Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 2
MANAGEMENT IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION ........................................................................ 2
PREHISTORIC ERA: ....................................................................................................................... 2
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION: ........................................................................................................... 3
EGYPT CIVILIZATION ...................................................................................................................... 3
OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.) ............. 3
CONTRIBUTION TO MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................... 4
STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................................. 4
WRITINGS ....................................................................................................................................... 5
GOVERNMENT .............................................................................................................................. 5
BABYLONIA ............................................................................................................................................ 5
STRATEGY .......................................................................................................................................... 5
THE OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE ............................................................................................. 5
RECORD-KEEPING AND MATHEMATICS ............................................................................ 5
THE NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE ............................................................................................ 6
NEBUCHADNEZZAR II .................................................................................................................. 6
HEBREWS ................................................................................................................................................ 6
CHINA ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
CONTRIBUTION OF EMPEROR YAO AND T’ANG: .......................................................... 8
CONTRIBUTION OF MENCIUS: ................................................................................................. 8
CONTRIBUTION OF SUN TZU: .................................................................................................. 8
GREECE...................................................................................................................................................... 9
INDIA ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
CONTRIBUTION OF CYRUS: ...................................................................................................... 9
ROME ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 11
 INTRODUCTION
Today’s civilizations owe an immense debt to the powerful empires and mighty cities of antiquity.
Their inventions, techniques and concepts enabled the advancement of humankind and lay the
foundation for life in the modern world. In the ancient civilization man were not that much
intelligent to sort out everything. By the passage of time they learn to discover new things and new
techniques as well as how to manage it.
From an almost unrecognized position in 1900, Management has risen today to be the central
activity of our age and economy- a powerful and innovative force on which our society depends
for material support and national well-being! Although we may recognize the importance of
Management to our well-being and development, its history is difficult to reconstruct!

MANAGEMENT IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

From an almost unrecognized position in 1900, Management has risen today to be the central
activity of our age and economy- a powerful and innovative force on which our society depends
for material support and national well-being. Although we may recognize the importance of
Management to our well-being and development, its history is difficult to reconstruct.
To reconstruct the history of Management in ancient civilization, we can divide it into two parts.
They are:
1. Prehistoric Era
2. Ancient Civilization
They are discussed below:

PREHISTORIC ERA:
It is dated about 10000 to 9000 B.C. In this period, many things related to Management were
found. They are as follows:

society

for increase production

ANCIENT CIVILIZATION:
In this period, the concept and practice of Management was elaborated in different ancient
civilization like Sumer, Egypt, Babylonia, Hebrews, China, Greece, India etc. The contributions
that made in this period are as follows:

civilization

projects and melded peace agreement in the tenth century

ished some new systems to govern and manage the people.

Sumer

ttled around 3500 B.C. in southern Mesopotamia, a region that covers the lower
reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in today’s Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to
have migrated to the northern shores of the Persian Gulf from Central Asia and India.

populations, building ziggurats or temples, formulating laws, creating a lunar calendar,

algebraic expressions and advanced math, use of wheels and engineering skills, clay tokens
used as money, and rounded roofs. Their literature contained the stories of the Flood, the
Garden of Eden, and the hero Gilgamesh who battled evil, and was a model for future epic
heroes.

of managerial control practice

ment practice for state control

system

EGYPT CIVILIZATION
Archaic (Early Dynastic) Period (c. 3100-2686 B.C.) King Menes founded the capital of ancient
Egypt at White Walls (later known as Memphis), in the north, near the apex of the Nile River delta.
The capital would grow into a great metropolis that dominated Egyptian society during the Old
Kingdom period.
Granted there was some civilization before the Time of the Pharaohs. So 3,000 years is most
accurate. But Kaveh, there will be argument over when the Ancient Period actually ends.
Especially in Egypt where there is such major change.

OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.)

The Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty of pharaohs. Around 2630 B.C., the third dynasty’s
King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest and healer, to design a funerary monument for
him; the result was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near
Memphis. Pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza,
on the outskirts of Cairo. Built for Khufu (or Cheops, in Greek), who ruled from 2589 to 2566
B.C., the pyramid was later named by classical historians as one of the ancient world’s Seven
Wonders. Two other pyramids were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors Khafra (2558-2532 B.C)
and Menkaura (2532-2503 B.C.).
During the third and fourth dynasties, Egypt enjoyed a golden age of peace and prosperity. The
pharaohs held absolute power and provided a stable central government; the kingdom faced no
serious threats from abroad; and successful military campaigns in foreign countries like Nubia and
Libya added to its considerable economic prosperity. Over the course of the fifth and sixth
dynasties, the king’s wealth was steadily depleted, partially due to the huge expense of pyramid-
building, and his absolute power faltered in the face of the growing influence of the nobility and
the priesthood that grew up around the sun god Ra (Re). After the death of the sixth dynasty’s
King Pepy II, who ruled for some 94 years, the Old Kingdom period ended in chaos.

CONTRIBUTION TO MANAGEMENT
1.
2.
3.

STRUCTURES
i. Planning: The managerial planning of where the stones were to be quarried, when, what
size, and how they were to be transported required the practice of what today might well
be called long-ranged planning.

The most obvious demonstration of Egyptian power is the construction projects that remain
even today. Without the service of cranes, bulldozers, or tea/coffee breaks, the Egyptians
constructed mammoth structures of admirable precision. The great pyramid of Cheops, for
example, covers thirteen acres and contains 2,300,000 stone blocks. The blocks weigh
about two and a half tons each and were cut to size many miles away. The stones were
transported and set in place by slave labour and precision planning.
ii. Organizing: In their business and governmental affairs, the Egyptians kept documents to
show exactly how much material was received and from whom, when it came in, and
exactly how it was used. The military, social, religious and governmental aspects of
Egyptian life were highly organized.
iii. Controlling: In Egypt civilization, they have strong chain of command. Full observation
of military officers’. Successful completion of building pyramids. Still now pyramids are
like intact.
iv. HRM: The men who built the enduring structures of ancient Egypt not only knew how to
use of human resource sufficient but also knew how to manage 100,000 workers in a
twenty-year project.
WRITINGS
Basically, advice from father to his son
Ptah-hotep to his son:
“If thou art a leader commanding the affairs of the multitude, seek out for thyself every beneficial
deed, until the business be free from wrong. Maat (translated as order or truth) is great, and its
effectiveness is lasting…..wrongdoing has never brought its undertaking to port.”

GOVERNMENT

form of managerial organization only if effective central controls were established.

BABYLONIA

STRATEGY
The Babylonians are a scientific civilization, meaning they are geared towards outpacing other
civilizations in technological advancements. The free Great Scientist upon the discovery of
Writing allows one to construct an Academy improvement very early on in the game. This usually
increases the empire's Science output by a factor of 3, allowing one to take an early lead in
technology. This lead becomes hard for the AI players to overcome on all difficulties outside of
Immortal and Deity.
Again, thanks to Babylon's unique ability, earning Great Scientists is also faster (and easier). This
allows one to keep ahead of every other nation technologically.

THE OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

Originally a disorganized region, Babylon and Babylonia began to grow as a center for culture,
trade, and religion under the rule of Hammurabi in 1728 BC. Hammurabi was the first known ruler
of United Babylonia as well as its greatest lawgiver. Hammurabi's Code of Laws specifically listed
the acts that were criminal as well as the punishment for each act. Citizens were no longer at the
mercy of capricious judges or nobility who could on a whim decide what was and wasn't illegal.
So comprehensive was the Babylonian code that little about its laws or governmental system
changed in the entirety of the empire's 1,200 years of existence.

RECORD-KEEPING AND MATHEMATICS

Much like the Sumerian empire from which they were descended, Babylonia was a nation of
fanatical record-keepers. Starting with Hammurabi and continuing down until the empire's
dissolution at the hands of Cyrus and the great Persian emperors, every financial transaction, every
court verdict, every contract, and just about anything that could be written down, was-on clay
tablets. With laws pertaining to almost every aspect of daily living a significant amount of data
was recorded, and much of this has been uncovered and excavated during the modern era.
Researchers have even found several optical devices, similar to magnifying glasses, which were
used to allow record keepers to write in smaller cuneiform, in order to fit more information on
each clay tablet.

THE NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

In 627 BC, Babylonia successfully revolted once again from Assyrian control. The revolt was led
by a new leader, Nabopolassar, who would reign for some twenty years before passing the throne
to his more famous son.

NEBUCHADNEZZAR II
Nabopolassar's son, Nebuchadnezzar II, ruled Babylonia from 605 to 561 BC. He established
himself early as a military leader, leading an army under his father in Assyria, and then later an
independent command against Egypt, destroying the Egyptian army at Carchemish and gaining
Babylonian control of all of Syria.
Nebuchadnezzar was deeply invested in the city of Babylon. During his reign it enjoyed something
of a renaissance. Nebuchadnezzar engaged in a variety of city revitalization projects, rebuilding
ancient temples and buildings, construction extensive fortification, and so forth. He also created
the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. He employed foreign workers for much of the hard labor, which
as an additional benefit dramatically increased the city's population. Nebuchadnezzar died in 561
BC. For more on Nebuchadnezzar II, see his Civilopedia entry.

HEBREWS
The Hebrew were the ancestors of the modern Jewish people. Most cultures of the ancient world
believed in many gods, but the Hebrew were monotheistic; they believed in only one God.
The Hebrew have a written tradition called scripture that refers to events from 4000 years ago.
According to Hebrew scripture, God told Abraham to leave his home in Mesopotamia and travel
with his family to a land on the Mediterranean Sea. God granted the land to Abraham and his
family, so it became known as the Promised Land. The Hebrews believed they had a special
relationship with their God and that they were God’s chosen people.
The Hebrews travelled to Egypt to escape a famine. A famine is a period of great hunger. For
hundreds of years the Egyptians treated the Hebrews well, but as the descendants of Abraham
began to outnumber the Egyptians, the pharaoh, or king of Egypt, enslaved and mistreated the
Hebrews.
Moses became a leader of the Hebrews. According to Hebrew scripture, God told Moses to lead
the Hebrews back to the Promised Land. God sent ten deadly plagues to Egypt when the Egyptians
would not release the Hebrews from slavery. When the Hebrews did escape, scripture states that
Moses parted the Red Sea for just enough time to allow the Hebrews to pass.
The Hebrews wandered through the desert for forty years before returning to their home. The
passage from slavery in Egypt back to their home in the Promised Land is remembered by the
Hebrews every year in a celebration called Passover.
While on their journey back to the Promised Land, the Hebrews stopped at Mount Sinai. There
God revealed to Moses a set of laws called the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments
became the model for both Jewish and Christian moral thought.
Upon their return to the Promised Land, the Hebrews established a nation they called Israel. One
of Israel’s greatest leaders was Solomon. Solomon married the daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh
and established a friendly relationship between Israel and Egypt. Both nations grew strong during
this period of peace, and Solomon used his great wealth to build a magnificent temple in Jerusalem,
Israel’s greatest city.
The kingdom of Israel became a secular nation. Secular refers to attitudes and activities that have
no religious or spiritual basis. Over the course of many years, the word Hebrew became associated
with a nation that was willing to absorb new teachings and ideas. The word Hebrew no longer held
a spiritual meaning to the people of Israel, so religious leaders began to refer to themselves as
Jews.
In 586BCE, the Babylonians of Mesopotamia destroyed Solomon’s temple. The Jews were exiled,
or forced from their homes, and made to move to Babylon. The Jews continued to practice their
faith by praying and reading their holy texts. The holiest book of the Jews, the Torah, became part
of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.
About fifty years after the Jews were exiled to Babylon, a Persian leader named Cyrus allowed the
Jews to return to their homeland and to rebuild their temple. Many years later, Israel fell to the
Roman army. The Jews revolted against Rome in 66CE, so the Romans destroyed their temple and
forced the Jews to once again leave Israel and live in exile.
For the next 1,800 years, most Jews lived as minorities in other lands. The Jews remained united
despite often severe treatment. European Jews were ordered to leave Spain by King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella in 1492.
The Jews also faced organized massacres called pogroms in many nations, particularly in Eastern
Europe. In the last century, as many as six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, where
the Nazi party of Germany attempted genocide, or the planned killing of a whole group of people
because of their religion or nationality.
In 1948, the United Nations created a homeland for the Jewish people on the land the Hebrews
once occupied. This homeland became the modern nation of Israel. Many of the Arab people who
lived in the region did not believe the United Nations had the right to create a homeland for Jewish
people on land they considered to be Arab. Several wars and a great deal of violence followed, but
Israel continues to be a Jewish homeland, coexisting in an often-uneasy relationship with many of
its neighbors.
 CHINA
Contribution of Chow: The constitution of chow, probably written about 1100 B.C. is a directory
of all civil servant to the emperor.

The records follows 8 regulations to 8 regulations to 8 methods to govern the

8 things to help the govern the differentgovern the different country-
king handle his departments of the departments of the
numerous officers- government- government- 1. Ritual
2. Statues and
1. Rank 1. Organization 1. Organization regulations
2. Emolument 2. Function 2. Function 3. Removal and
3. Favours 3. Relationship 3. Relationship appointment
4. Appointment 4. Procedure 4. Procedure 4. Emolument and
5. Attention 5. Formalities 5. Formalities rank
6. Confiscation 6. Control 6. Control 5. Taxes and tributes
7. Removal 7. Punishment 7. Punishment 6. Ceremonies and
8. Death 8. reckoning 8. reckoning customs
7. Punishment and
reward
8. Farming and other
employments

CONTRIBUTION OF EMPEROR YAO AND T’ANG:

Yao made constant use of his advisory staff by consulting them about every major decision. T’ang
followed the staff principle to make full use of wisdom and talents of the staffs. Because of the
success of staff principle, it became a traditional part of China’s government.

CONTRIBUTION OF MENCIUS:
Mencius believed that laws alone were insufficient for business- that every going concern should
adhere to a standard of operation which was obtained by the law of god and used as a model for
government.

CONTRIBUTION OF SUN TZU:

The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Sun Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing
conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently
cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and
distributed internationally. It is based on planning, directing and organizing.
 GREECE
Democratic Government:
Solon (594BC),
Cleisthenes (508/7BC) and Ephialtes (462 BC) contributed most to the development of Athenian
democracy among many.
Scientific Method:

 Search for Knowledge

 Introduced Scholarship
 Implementation of science in warfare and architecture
 Science in all spheres.
 Principle of Maximum output
 Tempo and music to keep work in motion
 Flute & Pipe governed the motion even with songs
 Introduced rhythm and standard motions for particular work

INDIA
 Also named Vishnugupta
 A great scholar of Indian empire
 During 4th Century BC
Arthasastra covered-

 Duties of the king, ministers, councilors & others’

 Management of trade and commerce
 Laws and Law court, rights of women
 Social customs, marriage & divorce , taxation and revenue
 When to attack a kingdom and how?
 Managing mills, factories and agriculture & etc.

CONTRIBUTION OF CYRUS:
Contributions:

 principle of division of work

 unity of direction or command
 specificity in work assignment
 need for teamwork, co-ordination
 good personnel or human relations
 order placement and uniformity of action
  motion study, layout and materials handling

EARLY MILITARY CONTRIBUTION

 Uniform method
 Staff principle
 Discipline
 Delegation of authority
 Coordinated staff effort

ROME
With sngle mind determination and superior managerial talent, the romans gained control over an
estimated 50 million people, extending from Great Britain in the west to Syria in the eat and
including Europe and all the North of Africa.
Empire Organization:
Forced by the conquest of new territories and new people the roman early turned their thought to
the most effective way to organize and control the empire. Management has learned much from
Rome’s success as well as from their mistakes in the area of organization – actually the worlds
experiment in organizing a truly FAR-FLUNG empire. And the problems raised was-
 How to maintain control
 Loyalty and
 Taxes
In the year 284 A.D. Diocletian became the emperor and instigated a new system of organization
which emphasized the successive delegation of authority. He took some measures-
 Divides the empire in 101 provinces
 Form 13 dioceses
 Form four major geographical division
 He also appointed three assistants- One with the title Augustus and the other two Cestar
 He appointed “Vicarii” rule the dioceses and “governors” to rule the province.
His aim was to strengthen and solidify the imperial authority. Some writer refer to the Roman
organization as on of the decentralization.
Farm Management:
The study of treatises of Cato (234 and 149 B.C) and of Varro on roman Farm management
would be profitable to today’s farmer regarding of how practical or scientific he might be.
Cato indicates that when the owner inspects his field he should observe the following things-
 How work has progressed.
 What has been done.
 What remains to be done
After that he should summon the overseer what has been done and why it has not been possible
to complete the rest. According to Cato the overseer will have some reply. Finally the owner
should give order for the completion of the work that has been neglected, orders that should be
clear and thoroughly understood by the overseer.
Turning to the overseer, Cato lists among his duties the following-
 He should maintain discipline
 He should respect the right of others.
 He should settle all quarrels among the hands.
 He should show appreciation of courtesy.
 He should keep the hands busy.
 He should go over his accounts with his master frequently.
 He should pay the highest compliments to the team masters who keep their cattle in the
best condition.
 Finally he should plan all the work in ample time, for if one thing is done late everything
is late.
And the duties to the foremen?
 Getting out production
 Maintaining plant and equipment
 Maintaining communications
 Maintaining discipline.
 Managing Human relations
 Planning ahead
During the past 50 years a good deal of attention and emphasis has been placed on personnel and
placement bt Varro living between 116 and 28 B.C had this to say on the selection of farm land:
 Select those farm hands those who are fitted for heavy labor.
 Have some aptitude for agriculture.
 The foreman should have some education and good disposition.
 Foremen should be older than the hands so they will be listened with more respect.
 The foremen should be experienced in agricultural work.
 The foreman will work more cheerfully if rewards are offered to him.

CONCLUSION
Ancient history is the aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and
extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of recorded history is
roughly 5,000 years, beginning with Sumerian Cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of
coherent writing from the protonitrate period around the 30th century BC. The core concept of
management and the practice of management was founded then and it evolved into today’s result.