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Arduino
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company,
project and user community that designs and manufactures Arduino
single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for
building digital devices. Its products are licensed under the GNU
Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public
License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards
and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are
available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself
(DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and

controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and
analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (For prototyping)
and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal Arduino Uno SMD R3
computers. The microcontrollers can be programmed using C Developer arduino.cc
and C++ programming languages. In addition to using
Manufacturer Many
traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Type Single-board
Processing language project. microcontroller
Operating None
The Arduino project started in 2005 as a program for students at
system
the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy,[2] aiming to
provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to CPU Atmel AVR (8-bit),
create devices that interact with their environment using sensors ARM Cortex-M0+
and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for (32-bit),
beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and ARM Cortex-M3
motion detectors. (32-bit),
Intel Quark (x86)
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some
of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named (32-bit)
after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea Memory SRAM
and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.[3] Storage Flash, EEPROM
Website www.arduino.cc (htt
ps://www.arduino.c
Contents c)
History
Trademark dispute
Hardware
Official boards
Shields
Software
IDE
Pro IDE
Sketch
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Libraries
Applications
Recognitions
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

History
The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy.[2] At
that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50, a considerable expense
for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a
Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas
is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal was to
create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform
consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on
Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller.[4] In 2005, Massimo Banzi,
with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper
ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the
project and renamed it Arduino.[4]

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca
Martino, and David Mellis,[2] but Barragán was not invited to participate.[4]

Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed
in the open-source community.

It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially
produced,[5] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.[6]

In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of the company.
In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record.... On his company's
website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was until
recently listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his
biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university
had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he
had never earned those degrees.[7]

Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that the Arduino Foundation would be "a new
beginning for Arduino."[8] But a year later, the Foundation still hasn't been established, and the state
of the project remains unclear.[9]

The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many Open
source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.[10]

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The announcement
said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with
the ARM architecture.” Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and
architectures.[11]
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Trademark dispute

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,[12] to
hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be done
by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of
Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the
newly formed company.

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark
in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when
the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally
registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with
Gianluca and his firm to bring the trademark under control of the original Arduino company failed.
In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico
Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the
graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development
team.[13][14][15]

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.[16]

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside
the United States.[17]

At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO
Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two
companies.[18]

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo
Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino
trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for
Arduino AG.[19][20]

Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference
designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution
Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware
are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available

under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name
Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for
derived works without permission. The official policy document
on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open
to incorporating work by others into the official product.[21]
Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released Arduino-compatible R3 Uno board
have avoided the project name by using various names ending in made in China with no Arduino logo,
-duino.[22] but with identical markings,
including "Made in Italy" text
Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR
microcontroller (ATmega8,[24] ATmega168, ATmega328,
ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.[25] The
32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[26] The boards use single
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or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections

for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These
may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and
possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an
I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a
16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs,
such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard
voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot An early Arduino board[23] with an
loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash RS-232 serial interface (upper left)
memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the and an Atmel ATmega8
Optiboot bootloader. [27] Boards are loaded with program code microcontroller chip (black, lower
via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at
boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 the top, the 6 analog input pins at
the lower right, and the power
logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals.
connector at the lower left.
Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial
Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such
as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno
boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which
is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the
unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard
AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O

pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,[a] Duemilanove,[b]
and current Uno[c] provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs,
which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on
the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers.
Several plug-in application shields are also commercially
available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare
Bones Board[28] and Boarduino[29] boards may provide male
header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into An official Arduino Uno R2 with
solderless breadboards. descriptions of the I/O locations

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist.

Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the
basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making
buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes
retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of
varying compatibility.

Official boards

The original Arduino hardware was produced by the Italian company Smart Projects.[30] Some
Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and
Adafruit Industries.[31] As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially
produced.

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Arduino RS232[32] Arduino Diecimila[33] Arduino Arduino Uno R2[35][36]

(male pins) Duemilanove[34]
(rev 2009b)

Arduino Uno Arduino Leonardo[38] Arduino micro (http Arduino pro micro
SMD R3 [37] s://store.arduino.cc/u (AtMega32U4)
sa/arduino-micro)
(AtMega 32U4)

Arduino Pro[39] Arduino Mega[40] Arduin Arduino LilyPad Arduino

(No USB) o 00[42] Robot[43]
Nano[41] (rev 2007) (No USB)
(DIP-
30
footprin
t)

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Arduino Esplora[44] Arduino Ethernet[45]

(AVR + W5100)

Arduino Yún[46] Arduino Due[47]

(AVR + AR9331) (ARM Cortex-M3 core)

Shields

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which
plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.[48] Shields can provide motor controls for 3D
printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or
breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).[49][50][51]

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Some shields offer Dragino Lora Screw-terminal breakout Adafruit Datalogging

stacking headers Shield allows the shield in a wing-type Shield with a Secure
which allows multiple user to send format, allowing bare-end Digital (SD) card slot and
shields to be stacked data and reach wires to be connected to real-time clock (RTC) chip
on top of an Arduino extremely long the board without along with some space for
board. Here, a ranges at low requiring any specialized adding components and
prototyping shield is data-rates. pins. modules for
stacked on two customization.
Adafruit motor shield
V2s.

Adafruit Motor Shield with The Adafruit A USB host shield

which allows an
screw terminals for motor shield
connection to motors. V2 uses I²C, Arduino board to
Officially discontinued, requiring communicate with a
this shield may still be vastly fewer USB device such as
available through digital I/O a keyboard or a
unofficial channels. pins than mouse.
attaching
each motor
directly.

Software
A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any Arduino Software IDE
programming language with compilers that produce
binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel
provides a development environment for their 8-bit
AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based
microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio
(newer).[53][54][55]

IDE

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The Arduino integrated development environment

(IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows,
macOS, and Linux) that is written in the programming
language Java. It originated from the IDE for the
languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code
editor with features such as text cutting and pasting,
searching and replacing text, automatic indenting,
brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides
simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload
programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a hierarchy of operation
menus. The source code for the IDE is released under
the GNU General Public License, version 2.[56] Screenshot of Arduino IDE showing Blink
program
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++
using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino Developer(s) Arduino Software
IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring Stable release 1.8.12 / 13 February
project, which provides many common input and 2020[52]
output procedures. User-written code only requires
Repository github.com/arduino
two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the
main program loop, that are compiled and linked with /Arduino (https://github.co
a program stub main() into an executable cyclic m/arduino/Arduino)
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also
included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE
Written in Java, C, C++
employs the program avrdude to convert the
executable code into a text file in hexadecimal Operating system Windows, macOS, Linux
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a Platform IA-32, x86-64, ARM
loader program in the board's firmware.
Type Integrated development
environment
Pro IDE License LGPL or GPL license

On October 18th, 2019, Arduino Pro IDE (alpha Website www.arduino.cc/en/Main

preview) was released. The system still uses Arduino /Software (https://www.ard
CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements uino.cc/en/Main/Software)
include a more professional development environment,
autocompletion support, and Git integration.[57]The application frontend is based on the Eclipse
Theia Open Source IDE. The main features available in the alpha release are:[58]

Modern, fully featured development environment

Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro Mode (File System view)
New Board Manager
New Library Manager
Board List
Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only)
Git Integration
Serial Monitor
Dark Mode

Sketch

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A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.[59] Sketches are saved on the development
computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches
with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:[60]

setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to
initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is
analogous to the function main().[61]
loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed repeatedly in the
main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the
function while(1).[62]

Blink example

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a

current limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground,
which is a convenient feature for many tests and program
functions.[63] A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello,
World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED
integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the
functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are
provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE Power LED (red) and User LED
environment.[64][65][66] This program is usually loaded into a (green) attached to pin 13 on an
new Arduino board by the manufacturer. Arduino compatible board

#define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital
output.
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}

Libraries

The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software
libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

Applications
Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.
C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.
Data loggers for scientific research.[67][68][69][70]
OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars

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OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger

XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

Recognitions
The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006
Prix Ars Electronica.[71]

See also
List of Arduino boards and compatible systems
List of open-source hardware projects

Notes
a. Diecimila means "ten thousand" in Italian
b. Duemilanove means "two thousand and nine" in Italian
c. Uno means "one" in Italian

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Further reading
Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry; 2nd Ed; Jeremy Blum; Wiley;
512 pages; 2019; ISBN 978-1119405375.
Arduino For Dummies; 2nd Ed; John Nussey; John Wiley & Sons; 400 pages; 2018; ISBN 978-
1119489542.
Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches; 2nd Ed; Simon Monk; McGraw-
Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018; ISBN 978-1260143249.
Programming Arduino: Getting Started With Sketches; 2nd Ed; Simon Monk; McGraw-Hill
Education; 192 pages; 2016; ISBN 978-1259641633.
Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino; 2nd Ed; Jack Purdum; Apress;
388 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-1484209417.
Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; 2nd Ed; Maik Schmidt; Pragmatic Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf;
323 pages; 2015; ISBN 978-1941222249.
Make: Getting Started with Arduino; 3rd Ed; Massimo Banzi, Michael Shiloh; Make Community;
262 pages; 2014; ISBN 978-1449363338.
Make: Sensors; 1st Ed; Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; Make Community; 400
pages; 2014; ISBN 978-1449368104.

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5/11/2020 Arduino - Wikipedia

Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects; 1st Ed; John Boxall; No Starch
Press; 392 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-1593274481.

External links
Official website (https://www.arduino.cc)
How Arduino is open sourcing imagination (https://www.ted.com/talks/massimo_banzi_how_ardui
no_is_open_sourcing_imagination), a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
Evolution tree for Arduino (http://i.imgur.com/yGRLPvL.jpg)
Arduino Cheat Sheet (http://robodino.org/resources/arduino)
Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns (https://www.flickr.com/photos/johngineer/5484250200/siz
es/o/in/photostream/)
Arduino Shield Template (https://github.com/LNSD/Arduino-Shield-Template)
Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due (https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=132130.0),
Esplora (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8469564216/sizes/l/in/photostream/),
Leonardo (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8466547410/sizes/l/in/photostream/),
Mega (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451024820/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Micro
(https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8471357492/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Mini (https://
www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8453583648/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Pro Micro (https://w
ww.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/27704970094/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Pro Mini (https://ww
w.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8572012276/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Uno (https://www.flickr.
com/photos/28521811@N04/8449936925/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Yun (https://www.flickr.com/ph
otos/28521811@N04/10339503016/sizes/l/in/photostream/)

Software

Arduino Codebender IDE (https://codebender.cc/) Paid service works with all boards and is cloud
based.

Historical

Arduino - The Documentary (2010): IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869268/), Vimeo (https://

vimeo.com/18539129)
Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110 (https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/110),
FLOSS 61 (https://twit.tv/shows/floss-weekly/episodes/61)
Untold History of Arduino (https://arduinohistory.github.io/) - Hernando Barragán
Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al (https://web.archive.org/web/20170
709234951/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/mad/167131/) - United States Courts
Archive

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