JAVA  
Note  

 
By Bhushan Laware 
[email protected]
Contents 
 
1. Language Fundamentals 
2. Operators and Assignments 
3. Declaration and Access Control 
4. Flow Control 
5. Exception Handling 
6. Assertions 
7. OO Concepts 
8. Inner Classes 
9. Threads and Concurrency 
10. Fundamental classes in java.lang.package 
a. Object Class 
b. String class 
c. StringBuffer Class 
d. StringBuilder Class 
e. Wrapper Classes 
f. Math class 
11. The Collections framework and Generics 
12. File I/O & Serialization 
13. Garbage Collection 
14. 1.5 version New Features 
a. Enum 
b. For-Each Loop 
c. . Var-Arg Methods 
d. Auto Boxing & Unboxing 
e. Static Imports 
15. Internationalization 
16. Quick Reference   
  
1. 
Language Fundamentals 
 
1. Identifiers  
2. Reserved words  
3. Data types  
4. Literals  
5. Arrays  
6. Types of variables  
7. Var-arg method  
8. Main method  
9. Command line arguments  
10. Java coding standards    
1.1 Identifier 
 
A name in java program is called identifier. It may be class name, method name, 
variable name and label name. 

Example:  

public class ​Main 

{ 

public static void ​main​(​String​[] ​args​) { 

int ​x​=10; 

System.out.println("Hello World"); 

} 

} 

►So here, number of identifiers are 5. 

Rules to define java identifiers 

A. The only allowed characters in java identifiers are 
a. a to z 
b. A to Z 
c. 0 to 9 
d. _ 
e. $ 

If we are using any other character we will get compile time error. 

 
 Example: 

1. Total_number ►valid 
2. Total#   ►invalid 

B. Identifiers are not allowed to starts with digit. 

Example: 

1. ABC123 ►valid 
2. 123ABC ►invalid 

C. java identifiers are case sensitive up course java language itself treated as case 
sensitive language 

Example: 

class Test 

{  

int number=10; 

int Number=20; 

int NUMBER=20;  we can differentiate with case. 

int NuMbEr=30; 

Int numBER=40; 

} 

D. There is no length limit for java identifiers but it is not recommended to take 
more than 15 lengths. 
E. We can’t use reserved words as identifiers. 

Example: 

int if = 10 ►invalid 
  

F. All predefined java class names and interface names we use as identifiers. 

Example 1: 

class Test 

{ 

public static void main(String[] args){ 

int String=10; 

System.out.println(String); 

} 

} 

►Output: 10 

Example 2: 

class Test 

{ 

public static void main(String[] args){ 

int Runnable=10; 

System.out.println(Runnable); 

} 

} 

►Output: 10 

Even though it is legal to use class names and interface names as identifiers but 
it is not a good programming practice.   
 ★ Which of the following are valid java identifiers? 
1. _$_ ►valid 
2. Ca$h ►valid 
3. java2Share ►valid 
4. all@hands ►invalid 
5. 123abc ►invalid 
6. Total# ►invalid 
7. int ►invalid 
8. Integer ►valid 

   
1.2 Reserved words 
 
In java some identifiers are reserved to associate some functionality or meaning such 
type of reserved identifiers are called reserved words. 

Diagram: 

 
Reserved words for data types: 
1. byte  4. long  7. char 
2. short  5. float  8. boolean 
3. int  6. double 

 
Reserved words for flow control: 
1. if  5. default  9. break 
2. else  6. for  10. continue 
3. switch  7. do  11. return 
4. case  8. while 

Keywords for modifiers: 

1. public  5. final  9. strictfp (1.2v) 
2. private  6. abstract  10. transient 
3. protected  7. synchronized  11. volatile 
4. static  8. native 

Keywords for exception handling: 

1. try  3. finally  5. throws 
2. catch  4. throw  6. assert (1.4v) 

Class related keywords: 

1. class  3. import  5. implements 
2. package  4. extends  6. interface 

Object related keywords: 

1. new  3. super 
2. instanceof  4. this 

void return type keyword: 

If a method won’t return anything compulsory that method should be declared with 
the 

void return type in java but it is optional in C++. 

Unused keywords: 

1. goto: Create several problems in old languages and hence it is banned in java. 
2. Const: Use final instead of this. 
 By mistake if we are using these keywords in our program we will get compile 
time error. 

Reserved literals: 

1. true  ►values for boolean data type. 

2. false ►values for boolean data type. 
3. null ►default value for object reference. 

Enum: 

This keyword introduced in 1.5v to define a group of named constants 

Example: 

enum Beer 

{ 

KF, RC, KO, FO; 

} 

Notes:  
★ All reserved words in java contain only lowercase alphabet symbols. 
★ New keywords are: 
1. strictfp  → ​1.2v 
2. assert → ​1.4v 
3. enum → ​1.5v 
 

   
 ★ Which of the following list contains only java reserved words? 
1. final, finally, finalize  
➢ Invalid. Here finalize is a method in Object class. 
2. throw, throws, thrown 
➢ Invalid. thrown is not available in java. 
3. break, continue, return, exit 
➢ Invalid. exit is not reserved keyword. 
4. goto, constant 
➢ Invalid. Here constant is not reserved keyword. 
5. byte, short, Integer, long 
➢ Invalid. Here Integer is a wrapper class. 
6. extends, implements, imports 
➢ Invalid. imports keyword is not available in java. 
7. finalize, synchronized 
➢ Invalid. finalize is a method in Object class. 
8. instanceof, sizeOf 
➢ Invalid. sizeOf is not reserved keyword. 
9. new, delete 
➢ Invalid. delete is not a keyword. 
10. None of the above 
➢ Valid. 

★ Which of the following are valid java keywords? 

1. public ​(valid)  3. void ​(valid)  5. String ​(invalid) 
2. static​(valid)  4. main ​(invalid)  6. args ​(invalid) 

   
1.3 Data Types 
 

Every  variable  has  a  type,  every  expression  has  a  type and all types are strictly define 

moreover  every  assignment  should  be  checked  by  the  compiler  by  the  type 
compatibility hence java language is considered as strongly typed language. 

● Java is pure object oriented programming or not? 

➢ Java  is  not  considered  as  pure  object  oriented  programming  language 
because  several  oops  features  (like  multiple  inheritance,  operator 
overloading)  are  not  supported  by  java  moreover  we  are  depending  on 
primitive data types which are non objects. 

Diagram: 

 
 ★ Note: 
Except Boolean and char all remaining data types are considered as signed data types 

because we can represent both “+ve” and”-ve” numbers. 

A. byte: 
❏ Size: 1 Byte (8 bits) 
❏ Max-value: +127 
❏ Min-value: -128 
❏ Range: 128 to 127 [-2​7 ​to 2​7​-1] 

Example: 

byte b=10; ►​✔ 

byte b2=130; ►C.E: possible loss of precision 

byte b=10.5 ►C.E: possible loss of precision 

byte b=true; ►C.E: incompatible types 

byte b="durga"; ►C.E: incompatible types 

● byte data type is best suitable if we are handling data in terms of streams either 
from the file or from the network. 

B. short: 
❏ Size: 2 Bytes 
❏ Range: -32768 to 32767 (-2​15 ​to 2​15​-1) 

Example: 

short s=130; ►​✔ 

short s=32768; ►C.E: possible loss of precision 

short s=true; ►C.E: incompatible types 

 
 ● The most rarely used data type in java is short. 
● Short data type is best suitable for 16 bit processors like 8086 but these 
processors are 
● completely outdated and hence the corresponding short data type is also out 
data type. 
C. Int: 
❏ Size: 4 bytes 
❏ Range: -2147483648 to 2147483647 (-2​31 ​to 2​31​-1) 

Example: 

int i=130; ►​✔ 

int i=10.5; ►C.E: possible loss of precision 

int i=true; ►C.E: incompatible types 

● This is most commonly used data type in java. 

D. long: 
❏ Size: 8 bytes 
❏ Range:-2​63 ​to 2​63​-1 

Example: 

long l= 13l; 

● To hold the no. Of characters present in a big file int may not enough hence the 
return type of length() method is long. 

long l=f.length() ; ►f is a file 

● Whenever int is not enough to hold big values then we should go for long data 
type. 

 
 ★ Note:  
All the above data types (byte, short, int and long) can be used to represent whole 
numbers. If we want to represent real numbers then we should go for floating point 
data types.
 

E. Floating Point Data types: 

float  double 

   
If we want to 5 to 6 decimal places of  If we want to 14 to 15 decimal places 
accuracy then we should go for float.  of accuracy then we should go for 
  double. 
 

Size:  Size: 
4 bytes  8 bytes 
 
 

Range:  Range: 
-3.4e38 to 3.4e38  -1.7e308 to1.7e308. 
   

   
float follows single precision.  double follows double precision 
   

F. boolean data type: 

❏ Size: Not applicable (virtual machine dependent) 
❏ Range: Not applicable but allowed values are true or false. 

Example 1: 

boolean b=true; ►​✔ 

boolean b=True; ►C.E:cannot find symbol 

 boolean b="True"; ►C.E:incompatible types 

boolean b=0; ►C.E:incompatible types 

Example 2: 

int x=10; 
if( x ) 
System.out.println(“Hello”); 
else 
System.out.println(“HI”); 
 
►Compiler error: incompatible types 
Found: int 
Require: boolean 
 

Example 3: 

while(1) 
System.out.println(“Hello”); 
 
►Compiler error: incompatible types 
Found: int 
Require: boolean 
G. Char data type: 
❏ Size: 2 bytes 
❏ Range: 0 to 65535 

Example: 

char ch1=97; ►✓ 

char ch2=65536; ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

 ● In java we are allowed to use any worldwide alphabets character and java is Unicode 
based to represent all these characters one byte is not enough compulsory we should go 
for 2 bytes. 

Summary of java primitive data type: 

 

Data Type  Size  Range  Wrapper Class  Default Value 

byte  1 byte  -2​7​ to ​ ​-2​7​ -1  Byte  0 

(-128 to 127) 

short  2 byte  -2​15​ to ​ ​-2​15​ -1  Short  0 

(-32768 to 32767) 

int  4 byte  -2​31​ to ​ ​-2​31​ -1  Integer  0 

(-2147483648 to 
-2147483647) 

long  8 byte  -2​61​ to ​ ​-2​61​ -1  Long  0 

float  4 byte  -3.4e38 to 3.4e38  Float  0.0f 

double   8 byte  -1.7e308 to  Double  0.0 

1.7e308 

boolean  Not applicable  true/false  Boolean  false 

char   2 byte  0 to 65535  Character  0 (Blank Space) 

 
★ ​The default value for the object references is “null”.  

   
1.4 Literals
 
Any constant value which can be assigned to the variable is called literal. 

Example: 

A. Integral Literals​:  
For the integral data types (byte, short, int and long) we can specify literal value 
in the following ways. 

1. Decimal literals:​ Allowed digits are 0 to 9. 

Example: int x=10; 

2. Octal literals: ​Allowed digits are 0 to 7. Literal value should be prefixed 

with zero. 

Example: int x=010; 

3. Hexadecimal literals:​ The allowed digits are 0 to 9, A to Z. For the extra 

digits we can use both upper case and lower case characters. This is one 
of very few areas where java is not case sensitive. Literal value should be 
prefixed with ox(or)oX. 
 Example: int x=0x10; 

★ These are the only possible ways to specify integral literal. 

★ Which of the following are valid declarations? 
a. int x=0786; ►C.E:integer number too large: 0786  ►invalid 
b. int x=0xFACE; ►Valid 
c. int x=0xbeef; ►Valid 
d. int x=0xBeer; ►C.E: ';' expected ►invalid 
e. int x=0xBeer; ►Valid 
f. int x=0xabb2cd; ►Valid 
★ Example 1: 

int x=10; 

int y=010; 

int z=0x10; 

System.out.println(x+"----"+y+"----"+z);  

►Output: 10----8----16 

➤ By default every integral literal is int type but we can specify explicitly as long 
type by suffixing with small “l” (or) capital “L”. 
1. int x=10; ►valid 
2. long l=10L; ►valid 
3. long l=10; ►valid 
4. x=10l; ►invalid  ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

➤ There is no direct way to specify byte and short literals explicitly. But whenever 
we are assigning integral literal to the byte variables and its value within the 
range of byte compiler automatically treats as byte literal. Similarly short 
literal also. 
 1. byte b=10; ►valid 
2. byte b=130; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 
3. short s=32767; ►valid 
4. short s=32768; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

B. Floating Point Literals:  

➤ Floating point literal is by default double type but we can specify 
explicitly as float type by suffixing with f or F. 

Example: 

1. float f=123.456; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

2. float f=123.456f; ►valid 
3. double d=123.456 ►valid 

➤ We can specify explicitly floating point literal as double type by suffixing 

with d or D. 

Example: 

1. double d=123.456D; 

➤ We can specify floating point literal only in decimal form and we can’t 
specify in octal and hexadecimal forms. 

Example: 

1. double d=123.456; ►valid 

2. double d=0123.456; ►valid 
3. double d=0x123.456; ​►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

 
 ★ Which of the following floating point declarations are valid? 
1. float f=123.456; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 
2. float f=123.456D; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 
3. double d=0x123.456; ​►Invalid ►C.E:malformed floating point literal 
4. double d=0xFace; ►valid 
5. double d=0xBeef; ►valid 

➤ We can assign integral literal directly to the floating point data types and that 
integral literal can be specified in octal and Hexadecimal form also. 

Example: 

double d=0xBeef; 
System.out.println(d); 
►Output: 48879.0 

But we can’t assign floating point literal directly to the integral types. 

Example: 

int x=10.0; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

➤ We can specify floating point literal even in exponential form also(significant 

notation). 

Example: 

double d=10e2; ►valid  

System.out.println(d); ►Output: 1000.0 

float f=10e2; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 

float f=10e2F; ►valid 

C. Boolean literals: 
 The only allowed values for the boolean type are true (or) false where case is 
important. 

Example: 

1. boolean b=true; ►valid 

2. boolean b=0; ►Invalid ►C.E:incompatible types 
3. boolean b=True; ►Invalid  ►C.E:cannot find symbol True 
4. b="true"; ►Invalid ►C.E:incompatible types 

D. Char literals: 
➤ A char literal can be represented as single character within single quotes. 

Example: 

1. char ch='a'; ►valid 

2. char ch=a; ►Invalid  ►C.E:cannot find symbol a 
3. char ch="a"; ►Invalid ►C.E:incompatible types 
4. char ch='ab'; ►Invalid ►C.E:unclosed character literal 

➤ We can specify a char literal as integral literal which represents Unicode 

of that character. We can specify that integral literal either in decimal or 
octal or hexadecimal form but allowed values range is 0 to 65535. 
Example: 

1. char ch=97; ►valid 

2. char ch=0xFace;  ►valid 
3. char ch=65536; ►Invalid ►C.E: possible loss of precision 

➤ We can represent a char literal by Unicode representation which is 

nothing but ‘\uxxxx’. 
 Example: 

1. char ch1='\u0061'; 
System.out.println(ch1); 
►Output: a 
2. char ch2=\u0062; ►Invalid ►C.E:cannot find symbol 
3. char ch3='\iface'; ►Invalid ►C.E:illegal escape character 

➤ Every escape character in java acts as a char literal. 

Example: 

1. char ch='\n'; ►valid 

2. char ch='\l'; ►Invalid ►C.E:illegal escape character 

Escape Character  Description 

\n  Newline 

\t  Horizontal tab 

\r  Carriage return 

\f  From feeb 

\b  Backspace character 

\’  Single Quote 

\”  Double Quote  

\\  Backspace 

❖ Which of the following char declarations are valid? 

1. char ch=a; ►Invalid ►C.E:cannot find symbol 
2. char ch='ab'; ►Invalid ►C.E:unclosed character literal 
3. char ch=65536; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 
 4. char ch=\uface; ►Invalid ►C.E:illegal character: \64206 
5. char ch='/n'; ►Invalid ►C.E:unclosed character literal 
6. none of the above. ►Valid 

E. String literals: 
● Any sequence of characters with in double quotes is treated as String 
literal. 

Example: 

String s="bhaskar"; ►Valid 

★ Diagram: 

   
1.5 Arrays
 
1. Introduction 
2. Array declaration 
3. Array construction 
4. Array initialization 
5. Array declaration, construction, initialization in a single line. 
6. length Vs length() method 
7. Anonymous arrays 
8. Array element assignments 
9. Array variable assignments 

I. Introduction 
➤ An  array  is  an  indexed  collection  of  fixed  number  of  homogeneous  data 
elements. 
➤ The  main  advantage  of  arrays  is  we  can  represent  multiple  values  with 
the same name so that readability of the code will be improved. 
➤ But  the  main  disadvantage  of  arrays  is:  Fixed  in  size  that  is  once  we 
created  an  array  there  is  no  chance  of  increasing  or  decreasing  the  size 
based  on  our  requirement  that  is  to  use  arrays  concept  compulsory  we 
should know the size in advance which may not possible always. 
➤ We can resolve this problem by using collections. 

 
II. Array declarations: 
A. Single dimensional array declaration: 

Example: 

1. int[] a; 

►recommended to use because name is clearly 

separated from the type 

2. int []a; 
3. int a[]; 

At the time of declaration we can’t specify the size otherwise we will get 
compile time error. 

Example: 

1. int[] a; ►valid 
2. int[5] a; ►invalid 

B. Two dimensional array declaration: 

Example: 

int[][] a; 

int [][]a; 

int a[][];  All are valid. 

int[] []a; 

int[] a[]; 

int []a[]; 

 
 C. Three dimensional array declaration: 

Example: 

int[][][] a; 

int [][][]a; 

int a[][][]; 

int[] [][]a; 

int[] a[][];   

int[] []a[]; All are valid.  

int[][] []a; 

int[][] a[]; 

int []a[][]; 

int [][]a[]; 

★ Which of the following declarations are valid? 

1. int[] a1,b1; ►valid ►a-1,b-1 
2. int[] a2[],b2; ►valid ►a-2,b-1 
3. int[] []a3,b3; ►valid ►a-2,b-2  
4. int[] a,[]b; ►Invalid ►C.E:<identifier> expected  

If we want to specify the dimension before the variable that rule is applicable 
only for the 1​st ​variable. Second variable onwards we can’t apply in the same 
declaration. 

Example:  int[][] a​ [] b​;  ►Invalid 

III. Array construction: 

● Every array in java is an object hence we can create by using new operator. 
 Example: 

int[] a=new int[3]; 

Diagram: 

● For every array type corresponding classes are available but these classes are 
part of java language and not available to the programmer level. 

Array Type  Corresponding Class Name  

int[]  [I 

int[][]  [[I 

double[]  [D 

...  ... 

● Rules 
1. At the time of array creation compulsory we should specify the size 
otherwise we will get compile time error. 

Example: 

int[] a=new int[3]; 

int[] a=new int[]; ►C.E:array dimension missing 

2. It is legal to have an array with size zero in java. 

Example: 
 int[] a=new int[0]; 

System.out.println(a.length); ►Output:0 

3. If we are taking array size with -ve int value then we will get runtime 
exception saying NegativeArraySizeException. 

Example: 

int[] a=new int[-3]; ►R.E:NegativeArraySizeException 

4. The allowed data types to specify array size are byte, short, char, int. By 
mistake if we are using any other type we will get compile time error. 

Example: 

1. int[] a=new int['a']; ►Valid 

byte b=10; 
2. int[] a=new int[b]; ►Valid 
3. short s=20; 
int[] a=new int[s]; ►Valid 
4. int[] a=new int[10l]; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 
5. int[] a=new int[10.5]; ►Invalid ►C.E:possible loss of precision 
5. The maximum allowed array size in java is maximum value of int size 
[2147483647]. 

Example: 

1. int[] a1=new int[2147483647];  

►Valid 
2. int[] a2=new int[2147483648];  
►Invalid ►C.E:integer number too large: 2147483648 
 
Two dimensional array creation​: 
● In java multidimensional arrays are implemented as array of arrays approach 
but not matrix form. 
● The main advantage of this approach is to improve memory utilization. 
 
 
 Example 1: 
int[][] a=new int[2][]; 
a[0]=new int[3]; 
a[1]=new int[2]; 
 
Example 2: 

int[][][] a=new int[2][][]; 

a[0]=new int[3][]; 

a[0][0]=new int[1]; 

a[0][1]=new int[2]; 

a[0][2]=new int[3]; 

a[1]=new int[2][2]; 

★ Which of the following declarations are valid? 

1. int[] a=new int[] ►Invalid ►C.E: array dimension missing. 
2. int[][] a=new int[3][4]; ►Valid 
3. int[][] a=new int[3][]; ►Valid 
4. int[][] a=new int[][4]; ►Invalid ►C.E: ']' expected 
5. int[][][] a=new int[3][4][5]; ►Valid 
6. int[][][] a=new int[3][4][]; ►Valid 
7. int[][][] a=new int[3][][5]; ►Invalid ►C.E: ']' expected 

IV. Array initialization:  

Whenever we are creating an array every element is initialized with default 

value automatically. 

Example 1: 

int[] a=new int[3]; 

 System.out.println(a); ►[I@3e25a5 

System.out.println(a[0]); ►0 

★ Note:​ Whenever we are trying to print any object reference internally toString() 
method will be executed which is implemented by default to return the 
following. 

classname@hexadecimalstringrepresentationofhashcode. 

Example 2: 

int [][] a= new int​[2]​[3];  

System.out.println(a); ►[I@3e25a5 

System.out.println(a[0]); ►[I@19821f 

System.out.println(a[0][0]); ►0 

Example 3: 

int[][] a=new int[2][]; 

 System.out.println(a); ►[[I@3e25a5 

System.out.println(a[0]); ►null 

System.out.println(a[0][0]); ►R.E:NullPointerException 

● Once we created an array all its elements by default initialized with default 
values. If we are not satisfied with those default values then we can replays with 
our customized values. 

Example: 

int[] a=new int[4]; 

a[0]=10; 

a[1]=20; 

a[2]=30; 

a[3]=40; 

a[4]=50; ►R.E:ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4 

a[-4]=60; ►R.E:ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: -4