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Conditionals and Iterations

The document discusses various Python operators and conditional statements. It covers the modulus operator, comparison operators like == and !=, logical operators like and/or/not, identity operators, bitwise operators, and membership operators. It also explains conditional execution using if/elif/else statements, alternative execution with if/else branches, chained conditionals, and nested conditionals. Keyboard input in Python using the input() function is also summarized.

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Shreya Kaushal
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56 views21 pages

Conditionals and Iterations

The document discusses various Python operators and conditional statements. It covers the modulus operator, comparison operators like == and !=, logical operators like and/or/not, identity operators, bitwise operators, and membership operators. It also explains conditional execution using if/elif/else statements, alternative execution with if/else branches, chained conditionals, and nested conditionals. Keyboard input in Python using the input() function is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Shreya Kaushal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conditionals

and
Iterations
The modulus operator

• The modulus operator works on integers (and integer expressions)


and yields the remainder when the first operand is divided by the
second.
• In Python, the modulus operator is a percent sign (%).
Example
• The syntax is the same as for other operators:
>>> quotient = 7 / 3
>>> print quotient
2
>>> remainder = 7 % 3
>>> print remainder
1
• So 7 divided by 3 is 2 with 1 left over.
Uses

• Check whether one number is divisible by another if x % y is zero,


then x is divisible by y.
• you can extract the right-most digit or digits from a number.
• For example,
x % 10 yields the right-most digit of x (in base 10). Similarly x % 100
yields the last two digits.
Boolean expressions

• A Boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false.


• One way to write a Boolean expression is to use the operator ==,
which compares two values and produces a Boolean value:
>>> 5 == 5
True
>>> 5 == 6
False
• True and False are special values that are built into Python.
Comparison Operators

• x != y # x is not equal to y
• x>y # x is greater than y
• x<y # x is less than y
• x >= y # x is greater than or equal to y
• x <= y # x is less than or equal to y
NOTE: “= is an assignment operator and == is a comparison operator”.
Also, there is no such thing as =< or =>.
Logical operators

• There are three logical operators:


 and,
 or
 not
• For example, x > 0 and x < 10 is true only if x is greater than 0 and less
than 10.
• n%2 == 0 or n%3 == 0
• not(x > y) is true if (x > y) is false, that is, if x is less than or equal to y.
Identity operators

• Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects.


There are two Identity operators as explained below
Bitwise Operators
Membership Operators
Continue…

• Any nonzero number is interpreted as “true."


>>> x = 5
>>> x and 1
1
>>> y = 0
>>> y and 1
0
Keyboard Input
• input(): built in function to get data from keyboard.
• Takes data in the form of string.
• Eg:
>>> input1 = input ()
What are you waiting for?
>>> print input1
What are you waiting for?
• Before calling input, it is a good idea to print a message telling the user
what to input. This message is called a prompt.
• A prompt can be supplied as an argument to input.
• Eg:
>>> name = input ("What...is your name? ")
What...is your name? Arthur, King of the Britons!
>>> print name
Arthur, King of the Britons!
• If we expect the response to be an integer, then type conversion needs
to be done.
• Eg:
prompt = "What is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?"
speed =int(input(prompt))
Conditional Execution

• To write useful programs we need the ability to check conditions and


change the behaviour of the program accordingly.
• Different conditional statements in python are:
– IF
– IF ---Else (Alternative Execution)
– IF--- ELIF---- ELSE (Chained Conditionals)
– Nested Conditionals
If Condition
• If x > 0:
print "x is positive“
• The Boolean expression after the if statement is called the condition. If
it is true, then the indented statement gets executed. If not, nothing
happens.
• Structure of If
– HEADER:
FIRST STATEMENT
...
LAST STATEMENT
If Condition
• There is no limit on the number of statements that can appear in the
body of an if statement, but there has to be at least one.
• Occasionally, it is useful to have a body with no statements (usually as a
place keeper for code you haven't written yet). In that case, you can use
the pass statement, which does nothing.
Alternative Execution
• A second form of the if statement is alternative execution, in which
there are two possibilities and the condition determines which one gets
executed.
• Eg:
if x%2 == 0:
print x, "is even"
else:
print x, "is odd“
• The alternatives are called branches.
Continue….

• Since the condition must be true or false, exactly one of the


alternatives will be executed. The alternatives are called branches,
because they are branches in the flow of execution.
Chained Conditionals
• Sometimes there are more than two possibilities and we need more
than two branches.
if x < y:
print x, "is less than", y
elif x > y:
print x, "is greater than", y
else:
print x, "and", y, "are equal“
NOTE: There is no limit of the number of elif statements, but the last
branch has to be an else statement
Nested conditionals
• One conditional can also be nested within another.
if x == y:
print x, "and", y, "are equal"
else:
if x < y:
print x, "is less than", y
else:
print x, "is greater than", y
if 0 < x and x < 10:
print "x is a positive single digit.“

• Python provides an alternative syntax that is similar to mathematical


notation:
if 0 < x < 10:
print "x is a positive single digit."

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