0% found this document useful (0 votes)

751 views

Mason's Gain Formula

Mason's Gain Formula provides a method to calculate the transfer function (gain) between the input and output nodes of a signal flow graph. The formula sums the products of each forward path gain and the corresponding Δ term, where Δ accounts for the effects of feedback loops in the graph, divided by the overall Δ term. Mason's Gain Formula is demonstrated through an example signal flow graph.

Uploaded by

Moizullah

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

751 views

Mason's Gain Formula

Uploaded by

Moizullah

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 4

Mason's Gain Formula

 Previous Page Next Page 

Let us now discuss the Mason’s Gain Formula. Suppose there are ‘N’ forward paths in a signal ﬂow
graph. The gain between the input and the output nodes of a signal ﬂow graph is nothing but the
transfer function of the system. It can be calculated by using Mason’s gain formula.

Mason’s gain formula is

C(s) Σ iN= 1P iΔ i
T= =
R(s) Δ

Where,

C(s) is the output node

R(s) is the input node

T is the transfer function or gain between R(s) and C(s)

Pi is the ith forward path gain

Δ = 1 − (sum of all individual loop gains)

+ (sum of gain products of all possible two nontouching loops)

− (sum of gain products of all possible three nontouching loops) + . . .

Δi is obtained from Δ by removing the loops which are touching the ith forward path.
Consider the following signal ﬂow graph in order to understand the basic terminology involved here.

Path
It is a traversal of branches from one node to any other node in the direction of branch arrows. It should
not traverse any node more than once.

Examples − y 2 → y 3 → y 4 → y 5 and y 5 → y 3 → y 2

Forward Path
The path that exists from the input node to the output node is known as forward path.

Examples − y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 4 → y 5 → y 6 and y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 5 → y 6.

Forward Path Gain

It is obtained by calculating the product of all branch gains of the forward path.

Examples − abcde is the forward path gain of y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 4 → y 5 → y 6 and abge is the forward
path gain of y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 5 → y 6.

Loop
The path that starts from one node and ends at the same node is known as loop. Hence, it is a closed
path.

Examples − y 2 → y 3 → y 2 and y 3 → y 5 → y 3.

Loop Gain
It is obtained by calculating the product of all branch gains of a loop.

Examples − b j is the loop gain of y 2 → y 3 → y 2 and g h is the loop gain of y 3 → y 5 → y 3.

Non-touching Loops
These are the loops, which should not have any common node.
Examples − The loops, y 2 → y 3 → y 2 and y 4 → y 5 → y 4 are non-touching.

Calculation of Transfer Function using Mason’s Gain Formula


Let us consider the same signal ﬂow graph for ﬁnding transfer function.

Number of forward paths, N = 2.

First forward path is - y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 4 → y 5 → y 6.

First forward path gain, p 1 = abcde.

Second forward path is - y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 5 → y 6.

Second forward path gain, p 2 = abge.

Number of individual loops, L = 5.

Loops are - y 2 → y 3 → y 2, y 3 → y 5 → y 3, y 3 → y 4 → y 5 → y 3, y 4 → y 5 → y 4 and y 5 → y 5.

Loop gains are - l 1 = bj, l 2 = gh, l 3 = cdh, l 4 = di and l 5 = f.

Number of two non-touching loops = 2.

First non-touching loops pair is - y 2 → y 3 → y 2, y 4 → y 5 → y 4.

Gain product of ﬁrst non-touching loops pair, l 1l 4 = bjdi

Second non-touching loops pair is - y 2 → y 3 → y 2, y 5 → y 5.

Gain product of second non-touching loops pair is - l 1l 5 = bjf

Higher number of (more than two) non-touching loops are not present in this signal ﬂow graph.

We know,

Δ = 1 − (sum of all individual loop gains)

+ (sum of gain products of all possible two nontouching loops)

− (sum of gain products of all possible three nontouching loops) + . . .

Substitute the values in the above equation,

Δ = 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + (bjdi + bjf) − (0)

⇒ Δ = 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

There is no loop which is non-touching to the ﬁrst forward path.

So, Δ 1 = 1.

Similarly, Δ 2 = 1. Since, no loop which is non-touching to the second forward path.

Substitute, N = 2 in Mason’s gain formula

C(s) Σ 2i = 1P iΔ i
T= =
R(s) Δ

C(s) P 1Δ 1 + P 2Δ 2
T= =
R(s) Δ

Substitute all the necessary values in the above equation.

C(s) (abcde)1 + (abge)1

T= =
R(s) 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

C(s) (abcde) + (abge)

⇒ T = R(s) =
1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

Therefore, the transfer function is -

C(s) (abcde) + (abge)

T= =
R(s) 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

Mason's Gain Formula

Uploaded by

Mason's Gain Formula

Uploaded by

Mason's Gain Formula

 Previous Page Next Page 

Mason’s gain formula is

C(s) is the output node

R(s) is the input node

T is the transfer function or gain between R(s) and C(s)

Pi is the ith forward path gain

Δ = 1 − (sum of all individual loop gains)

+ (sum of gain products of all possible two nontouching loops)

− (sum of gain products of all possible three nontouching loops) + . . .

Forward Path Gain

Examples − b j is the loop gain of y 2 → y 3 → y 2 and g h is the loop gain of y 3 → y 5 → y 3.

Calculation of Transfer Function using Mason’s Gain Formula

Number of forward paths, N = 2.

First forward path is - y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 4 → y 5 → y 6.

First forward path gain, p 1 = abcde.

Second forward path is - y 1 → y 2 → y 3 → y 5 → y 6.

Second forward path gain, p 2 = abge.

Number of individual loops, L = 5.

Loops are - y 2 → y 3 → y 2, y 3 → y 5 → y 3, y 3 → y 4 → y 5 → y 3, y 4 → y 5 → y 4 and y 5 → y 5.

Loop gains are - l 1 = bj, l 2 = gh, l 3 = cdh, l 4 = di and l 5 = f.

Number of two non-touching loops = 2.

First non-touching loops pair is - y 2 → y 3 → y 2, y 4 → y 5 → y 4.

Gain product of ﬁrst non-touching loops pair, l 1l 4 = bjdi

Second non-touching loops pair is - y 2 → y 3 → y 2, y 5 → y 5.

Gain product of second non-touching loops pair is - l 1l 5 = bjf

Δ = 1 − (sum of all individual loop gains)

− (sum of gain products of all possible three nontouching loops) + . . .

Substitute the values in the above equation,

Δ = 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + (bjdi + bjf) − (0)

⇒ Δ = 1 − (bj + gh + cdh + di + f) + bjdi + bjf

Similarly, Δ 2 = 1. Since, no loop which is non-touching to the second forward path.

Substitute, N = 2 in Mason’s gain formula

Substitute all the necessary values in the above equation.

C(s) (abcde)1 + (abge)1

C(s) (abcde) + (abge)

Therefore, the transfer function is -

C(s) (abcde) + (abge)

 Previous Page Next Page 

You might also like