ISA Data Sheet for a Pressure Gauge ...................................................................................... 52
Differential Pressure Flow Transmitter Data Sheet (Page 1)............................................................... 53
Differential Pressure Flow Transmitter Data Sheet (Page 2)................................................................54
Pressure Transmitter Data Sheet (Page 1).............................................................................................55
Pressure Transmitter Data Sheet (Page 2).............................................................................................56
Differential Temperature Transmitter and RTD Sensors Data Sheet (Page 1)......................................57
Differential Temperature Transmitter and RTD Sensors Data Sheet (Page 2)......................................58
Differential Pressure Level Transmitter Data Sheet (Page 1) ...............................................................59
Differential Pressure Level Transmitter Data Sheet (Page 2) ...............................................................60
Workbook Exercises ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Product Data Sheets (PDS 1 to PDS10) ........................................................................................................ 79
Workbook Answers ........................................................................................................................................88
Activity Answers .............................................................. ..........................................................................90

vi / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Introduction
As a process control instrument consultant, you will help your customers choose the transmitter that will best
fit their application. When choosing instruments, how do you know which one will be best for the job? Will a
particular type of instrument fit every application? Will an instrument’s performance be consistent from one
application to another? You can answer these questions by looking at the transmitter’s specifications.
Manufacturers produce a product data sheet (PDS) for each product they manufacture. The PDS lists physical,
functional, and performance specifications for the instrument, along with other information. Specifications are
often confusing to read and can be deceptive if not read carefully. To help your customers fairly evaluate
different transmitters, you need to understand and be able to explain product specifications and their impact on
performance.
This module provides the baseline information you need to interpret and explain the specifications provided in
PDSs. The information is organized into five sections:
❑ The importance of specifications
❑ Physical specifications
❑ Functional specifications
❑ Performance specifications
❑ Product approvals and certifications

As you proceed through the module, answer the questions in the activities column on the right side of each
page. Also, note the application boxes (double-bordered boxes) located throughout the module. Application
boxes provide key information about how you may use your baseline knowledge in the field. When you see the
workbook exercise graphic at the bottom of a page, go to the workbook to complete the designated exercise
before moving on in the module. Workbook exercises help you measure your progress toward meeting each
section's learning objectives.

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
After completing this module, you will be able to use specifications to assist customers in creating a process
measurement solution that is efficient, accurate, and serviceable for the application in which it will be used.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / vii

© 2002 Rosemount Inc.
 The Importance of Specifications
Specifications are important to use when helping customers choose a process control instrument for their
application. In this section, you will learn about some of the advantages that can be gained by using
specifications during the sales process and some of the questions you should ask customers to help you
understand their measurement and control needs.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Define instrument specifications
❑ List the three categories of instrument specifications
❑ Briefly describe the advantages that can be gained by:
• Using specifications when positioning your products
• Correctly interpreting specifications
❑ List some of the questions you should ask customers to help them determine the right instrument for their
application
❑ Describe the importance and function of product data sheets (PDSs) and of instrument data sheets
provided by the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) and/or from customers
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 1

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 The Importance of Specifications

The Importance of Specifications

The importance of specifications in process control instrument Activities
selection can be understood by considering how we use
specifications when buying a new car. When buying a car, you may 1. Name the types of
ask yourself several questions, such as “What color paint do I instrument specifications
want?”, “How many miles will I drive each week?”, or “Does this provided in a PDS.
model have a reputation for needing frequent service and Select all options that apply.
maintenance?” You consider these questions because you want to
find the vehicle that best fits your lifestyle.
1 Physical
Likewise, the key to achieving a reliable process measurement is to 2 Mechanical
choose a transmitter whose specifications best fit the customer’s
3 Functional
application. For example, if a customer needs to measure abrasive
4 Performance
sludge, then a streamlined, high-cost flow sensor is probably not the
5 Composite
best solution. If a customer needs to measure oxygen, the customer
will need a transmitter with inert fill fluid. Using specifications to
guide instrument selection helps customers choose the best fit for
their applications from the numerous options available.

TYPES OF INSTRUMENTSP ECI FICATIONS

Instrument specifications describe an instrument’s physical make-up,
2. Which type of specification is
functional workings, and the conditions that must be met for the
most likely to be used during the
instrument to perform as expected. Specifications for process control
presale process?
instruments fall into one of three categories:
❑ Physical (e.g., size, construction materials)
❑ Functional (e.g., pressure limits)
❑ Performance (e.g., total probable error) 1 Mechanical
2 Functional
3 Physical
Typically, you will use performance specifications more during the 4 Performance
presale process and physical and functional specifications more
during the detailed instrument selection process.

USI NGSP ECI F I CAT I ONS

Customers may ask questions about instrument specifications. For
example, they may want to know how a specification was derived or
whether your products meet their requirements. You do not have to
memorize instrument specifications to answer these questions, but
you should be familiar with where they are located in a PDS so you
can find them quickly.

2 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
The Importance of Specifications

The Importance of Specifications

Advantages of Using Specifications Activities
Using specifications can help you at certain times during the sales
process. You can use specifications to: 3. List the advantages of using
specifications during the sales
❑ Show a customer that the performance of your product is
process.
sufficient to meet his or her needs/requirements
Select all options that apply.
❑ Differentiate your product (When comparing specifications
during a project design cycle, you can successfully reduce the 1 Shows that the product will
number of competitors, or even eliminate them altogether.) meet the customer’s needs
❑ Show the overall value that your products provide 2 Differentiates the product
❑ Quote products that meet, but do not exceed, customer 3 Shows how the product
specifications in commercially competetive situations improves efficiency
4 Derives efficiency norms
Questions to Ask Your Customers based on the product
characteristics
Ask questions to fully understand your customer’s situation before
5 Shows the overall value the
recommending a solution. Examples of questions you might ask
product provides
include:
❑ What is the application?
❑ What are the process details?
❑ What level of performance is required?
❑ What are you trying to achieve with the measurement?
❑ How critical is the application?

4. Which of the given queries is/are

WHERE TO FIND SPECIFICATIONS valid question(s) to ask a
Manufacturers create data sheets for each product they produce that customer while attempting to
list specifications for that product. You will likely use two or more of understand his/her application
the following types of data sheets when helping customers determine needs?
the best product for their application: Select all options that apply.
❑ PDS
1 What is the application and
❑ Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA) how critical is it?
instrument data sheets 2 What are the process details?
❑ Customer-supplied instrument data sheets 3 What level of performance is
needed?
4 Whose transmitters do you
use on the process plant?
5 What are you trying to
achieve with this
measurement?

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 3

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 The Importance of Specifications

The Importance of Specifications

Product Data Sheets Activities
PDSs contain physical, functional, and performance specifications for
each product. A sample PDS is shown in Figure 5.1. 5. Where can detailed product
specification information be found?

1 Instrument Data Sheets

2 Product Data Sheet (PDS)
3 Underside of the Product
4 Configuration Data Sheet (CDS)

6. Instrument Data Sheets provided

by customers list the specifications
that must be met for their
application. Is this statement true
or false?

Figure 5.1: Sample Product Data Sheet (front page)

ISA Instrument Data Sheets

The ISA produces standard data sheets for all types of process control
instruments (see the appendix for sample instrument data sheets).
Customers fill out the data sheets to indicate the process data required
for sizing and specifications for their application, and to provide
descriptions of service and calibration requirements. Customers will
provide you with ISA or other instrument data sheets to show you
what their requirements are. You will need to cross-check information
on the customer’s instrument data sheet with your PDSs to ensure
compatibility.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFICATIONS

4 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Physical Specifications
Physical specifications are those specifications that describe the physical attributes of an instrument. For
example, a car’s physical attributes might include available colors, alloy wheels, steel frame construction, and
leather interior. When selecting a process measurement instrument, physical specifications can help customers
determine which instrument will meet the requirements of their particular process and process environment.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Define physical specifications
❑ Explain how each of the following physical specifications may impact instrument selection:
• Construction materials (wetted and nonwetted parts)
• Process/electrical connections
• Size/weight
❑ Briefly describe mounting and fill fluid considerations that must be considered for vacuum service
❑ Given details of a process application, name specific physical specifications appropriate for the
application
❑ Find physical specifications on a PDS
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 5

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Physical Specifications

Construction Materials
A process measurement instrument’s construction includes both Activities
wetted and nonwetted parts. Wetted parts are the internal parts of the
instrument that touch the process fluid. Nonwetted parts are the 1. NACE compliance means that the
external parts of the instrument that do not touch the process fluid, transmitter's wetted parts meet
but that do interface with the process environment. NACE requirements for exposure
to __________ environments.
WETTED PARTS
The construction material of an instrument’s wetted parts (e.g.,
1. hot
diaphragms, flanges, O-rings) must be compatible with the process
fluid being measured. For example, nitrogen corrodes carbon steel, 2. sour
and thus carbon steel wetted parts should not be used with a nitrogen 3. cold
process fluid. Some customers may require that wetted parts meet 4. humid
NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) standard
MR-01-75. This standard defines metallic material requirements for
resistance to sulfide stress cracking when exposed to sour process
environments.

NONWETTED PARTS
Material selection for an instrument’s nonwetted parts (e.g.,
electronic housing, bolts) is important as well because nonwetted
parts must tolerate the ambient environment conditions. For
example, an instrument installed on an off-shore oil platform that is 2. What is the definition of
exposed to saltwater spray and high winds will corrode quickly nonwetted parts?
unless the nonwetted parts are constructed of stainless steel.

1 Those parts of a transmitter

FILL FLUIDS IN VACUUM APPLICATIONS that do not touch the process fluid
Fill fluid must be able to withstand the highest temperature and 2 Those parts of a transmitter
lowest process pressure conditions under which the transmitter will that are chemically treated to stay
operate. Fill fluid selection is of particular importance in vacuum dry
applications. As pressure decreases, fluids vaporize at a lower 3 Those parts of a transmitter
temperature. Therefore, the fill fluid in vacuum applications must that are not exposed to water
have a vapor pressure that is compatible with the most extreme 4 Those parts of a transmitter
process conditions to remain in the liquid phase at all times. If the that are protected from process
fluid vaporizes, gas bubbles may be introduced into the fill fluid and fluids by powder coating
the transmitter will not respond appropriately to pressure.

6 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Physical Specifications

Construction Materials
Activities
3. As pressure decreases in a vacuum
application, the temperature at which
fluid vaporizes

7 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Physical Specifications

Installation Considerations
PROCESS/ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS Activities
Before buying an instrument, customers must know what process and 4. When is it important to
electrical connections the instrument requires so they can be sure it is consider an instrument’s
compatible with their system. For example, they should know what dimensions?
bolt threads are used and the shape, size, and material of the connection
pieces for both integral and remote mounting options. Customers often
ask questions about how to properly mount and orient transmitters, 1 To determine the
especially in relation to impulse lines. instrument’s temperature
2 To determine the installation
SIZE/WEIGHT location
3 To calculate the instrument’s
Customers often need to know an instrument’s dimensions before capacity
mounting the instrument to be sure it will fit in the intended location. 4 To calculate the instrument's
For example, a plant’s system design may have process connections in approval requirement
hard-to-reach areas, which can limit the type of instrument that can be
used.
PDSs list size and weight as a physical specification. Weight is often
used to determine shipping costs, but can also be important when
considering installation design or working with small line sizes.

VACUUM APPLICATIONS 5. In vacuum applications a transmitter

Customers must pay particular attention to the mounting position of must be mounted level with or
transmitters with remote seals in vacuum applications. Transmitters below the <highest/lowest> tapping.
must be mounted so that they are level with or below the lowest tap to
ensure a positive pressure at the transmitter. If the transmitter is
mounted above the lower tap, it may cease to make appropriate
readings or it may be damaged.

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 8

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Functional Specifications
Functional specifications are those specifications that define the exposure limits and conditions a transmitter
can withstand and still continue to perform within required setpoints. In the car example, a functional
specification may be proof that the vehicle handles well against any condition. Advertisers film the vehicle
romping through rugged terrain, weaving through risky cliff roads, and towing heavy loads. Basic functional
requirements in the process control industry include operating with the power available on-site, calculating and
outputting a measurement, and withstanding overpressure.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Define functional specifications
❑ Define span
❑ Define upper range limit (URL), lower range limit (LRL), upper range value (URV), and lower range
value (LRV)
❑ Differentiate rangeability and turndown
❑ Given the required specifications, determine the following specifications:
• Minimum span
• Maximum span
• Maximum turndown
❑ Describe the potential effects of process and ambient temperature on instrument function
❑ Accurately define the following functional specifications associated with pressure limits: line pressure
limit, overpressure limit, proof/burst pressure
❑ Identify environmental limit considerations
❑ Explain how each of the following electrical factors may impact instrument selection:
• Power supply
• Output signal
• Load limitation
• Transient protection
❑ State the output signal options for two-wire, three-wire, and four-wire transmitters
❑ Explain the function of a failure mode alarm
❑ Define each of the following terms related to adjustability:
• Elevated zero range/suppressed zero range
• Damping
❑ Explain the relationship between dead time, time constant, and total response time
❑ Given a set of conditions, use a PDS to determine if a transmitter will operate as required in the given
conditions
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 9

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Functional Specifications

Range Values Versus Range Limits

Many functional specifications are expressed in terms of limits (e.g., Activities
pressure limits, temperature limits). To understand the meaning of
these specifications, you need to understand the difference between 1. Span defines the __________
values, limits, and span. the transmitter is set to measure
within, while maximum span defines
RANGE VALUES the maximum range the transmitter
can be set to measure within.
A transmitter’s job is to perform accurately within a given span. An
instrument’s span is the difference between the instrument’s lower
range value (LRV) and the instrument’s upper range value (URV). 1. limit
Span is typically expressed as a range (e.g., 0–100 mm H2O). 2. range
LRV is the lowest value of the measured variable that a transmitter is 3. unit
set to measure. When a transmitter measures the value assigned to
LRV, it outputs a 0% reading (typically 4 mA). URV is the highest
value of the measured variable that a transmitter is set to measure.
When a transmitter measures the value assigned to URV, it outputs a
100% reading (e.g., 20 mA).

RANGE LIMITS
There is a limit to how high and low the range values can be set for a
particular instrument. The upper range limit (URL) and lower range
limit (LRL) define these upper and lower limits. URL is the highest
point that a device can be adjusted to measure. LRL is the lowest 2. Which of these parameters can be
point that a device can be adjusted to measure. Maximum span is the
changed?
difference between these two points.
Unlike range values, range limits cannot be adjusted—they are part
of an instrument’s specifications and are selected when the
1. Range values
transmitter is ordered. For example, a 3051 differential pressure
2. Range limits
range 3 transmitter has an LRL of –1000 inH2O and a URL of
1000 inH2O. Therefore, the transmitter’s maximum span is
2000 inH2O (Figure 5.2).

–1000 inH2O 0 500 1000

Operating range

4 mA 20 mA

LRL LRV URV URL

(0%) (100%)

Figure 5.2: 3051 Differential Pressure Range 3

10 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Functional Specifications

Range Values Versus Range Limits

RANGE AND RANGEABILITY Activities
There is also a limit to how broad or narrow the span can be set to so 3. The higher a transmitter’s
that the amount of measurement error that occurs is within the stated turndown, the better its
specifications. These limits are defined by a transmitter’s range. For accuracy. Is this statement true
example, consider a transmitter with a URL of 100 and an LRL of 0. or false?
The transmitter’s range may be “0–10 to 0–100.” If this is so, then the
transmitter’s minimum span (narrowest span the transmitter can be set
to measure within) is 10 and the transmitter’s maximum span is 100.
Transmitters can be categorized according to their range. For
example, a 3051 differential pressure range 3 transmitter has a
minimum span of 10 inH2O and a maximum span of 1000 in H2O.
Rangeability is the ratio of a transmitter’s URL to its minimum span.
Thus, the rangeability of the range 3 transmitter is 1000:10, or 100:1.
Note that stated performance specifications are not constant
through a transmitter’s range.

4. If a transmitter’s URL is 200

TURNDOWN and its calibrated span is 0–100,
Turndown is the ratio of a transmitter’s URL to its calibrated span. If what is its turndown?
a transmitter has a URL of 100 and a calibrated span of 0–50, then the
transmitter’s turndown would be 100:50, or 2:1. Maximum turndown
occurs when the calibrated span is set to the lowest possible value 1 4:1
(0–10 in the above example). In this example, maximum turndown 2 1:2
would be 100:10, or 10:1. (A transmitter’s maximum turndown is 3 3:1
equal to its rangeability.) 4 2:1
A larger turndown does not necessarily mean a better transmitter,
because accuracy often decreases as turndown increases, if the
transmitter is calibrated to a relatively narrow span. The greater the
turndown ratio, the greater the chance of measurement error (see
Turndown Error on page 27).
For example, consider an oven thermometer and an oral thermometer.
An oven thermometer has greater rangeability, but would provide far
less precision than an oral thermometer when taking a child’s
temperature. Therefore, customers should select a transmitter with a
range that is appropriate for their application so that chances of
turndown error can be minimized.

Turndown is of particular importance in flow

applications. Some competitors charge more for
transmitters with higher rangeability, so customers
end up paying for rangeability they don’t need and
sacrificing measurement accuracy in the process.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 11

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Functional Specifications

Limit Considerations
TEMPERATURE LIMITS Activities
Temperature limits are provided so you can determine if a particular 5. How should a customer keep a
instrument will perform under the process and ambient temperature transmitter within acceptable
conditions of the customer’s application environment. If the temperature limits under high
temperature of either the process fluid or the surrounding process and ambient temperature
environment gets too hot or too cool, instrument performance may conditions?
suffer.

Process Temperature Limits 1 By following good installation

The process temperature limits are the maximum and minimum practices
temperatures that can be applied to the transmitter’s process wetted 2 By regulating the external
parts. In pressure applications, the process temperature often exceeds temperature
the limits of the sensing element. Therefore, in very hot applications 3 By placing the transmitter just
(e.g., super-heated steam flow) customers should follow good above the lowest tap
installation practices to keep the transmitter temperature within 4 By placing the transmitter just
operating limits. below the lowest tap

Ambient Temperature Limits

Ambient temperature is the temperature of the environment that
surrounds the instrument. The ambient temperature limits are the
maximum and minimum temperatures that can be applied to the
transmitter’s electronics. A common maximum ambient temperature
limit is 185 °F (85 °C). Ambient temperatures greater than a 6. What are the common maximum
transmitter’s maximum limit tend to cause more electronic failures, ambient temperature limits?
which shortens the life of the transmitter. Select all options that apply.

PRESSURE LIMITS 1 1800 F

2 1850 F
Transmitter performance can also be affected by changes in pressure. 3 85 0 C
The following pressure specifications are provided in PDSs from the 4 1000 C
applicable instruments: 5 890 C
❑ Line (or static) pressure limit
❑ Overpressure limit
❑ Proof/burst pressure

12 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Functional Specifications

Limit Considerations
Line Pressure Limit Activities
Line pressure (or static pressure) is the force per unit area exerted on
a surface of pipe by a fluid flowing parallel to the pipe wall 7. The _____ _____________ limit
(i.e., through the pipe). The line pressure limit is the amount of line is the maximum pressure that can
pressure that a transmitter can tolerate and still perform within its be applied to a transmitter without
specifications. causing damage or permanent
change in performance.
For example, the standard range of line pressure capability for a
differential pressure transmitter is 0–3626 psi (0–250 bar). Some
transmitters have line pressure limits up to 6000 psi (414 bar), 1. line pressure
although they are rare. Customers with applications that have line 2. over pressure
pressures in excess of 6000 psi (414 bar) should consider other 3. burst pressure
measurement options.

Overpressure Limit
Overpressure limit is the maximum pressure that a transmitter can
withstand during misapplication of a process. For example,
overpressure may be accidentally applied to either the high or low
side of a differential pressure transmitter when a three-valve manifold
is mis-sequenced. High overpressure capability prevents a possible
shut-down while the unit is being recalibrated or repaired.
8. The _____ ___________ limit is
the maximum pressure a transmitter
Proof/Burst Pressure
can retain process fluid without
Proof or burst pressure is the pressure level to which a transmitter can exploding.
retain fluid without exploding. Burst pressure is typically given as a
specification of the process flange. A typical burst pressure value is 1. line pressure
10,000 psig. Note that a sensor may be damaged before burst pressure 2. over pressure
is reached.
3. burst pressure

ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS
Transmitters should be capable of operating in environments with
0–100% relative humidity. In addition, winterization or
tropicalization may be necessary in some areas. Customers can
winterize their equipment by using steam tracing, electrical heaters,
or heat-controlled enclosures.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 13

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Functional Specifications

Electrical Requirements/Considerations
Each process control instrument has specific electrical requirements Activities
that must be met for the instrument to function properly. The
following electrical requirements can be found under functional 9. Which transmitters are available
specifications in the PDSs: with a 4–20 mA DC output?
❑ Power supply Select all options that apply.
❑ Load limits
1 Single-wire
❑ Transient protection
2 Two-wire
3 Three-wire
POWER SUPPLY AND LOAD LIMITS 4 Four-wire
5 Six-wire
The required power supply for a loop-powered transmitter depends
on three factors:
❑ The output selected (e.g., 4–20 mA dc [direct current],
10–50 mA dc)
❑ The type of transmitter (e.g., two-wire, four-wire)
❑ The transmitter’s load limit

Output Options and Power Supply Requirements 10.What is a transmitter’s load limit?
Customers must select which output they want when they purchase a
transmitter:
1 The maximum load that can be
❑ Two-wire—Two-wire transmitters are available with
present in the loop while still
4–20 mA dc and 10–50 mA dc outputs. Two-wire transmitters allowing the transmitter to reach
require an external dc voltage power supply. its full output just before there’s a
❑ Three-wire—Three-wire transmitters are available with power supply breakdown.
4–20 mA dc, 10–50 mA dc, or zero-based outputs. Three-wire 2 The maximum load that can be
transmitters require an external dc voltage power supply. present in the loop while
❑ Four-wire—Four-wire transmitters are available with 4–20 mA still allowing the transmitter to
HART® outputs (most common) and zero-based outputs (most operate at its lowest output range
commonly 0–5 V dc). Four-wire transmitters typically require a with the given power supply.
115 or 220 V ac (alternating current) power supply. 3 The maximum load that can be
present in the loop while
Load Limits still allowing the transmitter to
operate over its mid output range
A transmitter’s load limit is the maximum load that can be present in
with the given power supply
the loop while still allowing the transmitter to operate over its full
4 The maximum load that can be
output range with the given power supply. Each instrument has a
present in the loop while still
unique maximum load equation. You can use the equation to help
allowing the transmitter to
select the appropriate power supply for a loop.
operate over its full output range
Figure 5.3 on page 17 shows a graphical representation of a sample within the given power supply.
maximum load equation. If this transmitter is added to a loop that has
a 250 Ω load, the power supply required for the loop will be just over
15 V.

14 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Functional Specifications

Electrical Requirements/Considerations
Activities
1500
11.With reference to Figure 5.3, if
there were 500Ω of resistance
1000 on the loop, the required power
Load (ohms)

supply to run the transmitter

would be __________.
500 Operating
region

250 1. below 20 V
0
2. 20 V
10.8 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 3. above 20 V
Power supply (volts)

Figure 5.3: Maximum Load Equation

When determining the required power supply, use the maximum
current draw of the transmitter. Most two-wire instruments require 12.. In what sort of environment is
between 12 and 45 V dc. transient protection required?

TRANSIENT PROTECTION
1 Where lightning strikes
Protecting the electronics of the transmitter from potential electrical frequently
surges or other unpredictable sources of charge is extra insurance, 2 Where equipment is prone to
especially for customers with process applications located in areas of corrosion
risk. Transient protection is required in areas where lightning strikes 3 Where humidity levels are
frequently. In transmitters that have transient protection, the terminal high
block holds a surge protection device to buffer the electronics. 4 Where temperature levels
are high

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 15

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Functional Specifications

Electrical Requirements/Considerations
FAILURE MODE ALARMS Activities
Failure mode alarms alert users if a self-diagnostic test detects gross 13.What is the purpose of a failure
transmitter failure. Some transmitters include an adjustable failure mode alarm?
mode alarm, and many have alarm options that meet various regional
requirements (e.g., NAMUR). For the transmitter in Table 5.1, the
saturation values are the low and high levels of the output of the 1 To notify supervisors when
transmitter when the process variable is outside the operating span functional specifications are
(LRV, URV) set by the user. The alarm value alerts the user of a not met
hardware failure. Alarm values are always set outside of the 2 To notify users of gross
saturation value limits, so customers can easily distinguish between transmitter error
the two alarm types. 3 To notify users when the
Level Saturation Value Alarm Value temperature levels are too high
4 To warn operators about
Low 3.9 mA 3.8 mA
burst pressure limits being
High 20.8 mA 21.75 mA reached
Table 5.1: Sample Failure Mode Alarm Values (4–20 mA)

16 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Functional Specifications

Adjustability
ZERO ELEVATION OR SUPPRESSION Activities
Some customers will have process applications that require them to 14.. A transmitter that reads -100 in
change the zero setting on the transmitter to get an accurate reading. H2O at 4 mA has a zero
elevation of __________.
Elevated Zero Range
An elevated zero range is a range in which the actual zero value of the
measured variable is greater than the LRV (in Figure 5.4, the LRV is 1. 100 inH2O
-140 inH2O). In this case, zero may be between the LRV and URV, at 2. 200 inH2O
the URV, or above the URV (Table 5.2). Zero elevation is the amount 3. 400 inH2O
that the zero value is above the LRV (140 inH2O in Figure 5.4). Zero
elevation may be expressed in either units of measure or percent of
span.

10 inH2O

10 inH2O will equal 20 mA

–140 inH2O will equal 4 mA

–140 inH2O

Figure 5.4: Elevated Zero Range

Name Range LRV URV Span

Normal range 0–100 0 100 100
Suppressed
20–100 20 100 80
zero range
Elevated zero
–25 to 100 –25 100 125
range
Elevated zero
–100 to 0 –100 0 100
range
Elevated zero
–100 to –20 –100 –20 80
range

Table 5.2: Examples of Suppression and Elevation

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 17

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Functional Specifications

Adjustability
Suppressed Zero Range Activities
A suppressed zero range is a range in which the actual zero value of
the measured variable is less than the LRV (in Figure 5.5, the LRV is 15.. A transmitter that reads 60 in
30 inH2O). In this case, zero will not appear on the scale (Table 5.2 H2O at 4 mA has a zero
on page 19)—that is, the transmitter will never output 0 inH2O. Zero supression of 60 in H2O. Is this
suppression is the amount that the actual transmitter zero value is statement true or false?
below the LRV (30 inH2O in Figure 5.5). Zero suppression may be
expressed in either units of measure or percent of span.

160 inH2O

160 inH2O will equal 20 mA

30 inH2O will equal 4 mA

30 inH2O 16..Name a common application in

which zero supression and zero
elevation are used.

1 Direct mount of transmitter

at lower tap
2 Vacuum application
3 Remote seals
4 Flow application
Figure 5.5: Suppressed Zero Range
When selecting transmitters for use in an elevated zero range or
suppressed zero range application, consider the time required to
configure the device. With analog transmitters, a jumper in the
transmitter may need to be moved to enable the transmitter to
function properly. With most smart transmitters, you just need to
configure the URV and LRV using the HART Communicator.

Zero elevation and suppression are often used in

remote seals applications.

18 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Functional Specifications

Adjustability
DAMPING Activities
In some applications, pumps or other process noise pulses must be 17. A damping of 10 seconds will
“damped out” to get good control or indication. Damping is the provide a faster response than a
ability of an instrument to prevent rapid or excessive corrections in damping time of 0.2 seconds. Is
response to process noise that may result in measurement instability this statement true or false?
or oscillation.
The damping specification is given in terms of response time. The
more the unit is damped, the slower the response time. For example,
damping may be “adjustable between 0.2 and 255 seconds.” In other
words, the transmitter can be set to respond to changes in the process
(i.e., reflect a change in output) every 0.2 seconds, every 255 seconds,
or at any interval in between.
Figure 5.6 shows the time required to change a transmitter’s output
reading with 5-second damping. The time before the output starts to
change is called dead time. After the first 5-second interval, 63.2% of
the process variable’s true value is reflected in the transmitter’s 18. The greater the damping, the
output. This time interval is called the time constant (the time ____________ the transmitter's
required [after dead time] for the output to reach 63.2% of the input’s total response time.
true value). After 25 seconds, almost 100% of the process variable’s
true value is registered in the output. The dead time plus one time
constant equals total response time.
1. slower
Damping 2. same
100
3. faster
Percent Output Change

80

60

40
Process
variable’s value
20
Percent of
variable’s value
0 shown in the
5 10 15 20 25 output

Time

Figure 5.6: Five-Second Damping Graph

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 19

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications are those specifications that show how well a transmitter performs over time and
under certain conditions. A transmitter with proven performance specifications is a quality instrument. As a
process control consultant, you need to be able to explain how performance specifications for instruments are
defined and calculate error for a specific set of conditions. In addition, you need to explain the impact of
different types of error in relatively simple terms.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Define performance specifications
❑ Define reference accuracy and reference conditions
❑ List ways of expressing reference accuracy and explain how each type is derived
❑ Define the following types of error:
• Zero error
• Span error
• Total error
• Turndown error
• Systematic error
❑ Explain how each of the following performance specifications may impact total performance, stability
performance, and/or dynamic response performance:
• Ambient temperature effect
• Line pressure effect
• Vibration effect
• Power supply effect
• RFI/EMI effect
• Mounting position effect
• Load effect
• Overpressure effect
❑ Define the following terms as they relate to transmitter reference accuracy:
• Linearity
• Hysteresis
• Repeatability
❑ Explain the importance of stability
❑ Calculate total probable error (TPE) using the root-sum-square (RSS) method
❑ Identify which effects discussed in this section can be corrected for and explain how the correction can
occur
❑ Find performance specifications on PDSs or on instrument specification sheets

Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 20

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Performance Specifications

Reference Accuracy
Along with the basic function and features of transmitters, accuracy Activities
is the most common specification used to narrow down choices.
Reference accuracy is the type of transmitter performance that you 1. What is reference accuracy?
would achieve on a bench check in a laboratory (i.e., under reference
conditions). Reference accuracy defines the limits that errors will not
exceed when tested under reference operating conditions. In a PDS, 1 The limits that errors will not
the “Accuracy” performance specification refers to reference exceed when the transmitter is
accuracy. tested under no-load
conditions.
2 The limits that errors will not
Although accuracy is the most common specification used
exceed when the transmitter is
in customer requirements, there are much better ways to
compare instrument performance, as will be discussed tested under reference conditions.
later in this section. 3 The limits that errors will not
exceed when the transmitter is
Reference accuracy is zero-based (see Types of Error on page 26), tested under operating conditions.
and includes the effects of linearity, repeatability, and hysteresis. 4 The limits that errors will not
Reference accuracy is typically expressed as a percent of calibrated exceed when the transmitter is
span, but can also be expressed as percent of URL or percent of tested under severe conditions.
reading.

INTERPRETING ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS

To perform equal comparisons of transmitters, you need to look at
more than just the numerical portion of a specification. You also need
to read the wording that accompanies the number. For example,
consider three transmitters, all with an accuracy specification of
0.2%. Is the specification expressed as 0.2% of calibrated span, 0.2% 2. What are the common ways of
of URL, or 0.2% of reading? expressing reference accuracy?
Select all options that apply.
The examples on the following page show that there can be
significant differences in accuracy between transmitters that all have 1 % of calibrated span
0.2% accuracy, depending on the terms in which the accuracy is 2 % of URL
expressed. For each example below, the transmitter’s URL is 150 3 Range of calibrated span
inH2O; the transmitter is calibrated to 0–100 inH2O; and you are 4 % of reading
taking a reading at 80 inH2O. 5 Range of reading

21 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications

Reference Accuracy
Percent of Calibrated Span Example Activities
Accuracy expressed as percent of calibrated span is the reference
accuracy specification times the full calibrated span. In our example, 3. How is a percentage of URL
if the transmitter’s accuracy specification is read as 0.2% of accuracy specification
calibrated span, then the reading at 80 inH2O would be calculated?
80 ± 0.2 inH2O, using the following calculation:
0.2% × 100 inH2O = 0.2 inH2O 1 Reading x URL/100
2 Reading x URL
3 Reference accuracy x reading
Percent of URL Example 4 Reference accuracy x URL
Accuracy expressed as percent of URL is the reference accuracy
specification times the URL. In our example, if the transmitter’s
accuracy specification is read as 0.2% of URL, then the reading at 80
inH2O would be 80 ± 0.3 inH2O, using the following calculation:
0.2% × 150 inH2O = 0.3 inH2O

Percent of Reading Example 4. How is the percentage of

reading accuracy specification
Accuracy expressed as percent of reading is the reference accuracy calculated?
specification times the reading. In our example, if the transmitter’s
accuracy specification is read as 0.2% of reading, then the reading at
80 inH2O would be 80 ± 0.16 inH2O, using the following calculation: 1 Reading x URL/100
0.2% × 80 inH2O = 0.16 inH2O
2 Reading x URL
3 Reference accuracy x reading
4 Reference accuracy x URL

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 22

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Performance Specifications

Types of Error
Most performance specifications are expressed in terms of errors. Activities
These errors are all reflections of how a transmitter’s performance is
affected by various changes in process conditions. 5. If a 4–20 mA transmitter is
calibrated to measure 0–100 in H2O
ZERO ERROR and it reads 4.4 mA at 0 in H O
2
reference pressure, ________
Zero error is a shift of constant magnitude between the measured will be the transmitter’s zero error?
variable and the ideal variable. Zero error is typically measured at the
zero reference point. If zero error is present, the starting point of the
measured curve is offset slightly, causing the entire curve to be offset 1. 0.04 mA
by an equal amount (Figure 5.7).
2. 0.4 mA
3. 4.4 mA

4–20 mA output

4–20 mA output

Zero 4–20 mA output 6. What is the definition of span

error
error?
Ideal span
(0–100 inH2O input)

1 The difference between a

Figure 5.7: Zero Error transmitter’s actual span and
the ideal span.
SPAN ERROR 2 The difference between a
transmitter’s actual span and
Span error is the difference between a transmitter’s actual span and the maximum span.
the ideal span, and is usually expressed as a percent of the ideal span. 3 The difference between a
If span error is present, the actual span will be slightly larger or transmitter’s ideal span and
smaller than the ideal span (Figure 5.8). The variables within the the maximum span.
curve will likewise be proportionately larger or smaller. 4 The difference between a
transmitter’s maximum span
and the minimum span.
4–20 mA output

4–20 mA output

Span
4–20 mA output error

Ideal span
(0–100 inH2O input)

Figure 5.8: Span Error

23 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications

Types of Error
TOTAL ERROR Activities
Total error is simply a way of expressing zero and span error as one 7. If span error is ±0.2 inH2O and
error. Total error is calculated by adding all span and zero errors, and
zero error is ±0.4 inH2O, what
thus represents the maximum amount of error the measurement could
have. Total error is a somewhat unrealistic estimation of potential is the combined error?
error because it assumes that zero and span errors will occur in the
same direction (+ or -) and that they will be divided equally. These 1
assumptions are unlikely to happen, and thus total error does not ±0.6
2 +0.6
represent a transmitter’s typical performance.
3 -0.6
4 ±0.2
TURNDOWN ERROR
Turndown error can occur when a transmitter is used to measure
within a span that is less than the transmitter’s maximum span. The
smaller the calibrated span, the greater the errors over the span.
Turndown error is proportional in magnitude to the amount of
turndown. In addition, turndown error is a constant error along the
whole range of the measurement—it is the same for all readings. You
8. Turndown error is the same for
can expect turndown error to occur when a specification is expressed
all readings. Is this statement
as a percent of URL or a percent of maximum span.
true or false?
For example, say that temperature effect is expressed on a data sheet
as 0.2% of URL. The transmitter’s URL is 150 inH2O. Therefore, the
temperature effect error is ±0.3 inH2O (0.2% × 150 inH2O), or 0.2%
of the actual reading. Therefore, if the same transmitter is read or
calibrated at 50 inH2O (instead of 150 inH2O), the error would still be
±0.3 inH2O, but at that reading, the error would be ±0.6% of the
actual reading (as compared with 0.2% before)!

SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Systematic errors are errors that occur when a number of
measurements are made under the same process conditions (e.g.,
pressure, temperature) and to the same magnitude. Systematic error is
a predictable, repeatable error.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 24

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Performance Specifications

Error Sources
To determine which specifications are important when comparing Activities
transmitters, you need to ask questions about the customer’s
application and consider the conditions to which the transmitter will 9. How can a customer compensate
be exposed. For example, will the process temperature or ambient for zero error due to ambient
temperature vary? Will line pressure vary? Will the instrument be temperature effect?
exposed to vibration? A manufacturer’s performance specifications
describe how a transmitter will respond to changes in process
conditions. 1 Ignore transmitter readings
Note: If a manufacturer does not list a specification, it does not mean taken after the desired process
that the transmitter is unaffected by the condition. temperature is reached
2 Re-zero the transmitter once the
The rest of this subsection describes the potential effects of various desired process temperature is
process conditions on transmitter performance. reached
3 Disconnect the transmitter once
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS the desired process temperature is
reached
Temperature error can result from changes in either process or 4 Ignore the transmitter readings
ambient temperatures. In general, process temperatures are stable taken till the desired process
while ambient temperatures fluctuate. Transmitters are factory temperature is reached
calibrated at room temperature. If a transmitter operates at a different
ambient temperature, the electronics perform differently and a
measurement error may result. This error is called ambient
temperature effect.
Temperature effect, unless otherwise stated, is assumed to include
both zero error and span error:
❑ Zero error is expressed as percent of URL per some change in
temperature from standard conditions
10. Hot process temperatures may
❑ Span error is expressed as percent of calibrated span per some raise the temperature of the
change in temperature from standard conditions ambient environment to a point
Customers can compensate for the zero error by rezeroing the beyond the transmitter’s
transmitter once the desired process and ambient temperature is functional limits. Is this
reached. statement true or false?

The Effects of Process Temperature

Extremely hot process fluids may increase the temperature of the air
surrounding the process. Therefore, when using transmitters to
measure high process temperatures, customers should mount the
transmitter electronics far enough away from the process that the
electronics stay within the ambient temperature limits.
In addition, recall that process temperatures often exceed the limits
of the transmitter’s sensing element. In hot applications, customers
should use good installation practices.

25 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications

Error Sources
The Effects of Ambient Temperature Activities
Some products will solidify if they become too cool. Because holding
tanks are large, product in a tank will not be quickly affected by a 11.Which type of transmitter can
decrease in ambient temperature. However, pressure transmitters are be affected by line pressure?
sometimes mounted outside the tank on a smaller nozzle. The small
amount of product in the nozzle will cool rapidly and may solidify if
the ambient temperature decreases and nozzle temperature is not kept
1 Absolute pressure transmitters
high enough.
2 Differential pressure
transmitters
3 Gauge pressure transmitters
LINE PRESSURE EFFECT 4 All the above transmitters
Line pressure effect (or static pressure effect), which applies only to
differential pressure transmitters, is the effect of line pressure applied
to both sides of the transmitter. Line pressure effect includes both
zero and span errors:
❑ Zero error is expressed as percent of URL per change in line
pressure
❑ Span error is expressed as percent of calibrated span per change
in line pressure
Customers can easily compensate for zero errors by rezeroing the
transmitter at its operating pressure. Determining span error requires
expensive, sophisticated equipment. For this reason, manufacturers
do not cite span error on their data sheets, which makes it difficult for
customers to make appropriate corrections.

Temperature and line pressure effects are two of the

most common and largest sources of transmitter
error. Line pressure effect is most common in flow
applications.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 26

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Performance Specifications

Error Sources
EFFECTS ON REFERENCE ACCURACY Activities
Error sources accounted for in reference accuracy include: 12.Which error sources does
❑ Linearity reference accuracy take into
❑ Hysteresis account?
❑ Repeatability Select all options that apply.

1 Linearity
Linearity
2 Polarity
Linearity is the closeness to which a curve approximates a straight 3 Hysteresis
line (Figure 5.9). Linearity is not a function of time. Expressed as 4 Repeatabilty
independent linearity, it is the maximum deviation of the actual
5 Conductivity
characteristics from a straight line positioned so as to minimize the
maximum deviation.

Actual characteristics
Output (average of upscale and
downscale readings)

13.. ______________ is the term used

to describe the closeness to which
Maximum a curve approximates a straight
deviation line?

1. Linearity
2. Polarity
Input 3. Hysteresis
Span
0% 100%

Figure 5.9: Linearity Curve

Hysteresis
Hysteresis is the maximum difference in output, at any measured
value within the specified range, when the value is approached first
with increasing (0 to 100%) and then with decreasing (100% to 0%)
input values. For example, a transmitter may give a different reading
at 90 inH2O depending on whether the previous pressure was lower
or higher than 90 inH2O.

27 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications

Error Sources
Repeatability Activities
Repeatability is the ability of a transmitter to produce the same output
reading when the same input is applied under the same operating 14. The ability of a transmitter to
conditions and in the same direction (Figure 5.10). Repeatability does produce the same output
not take hysteresis into account. reading when the same input is
applied under the same
Output operating conditions and in the
same direction is called ________.
Maximum
repeatability
1. repeatability
Downscale
2. stability
characteristics Repeatability 3. rangeability

Upscale
characteristics
15. Define stability.

Input
Full-range traverse 1 A transmitter’s change in
output given as a fixed input
0% 100%
as a function of time
Figure 5.10: Repeatability Curve 2 The maximum difference in
output at any measured value
3 The closeness to which a curve
STABILITY approximates a straight line
Stability (or drift) is a transmitter’s change in output given a fixed 4 The effect on a transmitter's
input as a function of time. If the same value of a measured variable is output due to vibration
measured many times and all of the results agree very closely, then
the instrument is said to have a high degree of stability.

VIBRATION EFFECT
Vibration effect is the effect on a transmitter’s output due to vibration
in the process environment. The axis of vibration is an important
consideration for some of the force-balance-type transmitters, which
are more sensitive to vibrations in certain planes.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 28

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Performance Specifications

Error Sources
POWER SUPPLY EFFECT Activities
If a transmitter is operated in the field under a different voltage than 16. Which effects are unlikely to
the one under which it was calibrated, measurement errors may occur. occur with transmitters made
These errors are called power supply effect. Power supply effects on within the last few years, using
transmitters designed within the last few years are usually new-age electronics?
insignificant in terms of transmitter performance because the design Select all options that apply.
of the electronic components virtually eliminates power supply effect.
1 Mounting positioning effect.
EMI/RFI EFFECT 2 Radio frequency interference
3 Load effect
EMI (electromagnetic interference)/RFI (radio frequency 4 Power supply effect
interference) effects are measurement errors due to radio or 5 Electromagnetic interference
electromagnetic interference (e.g., from motors or radios).

MOUNTING POSITION EFFECT

Measurement errors may occur if a transmitter is mounted in a
position different from the one in which it was calibrated. These
errors are called mounting position effect. Mounting position is a
common source of zero error, which customers can easily compensate 17. Which are the potential sources
for by rezeroing the transmitter once it is installed. of EMI or RFI effect?
Select all options that apply.
LOAD EFFECT 1 Radio
Changes in loop load can cause changes in transmitter output. The 2 Power lines
change in output is called load effect. Load effect has been eliminated 3 Lightning
in transmitters designed within the last few years. As long as enough 4 Hot surface
power and current is available to the transmitter, the transmitter will 5 Electric motors
operate properly when minor load or power supply changes occur.

OVERPRESSURE EFFECT
Overpressure occurs when too much pressure is applied to a
transmitter’s sensor, which can cause the transmitter to output
inaccurate measurement readings. Overpressure effect occurs only
with differential pressure transmitters. Overpressure is a zero-based
error expressed as percent of URL (e.g., ±0.25% of URL for
2000 psi). Reasonably high overpressure capability on differential
pressure transmitters provides added assurance that overpressure will
not damage the sensing element.

29 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications

Overall Performance: Total Probable Error

With so many performance specifications, it can be difficult to Activities
determine what a transmitter’s actual performance will be once all of 18. State the formula for
the effects and errors are accounted for. This concern can be addressed calculating TPE using the RSS
by using a transmitter’s known specifications and operating conditions method.
to find total probable error (TPE). TPE provides a more realistic
estimate of the potential effects of error on measurement accuracy than
does a total error calculation.

Understanding how to calculate and explain TPE is of particular

1.
2 2 2
ErrorA + ErrorB + ErrorC + ...
importance when customers are selecting seals, because errors
with seals can be high. 2 2
2. (AxBxC ) ErrorA + ErrorB + ErrorC

ROOT-SUM-SQUARE METHOD 3. 2 2 2
ErrorA xErrorB xErrorC + ...
To find TPE, use the root-sum-square (RSS) method. The RSS method
determines TPE by summing the squares of all known individual errors 4. ErrorA+ErrorB+ErrorC
and taking the square root of the total:
2 2 2
TPE = ErrorA + ErrorB + ErrorC + ...

The RSS calculation assumes that the variables (i.e., error

specifications) are independent of each other and that the mean of each
error is zero. When combining all error factors, the units of measure
must all be the same. The example below walks through a sample TPE
calculation.

CALCULATING TPE: PRESSURE TRANSMITTER EXAMPLE

19. What information do you
This example compares two transmitters: A and B. Using the RSS require to calculate the TPE?
method, you can clearly see that Transmitter A is a better choice for the Select all options that apply.
sample application, even though Transmitter B’s accuracy appears to
be better. However, if the transmitters were used at the URL, then 1 Performance specifications
Transmitter B would be the better choice. 2 Process medium
3 Housing material
The four steps on the following pages walk through the process for
determining TPE for Transmitters A and B.
4 Operating conditions

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 30

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Performance Specifications

Overall Performance: Total Probable Error

Step 1. List the Transmitter Specifications Activities
Transmitter specifications will not be listed in the same manner by all
manufacturers. For example, in Table 5.3, Transmitter A includes
separate entries for zero and span errors due to temperature effect,
while Transmitter B includes only one entry for a total error due to
temperature effect.
Specification Transmitter A Transmitter B
URL 300 inH2O 300 in H2O
Accuracy ±0.2% of span ±0.1% of URL
Temperature effect:
• Zero ±0.5% of URL per 100 °F
• Span ±0.5% of span per 100 °F
• Total ±1.0% of URL per 100 °F
Line pressure effect:
• Zero ±0.25% of URL per 2000 ±0.25% of URL per 2000
psi psi
• Span ±0.25% of reading per ±0.23% of span per 1000
1000 psi psi

Table 5.3: Specifications for Transmitters A and B

Step 2. Define the Transmitters’ Operating Conditions

You will have to work closely with your customers to determine what
the operating conditions will be for their given applications. The
operating conditions for the application in this exercise are:
❑ Calibrated span—0–100 inH2O
❑ Expected ambient temperature change—50 °F
❑ Expected line pressure change—500 psig
❑ Expected reading—75 inH2O

31 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Performance Specifications

Overall Performance: Total Probable Error

Step 3. Convert All Errors to Common Terms and Units Activities
To ensure an accurate comparison among transmitters, be sure to use
consistent units of measure in the RSS calculation. In Table 5.4, zero
and span errors for Transmitter A are summed to find the total error,
which can then be used as a comparison point against Transmitter B.

Specification Transmitter A Transmitter B

Accuracy ±0.2% × 100 = ±0.2 inH2O ±0.1% × 300 = ±0.3 inH2O
Temperature effect:
• Zero ±0.5% × 300 × 50 / 100 = ±0.75 inH2O
• Span ±0.5% × 100 × 50 / 100 = ±0.25 inH2O
• Total
2 2 ±1.0% × 300 × 50 / 100 = ±1.5 inH2O
0.75 + 0.25 = ± 0.79 inH2O

Line pressure effect:

• Zero ±0.25% × 300 × 500 / 2000 = ±0.19 inH2O ±0.25% × 300 × 500 / 2000 = ±0.19 inH2O
• Span ±0.25% × 75 × 500 / 1000 = ±0.09 inH2O ±0.25% × 100 × 50 / 1000 = ±0.12 inH2O

Table 5.4: Converting Errors to Common Terms and Units

Step 4. Calculate TPE Using the RSS Method

Always use individual error values when calculating TPE if they are
provided. If you use the TPE calculation to compare two transmitters
and one manufacturer provides only total error, use total error for that
manufacturer’s calculation and individual errors for the other.
Table 5.5 shows the TPE calculations using the RSS method for
Transmitters A and B.

Transmitter A Transmitter B

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
0.2 + 0.75 + 0.25 + 0.19 + 0.09 = ± 0.84 inH2O 0.3 + 1.50 + 0.19 + 0.12 = ± 1.55 inH2O

TPE = ±0.84% for 100 inH2O span TPE = ±1.55% for 100 inH2O span

Table 5.5: TPE Calculation Using the RSS Method

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 32

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications
Product approvals and certifications fall into the functional specifications category. A large percentage of
process control products are used in hazardous areas. You need to be able to talk with customers about the
product approvals and certifications associated with your products, and you need to be able to help them decide
which, if any, requirements must be met for their application.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
❑ Define hazardous area
❑ Name the three conditions that must be present for fire to occur
❑ List advantages of using approved products
❑ Identify where each of the major product safety approval agencies resides
❑ Define IPAL and explain how you might use it on the job
❑ Define ATEX
❑ Identify the general steps involved in the product certification process
❑ Name examples of ignition sources and combustible materials
❑ Briefly describe each of the following protection methods and describe examples of each:
• Containment
• Energy limitation
• Avoidance
❑ Explain the purpose and benefits of an intrinsically safe installation
❑ Use references to find material classifications for a given substance
❑ Briefly describe the area classifications, including definitions of groups and zones
❑ Accurately interpret protection and agency codes associated with the instruments you sell
❑ Demonstrate familiarity with NEMA and IEC enclosure ratings
❑ Make general comparisons between NEMA and IEC enclosure ratings
❑ Identify differences in installation practices for CENELEC and FM explosion-proof installations
❑ State NEC guidelines to follow for explosion-proof, intrinsically safe, and sealing applications
❑ Briefly describe several types of certification/special cleaning services
❑ Given design/manufacturing changes in a component of an instrument, determine whether the change
affects approval
❑ Identify certification/approval requirements that might apply for a given process application/installation
❑ Find certification/approval information on PDSs
❑ Name who to contact for more information on approvals/certification
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 33

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Safety in Hazardous Areas

Hazardous areas are those areas where a risk of explosion exists Activities
because flammable atmospheres are likely to be present. The
hazardous conditions may be either man-made (as in petrochemical 1. Define a hazardous area.
plants) or naturally occurring (as with coal mining). It is important to
ensure that all electrical equipment installed in a hazardous area
cannot form a spark or hot surface that would ignite flammable 1 An area where a risk of explosion
atmospheres. To ensure safety in hazardous areas, all equipment is exists because heat is likely
examined and tested by a recognized testing authority before it is to be present.
used in a hazardous area. 2 An area where a risk of explosion
exists because of high
THE FIRE TRIANGLE atmospheric temperature.
3 An area where a risk of fire exists
Three components must be present for fire or explosion to occur because fossil fuels are likely to
(i.e., for an area to be classified as hazardous): be present.
❑ Explosive material in sufficient quantities (e.g., petrol, 4 An area where a risk of explosion
hydrogen, vapors from a flammable liquid, combustible dusts) exists because flammable
❑ Ignition source of sufficient energy to ignite the explosive atmospheres are likely to be
material (e.g., flames, welding, hot surfaces, spontaneous present.
heating)
❑ Oxygen

These three components comprise the fire triangle. An explosion will

not occur if any one of the three components is missing.

ADVANTAGES OF USING CERTIFIED EQUIPMENT

By using certified products in hazardous areas, customers can ensure 2. What are the components of the
that people and property will be protected from the risks associated fire triangle?
with the use of electrical equipment in hazardous locations. Select all options that apply.
Certification ensures expert conformity with standards and provides
evidence of compliance with legal obligations such as safety 1 Flammable materials
regulations. In addition, certification markings provide ready 2 Ignition sources
identification of products that are fit for a purpose. 3 Water
4 Oxygen
CERTIFICATION: APPROVAL AGENCIES AND MARKINGS

Approval Agencies
Several approval agencies located throughout the world act as testing
authorities in the design, manufacture, and operation of process
control instruments. You need to be conversant about the
requirements of agencies in your geographic area in particular, but
you should also be somewhat familiar with agencies in other parts of
the world.

34 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Safety in Hazardous Areas

The most common certification standards used in the process control Activities
industry are:
❑ Canadian Standards Association (CSA) in Canada 3. Which are the most common
❑ European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization certification standards?
(CENELEC) in Europe Select all options that apply.
❑ Factory Mutual (FM) in the United States
1 CSA
❑ Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) in Japan 2 CENELEC
❑ Standards Association of Australia (SAA) in Australia 3 FM
Approval agencies around the world certify process control 4 JIS
instruments to meet these standards. The approval agencies with 5 SAA
which you should be familiar include:
❑ British Approval Services for Electrical Equipment in
Flammable Atmosphere (BASEEFA) in the United Kingdom
❑ BVS and PTB in Germany
❑ CERCHAR and LCIE in France
❑ CESI in Italy
❑ DEMKO in Denmark
❑ ISSeP in Belgium 4. You can find IPAL at __________.
❑ KEMA in the Netherlands
❑ SEV in Switzerland
1. Rosewire
❑ SIRA in England
2. Product Data Sheet (PDS)
Rosewire holds a controlled copy of an International Product 3. Product Manual
Approvals Listing (IPAL), which lists all approvals for process
control products, along with information about how to use the listing.
In addition, the IPAL includes helpful information about potential
applications of approved products.

European ATEX Directive

ATEX is the European Union’s directive 94/9/EC that applies to
equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially
explosive atmospheres. The purpose of the directive is to facilitate
trade within the European Union by aligning the laws of the member
states regarding the safety requirements for hazardous area products.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 35

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Safety in Hazardous Areas

Product Certification Process Activities
When designing a new product, manufacturers decide on the
appropriate standards to follow and design the new product to 5. Which certification standard is
comply. The manufacturer’s product approvals group works with the represented by the symbol
product designers to ensure that all applicable requirements are met. “EEx”?
In addition, compliance engineers and designers work with the
approval agency during the design phase. Once the design is
1 CSA
complete, prototype samples of the product are tested.
2 CENELEC
After testing, the manufacturer submits the product’s documentation 3 FM
and hardware to the approval agency for their review. If approval is 4 SAA
granted, the approval agency sends certification documents to the
manufacturer, who can then label and sell the product as approved.

Approval Agency Safety Codes

Each approval agency uses a specific format to indicate which
certifications it has granted to a particular instrument. You need to be
able to interpret these markings so that you can explain the meaning
of the markings to your customers.

IEC Safety Codes

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) safety codes are
used to designate certification standards (e.g., CENELEC, JIS, SAA)
for electrical equipment. IEC codes appear in the following format:

Indicates the
instrument is
certified for use Indicates
in hazardous apparatus/
locations gas group

Ex ia IIC T4 (Tamb = 70 °C)

Indicates Temperature Ambient

method of code temperature
protection limits

CENELEC approvals are readily identifiable by the EEx symbol (as

opposed to the Ex symbol shown above).

36 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Safety in Hazardous Areas

North American Safety Codes Activities
North American safety codes are used to designate FM and CSA 6. Name the certification
hazardous area certifications for electrical equipment. North standards that are represented
American codes appear in the following format: with North American safety codes.
Select all options that apply.
Indicates the
material class 1 CSA
2 CENELEC
3 FM
Class I, Div. 1, Groups A,B,C,D T4 4 SAA

Indicates Gas groups Temperature

hazard severity code

The rest of this section will provide you with the information you
need to interpret IEC and North American safety codes.

ATEX Approval Marking

Transmitters that are certified to comply with ATEX Directive 94/9/
EC are fitted with labels that include the word “ATEX” in the
certificate number, as in the example below.

KEMA ATEX
certificate
number

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 37

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Method of Protection
Many methods of protection in hazardous areas work by eliminating Activities
one of the three components of the fire triangle. Methods of
protection include: 7. List the most common methods
❑ Exclusion of protection in hazardous areas.
❑ Containment Select all options that apply.
❑ Energy limitation
1 Containment
❑ Dilution 2 Energy Limitation
❑ Avoidance 3 Dilution
The most common methods of protection used in the process control 4 Avoidance
industry are containment, energy limitation, and avoidance, which
are described below.
Note: The letters in parentheses following the headings below are the
IEC codes used to indicate that method of protection on product
labeling.

CONTAINMENT
Customers can use the containment method so that if an explosion 8. What is the purpose of an
occurs, it is contained within the equipment enclosure. Thus, sparks explosion-proof enclosure?
or flames will not leak into the hazardous atmosphere and cause
another fire or explosion. Containment is often used with
spark-producing parts, such as switch gears, control boards, or 1 To extinguish the arcs and
transformers. sparks that may develop inside
the equipment.
Explosion-Proof Enclosures (Ex d) 2 To withstand an internal
Explosion-proof (or flameproof) enclosures are used to surround explosion that may possibly
equipment parts that could ignite an explosive atmosphere (e.g., by release the flame to the atmosphere.
sparking). Explosion-proof enclosures must meet the following 3 To limit the energy required to
conditions: ignite a flammable gas inside
❑ All enclosure joints leading to the outside environment must be
the enclosure.
flameproof 4 To withstand an internal
explosion without rupture or
❑ The enclosure must have sufficient strength to withstand an
permanent deformation
internal explosion without rupture or permanent deformation
❑ The enclosure’s surface temperature must never exceed the
ignition temperature of the ambient gas-air mixture
When selecting an explosion-proof material, customers should
consider the material’s thickness, corrosion resistance, impact
strength, and porosity.

38 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Method of Protection
Nonsparking Equipment (Ex n) Activities
Nonsparking equipment is equipment with which special precautions
are taken with connections and wiring to increase reliability. The 9. How does I.S. equipment
equipment does not produce arcs, sparks, or hot surfaces in normal prevent explosions?
operation. Nonsparking equipment is commonly used with
three-phase induction motors in hazardous areas.
1 By limiting the release of
sufficient electrical energy to
ENERGY LIMITATION ignite explosive gases in the
atmosphere under normal or
Customers may also prevent explosions by removing sufficient
defined defualt conditions
energy from escaping gases so that energy levels are below the
2 By limiting the release of
minimum ignition energy levels of any flammable gases and
carbon fuels that would ignite
combustible dusts in the ambient atmosphere. If energy levels are
when they mix with explosive
maintained below these levels, an explosion will not occur.
gases in the atmosphere
3 By maintaining a very low
Intrinsic Safety (Ex i)
ambient temperature and thus
Intrinsically safe (I.S.) equipment and wiring prevents explosion by disallowing any ignition of
limiting the release of sufficient electrical energy to ignite explosive explosive gases in the
gases in the atmosphere under normal or defined fault conditions. The atmosphere
energy allowed into the hazardous location is limited by an I.S. 4 By continously exhausting
barrier (provided by the installer). the flammable gas from the
enclosure to prevent explosion
Advantages of I.S. approaches include:
❑ Less operator action required to maintain a safe system
❑ Easier to maintain and repair the equipment

I.S. devices are assigned maximum voltage, current, and power

supply limits. The magnitude of these parameters determines the level
of energy storage allowed in the I.S. circuit.

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 39

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Method of Protection
AVOIDANCE Activities
Customers may also prevent explosions by using equipment or parts 10. Increased safety falls under
of equipment that do not arc or spark in normal service, thus which method of protection in
preventing the ignition source from ever occurring. hazardous areas?

Increased Safety (Ex e)

Increased safety is perhaps the most widely used method of 1 Containment
protection. The design and manufacture of increased safety 2 Dilution
equipment excludes normally sparking components. Manufacturers 3 Energy Limitation
design other components to reduce substantially the likelihood of the 4 Increased safety
occurrence of fault conditions that could cause ignition by:
❑ Reducing and controlling working temperatures
❑ Ensuring reliable electrical connections
❑ Increasing insulation effectiveness
❑ Reducing the probability of contamination by dirt and moisture
ingress (entry)
Common increased safety applications include terminal and
connection boxes, control boxes, and light fittings.

11. What does Ex d symbolize?

Symbol
Type of Protection (Ex or EEx) 1 Non-sparking equipment
Explosion-proof enclosures Ex d 2 Intrinsic safety in Zone 0
Nonsparking equipment Ex n 3 Explosion-proof enclosures
4 Increased safety
Intrinsic safety in Zone 0 Ex ia
Intrinsic safety in Zone 1 Ex ib
Increased safety Ex e

Table 5.6: Area Classifications

40 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Material Classifications/Groups
Material groups include gas groups, temperature groups, and Activities
material classifications.
12. Which IEC gas group corresponds
GAS GROUPS to North American gas group
Class I, Group C?
Gas groups organize gases by their minimum ignition energies. Gas
group codes differ between IEC and North American markings.
Sample group codes are shown in Table 5.7. 1 I
2 IIA
Representative North American Gas 3 IIB
Substance Group IEC Gas Group
4 IIC
Acetylene Class I, Group A IIC
Hydrogen Class I, Group B IIC
Ethylene Class I, Group C IIB
Propane Class I, Group D IIA
Methane Class I, Group D I
13. What is the maximum surface
Conductive metals Class II, Group E N/A
temperature allowed for a
Carbonaceous Class II, Group F N/A transmitter in temperature group
Grain Class II, Group G N/A T4?
Fibers/flyings Class III N/A

Table 5.7: Gas Groups 1 100 °C (212 °F)

2 135 °C (275 °F)
TEMPERATURE GROUPS 3 200 °C (392 °F)
4 300 °C (572 °F)
Temperature groups organize gases according to their auto-ignition
temperatures. The same temperature group codes are used in both
IEC and North American markings. Sample temperature codes are
shown in Table 5.8.
Maximum Minimum Examples of Gases
Surface Ignition and Vapors Against
Temperature Temperature Temperature Which Protection is
Group °C (°F) °C (°F) Afforded
T1 450 (842) 500 (932) Hydrogen, ammonia
Acetone, ethanol,
T2 300 (572) 350 (662)
propane
T3 200 (392) 250 (482) Petrol, crude oil
T4 135 (275) 185 (365) n-heptane, ethyl ether
T5 100 (212) 150 (302) None specified yet
T6 85 (185) 135 (275) Carbon disulfide

Table 5.8: Temperature Group Codes

41 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Material Classifications/Groups
MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION Activities
North American approval agencies such as FM and CSA designate a 14. The gas group classification of
material class in their certifications. The material classes are: propane would be __________.
❑ Class I: Gases and vapors
❑ Class II: Dust
1. Class I
❑ Class III: Fibers and flyings
2. Class II
3. Class III
MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION CODE EXAMPLES
BASEEFA, CENELEC, and some other agencies designate material
groups using the IEC standards. FM and CSA designate material
standards using the North American standards. Examples of material
classification codes include:
❑ I1 EEx ia IIC T4 (Tamb = –50 °C to 60 °C) is a BASEEFA/ 15. Which part of the classification
CENELEC marking that indicates that the instrument may be code: Nl Ex nL IIC T5
used with gases in Group IIC at temperatures within the range (Tamb = –40 °C to 70°C)?
associated with group T4 and in ambient temperatures between indicates the IEC gas group?
–50 °C and 60 °C
❑ E7 Ex d ia IIC T6 (Tamb = 40 °C) is an SAA marking that
indicates that the instrument may be used with gases in Group
IIC at temperatures within the range associated with group T6 1 Nl
and in an ambient temperature of 40 °C 2 Tamb
3 nL
❑ E5 Explosion Proof for Class I, Division 1, Groups B, C, and D
is an FM marking that indicates the instrument may be safely 4 IIC
used with gases in gas groups B, C, and D
❑ C6 Intrinsically Safe for Class I, Division 1, Groups A, B, C,
and D; Temperature Code T3C is a CSA marking that
indicates that the instrument may be safely used with gases in
gas groups A, B, C, and D at temperatures within the range
associated with group T3C

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 42

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Hazardous Area Classifications

Approval agencies have designated hazardous area zone and division Activities
classifications that describe the degrees of risk in different types of
hazardous areas (Table 5.9). The classifications also specify which 16. A hazardous area would be
types of equipment protection are allowed in each zone or division. classified as __________ if
For example, sand filling is allowed in Division 2 and in Zones 1 and it had ignitable concentrations of
2. Explosion-proof equipment is allowed in Zones 1 and 2. propane present for short periods
FM and CSA indicate the hazardous area division in their of time under normal
certification markings. The following two examples show how considerations.
hazardous area classifications are designated in product
specifications: 1. Zone 0
❑ E5 Explosion Proof for Class I, Division 1, Groups B, C, and D 2. Zone 1
indicates the instrument may be safely used in hazardous areas 3. Zone 2
with ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors (Class I)
present most of the time or for short periods of time under
normal conditions
❑ I5 Nonincendive for Class II, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, and D
indicates the instrument may be safely used in hazardous areas
with ignitable concentrations of dust (Class II) present only 17. Which Division is defined by
under fault conditions ignitable concentrations of
dust present only under fault
North American IEC Definition
conditions?
Ignitable concentrations present
Zone 0 most of the time under normal
conditions
1. Division 1
Division 1 2. Division 2
Ignitable concentrations present
Zone 1 under normal conditions for short
periods
Ignitable concentrations present
Division 2 Zone 2
only under fault conditions

Table 5.9: Hazardous Area Classifications

Division 1-approved devices may also be safely used in a Division 2

18. A Division 1-approved device can
area. However, a Division 2-approved device cannot be used in a
be used in a Division 2 area and
Division 1 area.
vice-versa. Is this statement true
or false?

43 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Enclosure Ratings
Two standards agencies govern the ingress (entry) protection (IP) of Activities
enclosures. These agencies use rating systems to identify an
enclosure’s ability to resist external environmental influences. The two 19.Which IEC IP code would be assigned
agencies are: to an instrument that provides protection
❑ IEC against vertically dripping water?
❑ National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA)

In Europe, IEC ratings are based on performance criteria similar to 1 IP01 or IPX1
NEMA, with different interpretations of enclosure performance. For 2 IP04 or IPX4
example, CSA test requirements specify failure of the watertight test if 3 IP56
a single drop of water enters the enclosure. IEC’s standards for each IP IP68
4
level specifies the amount of water allowed entering the enclosure.

IEC Ingress Protection Codes

IEC uses the codes in Table 5.10 to designate an enclosure’s ability to
protect against different types of solids and liquids. The first number
indicates the degree of protection against solid foreign particles. The
second number indicates the degree of protection against harmful entry
of water. If either the first or second number is indicated with an X or a 20. Which IEC IP code must be
zero, then no protection is provided in that category. Examples of IEC assigned to an instrument that
IP codes include: keeps all dust out and can be
❑ IPX4 indicates protection against splashing water only immersed indefinitely?
❑ IP2X indicates protection against solid foreign particles only
❑ IP56 indicates protection against dust and heavy seas or powerful 1 IP01 or IPX1
water jets 2 IP04 or IPX4
1st 2nd
3 IP56
Number Description Number Description 4 IP68
0 or X No protection 0 or X No protection
1 Objects ≥ 50 mm 1 Vertically dripping water
75–105° angled dripping
2 Objects ≥ 12.5 mm 2
water
3 Objects ≥ 2.5 mm 3 Spraying water
4 Objects ≥ 1.0 mm 4 Splashing water
5 Dust-protected 5 Water jets
Heavy seas, powerful
6 Dust-tight 6
water jets
7 Effects of immersion
8 Indefinite immersion

Table 5.10: IEC Enclosure Protection Codes

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 44

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Enclosure Ratings
NEMA Ingress Protection Ratings Activities
NEMA indicates an enclosure’s degree of protection against various
materials using the numbers 1–13. The numbers cover liquid, solid, 21. What does NEMA rating 6
and hazardous area requirements (Table 5.11). mean?

NEMA Rating Description

1 General purpose enclosure 1 The instrument’s enclosure will
2 Drip-tight enclosure
keep water out during
submersion
3 Weather proof
2 The instrument’s enclosure will
4 Water-tight remain dust free at all times
4X Water-tight and corrosion resistant 3 The instrument’s enclosure will
5 Dust-tight be resistant to corrosion
6 Submersible 4 The instrument’s enclosure will
7 Hazardous locations (Class I, Groups C and D) be explosion proof
8 Hazardous locations (Class I, oil-immersed)
9 Hazardous locations (Class II, Groups E, F, and G)
10 Explosion-proof (Bureau of Mines 0)
11 Acid and fume resistant, oil-immersed, used indoors
12 Industrial use
13 Dust proof

Table 5.11: NEMA Enclosure Protection Codes 22. ___________ is the IEC code
that corresponds to NEMA rating
Comparing NEMA Enclosure Types with IEC Classifications 13.
IEC does not specify degrees of protection against risk of explosions
or conditions such as moisture or corrosive vapors; NEMA does.
Because of this reason and because tests and evaluations for other 1. IP 56
characteristics are not identical, IEC enclosure classification 2. IP 60
designations cannot be exactly equated with NEMA enclosure type 3. IP 68
numbers. Table 5.12 shows general comparisons between NEMA
enclosure types and IEC enclosure classifications that are similar but
not exact.
NEMA Rating IEC Code
3 IP54
5 IP52
6 IP67
12 IP52

Table 5.12: Comparing NEMA with IEC Designations

45 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Installation Practices
Customers must follow local installation standards, depending on their Activities
geographic location. Two examples are:
❑ North America—National Electrical Code (NEC) NFPA 70 23. According to NEC guidelines,
❑ Europe—BS EN 60079-14 : 1997 rigid metal conduit is
required for electrical wiring
These two agencies set standards for certain types of installations in in hazardous areas.
hazardous areas, including explosion-proof, I.S., and sealing Is this sentence true or false?
installations. The NEC specifies hazardous areas in which certain
procedures must be followed.

As a process control consultant, you may offer customers

your opinion regarding installation issues, but you must make
it clear that the local inspection authority and/or site safety
officer must make final decisions.

EXPLOSION-PROOF INSTALLATION
Figure 5.11 shows the NEC requirements for an explosion-proof
installation. Note that rigid metal conduits (or another approved
conduit) must be used to enclose electrical wiring in hazardous areas.
In addition, conduit seals should be placed along the electrical conduit
line. In Europe, most explosion-proof installations use cable glands.
Both methods are acceptable.

Class I, Class I, Ordinary

Division 1 Division 2 location

Control
room
Conduit Conduit Conduit equipment
seal seal seal

Any acceptable
Rigid metal conduit “ordinary locations”
Explosion- or other approved wiring method
proof means
transmitter

Figure 5.11: NEC Explosion-Proof Installation

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 46

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Installation Practices
INTRINSIC SAFETY INSTALLATION Activities
Figure 5.12 shows the NEC requirements for an I.S. installation. 24. The I.S. barrier must be located
Customers should consider functional issues such as communications outside the ________ ________
and temperature effect when performing an I.S. installation. The I.S. to meet NEC guidelines.
barrier must be located outside the hazardous area.

Hazardous area Safe area

1. hazardous area
2. safe area
Control 3. sealed enclosure
room
equipment
Cable
I.S. barrier

I.S.
transmitter

Figure 5.12: Intrinsic Safety Installation

SEALING INSTALLATION
The NEC requires that electrical enclosures be sealed if:
❑ The equipment marking requires sealing
❑ The equipment contains a source of electrical or thermal ignition
❑ The equipment has a provision for process connection but does
not incorporate dual independent sealing of process fluids
Figure 5.13 shows a sealed enclosure that meets NEC guidelines.

Laserweld
Glass (secondary seal)
(secondary
seal)

Ferrule
Welded
diaphragm
(primary seal)

Figure 5.13: Example of Sealed Enclosure

47/ For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Product Approvals and Certifications

Other Types of Certification

Customers often require products that are hydrostatic tested, oxygen Activities
cleaned, and calibrated. Certification is available for each of these
requirements and for other special cleaning services. A specific option 25. _______________ determines
code is assigned for each type (some are shown in Table 5.13). You the burst resistance of a
should understand the requirements associated with each certification transmitter.
so that you can explain them to your customers.
Option Code Description
1. Oxygen cleaning
P1 Hydrostatic testing 2. Safe area
P2 Cleaning for special service 3. Sealed enclosure
P3 Cleaning for <1 PPM chlorine/fluorine
P4, P5 Calibration
PS Oxygen cleaned

Table 5.13: Certification Codes

26. __________ is the option code
HYDROSTATIC TESTING for oxygen cleaning.

A hydrostatic test is a test conducted to determine the burst resistance

or leak tightness of a transmitter by imposing static/line pressure. 1. P1
Instruments that have received a hydrostatic test certification are 2. P2
assured of being properly assembled and free of corrosion, rust, 3. PS
structural defects, cracks, thread damage, or other damage that may
affect the transmitter’s ability to retain fluid.

CALIBRATION
Calibration is a test during which known values of the process variable
are applied to the transmitter and the transmitter’s corresponding
output reading is recorded. Calibration tests are performed under
specified conditions—customers may request that their transmitters be
calibrated at ambient temperatures or line pressures appropriate for
their application to minimize the risk of ambient temperature or static
pressure effect. The purpose of calibration is to ensure that a
transmitter accurately reflects the value of process variables (e.g., that
a temperature transmitter outputs 50 °C when indeed the process
temperature is 50 °C).

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 48

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Approvals and Certifications

Other Types of Certification

SPECIAL CLEANING SERVICES Activities

Oxygen Cleaning 27. Oxygen cleaning is required to

remove any flammable contaminants
Oxygen cleaning is a procedure that uses an ultrasonic bath to that may act as an ignition
rigorously remove organic and particulate contamination from the source and cause an explosion
wetted parts of oxygen and oxygen-enriched handling equipment in an oxygen rich environment.
(e.g., transmitters, gauges, valves, fittings, tubes) to prevent fire Is this statement true or false?
hazards. The cleaning process must remove reactive contaminants
such as lubricating oils and greases that may act as potential ignition
sources in oxygen.

Cleaning for Special Service

The cleaning for special service option minimizes contaminants to the
process system by cleaning wetted surfaces with a suitable detergent.

Cleaning for Chlorine/Fluorine

The chloride test is typically performed after the special service
cleaning process for instruments intended for use in nuclear
applications. During the chloride test, the rinse water is examined for
chloride concentrations in parts per million (PPM). (The rinse water
must contain <1 PPM to be acceptable).

28. The wetted parts of a trasmitter

are cleaned to meet the cleaning
requirements of the special
services option. Is this statement
true or false?

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - PRODUCT APPROVALS AND CERTIFICATIONS

49 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets
This appendix includes typical ISA and customer instrument data sheets for several types of process control
instruments, including:
❑ Bimetal and glass thermometers
❑ Pressure gauge
❑ Differential pressure flow transmitter
❑ Pressure transmitter
❑ Differential temperature transmitter and resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensors
❑ Differential pressure level transmitter

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 50

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

TYPICAL ISA DATA SHEET FOR INDUSTRIAL BIMETAL AND GLASS THERMOMETERS

Activities

51 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

TYPICAL ISA DATA SHEET FOR A PRESSURE GAUGE

Activities

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 52

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW TRANSMITTER DATA SHEET (PAGE 1)

Activities

53 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW TRANSMITTER DATA SHEET (PAGE 2)

Activities

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 54

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

PRESSURE TRANSMITTER DATA SHEET (PAGE 1)

Activities

55 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

PRESSURE TRANSMITTER DATA SHEET (PAGE 2)

Activities

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 56

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER AND RTD SENSORS DATA SHEET (PAGE 1)

Activities

57 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER AND RTD SENSORS DATA SHEET (PAGE 2)

Activities

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 58

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
 Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE LEVEL TRANSMITTER DATA SHEET (PAGE 1)

Activities

59 / For Internal Use Only Fundamentals of Specifications

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Appendix: Instrument Data Sheets

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE LEVEL TRANSMITTER DATA SHEET (PAGE 2)

Activities

Fundamentals of Specifications For Internal Use Only / 60

© 2003 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 5.1— THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFICATIONS
1. An instrument engineer is interested in purchasing four new pressure transmitters for
his application. Identify the question(s) that is/are relevant to determine whether
Rosemount has a transmitter that will meet his needs? (Select all that apply)

(1) What is the application and how critical is it?

(2) What are the process details?
(3) What is the ambient temperature?
(4) What are you trying to achieve with the measurement?
(5) What level of accuracy do you require?

2. Let’s assume that you were part of the Rosemount marketing team. An instrument
engineer is interested in buying four new transmitters for her application. What will
you do if she shows you an instrument data sheet she has filled out?

(1) Compare the specification requirements on the customer’s data sheet to the
physical, functional and performance specifications in the product data sheets
(PDSs) of the Rosemount products you plan to recommend.
(2) Compare the physical requirements on the customer’s data sheet to the
physical specifications in the product data sheets (PDSs) of all Rosemount
products.
(3) Compare the functional requirements on the customer’s data sheet to the
functional specifications in the product data sheets (PDSs) of all Rosemount
products.
(4) Compare the performance requirements on the customer’s data sheet to the
performance specifications in the product data sheets (PDSs) of the
Rosemount products you plan to recommend.

3. If an instrument engineer is interested in buying four new transmitters for her

application and shows you an instrument data sheet she has filled out, what are the
advantages you would gain by using specifications? (Select three options that apply)

(1) It helps to show customer how Rosemount transmitters meet the customer’s
application requirements.
(2) It helps to differentiate Rosemount product from the competitors.
(3) It helps to show the overall value that the Rosemount transmitter will provide
in terms of pricing.
(4) It helps to show the overall value that the Rosemount transmitter will provide
in terms of accuracy and safety.
(5) It helps to show the overall value that the Rosemount transmitter will provide
in terms of configuration and maintenance.

Page 61 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 5.2 — PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-1) of the Rosemount Model 8800C Smart
Vortex Flowmeter to answer questions 1 to 3.

1. A customer with a sour gas application is interested in the Model 8800C Smart
Vortex Flowmeter but is concerned that the sour process fluid will corrode the wetted
parts of the flowmeter.

How should this concern be addressed?

(1) The Flowmeter meets the requirements of NACE Standard MR-01-75 (96),
but is not safe to use with sour process fluids at all times.
(2) The Flowmeter meets the requirements of NACE Standard MR-01-75 (96),
which means that it is safe to use with sour process fluids without risk of
corrosion.
(3) The Flowmeter does not meet the requirements of NACE Standard MR-01-75
(96), which means that it is not safe to use with sour process fluids unless
treated for corrosion first.
(4) The Flowmeter does not meet the requirements of NACE Standard MR-01-75
(96).

2. The minimum pipe length requirements for the 8800 Smart Vortex Flowmeter are
__________ straight pipe diameters upstream and __________ straight pipe
diameters downstream.

(1) 5 (1) 5
(2) 10 (2) 10
(3) 20 (3) 20

3. Which of the following physical specifications does the 8800C Smart Vortex
Flowmeter meet? (Select all that apply)

(1) Mounts between DIN PN 64 flange configurations

(2) 1/2 – 14 NPT conduit threads
(3) Stainless steel housing
(4) NACE compliance
(5) Teflon cover o-rings

Workbook Exercises Page 62

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
4. A customer is using a pressure transmitter with remote seals for vacuum service.
How would you advise him to mount the transmitter?

(1) In level with or below the lowest tap position.

(2) Above the lowest tap position.
(3) Above the highest tap position.
(4) In level with or below the highest tap position.

Page 63 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 5.3 — FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS
1. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-2) of the Rosemount Model3051C Pressure
Transmitter to answer this question.

Match each factor to the corresponding temperature limit.

(1) Process _________

(2) Ambient _________
(3) Storage _________

(A) -40 °F to 185 °F (-40 °C to 85 °C)

(B) -40 °F to 212 °F (-40 °C to 100 °C)
(C) -4 °F to 175 °F (-20 °C to 80 °C)

2. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-3) of the Rosemount Model1151DP Pressure
Transmitter to answer this question.

Match each specification for the 1151DP4S pressure transmitter on the left with its
description on the right.

(1) 150 inH20 _____

(2) -150 inH20 _____
(3) 10 inH20 _____
(4) 300 inH20 _____
(5) 15:1 _____

(A) Minimum span

(B) Upper range limit (URL)
(C) Lower range limit (LRL)
(D) Maximum turndown
(E) Maximum span

3. A candle manufacturer needs a flowmeter to ensure that the flowing candle wax is
maintained between 5 and 7 ft/s. Accuracy is very important. Which of the flowmeters
would you recommend on the basis of rangeability only?

(1) 50:1 rangeability

(2) 3:1 rangeability
(3) 7:1 rangeability
(5) 10:1 rangeability

Workbook Exercises Page 64

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
4. __________ defines the amount of pressure exerted from the process fluid flowing
through a pipe that a flow sensor can withstand and still output an accurate reading.

(1) Overpressure limit

(2) Proof pressure limit
(3) Line pressure limit

5. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS -4) of the Rosemount Model644H Temperature
Transmitter to answer this question.

For a 644H temperature transmitter that is NAMUR compliant, the high failure mode
alarm output value is __________ and the low failure mode alarm output value is
__________.

(1) 24 to 25 mA (1) < 4 mA

(2) 19 to 20 mA (2) < 3.6 mA
(3) 21 to 23 mA (3) < 4.3 mA

6. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-5) of the Rosemount Model3051C Pressure
Transmitter to answer this question.

If a customer wants to add a 3051C transmitter to a control loop with a load of 1000
Ω, a voltage supply between 20 to 25 V will be sufficient to power the transmitter. Is
this statement true or false?

(1) True
(2) False

7. Match each term to the corresponding definition.

(1) Damping _____

(2) Response time _____
(3) Dead time _____
(4) Time constant _____

(A) Time interval the transmitter’s output starts to change in response to a

change in the process variable.
(B) The ability of an instrument to prevent rapid or excessive corrections in
response to process noise.
(C) Time required, after dead time, for the transmitter’s output to reach 63.2% of
the process variable’s true value.
(D) Dead time plus one time constant.

Page 65 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
8. If a pressure transmitter has a calibrated span of 20-100 in H2O its zero suppression
expressed as units of measure is ___________ and its zero suppression expressed
as percentage of span is _____________.

(1) 5 in H2O (1) 20%

(2) 80 in H2O (2) 5%
(3) 20 in H2O (3) 25%

Workbook Exercises Page 66

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 5.4 — PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
1. What is reference accuracy?

(1) Reference accuracy defines the limits that errors will not exceed when a
transmitter is tested under any operating conditions.
(2) Reference accuracy defines the limits that errors will not exceed when a
transmitter is tested under reference operating conditions.
(3) Reference accuracy defines the limits that errors will not exceed when a
transmitter is tested under extreme operating conditions.
(4) Reference accuracy defines the limits that errors will not exceed when a
transmitter is tested under actual operating conditions.

2. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-6) of the Rosemount Model644H Temperature
Transmitter to answer this question.

A Model 644 transmitter with a IEC 751 Pt 100 RTD (resistance temperature
detector) is calibrated to 25 °C – 75 °C. What will its temperature reading be at 60 °C
considering the transmitter’s accuracy specification?

(1) ± 0.025 °C
(2) ± 0.040 °C
(3) ± 0.050 °C
(5) ± 0.075 °C

3. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-7) of the Rosemount Model 8800C Smart
Vortex Flowmeter to answer this question.

An 8800A Vortex Flowmeter with FOUNDATION Fieldbus is used to measure

steam flow moving at 100 ft/s. Considering the transmitter’s accuracy specification,
what will be its measurement uncertainty?

(1) ± 65.19 ft/s

(2) ± 13.5 ft/s
(3) ± 1.35 ft/s
(4) ± 118.8 ft/s

Page 67 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
4. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-3 & 8) of the Rosemount Model1151DP
Pressure Transmitter to answer this question.

Which of the following statements are relevant to the 1151DP4S transmitter? (Select
all the options that apply)

(1) The URL (Upper Range Limit) is 150 inH2O.

(2) The static pressure effect zero error is ±0.25% of URL for 2000 psi.
(3) The LRL (Lower Range Limit) is 20 inH2O.
(4) The static pressure effect span error is correctable to ±0.25% of reading per
1000 psi.

5. What is the maximum line pressure error (in psi) of the 1151DP4S transmitter if the
transmitter is zeroed at line pressure? Given:
• URL (upper range limit) is 150 inH2O
• Static pressure effect zero error is ±0.25% of URL for 2000 psi
• Static pressure effect span error is correctable to ±0.25% of reading per 1000 psi
• Line pressure is 1500 psi
• Transmitter is calibrated at 0-100 inH2O
• 1 inH2O = 0.3609 psi

(1) ±0.5 psi

(2) ±0.008 psi
(3) ±0.018 psi
(4) ±0.013 psi

6. There is no line pressure effect for gage and absolute pressure transmitter. Is this
statement true or false?

(1) True
(2) False

Workbook Exercises Page 68

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
7. Match the type of error on the left to its definition on the right.

(1) Zero error _____

(2) Turndown error _____
(3) Systematic error _____
(4) Span error _____

(A) An error which is the same for all readings, due to a transmitter being used to
measure within a span that is less than its maximum span.
(B) The difference between a transmitter’s actual span and the ideal span.
(C) A shift of constant magnitude between the measured variable and the ideal
variable.
(D) A predictable, repeatable error that occurs when a number of measurements
are made under the same process conditions.

8. A manager at a canning factory reports that his 1151S pressure transmitters, which
are mounted directly on the process pipes, are not giving accurate readings. The
process temperatures are approximately 100 °C, and ambient temperatures
fluctuate between 20 °C and 30 °C. What would be your recommendation to correct
the problem?

(1) Install cooling fans so that the hot process fluid flowing through the pipes
does not overheat the transmitter electronics.
(2) The transmitter should be covered with insulation material to reduce the
transfer of heat from the process pipe to the transmitter.
(3) The pipes should be coated with lead so that the hot process fluid flowing
through them does not affect the transmitter electronics.
(4) The transmitter electronics should be mounted further from the process
location in a cooler area so that the hot process fluid flowing through the
pipes do not overheat them.

Page 69 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
9. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-9) of the Rosemount Model644H Temperature
Transmitter to answer this question.

What is the stability specification of the 644H Smart Head Temperature Transmitter
with a thermocouple?

(1) ±1% of reading or 1 °C, whichever is greater, for 6 months for RTDs and
thermocouples
(2) ±0.1% of reading or 0.1 °C, whichever is greater, for 12 months for RTDs
and thermocouples
(3) ±0.1% of reading or 0.1 °C, whichever is greater, for 2 years for RTDs and
thermocouples
(4) ±0.5% of reading or 0.5 °C, whichever is greater, for 4 months for RTDs and
thermocouples

10. Match each term to the corresponding phrase.

(1) Hysteresis _____

(2) Repeatability _____
(3) Stability _____

(A) A transmitter’s change in output given a fixed input as a function of time.

(B) The maximum difference in output, at any given input within the range, when
the value is approached first with increasing and then with decreasing input
values.
(C) The ability of a transmitter to produce the same output reading when the
same input is applied under the same operating conditions and in the same
direction.

Workbook Exercises Page 70

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
11. The graph displays possible representations of the linearity error as A, B, C, and D.
Which is the correct representation of the linearity error?

(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D

12. The graph displays possible representations of the repeatability error as A, B, C, and
D. Which is the correct representation of the repeatability error?

(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D

Page 71 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
13. What will be the total probable error (TPE) for the two temperature transmitters
whose specifications are given?

Specifications Transmitter A Transmitter B

Accuracy 0.2% of span 0.1% of span
Temperature effect:
Zero ± 0.3% of URL per 100°F ± (0.004°F + 0.002% of
span) per °F
Span ± 0.4% of span per 100°F ± 0.002% of span per °F
Total ± 0.3% of base ± 1.0% of URL per 100 °F
temperature, °C, per 100°F

(1) A = ±0.56 °F, B = ±0.58 °F

(2) A = ±0.54 °F, B = ±0.56 °F
(3) A = ±0.54 °F, B = ±0.58 °F
(4) A = ±0.56 °F, B = ±0.56 °F

14. Rank (1 to 4) the given sequence to indicate the correct steps involved in calculating
TPE.

(1) Use the RSS method to calculate the values _____

(2) Convert all errors to common terms and units _____
(3) Define the transmitters operating conditions _____
(4) List the transmitter specifications _____

Workbook Exercises Page 72

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
EXERCISE 5.5 — PRODUCT APPROVALS AND CERTIFICATIONS
1. How is a hazardous area defined?

(1) An area where a risk of fire exists because flammable materials are present.
(2) An area where a risk of fire exists because non-insulated wiring is used
across the circuit.
(3) An area where a risk of explosion exists because of the use of combustible
gases at high pressure and temperatures.
(4) An area where a risk of explosion exists because flammable atmospheres are
likely to be present.

2. Which components should be present for a fire to occur? (Select three options that
apply)

(1) Explosive material

(2) Ignition source
(3) High temperature processes
(4) Oxygen

3. An IEC certification mark is displayed as:

EEx ia IIC T4 (T amb = 70 °C)

Match the component of the IEC certification mark to its corresponding description.

(1) Ex _____
(2) ia _____
(3) IIC _____
(4) (T amb = 70 °C) _____
(5) E _____

(A) Indicates method of protection.

(B) Indicates the certification standard (CENELEC).
(C) Indicates ambient temperature limits.
(D) Indicates apparatus or gas group.
(E) Indicates the instrument is certified for use in hazardous locations.

Page 73 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
4. A North American certification mark is displayed as:
Class I, Div. 1, Groups A, B, C, D T4

Match the part of the North American certification mark to its corresponding
description.

(1) Class I _____

(2) Div. 1 _____
(3) Group A, B, C, D _____
(4) T4 _____

(A) Temperature code

(B) Gas groups
(C) Material class
(D) Hazard severity

5. Refer to the product data sheet (PDS-10) of the Rosemount Model244EH

Temperature Transmitter to answer this question.

Which Factory Mutual (FM) approvals have been awarded to the 244EH temperature
transmitter? (Select three options that apply)

(1) E5-Explosion proof

(2) F5-Fire proof
(3) I5-Intrinsically safe
(4) L5-Leak proof
(5) K5-Rxplosion proof and intrinsically safe

6. Match each safety measure to its corresponding description.

(1) Increased safety _____

(2) Intrinsic safety _____
(3) Non-sparking _____

(A) Equipment that does not produce arcs, sparks, or hot surfaces under normal
operation.
(B) Prevents ignition of explosive atmospheres by limiting the energy delivered to
the hazardous location.
(C) The likelihood of the occurrence of fault conditions that could cause ignition is
substantially reduced.

Workbook Exercises Page 74

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
7. Match each safety measure to its correct method of protection category.

(1) Increased safety _____

(2) Intrinsic safety _____
(3) Non-sparking _____
(4) Explosion-proof enclosure _____

(A) Avoidance
(B) Containment
(C) Energy limitation

8. Which are the requirements that an explosion-proof enclosure should meet? (Select
three options that apply)

(1) All enclosure joints leading to the outside environment must be flameproof.
(2) The enclosure must have sufficient strength to withstand an internal explosion
without rupture or permanent deformation.

(3) The temperature within the enclosure must be below the ignition temperature
of the gas mixture.
(4) All enclosure joints leading to the outside environment must be dust-tight.
(5) The enclosure’s surface temperature must be maintained below the ignition
temperature of the ambient gas-air mixture.

9. Match each certification marking to its correct method of protection category.

(1) EEx ia IIC T5 (T amb = –40 to 40 °C) _____

(2) EEx e ia IIC T3. . .T6 _____
(3) EEx d IIC T6 (T amb = 40 °C) _____
(4) Ex n IIC T5 (T amb = –40 to 75 °C) _____

(A) Increased safety, I.S. in Zone 0

(B) I.S. in Zone 0
(C) Non-sparking
(D) Explosion-proof

10. Which of the following safety measures prevents ignition of explosive atmospheres
by limiting the energy delivered to the hazardous location?

(1) Intrinsic safety

(2) Non-sparking
(3) Increased safety
(4) Explosion-proof enclosure

Page 75 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
11. To interpret the certification marking: EEx ia IIC T5 (Tamb = –45 °C to 40 °C), match
the term on the left with its corresponding description on the right.

(1) –45 °C to 40 °C _____

(2) Intrinsic safety in Zone 0 _____
(3) Class I, Groups A and B _____
(4) 100 °C (212 °F) _____

(A) Type of protection the transmitter offers.

(B) North American gas group the transmitter works with.
(C) Maximum surface temperature the transmitter reaches.
(D) Ambient temperatures within which the transmitter functions.

12. A customer has a process environment in which ignitable concentrations of hydrogen

are present most of the time under normal conditions. Keeping in mind the given
scenario, fill in the blanks.

This process environment would be classified as __________under North American

hazardous area and as __________ under IEC hazardous area.

(1) Zone 0 (1) Zone 0

(2) Division 2 (2) Zone 1
(3) Division 1 (3) Division 2

13. Ignitable concentrations of an explosive substance must be present only under fault
conditions for an area to be classified under Division 2 or Zone 2. Is this statement
true or false?

(1) True
(2) False

14. What is IP68?

(1) CENELEC approval code

(2) NEMA rating
(3) IEC enclosure rating
(4) FM approval code

Workbook Exercises Page 76

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
15. What does IP68 mean?

(1) The device enclosure is dust-tight and is protected against indefinite

immersion.
(2) The device enclosure is dust-protected and is protected against heavy seas.
(3) The device enclosure is dust-tight and is protected against water jets.
(4) The device enclosure is dust-protected and is protected against splashing
water.

16. What NEMA rating would a device receive that could be safely used in hazardous
locations Class I, Groups C and D?

(1) NEMA 6
(2) NEMA 7
(3) NEMA 8
(4) NEMA 9

17. __________ is the standard that must be followed for explosion-proof installations in
North America and __________ is the standard that must be followed for explosion-
proof installations in Europe.

(1) NEC NFPA 70 (1) BS EN 60079-14 : 1997

(2) NEC NFPA 17 (2) BS EN 60079-14 : 1998
(3) NEC NFPA 77 (3) BS EN 60079-14 : 1999

18. __________ installations primarily use a conduit to house electrical wiring while
__________ installations primarily use cable glands to house electrical wiring.

(1) NEC (1) NEC

(2) American (2) American
(3) European (3) European

19. Which factors, according to the NEC standards would cause an instrument to require
sealing? (Select all that apply)

(1) The equipment marking requires sealing.

(2) The equipment contains a source of electrical or thermal ignition.
(3) The equipment connection between sensor cable and output board requires
sealing.
(4) The equipment has a provision for process connection, but does not
incorporate dual independent sealing of the process fluids.

Page 77 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises
20. Match each certification to its corresponding description.

(1) Hydrostatic testing _____

(2) Oxygen cleaning _____
(3) Calibration _____
(4) Special services cleaning _____

(A) Applies the known values of the process variable to the transmitter and
records the transmitter’s output readings.
(B) Minimizes contaminants to the process system by cleaning wetted surfaces
with a suitable detergent.
(C) Removes organic and particulate contamination from oxygen and oxygen-
enriched handling equipment.
(D) Determines the burst resistance or leak tightness of a transmitter by imposing
internal pressure.

Workbook Exercises Page 78

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
 Product Data Sheet

PDS-1 Model 8800C

PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS Remote (Optional)

Electronics may be mounted remote from the meter body.
NACE Compliance Interconnecting coaxial cable available in nonadjustable 10,
20, and 30 ft (3,0, 6,1, and 9,1 m) lengths. Consult factory for
Meets the requirements of NACE (National Association of
non-standard lengths up to 75 ft (22,9 m). Remote mounting
Corrosion Engineers) Standard MR-01-75 (96)
hardware includes a polyurethane painted, carbon steel pipe
mount bracket with one carbon steel u-bolt.
Electrical Connections
1
/2 –14 NPT, PG 13.5, or M20 ⫻ 1.5 conduit threads; screw Temperature Limitations for Integral Mounting
terminals provided for 4–20 mA and pulse output connections; The maximum process temperature for integral mount
communicator connections permanently fixed to terminal block electronics is dependent on the ambient temperature where
the meter is installed. The electronics must not exceed 185°F
Non-Wetted Materials (85°C). The following is for reference, please note that the
pipe was insulated with 3 inches of ceramic fiber insulator.
Housing
Low-copper aluminum (NEMA 4X, CSA Type 4X, IP66)
FIGURE 1. Model 8800 Vortex Flowmeter Ambient/process
Paint temperature limits
Polyurethane Shows combinations of ambient and process temperatures
needed to remain at or below 185°F (85°C) housing
Cover O-rings
temperature
Buna-N
200 (93)
Flanges
180 (82)
Ambient Temperature °F (°C)
316/316L lap joint
160 (71)
Process-Wetted Materials 140 (60) 185°F Housing
Temperature
Meter Body 120 (49) Limit
316L wrought stainless and CF-3M cast stainless or C-22® 100 (38)
and C-276 wrought Hastelloy® or CW2M and CW12MW
cast Hastelloy 80 (27)
60 (16)
Flanges 400 (204)

1000 (538)
200 (93)

700 (371)
800 (427)
900 (482)
600 (316)
100 (38)

300 (149)
0

316/316L stainless steel 500 (260)

8800_26AA.EPS
Hastelloy C-22© Weld Neck (Model 8800CR Reducer Only)

Collars Process Temperature °F (°C)

© Meter and pipe insulated with 3 inches of ceramic fiber
Hastelloy C-22
insulation. Horizontal Pipe and Vertical meter position.
Surface Finish of Flanges and Collars
Standard: 125 to 250 µ inches
(3.1 to 6.3 µ meters) Ra roughness Pipe Length Requirements
The vortex meter may be installed with a minimum of ten straight
Smooth: 63 to 125 µ inches pipe diameters (D) upstream and five straight pipe diameters (D)
(1.6 to 3.1 µ meters) Ra roughness downstream by following the K-factor corrections as described in
the Technical Data Sheet (00816-0100-3250) on Installation
Process Connections Effects. No K-factor correction is required if 35 diameters
Mounts between the following flange configurations: upstream (35D) and 10 diameters downstream (10D)
are available.
ASME B16.5 (ANSI): Class 150, 300, 600, 900
DIN: PN 10, 16, 25, 40, 64, 100, 160 Tagging
JIS: 10K, 20K, and 40K
The flowmeter will be tagged at no charge, according to customer
requirements. All tags are stainless steel. The standard tag is
Mounting permanently attached to the flowmeter. Character height is
1/16-inch (1,6 mm). A wired-in tag is available on request.
Integral (Standard)
Electronics are mounted on meter body Flow Calibration Information
Flowmeter calibration and configuration information is provided
with every flowmeter. For a certified copy of flow calibration data,
Option Q4 must be ordered in the model number.

Workbook Exercises Page 79

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Product Data Sheet

Model 3051 PDS-2

Temperature Limits Humidity Limits
0–100% relative humidity
Ambient
–40 to 185 °F (–40 to 85 °C) Turn-On Time
With integral meter: –4 to 175 °F (–20 to 80 °C) Performance within specifications less than 2.0 seconds (10.0 s
for Profibus protocol) after power is applied to the transmitter
Storage
–50 to 230 °F (–46 to 110 °C) Volumetric Displacement
With integral meter: –40 to 185 °F (–40 to 85 °C) Less than 0.005 in3 (0,08 cm3)
Process
Damping
At atmospheric pressures and above. See Table 4
Analog output response to a step input change is user-selectable
from 0 to 36 seconds for one time constant. This software damping
TABLE 4. Model 3051 Process Temperature Limits is in addition to sensor module response time.
Model 3051CD, 3051CG, 3051CA, 3051P
Silicone Fill Sensor(1) PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS
with Coplanar Flange –40 to 250 °F (–40 to 121 °C)(2)
with Traditional Flange –40 to 300 °F (–40 to 149 °C)(2)(3)
Electrical Connections
with Level Flange –40 to 300 °F (–40 to 149 °C)(2) 1/2–14 NPT, PG 13.5, G1/2, and M20 × 1.5 (CM20) conduit. HART
with Model 305 Integral –40 to 300 °F (–40 to 149 °C)(2)
interface connections fixed to terminal block.
Manifold
Inert Fill Sensor(1) 0 to 185 °F (–18 to 85 °C)(4) (5)
Process Connections
Model 3051H (Process Fill Fluid)
D.C.® Silicone 200(1) –40 to 375 °F (–40 to 191 °C) All Models except 3051L and 3051T
Inert(1) –50 to 350 °F (–45 to 177 °C) 1
/4–18 NPT on 21/8-in. centers
Neobee M-20®(1) 0 to 375 °F (–18 to 191 °C) 1
/2–14 NPT on 2-, 21/8-, or 21/4-in. centers
Model 3051T (Process Fill Fluid)
Model 3051L
Silicone Fill Sensor(1) –40 to 250 °F (–40 to 121 °C)(2)
Inert Fill Sensor(1) –22 to 250 °F (–30 to 121 °C)(2) High pressure side: 2-, 3-, or 4-in., ASME B 16.5 (ANSI) Class
150, 300 or 600 flange; 50, 80 or 100 mm, PN 40 or 10/16
Model 3051L Low-Side
flange
Temperature Limits
Low pressure side: 1/4–18 NPT on flange 1/2–14 NPT on
Silicone Fill Sensor(1) –40 to 250 °F (–40 to 121 °C)(2)
(1) adapter
Inert Fill Sensor 0 to 185 °F (–18 to 85 °C)(2)
Model 3051L High-Side Temperature Limits (Process Fill Fluid) Model 3051T
Syltherm® XLT –100 to 300 °F (–73 to 149 °C) 1
/4–18 NPT, 1/2–14 NPT female, Non-Threaded instrument
D.C. Silicone 704® 60 to 400 °F (15 to 205 °C) flange (available in SST for Range 1-4 transmitters only), G1/2
D.C. Silicone 200 –40 to 400 °F (–40 to 205 °C) A DIN 16288 Male (available in SST for Range 1–4
Inert –50 to 350 °F (–45 to 177 °C) transmitters only), or Autoclave type F-250-C (Pressure
Glycerin and Water 0 to 200 °F (–18 to 93 °C) relieved 9/16–18 gland thread; 1/4 OD high pressure tube 60°
Neobee M-20 0 to 400 °F (–18 to 205 °C) cone; available in SST for Range 5 transmitters only).
Propylene Glycol and Water 0 to 200 °F (–18 to 93 °C)
(1) Process temperatures above 185 °F (85 °C) require derating the
ambient limits by a 1.5:1 ratio (0.6:1 ratio for the Model 3051H).

(2) 220 °F (104 °C) limit in vacuum service; 130 °F (54 °C) for pressures
below 0.5 psia.

(3) 3051CD0 process temperature limits are –40 to 212 °F

(–45 to 100 °C)

(4) 160 °F (71 °C) limit in vacuum service.

(5) Not available for Model 3051CA.

Page 80 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Data Sheet

PDS-3 Model 1151

TABLE 1. Rangeability
Output Code Minimum Span Maximum Span
S (DP and GP, SST, Range 3–8; HP SST, Range 4–7) URL/40 2 ⫻ URL(1)
S (All Others) URL/40(2) 2 ⫻ URL(1)
E, G, J URL/6 URL
L URL/1.1 URL
M URL/2 URL
(1) Transmitter is capable of measuring from –URL to URL.

(2) Accuracy specification for calibrated spans from 1:1 to 6:1 of URL only.

TABLE 2. Transmitter Range Availability by Model (URL = Upper Range Limit)

Range Code Model 1151 Ranges (URL) DP HP GP DP/GP/Seals AP LT
3 30 inH20 (7.46 kPa) • NA • NA NA NA
4 150 inH20 (31.08 kPa) • • • • • •
5 750 inH20 (186.4 kPa) • • • • • •
6 100 psi (689.5 kPa) • • • • • •
7 300 psi (2,068 kPa) • • • • • NA
8 1,000 psi (6,895 kPa) • NA • NA • NA
9 3,000 psi (20,684 kPa) NA NA • NA NA NA
0 6,000 psi (41,369 kPa) NA NA • NA NA NA

TABLE 3. Upper Range Limits (URL)

Range Code bar mbar kg/cm2 psi kPa inH20 @20 °C mmH2O @20 °C inHg @0 °C
3 0.075 75 0.076 1.082 7.461 30 762 2.203
4 0.373 373 0.380 5.409 37.305 150 3810 11.013
5 1.865 1865 1.901 27.045 186.505 750 19050 55.065
6 6.90 6895 7.031 100 690 2773 70434 204
7 21 20685 21 300 2069 8319 211302 611
8 69 68950 70 1000 6895 27730 704340 2036
9 207 206850 211 3000 20685 83190 2113020 6108
0 413.686 413686 421.842 6000 41369 166378 4225992 12216.12

TABLE 4. Output Code Availability

Code Model 1151 Output Options/Damping DP HP GP DP/GP/Seals AP LT
S 4–20 mA, Digital, Smart/Variable • • • • • •
E 4–20 mA, Linear, Analog/Variable • • • • • •
G 10–50 mA, Linear, Analog/Variable • • • • • •
J(1) 4–20 mA, Square Root, Analog/Variable • • NA NA NA NA
L 0.8 to 3.2 V, Linear, Low Power/Fixed • • • • • NA
M 1 to 5 V, Linear, Low Power/Fixed • • • • • NA
(1) Available with Ranges 3–5.

TABLE 5. Fill Fluid Specifications

Coeff. of Therm. Exp. Viscosity at 25 °C
Fill Fluid Temperature Limits(1) Specific Gravity cc/cc/°F (cc/cc/°C) centistokes
D.C.® 200 Silicone –40 to 400 °F (–40 to 205 °C) 0.934 0.00060 (0.00108) 9.5
D.C. 704 Silicone 60 to 400 °F (15 to 204 °C) 1.07 0.00053 (0.00095) 44
Inert Fill –50 to 350 °F (–45 to 177 °C) 1.85 0.0004 (0.000864) 6.5
Syltherm®XLT, Silicone –100 to 300 °F (–73 to 149 °C) 0.85 0.000666 (0.001199) 1.6
Glycerin and Water(2) 0 to 200 °F (–17 to 93 °C) 1.13 0.00019 (0.00034) 12.5
Propylene Glycol and Water(3) 0 to 200 °F (–17 to 93 °C) 1.02 0.00019 (0.00034) 2.85
Neobee M-20®(3) 0 to 400 °F (–17 to 205 °C) 0.900 0.00056 (0.001008) 9.8
(1) Temperature limits are reduced in vacuum service. Contact your local Rosemount representative for assistance.

(2) Glycerin and Water and Propylene Glycol and Water are not suitable for vacuum service.

(3) Not compatible with Buna-N or Ethylene-Propylene O-ring material.

Workbook Exercises Page 81

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Product Data Sheet

Models 644H and 644R PDS-4

Hardware Tag Configuration
• No charge Unless specified, the transmitter will be shipped as follows:
• Tagged in accordance with customer requirements Sensor Type RTD, Pt 100 (α=0.00385, 4-wire)
• Tags are adhesive labels 4 mA Value 0 °C
• Permanently attached to transmitter 20 mA Value 100 °C
• Character height is 1/16-in (1.6 mm) Damping 5 seconds
Output Linear with temperature
Software Tag Failure/Saturation Modes High (21.75 mA) / Upscale (20.8 mA)
• No charge Line Voltage Filter 50 Hz
• The transmitter can store up to 8 characters. If no characters Tag See “Configuration Data Sheet”
are specified, the first 8 characters of the hardware tag are the
The following table lists the necessary requirements to specify a
default.
custom configuration.
.

Special Mounting Considerations

Requirements/
See “Mounting” on page 10 for the special hardware that is Option Code Specification
available to:
C1: Factory Date: day/month/year
• Mount a Model 644H to a DIN rail.
Configuration Data Descriptor: 16 alphanumeric characters
• Retrofit a new Model 644H to replace an existing Model 644H (CDS required) Message: 32 alphanumeric character
transmitter in an existing threaded sensor connection head. Analog Output: Alarm and
saturation levels
External Ground Screw Assembly C2:Transmitter – The transmitters are designed to accept
Specifying option code G1 to order the external ground screw Sensor Matching Callendar-Van Dusen constants from a
assembly. It is not necessary to order option code G1 for those calibrated RTD. Using these constants,
approvals that include the ground screw assembly, The table the transmitter generates a custom
below identifies which approval options include the external curve to match the sensor-specific
ground screw assembly. curve. Specify a Series 65, 65, or 78
RTD sensor on the order with a special
External Ground Screw characterization curve (V or X8Q4
Approval Type Assembly Included? option). These constants will be
E5, K5, I5, I6, C6, NA No–Order option code G1 programmed into the transmitter with this
N1, ED, E7, I1, N7, and I7 Yes option
A1: NAMUR- High Alarm = 21.0 mA
Compliant, Upscale Saturation = 20.5 mA
High Alarm
CN: NAMUR- Low Alarm = 3.6 mA
Compliant, Downscale Saturation = 3.8 mA
Low Alarm
C4: Five Point Will include 5-point calibration at 0, 25,
Calibration 50, 75, and 100% analog and digital
output points. Use with Calibration
Certificate Q4.
F6: 60 Hz Line Filter Calibrated to a 60 Hz line voltage filter
instead of 50 Hz filter

Page 82 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Data Sheet

PDS-5 Model 3051

TABLE 2. Range and Sensor Limits

Model 3051CA Model 3051T

Range
Range and Sensor Limits Range and Sensor Limits
Range

Minimum Upper Lower Minimum Upper Lower Lower(1)

Span (URL) (LRL) Span (URL) (LRL) (LRL) (Gage)
0 0.167 psia 5 psia 0 psia 1 0.3 psi 30 psi 0 psia –14.7 psig
(11,51 mbar) (0,34 bar) (0 bar) (20,6 mbar) (2,07 bar) (0 bar) (–1,01 bar)
1 0.3 psia 30 psia 0 psia 2 1.5 psi 150 psi 0 psia –14.7 psig
(20,6 mbar) (2,07 bar) (0 bar) (0,103 bar) (10,3 bar) (0 bar) (–1,01 bar)
2 1.5 psia 150 psia 0 psia 3 8 psi 800 psi 0 psia –14.7 psig
(0,103 bar) (10,3 bar) (0 bar) (0,55 bar) (55,2 bar) (0 bar) (–1,01 bar)
3 8 psia 800 psia 0 psia 4 40 psi 4000 psi 0 psia –14.7 psig
(0,55 bar) (55,2 bar) (0 bar) (2,76 bar) (275,8 bar) (0 bar) (–1,01 bar)
4 40 psia 4000 psia 0 psia 5 2000 psi 10000 psi 0 psia –14.7 psig
(2,76 bar) (275,8 bar) (0 bar) (137,9 bar) (689,4 bar) (0 bar) (–1,01 bar)
(1) Assumes atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psig.

Zero and Span Adjustment Requirements Load Limitations

(HART and Low Power) Maximum loop resistance is determined by the voltage level of
Zero and span values can be set anywhere within the range limits the external power supply, as described by:
stated in Table 1 and Table 2.
Span must be greater than or equal to the minimum span stated in Max. Loop Resistance = 43.5 (Power Supply Voltage – 10.5)
Table 1 and Table 2.

Service
Load (Ohms)

Liquid, gas, and vapor applications

4–20 mA (Output Code A) Operating

Region
Output
Two-wire 4–20 mA, user-selectable for linear or square root
output. Digital process variable superimposed on 4–20 mA
signal, available to any host that conforms to the HART Voltage (V dc)
protocol.
Communication requires a minimum
Power Supply
loop resistance of 250 ohms.
External power supply required. Standard transmitter (4–20
mA) operates on 10.5 to 55 V dc with no load. (1) For CSA approval, power supply must not exceed 42.4 V.

FOUNDATION fieldbus (output code F) and

Profibus (output code W)

Power Supply

External power supply required; transmitters operate on 9.0 to

32.0 V dc transmitter terminal voltage.

Current Draw
17.5 mA for all configurations (including LCD meter option)

Workbook Exercises Page 83

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
 Product Data Sheet

Models 644H and 644R PDS-6

Accuracy
TABLE 2. Model 644 Input Options and Accuracy.
Sensor Sensor Input Recommended Digital D/A
Options Reference Ranges Min. Span(1) Accuracy(2) Accuracy(3)
2-, 3-, 4-wire RTDs °C °F °C °F °C °F
Pt 100 IEC 751, 1995 (α = 0.00385) –200 to 850 –328 to 1562 10 18 ± 0.15 ± 0.27 ±0.03% of span
Pt 100 JIS 1604, 1981 (α = 0.003916) –200 to 645 –328 to 1193 10 18 ± 0.15 ± 0.27 ±0.03% of span
Pt 200 IEC 751, 1995 (α = 0.00385) –200 to 850 –328 to 1562 10 18 ± 0.27 ± 0.49 ±0.03% of span
Pt 500 IEC 751, 1995 (α = 0.00385) –200 to 850 –328 to 1562 10 18 ± 0.19 ± 0.34 ±0.03% of span
Pt 1000 IEC 751, 1995 (α = 0.00385) –200 to 300 –328 to 572 10 18 ± 0.19 ± 0.34 ±0.03% of span
Ni 120 Edison Curve No. 7 –70 to 300 –94 to 572 10 18 ± 0.15 ± 0.27 ±0.03% of span
Cu 10 Edison Copper Winding No. 15 –50 to 250 –58 to 482 10 18 ±1.40 ± 2.52 ±0.03% of span
Thermocouples(4)
Type B(5) NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 100 to 1820 212 to 3308 25 45 ± 0.77 ± 1.39 ±0.03% of span
Type E NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 –50 to 1000 –58 to 1832 25 45 ± 0.20 ± 0.36 ±0.03% of span
Type J NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 –180 to 760 –292 to 1400 25 45 ± 0.35 ± 0.63 ±0.03% of span
Type K(6) NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 –180 to 1372 –292 to 2502 25 45 ± 0.50 ± 0.90 ±0.03% of span
Type N NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 –200 to 1300 –328 to 2372 25 45 ± 0.50 ± 0.90 ±0.03% of span
Type R NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 0 to 1768 32 to 3214 25 45 ± 0.75 ± 1.35 ±0.03% of span
Type S NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 0 to 1768 32 to 3214 25 45 ± 0.70 ± 1.26 ±0.03% of span
Type T NIST Monograph 175, IEC 584 –200 to 400 –328 to 752 25 45 ± 0.35 ± 0.63 ±0.03% of span
DIN Type L DIN 43710 –200 to 900 –328 to 1652 25 45 ± 0.35 ± 0.63 ±0.03% of span
DIN Type U DIN 43710 –200 to 600 –328 to 1112 25 45 ± 0.35 ± 0.63 ±0.03% of span
Type ASTM E 988-96 0 to 2000 32 to 3632 25 45 ± 0.70 ± 1.26 ±0.03% of span
W5Re/W26Re
Millivolt Input –10 to 100 mV 3 mV ±0.015 mV ±0.03% of span
2-, 3-, 4-wire Ohm Input 0 to 2000 ohms 20 ohm ±0.45 ohm ±0.03% of span
(1) No minimum or maximum span restrictions within the input ranges. Recommended minimum span will hold noise within accuracy specification with damping
at zero seconds.

(2) Digital accuracy: Digital output can be accessed by HART Communicator or Rosemount control system.

(3) Total Analog accuracy is the sum of digital and D/A accuracies.

(4) Total digital accuracy for thermocouple measurement: sum of digital accuracy +0.5 °C.

(5) Digital accuracy for NIST Type B T/C is ±3.0 °C (±5.4 °F) from 100 to 300 °C (212 to 572 °F).

(6) Digital accuracy for NIST Type K T/C is ±0.70 °C (±1.26 °F) from –180 to –90 °C (–292 to –130 °F).

Accuracy Example
When using a Pt 100 (a = 0.00385) sensor input with a 0 to 100 °C
span: Digital accuracy would be ±0.15 °C, D/A accuracy would be
±0.03% of 100 °C or ±0.03 °C, Total = ±0.18 °C.

Page 84 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Data Sheet

PDS-7 Model 8800C

TABLE 17. Saturated Steam Flow Rate Limits (Assumes Steam Quality is 100%)
Minimum and Maximum Saturated Steam(1) Flow Rates
for line sizes 10 inch/DN 250 through 12 inch/DN 300
10 Inch/DN 250 12 Inch/DN 300
Model 8800C Model 8800CR Model 8800C Model 8800CR
Process Flow Rate
Pressure Limits lb/hr kg/hr lb/hr kg/hr lb/hr kg/hr lb/hr kg/hr
15 psig max 35519 16111 22534 10221 50994 23130 35519 16111
(1,03 bar G) min 3175 1440 2015 914 4554 2066 3175 1440
25 psig max 46618 21146 29575 13415 66862 30328 46618 21146
(1,72 bar G) min 4570 2073 2308 1047 5218 2367 4570 2073
50 psig max 73748 33452 46787 21222 105774 47978 73748 33452
(3,45 bar G) min 4575 2075 2903 1317 6562 2976 4575 2075
100 psig max 126660 57452 80356 36449 181663 82401 126660 57452
(6,89 bar G) min 5996 2720 3804 1725 8600 3901 5996 2720
150 psig max 178808 81106 113440 51455 256457 116327 178808 81106
(10,3 bar G) min 7125 3232 4520 2050 10218 4635 7125 3232
200 psig max 230722 104654 146375 66395 330915 150101 230722 104654
(13,8 bar G) min 8092 3670 5134 2329 11607 5265 8092 3670
300 psig max 334810 151867 212411 96348 480203 217816 334810 151867
(20,7 bar G) min 9749 4422 6185 2805 13983 6343 9749 4422
400 psig max 440085 199619 279200 126643 631195 286305 440085 199619
(27,6 bar G) min 11442 5190 7259 3293 16411 7444 11442 5190
500 psig max 547165 248190 347134 157457 784775 355968 547165 248190
(34,5 bar G) min 14226 6453 9025 4094 20404 9255 14226 6453
(1) Assumes steam quality is 100%

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
NOTE
The following performance specifications are for the Model 8800C, For 1/2-in. through 4-in. (15 mm through 100 mm) line sizes, as the
Model 8800CR, and Model 8800CD, except where noted. Digital Meter Reynolds number decreases below the stated limit to
performance specifications applicable to both Digital HART and 10000, the positive limit of the accuracy error band will increase to
FOUNDATION fieldbus output. 2.1% for the pulse output. Example: +2.1% to –0.65% for liquids.

Accuracy
Includes linearity, hysteresis, and repeatability. Repeatability
± 0.1% of actual flow rate
Liquids—for Reynolds Numbers over 20000

Digital and Pulse Output

Stability
±0.65% of rate ±0.1% of rate over one year
Analog Output
Same as pulse output plus an additional 0.025% of span Process Temperature Effect
Note: The accuracy for the Model 8800CR, line sizes 6 to 12 Automatic K-factor correction with user-entered process
inch (150 to 300mm), is ±1.0% of rate. temperature
Table 16 indicates the percent change in K-factor per 100 °F (50
Gas and Steam— for Reynolds Numbers over 15,000
°C) in process temperature from reference temperature of 77 °F
(25 °C) for direct pulse, or user-entered process temperature.
Digital and Pulse Output
±1.35% of rate
Analog Output TABLE 18. Process Temperature Effect
Same as pulse output plus an additional 0.025% of span Percent Change in
Note: The accuracy for the Model 8800CR, line sizes 6 to 12 Material K-Factor per
inch (150 to 300mm), is ±1.50% of rate. 100 °F (50 °C)
316L @ < 77 °F (25 °C) + 0.23 (+ 0,20)
Accuracy limitations for gas and steam: 316L @ > 77 °F (25 °C) - 0.27 (- 0,24)
- for 1/2- and 1-in. (DN 15 and DN 25): Hastelloy® C @ < 77 °F (25 °C) + 0.22 (+ 0,20)
max velocity of 220 ft/s (67.06 m/s) Hastelloy® C @ > 77 °F (25 °C) - 0.22 (- 0,20)
- for Dual-style meters (all sizes):
max velocity of 100 ft/s (30.5 m/s)

Workbook Exercises Page 85

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Product Data Sheet

Model 1151

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS Output Code J

The total output effect, whether at zero or full scale, including
(Zero-based calibrated ranges, reference conditions, silicone oil
fill, 316 SST isolating diaphragms.) zero and span errors is ±1.5% of URL per 100 °F (56 °C).
±2.5% of URL per 100 °F (56 °C) for Range 3.
Accuracy
Static Pressure Effect
Output Code S
DP Transmitters
Ranges 3 through 8, DP and GP transmitters;
Ranges 4 through 7, HP transmitters Zero Error
±0.1 of calibrated span for spans from 1:1 to 10:1 of URL. ±0.25% of URL for 2,000 psi (13790 kPa)
Between 10:1 and 40:1 of URL. for Range 4 and 5 or ±0.5% for other ranges, correctable
URL through rezeroing at line pressure.
accuracy = ± 0.02  -------------- – 0.1 % of calibrated span
 span
Span Error
All other ranges and transmitters Correctable to ±0.25% of input reading per 1,000 psi
±0.25% of calibrated span(1) (6895 kPa), or to ±0.5% for Range 3. For Output Code J, the
span error is correctable to ±0.125% of output reading per
Output Code S, square root mode 1,000 psi, or to ±0.25% for Range 3.
URL
± 0.2 + 0.05 x  ------------- % of calibrated flow span HP Transmitters
 span

Output Codes E, G, L, and M Zero Error

±0.2% of calibrated span for Model 1151DP Ranges 3 through ±2.0% of URL for 4,500 psi (31027 kPa), correctable through
5. All other ranges and transmitters, ±0.25% of calibrated rezeroing at line pressure.
span.
Span Error
Output Code J Correctable to ±0.25% of input reading per 1,000 psi
±0.25% of calibrated span (6895 kPa).
For Output Code J, the span error is correctable to ±0.125% of
Stability output reading per 1,000 psi.

Output Code S Vibration Effect

±0.1% of URL for six months for DP and GP Ranges 3 through 0.05% of URL per g to 200 Hz in any axis
8. (±0.25% for all other ranges and transmitters.)
Power Supply Effect
Output Codes E and G
±0.2% of URL for six months for Ranges 3 through 5. (±0.25 Output Codes S, E, G, and J
for all other ranges.) Less than 0.005% of output span per volt

Output Codes J, L, and M Output Codes L, M

±0.25% of URL for six months Output shift of less than 0.05% of URL
for a 1 V power supply shift
Temperature Effect
Load Effect
Output Code S [–20 to 185 °F (–29 to 85 °C)]
For DP and GP transmitter Range 4 through 8; Output Codes S, E, G, and J
HP transmitter Range 4 through 7: No load effect other than the change in power supplied to the
Zero Error = ±0.2% URL per 100 °F (56 °C) transmitter.
Total Error = ±(0.2% URL + 0.18% of calibrated span)
per 100 °F; For Range 3, double the stated effects. For other Output Codes L, M
ranges and transmitters follow analog temperature Less than 0.05% of URL effect for a change in load from
specifications (Output Code E). 100k⍀ to infinite ohms.

Output Code E, G, L, and M Short Circuit Condition (Low Power Only)

[–20 to 200 °F (–29 to 93 °C)]
No damage to the transmitter will result when the output is shorted
For Ranges 4 through 0
to common or to power supply positive (limit 12 V).
Zero Error = ±0.5% URL per 100 °F.
Total Error = ±(0.5% URL + 0.5% of calibrated span) per 100 EMI/RFI Effect
°F; double the effect for Range 3.
Output shift of less than 0.1% of span when tested to SAMA PMC
33.1 from 20 to 1000 MHz and for field strengths up to 30 V/m.
(1) Accuracy for Range 9, (Code J is 0.1% of flow span.)
GP transmitter at 40:1 is ±0.7% of calibrated span.

Page 86 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
 Product Data Sheet

PDS-9 Models 644H and 644R

Mounting Power Supply Effect
Model 644R attaches directly to a wall or a DIN rail. Model 644H Less than ±0.005% of span per volt
installs in a connection head or universal head mounted directly on
a sensor assembly, apart from a sensor assembly using a Vibration Effect
universal head, or to a DIN rail using an optional mounting clip. The Model 644H and Model 644R are tested to the following
specifications with no effect on performance:
Weight
Frequency Vibration
Code Options Weight
10 to 60 Hz 0.21 mm displacement
644H Head Mount Transmitter 96 g (3.39 oz)
M5 LCD Display 38 g (1.34 oz) 60 to 500 Hz 3 g peak acceleration
J5, J6 Universal Head, Standard Cover 577 g (20.35 oz)
J5, J6 Universal Head, Meter Cover 667 g (23.53 oz) Stability
644R Rail Mount Transmitter 174 g (6.14 oz)
RTDs and thermocouples have a stability of ±0.1% of output
reading or 0.1 °C (whichever is greater) for 24 months
Enclosure Ratings (Model 644H)
All option codes (S1, S2, S3, S4, J5 and J6) are NEMA 4X, IP66, Self Calibration
and IP68. Option code J6 is CSA Enclosure Type 4X.
The analog-to-digital measurement circuitry automatically
self-calibrates for each temperature update by comparing the
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS dynamic measurement to extremely stable and accurate internal
reference elements.
EMC (ElectroMagnetic Compatibility)
Sensor Connections
NAMUR NE 21 Standard
The Models 644H meets the requirements for NAMUR NE21 Model 644 Sensor Connections Diagram
Rating. (Hardware Rev 26 and later.)

Susceptibility Parameter Influence

644-000B01A
• 6 kV contact discharge
ESD None
• 8 kV air discharge 1234 1234 1234 1234
2-wire 3-wire**RTD *
4-wire RTD T/C
Radiated • 80 – 1000 MHz at 10 V/m AM < 0.5%
RTD and
and
and
and mV
Burst • 1 kV for I.O. None
• 0.5 kV line–line * The transmitters must be configured for at least a 3-wire RTD in
Surge None order to recognize an RTD with a compensation loop.
• 1 kV line–ground (I.O. tool)
Conducted • 150 kHz to 80 MHz at 10 V < 0.5% ** Rosemount Inc. provides 4-wire sensors for all single element
RTDs. You can use these RTDs in 3-wire configurations by leaving
the unneeded leads disconnected and insulated with electrical tape.
CE Mark
The Models 644H and 644R meet all requirements listed under
IEC 61326: Amendment 1, 1998.

Rosemount Conformance to Specifications

A Rosemount product not only meets its published specifications, but most likely exceeds them.
Advanced manufacturing techniques and the use of Statistical Process Control provide
specification conformance to at least ± 3(1). Our commitment to continual improvement ensures Typical Accuracy
that product design, reliability, and performance will improve annually.

For example, the Reference Accuracy distribution for the Model 644 is shown to the right. Our Lower Upper
Specification Specification
3144-GRAPH

Specification Limits are ± 0.15 °C, but, as the shaded area shows, approximately 68% of the units
perform three times better than the limits. Therefore, it is very likely that you will receive a device Limit Limit
that performs much better than our published specifications.
–3σ –2σ –1σ 1σ 2σ 3σ
Conversely, a vendor who “grades” product without using Process Control, or who is not
committed to ± 3 performance, will ship a higher percentage of units that are barely within Accuracy distribution shown is for the Model
advertised specification limits. 644, Pt 100 RTD sensor, Range 0 to 100 °C
(1) Sigma (σ) is a statistical symbol to designate the standard deviation from the mean value of a normal distribution.

Workbook Exercises Page 87

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Product Data Sheet

Models 244EH and 244ER PDS-10

Ordering Information
TABLE 3. Model 244EH and Model 244ER Ordering Table
• = Available
— = Not available
Head Rail
Model Product Description Mount Mount
244EH Head Mount Temperature Transmitter • —
244ER Rail Mount Temperature Transmitter — •
Enclosure
Purchase Head Rail
Code Hazardous Area Certifications Required? Mount Mount
E5 FM explosion-proof approval Yes • —
I5(1) FM intrinsic safety and non-incendive approval No • •
K5 FM intrinsic safety, non-incendive, and explosion-proof approval combination Yes • —
I6(1) CSA intrinsic safety and non-incendive approval No • •
C6 CSA intrinsic safety, non-incendive, and explosion-proof approval combination Yes • —
N1 CENELEC/BASEEFA type n approval Yes • —
ED CENELEC/KEMA flameproof approval Yes • —
I1(1) CENELEC/BASEEFA intrinsic safety approval No • •
E7 SAA flameproof approval. Consult factory for availability. Yes • —
N7 SAA type n approval. Consult factory for availability Yes • —
I7(1) SAA intrinsic safety approval. Consult factory for availability. No • •
NA(1) No approval No • •
Code Options
Assembly (Model 244EH Only)(2)
X1 Assemble transmitter to a sensor assembly (hand tight, Teflon® (PTFE) tape where appropriate, fully wired) • —
X2 Assemble transmitter to a sensor assembly (hand tight, no Teflon (PTFE) tape, unwired) • —
X3 Assemble transmitter to a sensor assembly (wrench tight, Teflon (PTFE) where appropriate, fully wired) • —
Enclosure
J5(3) Universal Head (junction box with M20 entries), aluminum alloy with 50.8 (2-in.) SST pipe bracket • —
J6 Universal Head (junction box with 1/2–14 NPT entries), aluminum alloy with 50.8 (2-in.) SST pipe bracket • —
Configuration
A1 Analog output levels compliant with NAMUR-recommendations NE 43:June 1997 • •
CN Analog output levels compliant with NAMUR-recommendations NE 43: June 1997: alarm configuration low • •
F6 60 Hz line voltage filter • •
Calibration
C4 5-Point calibration. Use Q4 option to generate a calibration certificate • •
Q4 Calibration certificate. 3-point standard; use C4 with Q4 option for a 5-point calibration certificate. • •
Accessory (Model 244EH only)
G1 External ground screw (See “External Ground Screw Assembly” on page 11). Only available with • —
enclosure options J5 or J6.
G2 Cable gland. Only available with option code J5. • —
G3 Cover chain. Only available with enclosure options J5 or J6. • —
G5 WAGO® Spring Clamp Terminals • —
(1) Transmitters with intrinsic safety approvals can be ordered without enclosures. However, to meet intrinsic safety requirements, the transmitter must be
installed in an enclosure with IP20 or higher rating. Model 244EH transmitters ordered with enclosure options J5 or J6 meet this requirement.

(2) If ordering (X1), (X2), or (X3) options, specify the same code on the sensor model number. Option codes X1 and X3 are not available with CSA approval.
(Hazardous Area Certifications C6 or I6.)

(3) Remote mount only. Sensor assembly options X1, X2, and X3 are not available.

Page 88 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises - Answers

Exercise 5.1 – The Importance of Specifications

1. 1, 2, 4 , 5
2. 1
3. 1, 2, 4

Exercise 5.2 – Physical Specifications

1. 2
2. 2, 1
3. 1, 2, 4
4. 1

Exercise 5.3 – Functional Specifications

1. B, C, A
2. B, C, A, E, D
3. 2
4. 3
5. 3, 2
6. 2
7. B, D, A, C
8. 3, 3

Exercise 5.4 – Performance Specifications

1. 2
2. 4
3. 3
4. 1, 2, 4
5. 2
6. 1
7. C, A, D, B
8. 4
9. 2
10. B, C, A
11. 2
12. 1
13. 1
14. 4, 3, 2, 1

Page 88 Workbook Exercises

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Workbook Exercises - Answers
Exercise 5.5 – Product Approvals and Certifications

1. 4
2. 1, 2, 4
3. E, A, D, C, B
4. C, D, B, A
5. 1, 3, 5
6. C, B, A
7. A, C, B, B
8. 1, 2, 5
9. B, A, D, C
10. 1
11. D, A, B, C
12. 3, 1
13. 1
14. 3
15. 1
16. 2
17. 1, 1
18. 1, 3
19. 1, 2, 4
20. D, C, A, B

Workbook Exercises Page 89

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only
Module 5: Activity Answers
The Importance of Specifications

1. 1,3,4
2. 4
3. 1,2,5
4. 1,2,3,5
5. 2
6. True

Physical Specifications

1. 2
2. 1
3. 2
4. 2
5. lowest

Functional Specification

1. 2
2. 1
3. False
4. 4
5. 1
6. 2,3
7. 2
8. 3
9. 2,3,4
10. 4
11. 3
12. 1
13. 2
14. 1
15. True
16. 3
17. False
18. 1

Performance Specification

1. 2
2. 1,2,4
3. 4
4. 3
5. 1
6. 1

Page 90 Activity Answers

For Internal Use Only © 2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 5: Activity Answers
7. 1
8. True
9. 2
10. True
11. 2
12. 1,3,4
13. 2
14. 1
15. 1
16. 3,4
17. 1,2,5
18. 1
19. 1,4

Products Approvals and Certifications

1. 4
2. 1,2,4
3. 1,2,3,4,5
4. 1
5. 2
6. 1,3
7. 1,2,4
8. 4
9. 1
10. 4
11. 3
12. 3
13. 2
14. 1
15. 4
16. 2
17. 1
18. False
19. 1
20. 4
21. 1
22. 2
23. True
24. 1
25. 1
26. 3
27. True
28. True

Activity Answers Page 91

© 2002 Rosemount Inc. For Internal Use Only