INTRODUCTION

The History of Origami

Origami is a type of art first originated from Japan. Ori means “folding” and gami
means “paper”. It is possible to fold many beautiful shapes in origami. Most
amazingly, many astonishing pieces of origami are produced from a single piece of
paper, with no cutting. Just like constructions using straight edge and compass,
constuctions through paper folding is both mathematically interesting and aestheric,
particularly in origami. Origami can be related with mathematics because every edge
of the origami’s has their own length and angle. It is fun to fold origami and at the
same time we can learn some mathematics formula from it. Some of the different
categories of origami are represented below:

 Modular origami

 Origami tessellation

 Origami animal

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The folding of an Origami crane

Origami (折り紙, from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper"

(kamichanges to gami due to rendaku)) is the art of paper folding, which is often
associated with Japanese culture. In modern usage, the word "origami" is used as an
inclusive term for all folding practices, regardless of their culture of origin. The goal
is to transform a flat square sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding
and sculpting techniques. Modern origami practitioners generally discourage the use
of cuts, glue, or markings on the paper. Origami folders often use the Japanese
word kirigami to refer to designs which use cuts, although cutting is more
characteristic of Chinese papercrafts.

The small number of basic origami folds can be combined in a variety of ways
to make intricate designs. The best-known origami model is the Japanese paper
crane. In general, these designs begin with a square sheet of paper whose sides may
be of different colours, prints, or patterns. Traditional Japanese origami, which has
been practiced since the Edo period (1603–1867), has often been less strict about
these conventions, sometimes cutting the paper or using nonsquare shapes to start
with. The principles of origami are also used in stents, packaging and other
engineering applications.

The Japanese word "Origami" itself is a compound of two smaller Japanese

words: "ori" (root verb "oru"), meaning to fold, and "kami", meaning paper. Until
recently, not all forms of paper folding were grouped under the wordorigami.

Origami cranes

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Mathematics of Paper Folding.

The art of origami or paper folding has received a considerable amount of

mathematical study. Fields of interest include a given paper model's flat-foldability
(whether the model can be flattened without damaging it) and the use of paper
folds to solve mathematical equations.

Sample: Mathematical of Paper Folding

The art of origami or paper folding has received a considerable amount

of mathematical study. Fields of interest include a given paper model's flat-foldability
(whether the model can be flattened without damaging it) and the use of paper folds
to solve mathematical equations.

In 1893, Indian mathematician T. Sundara Rao published "Geometric

Exercises in Paper Folding" which used paper folding to demonstrate proofs of
geometrical constructions. This work was inspired by the use of origami in
the kindergarten system. This book had an approximate trisection of angles and
implied construction of a cube root was impossible. In 1936 Margharita
P. Beloch showed that use of the 'Beloch fold', later used in the sixth of the
Huzita–Hatori axioms, allowed the general cubic equation to be solved using
origami. In 1949, R C Yeates' book "Geometric Methods" described three allowed
constructions corresponding to the first, second, and fifth of the Huzita–Hatori
axioms. The axioms were discovered by Jacques Justin in 1989 but were overlooked
until the first six were rediscovered by Humiaki Huzita in 1991. The first
International Meeting of Origami Science and Technology (now known as the
International Conference on Origami in Science, Math, and Education) was held in
1989 in Ferrara, Italy.

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Pure Origami

Flat folding Mountain-valley counting Two-colorability

Angles around a vertex

The construction of origami models is sometimes shown as crease patterns. The

major question about such crease patterns is whether a given crease pattern can be
folded to a flat model, and if so, how to fold them; this is an NP-complete problem.
Related problems when the creases are orthogonal are called map folding problems.
There are three mathematical rules for producing flat-foldable origami crease
patterns:

1. Maekawa's theorem: at any vertex the number of valley and mountain folds
always differ by two.

It follows from this that every vertex has an even number of creases, and
therefore also the regions between the creases can be colored with two colors.

2. Kawasaki's theorem: at any vertex, the sum of all the odd angles adds up to
180 degrees, as do the even.
3. A sheet can never penetrate a fold.

Paper exhibits zero Gaussian curvature at all points on its surface, and only folds
naturally along lines of zero curvature. Curved surfaces that can't be flattened can be
produced using a non-folded crease in the paper, as is easily done with wet paper or a
fingernail.

Assigning a crease pattern mountain and valley folds in order to produce a flat model
has been proven by Marshall Bern and Barry Hayes to be NP-complete. Further
references and technical results are discussed in Part II of Geometric Folding
Algorithms.
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Huzita–Hatori axioms

Some classical construction problems of geometry — namely trisecting an

arbitrary angle or doubling the cube — are proven to be unsolvable using compass
and straightedge, but can be solved using only a few paper folds. Paper fold strips
can be constructed to solve equations up to degree 4. The Huzita–Hatori axioms are
an important contribution to this field of study. These describe what can be
constructed using a sequence of creases with at most two point or line alignments at
once. Complete methods for solving all equations up to degree 4 by applying methods
satisfying these axioms are discussed in detail in Geometric Origami.

Contructions

As a result of origami study through the application of geometric principles,

methods such as Haga's theorem have allowed paper folders to accurately fold the
side of a square into thirds, fifths, sevenths, and ninths. Other theorems and
methods have allowed paper folders to get other shapes from a square, such as
equilateral triangles, pentagons, hexagons, and special rectangles such as the golden
rectangle and the silver rectangle. Methods for folding most regular polygons up to
and including the regular 19-gon have been developed.

Haga's theorems

BQ is always a rational if AP is.

The side of a square can be divided at an arbitrary rational fraction in a variety of

ways. Haga's theorems say that a particular set of constructions can be used for such
divisions. Surprisingly few folds are necessary to generate large odd fractions. For
instance 1⁄5 can be generated with three folds; first halve a side, then use Haga's
theorem twice to produce first 2⁄3 and then 1⁄5.

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The accompanying diagram shows Haga's first theorem:

{\displaystyle BQ={\frac {2AP}{1+AP}}.}

The function changing the length AP to QC is self inverse. Let x be AP then a number
of other lengths are also rational functions of x. For example:

Haga's first theorem

AP BQ QC AR PQ

{\displaystyle {\displaystyle {\displaystyle {\displaystyle

{\displaystyle {\frac {\frac {1- {\frac {1- {\frac
{2x}{1+x}}} x}{1+x}}} x^{2}}{2}}} {1+x^{2}}{1+x}}}
x}

1⁄2 2⁄3 1⁄3 3⁄8 5⁄6

1⁄3 1⁄2 1⁄2 4⁄9 5⁄6

2⁄3 4⁄5 1⁄5 5⁄18 13⁄15

1⁄5 1⁄3 2⁄3 12⁄25 13⁄15

Doubling the cube

Doubling the cube: PB/PA = cube root of 2

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The classical problem of doubling the cube can be solved using origami. This
construction is due to Peter Messer: A square of paper is first creased into three
equal strips as shown in the diagram. Then the bottom edge is positioned so the
corner point P is on the top edge and the crease mark on the edge meets the other
crease mark Q. The length PB will then be the cube root of 2 times the length of AP.

The edge with the crease mark is considered a marked straightedge, something
which is not allowed in compass and straightedge constructions. Using a marked
straightedge in this way is called a neusis construction in geometry.

Trisecting an angle

Trisecting the angle CAB

Angle trisection is another of the classical problems that cannot be solved using a
compass and unmarked ruler but can be solved using origami. This construction
is due to Hisashi Abe. The angle CAB is trisected by making folds PP' and QQ'
parallel to the base with QQ' halfway in between. Then point P is folded over to lie
on line AC and at the same time point A is made to lie on line QQ' at A'. The angle
A'AB is one third of the original angle CAB. This is because PAQ, A'AQ and A'AR
are three congruent triangles. Aligning the two points on the two lines is another
neusis construction as in the solution to doubling the cube.

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 SECTION A

1.

Lengths:

BE and DF = 1/3 x 15

= 5 cm

AF and AE = 15 + 5

= 250 cm / 15.81 cm

EF = 10 + 10

= 200 cm / 14.14 cm

Angles:

< AEF = cos = adjacent

Hypotenuse

= (14.14 ÷ 2)

15.81

= 0.477°

= 63.44°

<FAE = 180° - 63.44° - 63.44°

= 53.13°
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2.

Let represents 1cm to the right

Represents 1 cm vertically upwards

AF = cos < FAE =

AE = = 3/5

AE . AF = . sin < FAE =

= 5 (15) + 15 (5)

= 150 = 4/5

lAFl and lAEl = 5 + 15 Area = ½ ( 250 ) ( 250 ) (4/5)

= 250 = 100 cm

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3. F F

15 + 15 E E

5 5

A 5 G G 10 B A 15 B

Area = ½ x 15 x 5 + ½ x (15 + 5 ) (10) – ½ x 15 x 15

= 75/2 + 100 – 75/2

= 100 cm

D 5 F 10 C

4.

15 10

Area AFE = Asquare – AADF – AECF – AABE

= 15 - (1/2 x 15 x 5 ) – (1/2 x 15 x 5) (1/2 x 10 x 10)

= 225 – 37.5 – 37.5 – 50

= 100 cm

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5. F

200

250

250

Area = ef/2 sin A

= ( 250 ) ( 250 ) sin 53.13

= 100 cm

6.

Area = AB x (AD ÷ 2 ) - DF x ( BE ÷ 2 )

= 15 x (15 ÷ 2 ) - 5 x ( 5 ÷ 2 )

= 112.5 - 12.5

= 100 cm

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 SECTION B

Perimeter of a Triangle

Perimeter of a triangle = 2x + 2x

When x = 1,

P = 2 (1) + 2 (1)

=2 + 2

When x = 2,

P = 2 (2) + 2 (2)

=4 + 8

=4 + 4 2

=4 + 2 2

= 2 (2 + 2 )

When x = 3,

P = 2 (3) + 2 (3)

= 6 + 18

=6 + 9 2

=6 + 3 2

= 3 (2 + 2 )

When x = 4, When x = n,

P = 2 (4) + 2 (4) P = 2 (n) + 2 (n)

= 8 + 32 = n (2 + 2 )

= 8 + 16 2

=8 + 4 2

= 4 (2 + 2 )

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d=T - T = (4 + 2 2 ) - (2 + 2 )

d=2 + 2

d=T - T = (6 + 3 2 ) - (4 + 2 2 )

d=2 + 2

FURTHER EXPLORATION

Heron's formula is named after Hero of Alexendria, a Greek Engineer and

Mathematician in 10 - 70 AD. You can use this formula to find the area of a
triangle using the 3 side lengths.

Therefore, you do not have to rely on the formula for area that uses base and height.
The picture below illustrates the general fro mu la where S represents the semi-
perimeter of the triangle

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 CONCLUSION

The problem of rigid origami, treating the folds as hinges joining two flat, rigid
surfaces, such as sheet metal, has great practical importance. For example,
the Miura map fold is a rigid fold that has been used to deploy large solar panel
arrays for space satellites.

The napkin folding problem is the problem of whether a square or rectangle of

paper can be folded so the perimeter of the flat figure is greater than that of the
original square.

Curved origami also poses a (very different) set of mathematical challenges.

Curved origami allows the paper to form developable surfaces that are not flat.
Wet-folding origami allows an even greater range of shapes. The maximum
number of times an incompressible material can be folded has been derived. With
each fold a certain amount of paper is lost to potential folding. The loss
function for folding paper in half in a single direction was given to be

{\displaystyle L={\tfrac {\pi t}{6}}(2^{n}+4)(2^{n}-1)} , where L is the

minimum length of the paper (or other material), t is the material's thickness,
and nis the number of folds possible. The distances L and t must be expressed in
the same units, such as inches. This result was derived by Gallivan in 2001, who
also folded a sheet of paper in half 12 times, contrary to the popular belief that
paper of any size could be folded at most eight times. She also derived the
equation for folding in alternate directions.

The fold-and-cut problem asks what shapes can be obtained by folding a piece
of paper flat, and making a single straight complete cut. The solution, known as
the fold-and-cut theorem, states that any shape with straight sides can be
obtained.

A practical problem is how to fold a map so that it may be manipulated with

minimal effort or movements. The Miura fold is a solution to the problem, and
several others have been proposed.

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 REFLECTION

From what I have learnt frome this project, it make me realise that origami is not just
about folding paper but it is actually more than that. We get to know that every angle
and edge of the origami have their own value. Conclusion that origami is so powerful.
In addition to these intriguing constructional properties, origami is worth studying
and exploring in other math related fields. For example, there is a connection
between origami and topology, even to graph theory, something that we don’t usually
assume origami would associate with. Even beyond its mathemtical properties, they
are partically useful and artistically pleasing.

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 REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami

https://acknowledgementsample.com/acknowledgement-sample-for-school-
project/

https://www.google.com/search?q=origami+history&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqjcjVke
_bAhWZWysKHUPTAs8Q1QIIwgEoBA&biw=1024&bih=532

https://www.google.com/search?biw=1024&bih=532&ei=vQsxW9TzLJv59QOCnLW
QBg&q=Mathematics+of+paper+folding&oq=Mathematics+of+paper+folding&gs_l
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ab..0.0.0....0.1O1l_e5TQFE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_paper_folding

http://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/triangles/area/herons-formula-
triangle-area.php#ixzz5JSd5sBD6

http://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/triangles/area/herons-formula-
triangle-area.php

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