Spring 2016

W04-Classes and Objects

Abstraction and Encapsulation

Constructor and Destructor

Overloaded Constructors
Member Function Overloading
Const & Static Members
Passing & Returning Objects from Functions

Constructor

 A constructor is a special function that is

automatically invoked when a new object of a
class is instantiated.

 The constructor must always have the same

name as the class and has no return type.

 Constructors can be overloaded.

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 1
 Destructor
 Just like a Constructor, Destructor is also a special function.
which is automatically invoked when an object is destroyed.

 The most common use for destructor is to deallocate

dynamically allocated memory.

 Example:
class Date
{
public:
Date(); // constructor
~Date(); // destructor
…
};

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Example: The Date Class

class Date
{
private:
int day, month, year; // data members

public:
Date() // default constructor
{ day = 1; month = 1; year = 2000;}
Date (int d, int m, int y); // parameterized constructor
void setYear(int y);
void setMonth(int m);
void setDay(int d);
void show(); // displays date
};
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 2
 Class Implementation
Date::Date (int d, int m, int y)
{
day=d;
month=m;
year = y;
}

void Date::setMonth (int m)

{
month=m;
}

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Class Implementation
void Date::setDay (int d)
{
day = d; }

void Date::setYear (int y)

{
year=y; }

void Date::show()
{
cout <<day << ”-” <<month << ”-” <<year<< endl;
}

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 3
 Instantiation of Objects
void main ()
{
Date d1 (14,8,1947);
Date d2 (22,2,2016);
Date d3;
d1.show(); d2.show(); d3.show();
d3.setYear(2016);
d3.show();
}

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Copy Constructor
 The copy constructor initializes an object with
another object of the same class.

 Each class possesses a built-in default copy constructor.

 Example:
void main()
{
Date d1(12,4,1997);
Date d2(d1); // default copy constructor
Date d3=d1; // default copy constructor
}

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 4
 Time Class Definition
class Time {
public:
Time(); // Overloaded Constructors
Time(int, int, int);
// set functions
void setHour(int); // set hour
void setMinute(int); // set minute
void setSecond(int); // set second
// get functions
int getHour(); // return hour
int getMinute(); // return minute
int getSecond(); // return second
void printUniversal(); // print universal time format
void printStandard(); // print standard time format
private:
int hour; // 0 - 23
int minute; // 0 - 59
int second; // 0 - 59
};
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Time Class Implementation

// Default constructor initializes each data member to zero.
Time::Time()
{ hour = minute = second = 0; }

// Set a new Time value using universal time. Perform validity

// checks on the data values. Set invalid values to zero.
Time::Time(int h, int m, int s)
{
setHour(h);
setMinute(m);
setSecond(s);
}

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 5
 Time Class Implementation
// Set values using universal time. Perform validity
// checks on the data values. Set invalid values to zero.
void Time :: setHour (int h)
{
hour = (h >= 0 && h < 24) ? h : 0; }

void Time :: setMinute (int m)

{
minute = (m >= 0 && m < 60) ? m : 0; }

void Time :: setSecond (int s)

{ second = (s >= 0 && s < 60) ? s : 0; }

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Time Class Implementation

// Print Time in universal format
void Time::printUniversal()
{
cout << (hour < 10 ? "0" : "") << hour << ":"
<< (minute < 10 ? "0" : "") << minute << ":"
<< (second < 10 ? "0" : "") << second; }

// Print time in standard format

void Time::printStandard()
{
cout << ((hour == 0 || hour == 12) ? 12 : hour % 12)
<< ":" << (minute < 10 ? "0" : "") << minute
<< ":" << (second < 10 ? "0" : "") << second
<< (hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM");
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 6
 Driver to Test Class Time
int main()
{
Time t; // instantiate object t of class Time
cout << "The initial universal time is ";
t.printUniversal();
cout << endl << "The initial standard time is ";
t.printStandard();

Time t1(4,23,45);
cout << endl << “Universal time is ";
t.printUniversal();
cout << endl << "Standard time is ";
t.printStandard();
return 0;
}

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UML Diagram for Rectangle class

Rectangle
length
width

setLength()
setWidth()
getLength()
getWidth()
getArea()

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 7
 UML Data Type and Parameter Notation

 UML diagrams use language independent

notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.

Rectangle

Access modifiers
are denoted as: - width : double
+ public
- private
+ setWidth(w : double) : void

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UML Data Type and Parameter Notation

 UML diagrams use language independent

notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.

Variable types are

Rectangle placed after the
variable name,
separated by a colon.
- width : double

+ setWidth(w : double) : void

W03- Classes and Objects

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 8
 UML Data Type and Parameter Notation

 UML diagrams use language independent

notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.

Function return types are

Rectangle placed after the function
declaration name,
separated by a colon.
- width : double

+ setWidth(w : double) : void

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UML Data Type and Parameter Notation

 UML diagrams use language independent

notations to show return types, access modifiers,
etc.

Function parameters
Rectangle
are shown inside the
parentheses using the
same notation as
- width : double
variables.

+ setWidth(w : double) : void

W03- Classes and Objects

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 9
 Converting the UML Diagram to Code
class Rectangle
{ private:
double width;
double length;
Rectangle public:
void setWidth(double w)
- width : double {
- length : double }
void setLength(double len)
+ setWidth(w : double) : void {
+ setLength(len : double): void }
double getWidth()
+ getWidth() : double
{ return 0.0;
+ getLength() : double }
+ getArea() : double double getLength()
{ return 0.0;
}
double getArea()
{ return 0.0;
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};

Class Member Function Overloading

class Point {
public:
void init(int u, int v) {
x = u; y = v;
}
void print();
void print(char *s);

private:
int x,y;
};
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 10
 Class Member Function Overloading

void Point::print() {
cout << “(” << x << “,” << y << “)”;
}

void Point::print(char *s) {

cout << s;
print();
}

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Const Objects
 const specify that an object is not modifiable

 Any attempt to modify the object is a syntax

error

 Example
const Time noon( 12, 0, 0 );

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 11
 Const Member Functions
 A member function that is declared as const does not
modify the data of the object
class Date
{
int year() const; // const doesn’t modify data
void addYear(int n); // non-const modifies data
};

int Date::year() const // defined as const

{ return year; }

int Date::addYear(int n)
{ year+=n; }
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Static Member Data

 Normally each object possesses its own separate copy of
data members, called Instance data

 A static data member is shared among all objects of the

same class

 There is exactly one copy of a static data member

rather than one copy per object as for non-static
(instance) variables

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 12
 Instance vs. Static Data Members

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Example: Using a Static Data Member

class P {
public:
static char c;
};

char P::c = ‘W’;

int main () {
P x,y;
cout << x.c;
x.c = ‘A’;
cout << y.c;
}
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 13
 Static Member Data
class Foo
{
public:
Foo() { counter++; }
~Foo() { counter--; }
void display()
{
cout << ”There are ” << counter << ” Foo objects!”;
}
private:
static int counter;
};

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Static Member Data

int Foo::counter = 0;

int main()
{ Foo f1;
Foo f2;
f1.display();
{ Foo f3;
f2.display(); }
f1.display();
return 0; }
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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 14
 Objects as Function Arguments
Class Distance
{
private:
int feet;
float inches
public:
Distance() : feet(0),inches(0.0)
{ }

Distance(int ft, float in):feet(ft),inches(in)

{ }

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Objects as Function Arguments

void getDist ( )
{
cout << “Enter feet : “ ; cin >> feet;
cout << “\nEnter inches : “ ; cin >> inches;
}

void showDist ( )
{ cout <<feet << “ \’ ” << inches <<“ \” “; }

void addDist(Distance, Distance);

};

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 15
 Objects as Function Arguments
void Distance :: addDist(Distance d1, Distance d2)
{ inches = d1.inches + d2.inches;
feet = 0;
if (inches >= 12.0)
{ inches -= 12.0;
feet++;
}
feet += d1.feet + d2.feet;
}

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Objects as Function Arguments

int main()
{
Distance dist1, dist3;
Distance dist2(10, 3.5);
dist1.getDist();
dist3.addDist(dist1, dist2);
cout << “\ndist1 = “ ; dist1.showDist();
cout << “\ndist2 = “ ; dist2.showDist();
cout << “\ndist3 = “ ; dist3.showDist();
return 0;
}

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 16
 Returning Objects from Functions
Distance Distance :: addDist(Distance d)
{
Distance temp;
temp.inches = inches + d.inches;
if (temp.inches >= 12.0)
{ temp.inches -= 12.0;
temp.feet =1;
}
temp.feet += feet + d.feet;
return temp;
}

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Returning Objects from Functions

int main()
{
Distance dist1,dist2;
Distance dist3(11,6.5);
dist1.getdist();
dist2 = dist1.addDist(dist3);

cout << “\ndist1 = “ ; dist1.showDist();

cout << “\ndist2 = “ ; dist2.showDist();
cout << “\ndist3 = “ ; dist3.showDist();
return 0;
}

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Object Oriented Programming - Spring 2016

Instructor: Saima Jawad 17