Microprocessor Systems

Chapter 2:
Microcontrollers
 Learning Outcomes:
Students will be able to:

i. Know the basic structure of

microprocessor

ii. Familiar with Intel 8051 block diagram

and understand its functions
 Lecture Contents:
2.1 Introduction
Basic Structure of a Microcontroller
Embedded Systems
Motorola M68HC11
2.2 Intel 8051
PIC microcontrollers
Single and Multiple Chip
2.1 Introduction
 Microprocessor
◦ Has only one Control Processing Unit (CPU) in
one or few integrated circuits (IC)
◦ Dependent on external circuits of peripherals
to work
◦ Required where tasks are complex and tricky
(e.g. development of software, games, etc., that
require high memory and input/output are not
defined)
◦ Called as the ‘heart of a computer system’
2.1 Introduction
 Microprocessor
◦ Examples:
 Pentium

 i3

 i7
2.1 Introduction
 Microprocessor

Block diagram of a Microprocessor

2.1 Introduction
 Microprocessor

Internal Structure of a Microprocessor

2.1 Introduction
 Microcontroller
◦ Act like a small computer on a single
integrated circuit (IC)
◦ Contain a processor core, RAM, ROM,
input/output pins to perform various tasks
◦ Generally used in projects and applications
that require direct control of user
◦ Does not need any external circuit to do its
tasks
◦ Heavily used in embedded systems
◦ Can be called as the ‘heart of embedded
systems’
2.1 Introduction
 Microcontroller
◦ Examples:
 Intel 8051

 AVR

 PIC series of microcontrollers

2.1 Introduction
 Microcontroller

Block diagram of a Microcontroller

2.1 Introduction
 Microcontroller

Internal structure of a microcontroller

Microcontroller vs. Microprocessor
Microcontroller Microprocessor
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are • CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM,
all on a single chip (embedded) I/O, timer are separate (external)
• Fixed amount of on-chip ROM, • Designer can decide on the amount
RAM, I/O ports of ROM, RAM and I/O ports
• Far cheaper (made by using CMOS • Expensive (high number of external
technology, need lesser external components required)
components)
• Single-purpose (control-oriented) • General-purpose
• Low processing power • High processing power
• Low power consumption • High power consumption
• Compact (favorable for small apps) • Bulky (larger apps)
• Tasks performed are limited and • More complex, require more
less complex memory & speed
• Based on Harvard architecture • Based on von Neumann model
(program memory & data memory (program & data are stored in same
are separate) memory module)
Microcontrollers – Embedded Systems
 Embedded system:
◦ A special-purpose computer system
designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions often with real-time.

 Often has its own dedicated software.

 Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessor
(Design example)

The I/O ports

can be
programmed to
perform
different
functions.

MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

 Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessor
(Design example)

System
software:
A group of
programs that
that monitors
the functions of
the entire
system

MPU-Based Time and Temperature System

 Motorola M68HC11
 M68HC11 E series is a 8-bit microcontroller units.
 Configurations:
◦ RAM
◦ ROM
◦ Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM)
◦ Electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory (EEPROM)
◦ Several low-voltage devices
Basic Structure of a Microcontroller (Motorola M68HC11)
Motorola M68HCII
 Features:
Low-voltage (3.0 – 5.5 Vdc) 16-bit timer system
Power-saving stop and wait Synchronous serial peripheral
modes interface (SPI)
0, 256, 512, or 768 bytes of 8-channel, 8-bit analog-to-
on-chip RAM (standby) digital (A/D) converter
0, 12, or 20 Kbytes of on- 8-bit pulse accumulator
chip ROM or EPROM
0, 512, 2048 bytes of on-chip Asynchronous non-return-to-
EEPROM with block protect zero (NRZ) serial
for security communications interface (SCI)
2048 bytes of EEPROM with Real-time interrupt circuit
selectable base address
 Basic Structure of a Microcontroller (Motorola M68HC11)
Motorola M68HC11

Block Diagram
M68HC11 E-Series
Basic Structure of a Microcontroller (Motorola M68HC11) Motorola M68HC11

Pin assignments for 52-pin PLCC and CLCC

Pin assignments for 56-Pin SDIP

Intel 8051 Microcontroller
 Includes a whole family of microcontrollers
(ranging from 8031 to 8751).
 Enhanced version: 8052.
 8051:
◦ Internal ROM and RAM
◦ I/O ports with programmable pins
◦ Timers and Counters
◦ Serial data communications
Intel 8051 Microcontroller

8051 Block Diagram

 Intel 8051 Microcontroller
8-bit CPU with 128 bytes of
registers A & B internal RAM
16-bit program Internal ROM or
counter (PC) & EPROM
data pointer
(DPTR) 32 I/O pins
arranged as four 8-
8-bit program bit ports: P0-P3
status word (PSW)
Two 16-bit
8-bit stack pointer timer/counters: T0
(SP) & T1
Full duplex serial data
Control registers:
receiver/transmitter:
TCON, TMOD,
SBUF
SCON, PCON, IP & IE
Two external & three Oscillator & clock
external interrupt circuits
sources
PIC Microcontroller
 PIC – peripheral interface controller
 Used in many applications by industrial developers
and hobbyists
 Low cost, wide availability, large user base,
extensive collection of applications notes, free
development tools, serial programming capability
 Examples:
◦ PIC12C5XX
◦ PIC16C5XX
◦ PIC16C505
◦ PIC16F87X
PIC16CXX
 Can directly or indirectly address its
register or data memory
 All special function registers including the
program counter are mapped in the data
memory
 Applications: motor control speed, D-to-A
conversion, stepper motor, switching power
supply controller, etc..
PIC16CXX

Block diagram of PIC16C6X

Summary
 Microprocessor: CPU is standalone
 Embedded systems: special-purpose computer system
designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions.
 Microcontroller: Microprocessor, memory, I/O ports,
support devices.
 Microcontroller vs microprocessor
 Intel 8051 microcontroller
 PIC microcontroller