version: 1.

CHAPTER

Matrices and
1 Determinants

Animation 1.1 : Matrix

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Students Learning Outcomes 22. Verify the result (AB)-1 = B-1A-1

23. Solve a system of two linear equations and related real life
After studying this unit , the students will be able to: problems in two unknowns using
1. Define • Matrix inversion method,
• a matrix with real entries and relate its rectangular layout (formation) • Cramer’ s rule.
with real life,
• rows and columns of a matrix, Introduction
• the order of a matrix,
• equality of two matrices. The matrices and determinants are used in the field of Mathematics,
2. Define and identify row matrix, column matrix, rectangular matrix, Physics, Statistics, Electronics and other branches of science. The
square matrix, zero/null matrix, diagonal matrix, scalar matrix, matrices have played a very important role in this age of Computer
identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew- Science.
symmetric matrices. The idea of matrices was given by Arthur Cayley, an English
3. Know whether the given matrices are suitable for addition/ mathematician of nineteenth century, who first developed, “Theory
subtraction. of Matrices” in 1858.
4. Add and subtract matrices.
5. Multiply a matrix by a real number. 1.1 Matrix
6. Verify commutative and associative laws under addition.
7. Define additive identity of a matrix. A rectangular array or a formation of a collection of real numbers,
8. Find additive inverse of a matrix. 1 3 4
say 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7,such as, and then enclosed by
9. Know whether the given matrices are suitable for multiplication. 7 2 0
10. Multiply two (or three) matrices.
11. Verify associative law under multiplication. brackets `[ ]’ is said to form a matrix Similarly
12. Verify distributive laws.
13. Show with the help of an example that commutative law under is another matrix.
multiplication does not hold in general (i.e., AB ≠ BA). We term the real numbers used in the formation of a matrix
14. Define multiplicative identity of a matrix. as entries or elements of the matrix. (Plural of matrix is matrices)
15. Verify the result (AB)t = BtAt. The matrices are denoted conventionally by the capital letters
16. Define the determinant of a square matrix. A, B, C, M, N etc, of the English alphabets.
17. Evaluate determinant of a matrix.
18. Define singular and non-singular matrices. 1.1.1 Rows and Columns of a Matrix
19. Define adjoint of a matrix.
20. Find multiplicative inverse of a non-singular matrix A and verify It is important to understand an entity of a matrix with the
that AA-1 = I = A-1A where I is the identity matrix. following formation
21. Use adjoint method to calculate inverse of a non-singular matrix.
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1 2 0 R1 In matrix A, the entries presented in horizontal (i) are equal matrices.

way are called rows.
A= 3 5 4 R2
In matrix A, there are three rows as shown We see that:
2 1 -1 R3 by R1, R2 and R3 of the matrix A. (a) the order of matrix A = the order of matrix B
(b) their corresponding elements are equal. Thus A = B
2 3 5 In matrix B, all the entries presented in
vertical way are called columns of the (ii) are not equal matrices.
B= 0 1 -1
matrix B. We see that order of L = order of M but entries in the second row and
3 2 1
In matrix B, there are three columns as second column are not same, so L ≠ M.
C1 C2 C3 shown by C1, C2 and C3.
(iii) are not equal
It is interesting to note that all rows have same number of
elements and all columns have same number of elements but number matrices. We see that order of P ≠ order of Q, so P ≠ Q.
of elements in rows and columns may not be same. EXERCISE 1.1
1. Find the order of the following matrices.
1.1.2 Order of a Matrix

The number of rows and columns in a matrix specifies its order.

If a matrix M has m rows and n columns, then M is said to be of order
m-by-n. For example,
1 2 3 
M= 1 0 2 is of order 2-by-3, since it has two rows and three
 

 1 2 3
columns, whereas the matrix N = - 1 1 0  is a 3-by-3 matrix and 2. Which of the following matrices are equal?
 
 2 3 7 
P = [ 3 2 5 ] is a matrix of order 1-by-3.

1.1.3 Equal Matrices

Let A and B be two matrices. Then A is said to be equal to B,

and denoted by A = B, if and only if;
(i) the order of A = the order of B
(ii) their corresponding entries are equal. 3. Find the values of a, b, c and d which satisfy the matrix equation

Examples

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(v) Null or Zero Matrix

A matrix is called a null or zero matrix, if each of its entries is 0.
1.2 Types of Matrices 0 0 0 
0 0  0  0 0 0  0 0 0 
e.g., 0 0 [0 0] ,   0 0 0  and  
(i) Row Matrix  , 0  ,  , 0 0 0
A matrix is called a row matrix, if it has only one row.
are null matrices of orders 2-by-2, 1-by-2, 2-by-1, 2-by-3 and 3-by-3
e.g., the matrix M = [2 –1 7] is a row matrix of order 1-by-3 and
respectively. Note that null matrix is represented by O.
M = [1 –1] is a row matrix of order 1-by-2.

(vi) Transpose of a Matrix

(ii) Column Matrix
A matrix obtained by interchanging the rows into columns or
A matrix is called a column matrix, if it has only one column.
columns into rows of a matrix is called transpose of that matrix. If A is
 2
1 0  a matrix, then its transpose is denoted by At.
e.g., M = 0 and N =   are column matrices of order 2-by-1
 
1 
and 3-by-1 respectively.
 1 2 3 1 2 - 1 
  2 1 4 
e.g., (i) If A =  2 1 0  then At =  
(iii) Rectangular Matrix  -1 4 -2  3 0 - 2
,
A matrix M is called rectangular, if the number of rows of M is not
equal to the number of M columns. 1 2
1 0 2 0
(ii) If B =  2 -1 3  then Bt =  1
1 2  7   
  a b c 8   2 3 
e.g.,A = 1 1 B =  d e f  ;
C = [1 2 3] and D =  

2 3 ; 0
t
are all rectangular matrices. The order of A is 3-by-2, the order of (iii) If C= [0 1 ], then C =
B is 2-by-3, the order of C is 1-by-3 and order of D is 3-by-1, which
indicates that in each matrix the number of rows ≠ the number of If a matrix A is of order 2-by-3, then order of its transpose At is 3-by-2.
columns.
(vii) Negative of a Matrix
(iv) Square Matrix Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, -A is obtained by changing
A matrix is called a square matrix, if its number of rows is equal the signs of all the entries of A, i.e.,
to its number of columns.
 1 2 3
 2 -1  - 1 0 - 2
e.g., A =  0 3  B=   and C = [3]
 ,  0 1 3  (viii) Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix is symmetric if it is equal to its transpose i.e.,
are square matrices of orders, 2-by-2, 3-by-3 and 1-by-1 respectively.
matrix A is symmetric, if At = A.

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= G
k 0 0
For example 0 k 0 where k is a constant ≠ 0,1.
1 2 3 0 0 k
 2 -1 4 
e.g., (i) If M=   is a square matrix, then
2 0 0
 3 4 0  3 0
Also A = 0 2 0 B=   and C =[5] are scalar matrices of
0 0 2 0 3 
1 2 3
 2 -1 4 
Mt =   = M. Thus M is a symmetric matrix. order 3-by-3, 2-by-2 and 1-by-1 respectively.
 3 4 0 

 2 1 3  2 -1 3 (xii) Identity Matrix

 -1 2 2  t 1 2 1 ≠ A A diagonal matrix is called identity (unit) matrix, if all diagonal
(ii) If A=   then A = 
 3 1 3 
,
 3 2 3
, entries are 1. It is denoted by I.
Hence A is not a symmetric matrix. 1 0 0
  1 0
e.g., A = 0 1 0 is a 3-by-3 identity matrix, B =   is a 2-by-2
0 0 1 0 1 
(ix) Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric, if At = –A. identity matrix, and C = [1] is a 1-by-1 identity matrix.
 0 2 3
 -2 0 1  Note: (i) A scalar and identity matrix are diagonal matrices.
e.g., if A=  
 -3 -1 0  (ii) A diagonal matrix is not a scalar or identity matrix.

 0 -2 -3
= G
0 -2 -3
then A =t  2 0 -1
= -(-2) 0 -1 = = -A
EXERCISE 1.2
 
 3 1 0  -(-3) -(-1) 0
1. From the following matrices, identify unit matrices, row matrices,
Since At = –A, therefore A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
column matrices and null matrices.

(x) Diagonal Matrix

A square matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if atleast any one of
the entries of its diagonal is not zero and non-diagonal entries are
zero.
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 
0 2 0    0 1 0 
e.g., A=   B = 0 2 0  and C =   are all
2. From the following matrices, identify
0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 3
, (a) Square matrices (b) Rectangular matrices
diagonal matrices of order 3-by-3. (c) Row matrices (d) Column matrices
 2 0 1 0 (e) Identity matrices (f) Null matrices
M =  0 3 and N = 0 4 are diagonal matrices of order 2-by-2.
   
(xi) Scalar Matrix 3 1 2 
 -8 7 6 -4  1 0 
(ii) 0  3 4
A diagonal matrix is called a scalar matrix, if 2
(i)   (iii)  (iv)  (v)
all the diagonal entries are same and non-zero. 12 0 4   3 -2  
0 1   
1   5 6 
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Addition of A and B, written A + B is obtained by adding the entries

of the matrix A to the corresponding entries of the matrix B.
1  1 2 3 0 0 
(vi) [3 10 -1] (vii) 0  (viii)  -1 2 0 (ix) 0 0 
     
0   0 0 1  0 0 

3. From the following matrices, identify diagonal, scalar and unit

(identity) matrices.
1.3.2 Subtraction of Matrices

If A and B are two matrices of same order, then subtraction

of matrix B from matrix A is obtained by subtracting the entries of
matrix B from the corresponding entries of matrix A and it is denoted
by A – B.
4. Find negative of matrices A, B, C, D and E when:
are conformable for

subtraction.

5. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

Some solved examples regarding addition and subtraction are given

below.

6. Verify that if then

(i) (At)t = A (ii) (Bt)t = B

1.3 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
1.3.1 Addition of Matrices
Let A and B be any two matrices. The matrices A and B are
conformable for addition, if they have the same order.

2 3 0  -2 3 4
=e.g., A =  and B 1 are conformable for addition
1 0 6   2 3 

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1.3.4 Commutative and Associative Laws of Addition of

Matrices

(a) Commutative Law under Addition

If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A
is called commulative law under addition.

Note that the order of a matrix is unchanged under the operation of

matrix addition and matrix subtraction.

1.3.3 Multiplication of a Matrix by a Real Number

Let A be any matrix and the real number k be a scalar. Then the Thus the commutative law of addition of matrices is verified:
scalar multiplication of matrix A with k is obtained by multiplying each A+B = B+A
entry of matrix A with k. It is denoted by kA.
(b) Associative Law under Addition
 1 -1 4 
  If A, B and C are three matrices of same order, then
Let A =  2 -1 0  be a matrix of order 3-by-3 and k = −2 be a real
 -1 3 2  (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) is called associative law under addition.

number.
Then,
 1 -1 4   (-2)(1) (-2)(-1) (-2)(4) 
KA =- ( 2)  2 -1
( 2) A =- 0  = (-2)(2) (-2)(-1) (-2)(0) 
   
 -1 3 2  (-2)(-1) (-2)(3) (-2)(2) 

 -2 2 -8
=  -4 2 0
 
 -4 
 2 -6
Scalar multiplication of a matrix leaves the order of the matrix
unchanged.
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is additive inverse of A.
It can be verified as

Thus the associative law of addition is verified: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

1.3.5 Additive Identity of a Matrix

If A and B are two matrices of same order and

A + B = A = B + A, then matrix B is called additive identity of matrix A. Since A + B = O = B + A .
For any matrix A and zero matrix O of same order, O is called additive Therefore, A and B are additive inverses of each other.
identity of A as
A+O=A=O+A EXERCISE 1.3

1. Which of the following matrices are conformable for addition?

1.3.6 Additive Inverse of a Matrix

If A and B are two matrices of same order such that 2. Find additive inverse of the following matrices:
A+B=O=B+A,
then A and B are called additive inverses of each other.
Additive inverse of any matrix A is obtained by changing to
negative of the symbols (entries) of each non zero entry of A.

3. If then find,

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(i) (A + B)t = At + Bt (ii) (A – B)t=At – Bt

(i) (ii) (iii) c=+[-2 1 3 ] (iii) A + At is symmetric (iv) A – At is skew symmetric
(v) B + Bt is symmetric (vi) B – Bt is skew symmetric

(iv) (v) 2A (vi) (−1)B

1.4 Multiplication of Matrices
(vii) (−2) C (viii) 3D (ix) 3C
Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication, giving
4. Perform the indicated operations and simplify the following:
product AB, if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of
(i) (ii) rows of B.

Here number of columns

 1 2 3  1 1 1 
 1 -1 -1 +  2 2 2 
(iii) [2 3 1] + ( [1 0 2] − [2 2 2] ) (iv) =-
    of A is equal to the number of rows of B. So A and B matrices are
 0 1 2   3 3 3  conformable for multiplication.
Multiplication of two matrices is explained by the following examples.
2 0 2 0
(v) (vi) (i) If A = [1 2] and B =  3 1  then AB =
  [1 2]  3 1 
= [1 × 2 + 2 × 3 1 × 0 + 2 × 1] = [2 + 6 0 + 2] = [8 2], is a 1-by-
1 2 3 1 -1 1   -1 0 0  2 matrix.
2 3 1  B =  2 -2 2  and C =
  0 -2 3 
5. For the matrices A =   
1 -1 0   3 1 3   1 1 2  (ii) If A = and B = then

verify the following rules.

(i) A + C = C + A (ii) A+B=B+A
(iii) B + C = C + B (iv) A + (B + A) = 2A + B
(v) (C − B) + A = C + (A − B) (vi) 2A + B = A + (A + B)
(vii) (C−B) A = (C − A) − B (viii) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(ix) A + (B − C) = (A − C) + B (x) 2A + 2B = 2(A + B) 1.4.1 Associative Law under Multiplication

6. find (i) 3A − 2B
If A, B and C are three matrices conformable for multiplication
then associative law under multiplication is given as (AB)C = A(BC)
(ii) 2At − 3Bt.
 2 3  0 1  2 2
7. then find a and b. e.g., A =  -1 0  B =  3 1 and C =  -1 0  then
     

8. then verify that L.H.S. = (AB)C

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R.H.S. = AB + AC

 2 3  0 1  2 2  
R.H.S = A(BC) =  -1 0   3 1  -1 0  
   

Which shows that

A(B + C) = AB + AC; Similarly we can verify (ii).
(b) Similarly the distributive laws of multiplication over
subtraction are as follow.
The associative law under multiplication of matrices is verified. (i) A(B - C) = AB -AC (ii) (A - B)C = AC - BC

1.4.2 Distributive Laws of Multiplication over Addition and

Subtraction

(a) Let A, B and C be three matrices. Then distributive laws of

multiplication over addition are given below:
(i) A(B + C) = AB + AC (Left distributive law)
(ii) (A + B)C = AC + BC (Right distributive law)

L.H.S = A (B+C) R.H.S. = AB − AC

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1.4.4 Multiplicative Identity of a Matrix

Let A be a matrix. Another matrix B is called the identity matrix

of A under multiplication if
which shows that AB = A = BA
A(B – C) = AB – AC; Similarly (ii) can be verified.

1.4.3 Commutative Law of Multiplication of Matrices

 0 1 1 0
Consider the matrices A=   and B=   , then
2 3 0 -2 
 0 1 1 0   0 ×1 + 1× 0 0 × 0 + 1(-2)   0 -2 
AB= 
=    =   
 2 3 0 -2   2 ×1 + 3 × 0 2 × 0 + 3(-2)   2 -6 
1 0   0 1   1× 0 + 0 × 2 1× 1 + 0 × 3   0 1
and BA = 
=    =   
0 -2   2 3 0 × 0 + (-2) × 2 0 × 1 + 3(-2)   -4 -6 
= =0 -3G
1 2

Which shows that, AB ≠ BA Which shows that AB = A = BA.

Commutative law under multiplication in matrices does not hold in 1.4.5 Verification of (AB)t = Bt At
general i.e., if A and B are two matrices, then AB ≠ BA.
Commutative law under multiplication holds in particular case. If A, B are two matrices and At, Bt are their respective
 2 0  -3 0  transpose, then (AB)t = BtAt.
e.g., if A = 0 1 and B =  0 4  then
   

Which shows that AB = BA.

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5. verify

t t t whether
Thus (AB) = B A
(i) AB = BA. (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C
EXERCISE 1.4
(iii) A(B + C) = AB + AC (iv) A(B − C) = AB − AC
6. For the matrices
1. Which of the following product of matrices is conformable for
multiplication?

Verify that (i) (AB)t = Bt At (ii) (BC)t = Ct Bt.

1.5 Multiplicative Inverse of a Matrix

1.5.1 Determinant of a 2-by-2 Matrix

be a 2-by-2 square matrix. The determinant of A,

3 0 6
2. If A =
=  , B 5  , find (i) AB (ii) BA (if possible)
 -1 2    denoted by det A or A is defined as

3. Find the following products.

4. Multiply the following matrices.

2 3 1 2 1.5.2 Singular and Non-Singular Matrix
2 -1 1 2 3  
(a)  1 1  3 4
0 
(b)  
  3  4 5 6   
 0 -2   -1 1  A square matrix A is called singular, if the determinant of A is
1 2  5 equal to zero. i.e., A= 0.
2 -
 1 2 3  8 5   2
4    1 2
  4 5 6 
(c ) 3 (d )   For example, A = is a singular matrix,
  6 4   -4 4  0 0 
 -1 1   
 
since det A = 1 × 0 – 0 × 2 = 0
 -1 2  0 0 
(e)  A square matrix A is called non-singular, if the determinant of A is not
1 3  0 0 
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= G
1 1
 d -b  Adj M
equal to zero. i.e., A ≠ 0. For example, A = 0 2 is non-singular, and Adj
= M   , then
= M-1
 -c a  M
since det A = 1 × 2 – 0 × 1 = 2 ≠ 0.Note that, each square matrix with real
entries is either singular or non-singular. 2 1
e.g., Let A=   , Then
 - 1 -3 
1.5.3 Adjoint of a Matrix 2 1
A= =-6 - (-1) =-6 + 1 =-5 ≠ 0
-1 -3

Adjoint of a square matrix A = is obtained by  -3 -1 3 1 

  5
Adj A  1 2  -1  -3 -1 5
Thus
= A -1
= = =  
interchanging the diagonal entries and changing the signs of other A -5 5  1 2   -1 -2 
entries. Adjoint of matrix A is denoted as Adj A.  5 5 
3 1   6 1 2 2 
 - -
2 1 5 5  5 5 5 5 
and AA = 
-1
  -1 -2  =  3 3 
 -1 -3   - + 1 6
- +
 5 5   5 5 5 5 
1 0 
=  = I= AA -1
0 1 

1.5.4 Multiplicative Inverse of a Non-singular Matrix 1.5.6 Verification of (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1

Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of same order.  3 1 0 -1

Let A =  -1 0  and B =  3 2 
Then A and B are said to be multiplicative inverse of each other if   
AB = BA = I. Inverse of Identity Then det A = 3 × 0 – (–1) × l = 1 ≠ 0
The inverse of A is denoted by A-1 , thus matrix is Identity and det B = 0 × 2 – 3(–1) = 3 ≠ 0
AA–1 = A–1 A = I. matrix. Therefore, A and B are invertible i.e., their inverses exist.
Inverse of a matrix is possible only if matrix is non-singular. Then, to verify the law of inverse of the product, take
 3 1   0 -1  3 × 0 + 1 × 3 3 × (-1) + 1 × 2   3 -1
1.5.5 Inverse of a Matrix using Adjoint =AB =     =
 -1 0   3 2   -1 × 0 + 0 × 3 -1 × (-1) + 0 × 2   0 1 
 3 -1
⇒ det (AB) = = 0 1
=3≠0
be a square matrix. To find the inverse of 

1 1
M, i.e., M-1, first we find the determinant as inverse is possible only 1 1 1 
3
−1
and L.H.S. = (AB) =  0 3 =  3 
of a non-singular matrix. 3 
0 1

1  2 1 1 0 -1
R.H.S. = B−1A−1, where B−1 = A−1 =
3  -3 0  , 1 1 3

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1  2 1  1 0 -1 1  2 × 0 + 1× 1 2 × (-1) + 1× 3 
=   .   =
3  -3 0  1 1 3 3  -3 × 0 + 0 ×1 -3 × (-1) + 0 × 3


1 0 + 1 -2 + 3 1 1 1 
1 1 6. then verify
= = 
= 3 3
3  0 3  3 0 3  0 1 
 that
(i) (AB)−1 = B−1A−1
−1 −1 −1
= (AB)−1 Thus the law
−1
(AB) = B A-1
−1
is verified. (ii) (DA) = A D

EXERCISE 1.5 1.6 Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations

1. Find the determinant of the following matrices. System of two linear equations in two variables in general form
is given as
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n
where a, b, c, d, m and n are real numbers.
This system is also called simultaneous linear equations.
2. Find which of the following matrices are singular or non-singular? We discuss here the following methods of solution.
(i) Matrix inversion method
(ii) Cramer’s rule

(i) Matrix Inversion Method

3. Find the multiplicative inverse (if it exists) of each. Consider the system of linear equations
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n

4.

(i) A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = (det A)I (ii) BB-1 = I = B−1B

5. Determine whether the given matrices are multiplicative inverses

of each other.
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Example 1
Solve the following system by using matrix inversion method.
4x – 2y = 8
3x + y = –4
Solution

4 -2   x   8 
Step 1 3 =
 1   y   -4 
4 -2 
Step 2 The coefficient matrix M =  is non-singular,
3 1 

since det M = 4 × 1− 3(−2) = 4 + 6 = 10 ≠ 0. So M–1 is possible.

(ii) Cramer’s Rule  x -1  8  1  1 2  8 

Consider the following system of linear equations. Step 3 = y M=  -4  10  -3 4   -4 
      
ax + by = m
1  8-8  1  0   0 
cx + dy = n = = =
10  -24 - 16  10  -40   -4 
We know that

 x  0 
⇒  y =
 
   -4 
⇒ x=0 and y =
-4

Example 2
Solve the following system of linear equations by using Cramer’s rule.
3x - 2y = 1
-2x + 3y = 2
Solution
3x - 2y = 1
-2x + 3y = 2
We have

 3 -2   1 -2  3 1
=A = A
 x 2 3
, = , A  -2 2 
 -2 3 
y
   
3 -2
A = = 9 - 4 = 5 ≠ 0 (A is non-singular
-2 3

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Thus, by the equality of matrices, width of the rectangle x = 19 cm

1 -2
and the length y = 51 cm.
Ax 2 3 3+ 4 7
=x = = = Verification of the solution to be correct, i.e.,
A 5 5 5
p = 2 × 19 + 2 × 51 = 38 + 102= 140 cm
3 1
Also y = 3(19) – 6 = 57 – 6 = 51 cm
Ay -2 2 6+2 8
=y = = =
A 5 5 5 EXERCISE 1.6

Example 3 1 Use matrices, if possible, to solve the following systems of linear

The length of a rectangle is 6 cm less than three times its width. equations by:
The perimeter of the rectangle is 140 cm. Find the dimensions of the (i) the matrix inversion method (ii) the Cramer’s rule.
rectangle. (by using matrix inversion method) 2x − 2y = 4 2x + y = 3
(i) (ii)
3x + 2y = 6 6x + 5y = 1
Solution 4x + 2y = 8 3x − 2y = −6
(iii) (iv)
If width of the rectangle is x cm, then length of the rectangle is 3x − y = −1 5x − 2y = −10
y = 3x – 6, 3x − 2y = 4 4x + y = 9
(v) (vi)
from the condition of the question. −6x + 4y = 7 −3x − y = −5
The perimeter = 2x + 2y = 140 (According to given condition) 2x − 2y = 4 3x − 4y = 4
(vii) (viii)
⇒ x + y = 70 ……(i) −5x − 2y = −10 x + 2y = 8
and 3x – y = 6 ……(ii) Solve the following word problems by using
In the matrix form (i) matrix inversion method (ii) Crammer’s rule.
2 The length of a rectangle is 4 times its width. The perimeter of
1 1   x  70  the rectangle is 150 cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
3 =
 -1  y   6  3 Two sides of a rectangle differ by 3.5cm. Find the dimensions
1 1 1 1 of the rectangle if its perimeter is 67cm.
det  = =1 × (-1) - 3 × 1 =-1 - 3 =-4 ≠ 0
3 -1 3 -1 4 The third angle of an isosceles triangle is 16° less than the

sum of the two equal angles. Find three angles of the triangle.
We know that 5 One acute angle of a right triangle is 12° more than twice the
other acute angle. Find the acute angles of the right triangle.
AdjA
=X A=
-1
B and A -1 6 Two cars that are 600 km apart are moving towards each
A
other. Their speeds differ by 6 km per hour and the cars are
 x  1 -1 -1 70 
Hence   =   123 km apart after hours. Find the speed of each car.
 y  -4 -3 1  6 
 76 
-1 -70 - 6 -1  -76   4  19 
= = = = 
4 -210 + 6 4  -204   204  51
 4 
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Review Exercise 1 SUMMARY

2. Complete the following: • A rectangular array of real numbers enclosed with brackets is said
=
0 0
G
to form a matrix.
(i) 0 0 is called ..... matrix.
• A matrix A is called rectangular, if the number of rows and number
= G
1 0
(ii) is called ..... matrix. of columns of A are not equal.
0 1
• A matrix A is called a square matrix, if the number of rows of A is
= G
1 -2
(iii) Additive inverse of 0 -1 is.......... equal to the number of columns.
(iv) In matrix multiplication,in general, AB ...... BA. • A matrix A is called a row matrix, if A has only one row.
(v) Matrix A + B may be found if order of A and B is ...... • A matrix A is called a column matrix, if A has only one column.
(vi) A matrix is called ..... matrix if number of rows and columns • A matrix A is called a null or zero matrix, if each of its entry is 0.
are equal. • Let A be a matrix. The matrix At is a new matrix which is called
transpose of matrix A and is obtained by interchanging rows of A
= = G,
a+3 4 -3 4
3. If = 6 b-1
G 6 2
then find a and b. into its respective columns (or columns into respective rows).
• A square matrix A is called symmetric, if At = A.
2 3
4. If A = = 1 0G
, B = =5 -4
G , then find the following. • Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, −A, is obtained by changing the
-2 -1
signs of all the entries of A.
(i) 2A + 3B (ii) -3A + 2B • A square matrix M is said to be skew symmetric, if Mt = −M,
2
(iii) -3(A + 2B) (iv) 3 (2A - 3B) • A square matrix M is called a diagonal matrix, if atleast any one
of entry of its diagonal is not zero and remaining entries are zero.
5. Find the value of X, if =2 1
G+ X = =4 -2
G. • A diagonal matrix is called identity matrix, if all diagonal entries are
3 -3 -1 -2

If A = = 0 G,
4
B= =5 G
1 -3
6. -2
, then prove that 1 0 0 
2 -3
1. A = 0 1 0  is called a 3-by-3 identity matrix.
(i) AB ≠ BA (ii) A(BC) = (AB)C  
0 0 1 

7. If A = = 3 2
G and B = = 2 4
G, then verify that • Any two matrices A and B are called equal, if
1 -1 -3 -5
(i) order of A= order of B (ii) corresponding entries are same
(i) (AB)t = BtAt (ii) (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1 • Any two matrices M and N are said to be conformable for addition,
if order of M = order of N.
• Let A be a matrix of order 2-by-3. Then a matrix B of same order is
said to be an additive identity of matrix A, if
B+A=A=A+B

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1. Matrices and Determinants eLearn.Punjab 1. Matrices and Determinants eLearn.Punjab

• Let A be a matrix. A matrix B is defined as an additive inverse of A, • The solution of a linear system of equations,
if B+A=O=A+B ax + by = m
• Let A be a matrix. Another matrix B is called the identity matrix of cx + dy = n
A under multiplication, if
B × A = A = A × B. a b   x  m
by expressing in the matrix form  =
c d   y   n 
a b -1
• Let M =  be a 2-by-2 matrix. A real number λ is called  x a b  m
c d  is given by   = 
 y  c d   n 
determinant of M, denoted by det M such that
a b
if the coefficient matrix is non-singular.
det M = = ad − bc = λ • By using the Cramer’s rule the determinental form of solution of
c d
equations
• A square matrix M is called singular, if the determinant of M is
equal to zero. ax + by =
m
• A square matrix M is called non-singular, if the determinant of M is cx + dy =
n
not equal to zero.
is
a b
• For a matrix M =  , adjoint of M is defined by
c d 
m b a m
 d -b 
Adj M =  . n d c n a b
 - c a  x= and y= , where ≠0
a b a b c d
a b c d c d
• Let M be a square matrix  , then
c d 
1  d -b 
M−1 =  a 
, where det M = ad − bc ≠ 0.
ad - bc  -c

• The following laws of addition hold
M+N=N+M (Commutative)
(M + N) + T = M + (N + T) (Associative)
• The matrices M and N are conformable for multiplication to obtain
MN if the number of columns of M = number of rows of N, where
(i) (MN) ≠ (NM), in general
(ii) (MN)T = M(NT) (Associative law)
(iii) M(N + T) = MN + MT
(iv) (N + T)M = NM + TM
• Law of transpose of product
}
(Distributive laws)
(AB)t = Bt At
• (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1
• AA−1 = I = A−1A
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