Describe three ways to handle missing field values.

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What is the average Read score for all students? What are the minimum and maximum Read
scores? Based on the relations shown in Figure 6-12. The database tracks an adult literacy
program. Tutors complete a certification class offered by the agency. Students complete an
assessment interview that results in a report for t

Display the results in order by EmployeeName. Show how you constructed this query using a
Venn or other type of diagram.

Define each of the following terms: a. Application partitioning b. Application program interface
(API) c. Client/server system d. Middleware e. Stored procedure f. Three-tier architecture g.
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) h. XML Schema i. Web services j. XSLT k. SOAP

What is PL/SQL, and what does it include in addition to SQL?

Discuss the differences between triggers and stored procedures.

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Distinguish among data definition commands, data manipulation commands, and data control
commands.

What is the purpose of the temporal extensions to SQL that were introduced in SQL:2011?

Which product is ordered most frequently?

Write an SQL query to answer the following question: Which students were not enrolled in any
courses during semester 1-2015?

Write an SQL query to list the order number and order quantity for all customer orders for which
the order quantity is greater than the average order quantity of that product. (Hint: This involves
using a correlated subquery.)

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Display the names of the states in which customers reside but for which there is no salesperson
residing in that state. There are several ways to write this query. Try to write it without any
WHERE clause. Write this query two ways, using the set command UNION, INTERSECT, or
MINUS and not using any of these commands. W

Write SQL queries to answer the following questions: a. How many students were enrolled in
section 2714 during semester 1-2015? b. How many students were enrolled in ISM 3113 during
semester 1-2015?
When do you think that the CASE keyword in SQL would be useful?

For each order, list the order ID, customer ID, order date, and most recent date among all orders.
Show how you constructed this query using a Venn diagram.

List the MateriallD, MaterialName, Material, MaterialStandardPrice, and Thickness for all raw
materials made of cherry, pine, or walnut. Order the listing by Material, StandardPrice, and
Thickness.

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Which tutors, by name, are available to tutor? Write the SQL command.

List, in alphabetical order, the names of all employees (managers) who are now managing people
with skill ID BS12; list each manager's name only once, even if that manager manages several
people with this skill.

Write an SQL query to list the salesperson who has sold the most computer desks.

Use the Pine Valley database to answer the following questions: a. How many work centers does
Pine Valley have? b. Where are they located?

List the customers who live in California or Washington. Order them by zip code, from high to
low.

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Describe a relational DBMS (RDBMS), its underlying data model, its data storage structures,
and how data relationships are established.

List four advantages of SQL-invoked routines.

For each customer, list the customer ID, the number of orders from that customer, and the ratio
of the number of orders from that customer to the total number of orders from all customers
combined. (This ratio, of course, is the percentage of all orders placed by each customer.)

For each salesperson, list the total number of orders by month for the year 2015. (Hint: If you are
using Access, use the Month function. If you are using Oracle, convert the date to a string, using
the TO_CHAR function, with the format string 'Mon' [i.e., TO_CHAR(order_ date,'MON')]. If
you are using another DBMS, you

Describe an example in which you would want to use a derived table.

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Write an SQL query to produce a list of all the products (i.e., product description) and the
number of times each product has been ordered. Show how you constructed this query using a
Venn or other type of diagram.

Display the customer names of all customers who have ordered (on the same or different orders)
both products with IDs 3 and 4.

When would you consider using embedded SQL? When would you use dynamic SQL?

Which tutor needs to be reminded to turn in reports? Write the SQL command. Show how you
constructed this query using a Venn or other type of diagram.

Write an SQL command to total the cost of order number 1. Calculate the total raw material cost
(label TotCost) for each product compared to its standard product price. Display product ID,
product description, standard price, and the total cost in the result.

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How many tutors have a status of Temp Stop? Which tutors are active? Based on the relations
shown in Figure 6-12. The database tracks an adult literacy program. Tutors complete a
certification class offered by the agency. Students complete an assessment interview that results
in a report for the tutor and a recorded Re

Write an SQL query to answer the following question: Which instructors are qualified to teach
ISM 3113?

For products 1, 2, and 7, list in one row and three respective columns that product's total unit
sales; label the three columns Prod1, Prod2, and Prod7.

Write an SQL query to list the Read scores of students who were ever taught by tutors whose
status is Dropped.

Arrange an interview with a database administrator in an organization in your area. When you
interview the database administrator, familiarize yourself with one application that is actively
used in the organization. Focus your interview questions on determining end users' involvement
with the application and understand

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Not all versions of this database include referential integrity constraints for all foreign keys. Use
whatever commands are available for the RDBMS you are using, investigate if any referential
integrity constraints are missing. Write any missing constraints and, if possible, add them to the
associated table definition
Write an SQL command to display each item ordered for order number 1, its standard price, and
the total price for each item ordered.

What is XSLT, and how does it differ from XML? What role does it play in the creation of a
Web application?

List the IDs and names of all products that cost less than the average product price in their
product line. List the IDs and names of those sales territories that have at least 50 percent more
customers as the average number of customers per territory.

Where do you think student and tutor information such as name, address, phone, and e-mail
should be kept? Write the necessary SQL commands to capture this information.

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Write SQL queries to answer the following questions: a. What are the names of the course(s) that
student Altvater took during the semester 1-2015? b. List names of the students who have taken
at least one course that Professor Collins is qualified to teach. c. How many students did
Professor Collins teach during the

Write an SQL command that will find any customers who have not placed orders.

Write the SQL command to find any tutors who have not submitted a report for July.

Describe the components and structure of a typical SQL environment.

Write an SQL query to list each customer who bought at least one product that belongs to
product line Basic in March 2015. List each customer only once.

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What are the four common approaches to storing XML data?

If two queries involved in a UNION operation contained columns that were data type
incompatible, how would you recommend fixing this?

When is an outer join used instead of a natural join?

Modify Problem and Exercise 7-51 so that you include the number of products in product line
Basic that the customer ordered in March 2015.

List MaterialName, Material, and Width for raw materials that are not cherry or oak and whose
width is greater than 10 inches. Show how you constructed this query using a Venn diagram.

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What are some of the purpose for which you would use correlated subqueries?
Explain the relationship between EXISTS and correlated subqueries.

What is the average length of time a student stayed (or has stayed) in the program

Explain the following statement regarding SQL: Any query that can be written using the
subquery approach can also be written using the joining approach but not vice versa.

List the IDs of the tutors who are currently tutoring more than one student. Based on the relations
shown in Figure 6-12. The database tracks an adult literacy program. Tutors complete a
certification class offered by the agency. Students complete an assessment interview that results
in a report for the tutor and a rec

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The production manager at PVFC is concerned about support for purchased parts in products
owned by customers. A simple analysis he wants done is to determine for each customer how
many vendors are in the same state as that customer. Develop a list of all the PVFC customers by
name with the number of vendors in the same

If you were charged with developing a client/server application, how would you ensure success?

Write and execute a variety of queries to test the functionality of your database based on what
you learned in this chapter. Don't panic if you can't write all the queries; many of the queries will
require knowledge from Chapter 7.

Write the SQL statements for creating the tables, specifying data types and field lengths,
establishing primary keys and foreign keys, and implementing any other constraints you may
have identified. Use the examples shown in Chapter 5 to specify indexes, if appropriate.

Write an SQL query to determine the total number of hours and the total number of lessons Tutor
106 taught in June and July 2015.

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List the names and number of employees supervised (label this value HeadCount) for each
supervisor who supervises more than two employees.

Show the customer ID and name for all the customers who have ordered both products with IDs
3 and 4 on the same order.

Display the salesperson name, product finish, and total quantity sold (label as TotSales) for each
finish by each salesperson.

Reread the case descriptions in Chapters 1 through 3 with an eye toward identifying the typical
types of reports and displays the various stakeholders might want to retrieve from your database.
Create a document that summarizes these findings.
Display in product ID order the product ID and total amount ordered of that product by the
customer who has bought the most of that product; use a derived table in a FROM clause to
answer this query.

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Define each of the following terms: a. Dynamic SQL b. Correlated subquery c. Embedded SQL
d. Procedure e. Join f. Equijoin g. Self join h. Outer join i. Function j. Persistent Stored Modules
(SQL/PSM)

Match the following terms to the appropriate definition: _________

Equijoin……………………………a. Undoes changes to a table _________ Natural
join………………………..b. user-define data type _________ Outer
join………………………….c. SQL.: 1999 extension _________ Trigger………â€

Display the name of customer 16 and the names of all the customers that are in the same zip code
as customer 16. (Be sure this query will work for any customer.)

What is the purpose of the COMMIT command in SQL? How does commit relate to the notion
of a business transaction (e.g., entering a customer order or issuing a customer invoice)?

Determine the relationships among the four relations in Figure 7-17. List primary keys for each
relation and any foreign keys necessary to establish the relationships and maintain referential
integrity. Pay particular attention to the data contained in TUTOR REPORTS when you set up its
primary key.

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Rewrite your answer to Problem and Exercise 7-63 for each customer, not just customer 16.

Explain the structure of a module of code that defines a trigger.

List all active students in June by name. (Make up names and other data if you are actually
building a prototype database.) Include the number of hours students received tutoring and how
many lessons they completed.

Write an SQL query to list each customer who has bought computer desks and the number of
units sold to each customer. Show how you constructed this query using a Venn or other type of
diagram.

Write a query to list the number of products produced in each work center (label as
TotalProducts). If a work center does not produce any products, display the result with a total of
0.

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Modify Problem and Exercise 7-52 so that the list includes the number of products each
customer bought in each product line in March 2015.

Discuss some of the mechanisms that were used for the same purposes as the temporal
extensions before they were introduced.

Review the first query in the "Correlated Subqueries" section. Can you identify a special set of
standard prices for which this query will not yield the desired result? How might you rewrite the
query to handle this situation?

List the name of each employee, his or her birth date, the name of his or her manager, and the
manager's birth date for those employees who were born before their manager was born; label
the manager's data Manager and ManagerBirth. Show how you constructed this query using a
Venn or other type of diagram.

How long had each student studied in the adult literacy program? Based on the relations shown
in Figure 6-12. The database tracks an adult literacy program. Tutors complete a certification
class offered by the agency. Students complete an assessment interview that results in a report
for the tutor and a recorded Read s

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For each product, display in ascending order, by product ID, the product ID and description,
along with the customer ID and name for the customer who has bought the most of that product;
also show the total quantity ordered by that customer (who has bought the most of that product).
Use a correlated subquery.

This chapter discusses the data dictionary views for Oracle 12c. Research another RDBMS, such
as Microsoft SQL Server, and report on its data dictionary facility and how it compares with
Oracle.

List ProductID, ProductDescription, ProductFinish, and ProductStandardPrice for oak products

with a ProductStandardPrice greater than $400 or cherry products with a StandardPrice less than
$300. Show how you constructed this query using a Venn diagram.

Tyler Richardson set up a house alarm system when he moved to his new home in Seattle. For
security purposes, he has all of his mail, including his alarm system bill, mailed to his local UPS
store. Although the alarm system is activated and the company is aware of its physical address,
Richardson receives repeated offe

The head of marketing is interested in some opportunities for cross-selling of products. She
thinks that the way to identify cross-selling opportunities is to know for each product how many
other products are sold to the same customer on the same order (e.g., a product that is bought by
a customer in the same order wit
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What are the three common types of cloud computing services?

Explain what capabilities the new temporal features added to the SQL standard in SQL:2011.

List six potential benefits of achieving an SQL standard that is widely accepted.

What do you need to do if a tutor signs up and wants to tutor in both reading and math? Draw the
new ERD, create new relations, and write any SQL statements that would be needed to handle
this development.

For each customer, list the CustomerlD and the total number of orders placed in 2015.

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Write SQL retrieval commands for each of the following queries: a. Display the course ID and
course name for all courses with an ISM prefix. b. Display all courses for which Professor
Berndt has been qualified. c. Display the class roster, including student name, for all students
enrolled in section 2714 of ISM 4212

Display the customer ID, name, and order ID for all customer orders. For those customers who
do not have any orders, include them in the display once. Display the EmployeelD and
EmployeeName for those employees who do not possess the skill Router.

What are the TutorlDs for tutors who have not yet tutored anyone? Based on the relations shown
in Figure 6-12. The database tracks an adult literacy program. Tutors complete a certification
class offered by the agency. Students complete an assessment interview that results in a report
for the tutor and a recorded Read

Display the customer ID, name, and order ID for all customer orders. For those customers who
do not have any orders, include them in the display once by showing order ID 0.

Identify opportunities for using triggers in your database and write the appropriate DDL queries
for them.

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Consider a hypothetical microprocessor generating a 16-bit address (for example, assume that
the program counter and the address registers are 16 bits wide) and having a 16-bit data bus. a.
What is the maximum memory address space that the processor can access directly if it is
connected to a "16-bit memory"? b. What

A set-associative cache consists of 64 lines, or slots, divided into four-line sets. Main memory
contains 4K blocks of 128 words each. Show the format of main memory addresses.
Figure 3.26 indicates a distributed arbitration scheme that can be used with an obsolete bus
scheme known as Multibus I. Agents are daisy-chained physically in priority order. The left-
most agent in the diagram receives a constant bus priority in (BPRN) signal indicating that no
higher-priority agent desires the bus. I

Display employee information for all the employees in each state who were hired before the
most recently hired person in that state.

Write an SQL command to display the order number, customer number, order date, and items
ordered for some particular customer.

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The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit processor similar in many ways to the 8-bit 8088. The 8086 uses a 16-
bit bus that can transfer 2 bytes at a time, provided that the lower-order byte has an even address.
However, the 8086 allows both even- and odd-aligned word operands. If an odd-aligned word is
referenced, two memory cycles,

What types of transfers must a computer's interconnection structure (e.g., bus) support?

Figure 5.17 shows one of the early SRAMs, the 16 × 4 Signetics 7489 chip, which stores 16
4-bit words. a. List the mode of operation of the chip for each input pulse shown in Figure
5.17c. b. List the memory contents of word locations 0 through 6 after pulse n. c. What is the
state of the output data leads for th

For the hexadecimal main memory addresses 111111, 666666,BBBBBB, show the following
information, in hexadecimal format: a. Tag, Line, and Word values for a direct-mapped cache,
using the format of Figure 4.10 b. Tag and Word values for an associative cache, using the
format of Figure 4.12 c. Tag, Set, and Word value

The performance of a single-level cache system for a read operation can be characterized by the
following equation: Ta = Tc + (1 - H)Tm where Ta is the average access time, Tc is the cache
access time, Tm is the memory access time (memory to processor register), and H is the hit ratio.
For simplicity, we assume that

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Consider a 32-bit microprocessor that has an on-chip 16-KByte four-way set-associative cache.
Assume that the cache has a line size of four 32-bit words. Draw a block diagram of this cache
showing its organization and how the different address fields are used to determine a cache
hit/miss. Where in the cache is the wor

Early examples of CISC and RISC design are the VAX 11/780 and the IBM RS/6000,
respectively. Using a typical benchmark program, the following machine characteristics result:
The final column shows that the VAX required 12 times longer than the IBM measured in CPU
time. a. What is the relative size of the instruction

What are the four main components of any general-purpose computer?

Assume the following performance characteristics on a cache read miss: one clock cycle to send
an address to main memory and four clock cycles to access a 32-bit word from main memory
and transfer it to the processor and cache. a. If the cache line size is one word, what is the miss
penalty (i.e., additional time requ

With reference to Table 2.4, we see that the relative performance of the IBM 360 Model 75 is 50
times that of the 360 Model 30, yet the instruction cycle time is only 5 times as fast. How do you
account for this discrepancy? Table 2.4 Key Characteristics of the System/360 Family

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Consider a memory system with the following parameters: Tc = 100 ns Cc = 10-4 $/bit Tm =
1200 ns Cm = 10-5 $/bit a. What is the cost of 1 Mbyte of main memory? b. What is the cost of 1
Mbyte of main memory using cache memory technology? c. If the effective access time is 10%
greater than the cache access time, wha

Explain why one type of RAM is considered to be analog and the other digital.

To clarify the results of the preceding problem, we look at a simpler example. a. Compute the
arithmetic mean value for each system using X as the reference machine and then using Y as the
reference machine. Argue that intuitively the three machines have roughly equivalent
performance and that the arithmetic mean give

How is the syndrome for the Hamming code interpreted?

On a typical Intel 8086-based system, connected via system bus to DRAM memory, for a read
operation, is activated by the trailing edge of the Address Enable signal (Figure 3.19). However,
due to propagation and other delays, does not go active until 50 ns after Address Enable returns
to a low. Assume the latter occ

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The ENIAC was a decimal machine, where a register was represented by a ring of 10 vacuum
tubes. At any time, only one vacuum tube was in the ON state, representing one of the 10 digits.
Assuming that ENIAC had the capability to have multiple vacuum tubes in the ON and OFF
state simultaneously, why is this representatio

Consider a machine with a byte addressable main memory of 216 bytes and block size of 8 bytes.
Assume that a direct mapped cache consisting of 32 lines is used with this machine. a. How is a
16-bit memory address divided into tag, line number, and byte number? b. Into what line would
bytes with each of the following

A common unit of measure for failure rates of electronic components is the Failure unIT (FIT),
expressed as a rate of failures per billion device hours. Another well known but less used
measure is mean time between failures (MTBF), which is the average time of operation of a
particular component until it fails. Conside

For the 8-bit word 00111001, the check bits stored with it would be 0111. Suppose when the
word is read from memory, the check bits are calculated to be 1101.What is the data word that
was read from memory?

What is a stored program computer?

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Given the following specifications for an external cache memory: four-way set associative; line
size of two 16-bit words; able to accommodate a total of 4K 32-bit words from main memory;
used with a 16-bit processor that issues 24-bit addresses. Design the cache structure with all
pertinent information and show how it

The memory of a particular microcomputer is built from 64K × 1 DRAMs. According to the
data sheet, the cell array of the DRAM is organized into 256 rows. Each row must be refreshed at
least once every 4 ms. Suppose we refresh the memory on a strictly periodic basis. a. What is the
time period between successive refre

Consider a dynamic RAM that must be given a refresh cycle 64 times per ms. Each refresh
operation requires 150 ns; a memory cycle requires 250 ns. What percentage of the memory's
total operating time must be given to refreshes?

How does the principle of locality relate to the use of multiple memory levels?

Consider a single-level cache with an access time of 2.5 ns, a line size of 64 bytes, and a hit ratio
of H = 0.95. Main memory uses a block transfer capability that has a first-word (4 bytes) access
time of 50 ns and an access time of 5 ns for each word thereafter. a. What is the access time
when there is a cache miss

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Consider the following code: for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) for ( j = 0; j < 10; j++) a[i] = a[i]* j a. Give
one example of the spatial locality in the code. b. Give one example of the temporal locality in
the code.

A computer system contains a main memory of 32K 16-bit words. It also has a 4Kword cache
divided into four-line sets with 64 words per line. Assume that the cache is initially empty. The
processor fetches words from locations 0, 1, 2, . . ., 4351 in that order. It then repeats this fetch
sequence nine more times. The c

A two-way set-associative cache has lines of 16 bytes and a total size of 8 kbytes. The 64-Mbyte
main memory is byte addressable. Show the format of main memory addresses.

Figure 5.6 indicates how to construct a module of chips that can store 1 MByte based on a group
of four 256-Kbyte chips. Let's say this module of chips is packaged as a single 1-Mbyte chip,
where the word size is 1 byte. Give a high-level chip diagram of how to construct an 8-Mbyte
computer memory using eight 1-Mbyte c

Consider a cache of 4 lines of 16 bytes each. Main memory is divided into blocks of 16 bytes
each. That is, block 0 has bytes with addresses 0 through 15, and so on. Now consider a program
that accesses memory in the following sequence of addresses: Once: 63 through 70 Loop ten
times: 15 through 32; 80 through 95 a.

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Let A = A(1), A(2), . . . , A(1000) and B = B(1), B(2), . . . , B(1000) be two vectors (one-
dimensional arrays) comprising 1000 numbers each that are to be added to form an array C such
that C(I) = A(I) B(I) + for I = 1, 2, . . . , 1000. Using the IAS instruction set, write a program for
this problem. Ignore the fact t

On the VAX SBI, the lowest-priority device usually has the lowest average wait time. For this
reason, the processor is usually given the lowest priority on the SBI. Why does the priority 16
device usually have the lowest average wait time? Under what circumstances would this not be
true?

What are the differences among direct mapping, associative mapping, and set-associative
mapping?

For the cache design of the preceding problem, suppose that increasing the line size from one
word to four words results in a decrease of the read miss rate from 3.2% to 1.1%. For both the
non burst transfer and the burst transfer case, what is the average miss penalty, averaged over all
reads, for the two different li

How does SDRAM differ from ordinary DRAM?

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Four benchmark programs are executed on three computers with the following results: The table
shows the execution time in seconds, with 100,000,000 instructions executed in each of the four
programs. Calculate the MIPS values for each computer for each program. Then calculate the
arithmetic and harmonic means assuming
For its on-chip cache, the Intel 80486 uses a replacement algorithm referred to as pseudo least
recently used. Associated with each of the 128 sets of four lines (labeled L0, L1, L2, L3) are
three bits B0, B1, and B2. The replacement algorithm works as follows: When a line must be
replaced, the cache will first determi

In general, what are the strategies for exploiting spatial locality and temporal locality?

Given the memory contents of the IAS computer shown below, Address Contents 08A ..........
010FA210FB 08B .......... 010FA0F08D 08C .......... 020FA210FB show the assembly language
code for the program, starting at address 08A. Explain what this program does.

A computer has a cache, main memory, and a disk used for virtual memory. If a referenced word
is in the cache, 20 ns are required to access it. If it is in main memory but not in the cache, 60 ns
are needed to load it into the cache, and then the reference is started again. If the word is not in
main memory, 12 ms are

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For a direct-mapped cache, a main memory address is viewed as consisting of three fields. List
and define the three fields.

Design a 16-bit memory of total capacity 8192 bits using SRAM chips of size 64 × 1 bit. Give
the array configuration of the chips on the memory board showing all required input and output
signals for assigning this memory to the lowest address space. The design should allow for both
byte and 16-bit word accesses.

Consider two microprocessors having 8- and 16-bit-wide external data buses, respectively. The
two processors are identical otherwise and their bus cycles take just as long. a. Suppose all
instructions and operands are two bytes long. By what factor do the maximum data transfer rates
differ? b. Repeat assuming that ha

A microprocessor has an increment memory direct instruction, which adds 1 to the value in a
memory location. The instruction has five stages: fetch opcode (four bus clock cycles), fetch
operand address (three cycles), fetch operand (three cycles), add 1 to operand (three cycles), and
store operand (three cycles). a. B

Consider a microprocessor that has a memory read timing as shown in Figure 3.19. After some
analysis, a designer determines that the memory falls short of providing read data on time by
about 180 ns. a. How many wait states (clock cycles) need to be inserted for proper system
operation if the bus clocking rate is 8 MH

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What is the distinction between spatial locality and temporal locality?

On the Motorola 68020 microprocessor, a cache access takes two clock cycles. Data access from
main memory over the bus to the processor takes three clock cycles in the case of no wait state
insertion; the data are delivered to the processor in parallel with delivery to the cache. a.
Calculate the effective length of a

A processor accesses main memory with an average access time of T2. A smaller cache memory
is interposed between the processor and main memory. The cache has a significantly faster
access time of T1 < T2. The cache holds, at any time, copies of some main memory words and is
designed so that the words more likely to be

The Intel 8088 microprocessor has a read bus timing similar to that of Figure 3.19, but requires
four processor clock cycles. The valid data is on the bus for an amount of time that extends into
the fourth processor clock cycle. Assume a processor clock rate of 8 MHz. a. What is the
maximum data transfer rate? b. Rep

The program execution of Figure 3.5 is described in the text using six steps. Expand this
description to show the use of the MAR and MBR.

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What general categories of functions are specified by computer instructions?

List and briefly define the main structural components of a computer.

List and explain the key characteristics of a computer family.

For a set-associative cache, a main memory address is viewed as consisting of three fields. List
and define the three fields.

Consider a 32-bit microprocessor whose bus cycle is the same duration as that of a 16-bit
microprocessor. Assume that, on average, 20% of the operands and instructions are 32 bits long,
40% are 16 bits long, and 40% are only 8 bits long. Calculate the improvement achieved when
fetching instructions and operands with th

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For the Hamming code shown in Figure 5.10, show what happens when a check bit rather than a
data bit is in error?

What are the differences among EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory?

Describe a simple technique for implementing an LRU replacement algorithm in a four-way set-
associative cache.

What are two senses in which the term random-access memory is used?
What are the advantages of using a glass substrate for a magnetic disk?

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a. On the IAS, what would the machine code instruction look like to load the contents of memory
address 2? b. How many trips to memory does the CPU need to make to complete this instruction
during the instruction cycle?

Explain Moore's law.

A microprocessor has a memory write timing as shown in Figure 3.19. Its manufacturer specifies
that the width of the Write signal can be determined by T - 50, where T is the clock period in ns.
a. What width should we expect for the Write signal if bus clocking rate is 5 MHz? b. The data
sheet for the microprocessor

Draw and explain a timing diagram for a PCI write operation.

Figure 5.16 shows a simplified timing diagram for a DRAM read operation over a bus. The
access time is considered to last from t1 to t2. Then there is a recharge time, lasting from t2 to t3,
during which the DRAM chips will have to recharge before the processor can access them again.
a. Assume that the access time is

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The following table, based on data reported in the literature [HEAT84], shows the execution
times, in seconds, for five different benchmark programs on three machines. a. Compute the
speed metric for each processor for each benchmark, normalized to machine R. That is, the ratio
values for R are all 1.0. Other ratios a

What, in general terms, is the distinction between computer structure and computer function?

List and briefly define the functional groups of signal lines for PCI.

Consider two different machines, with two different instruction sets, both of which have a clock
rate of 200 MHz. The following measurements are recorded on the two machines running a
given set of benchmark programs: a. Determine the effective CPI, MIPS rate, and execution time
for each machine. b. Comment on the res

Consider a 32-bit microprocessor, with a 16-bit external data bus, driven by an 8-MHz input
clock. Assume that this microprocessor has a bus cycle whose minimum duration equals four
input clock cycles. What is the maximum data transfer rate across the bus that this
microprocessor can sustain, in bytes/s? To increase it

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Develop an SEC code for a 16-bit data word. Generate the code for the data word
0101000000111001. Show that the code will correctly identify an error in data bit 5.

List and briefly define two approaches to dealing with multiple interrupts.

Suggest reasons why RAMs traditionally have been organized as only 1 bit per chip whereas
ROMs are usually organized with multiple bits per chip.

What are the differences among sequential access, direct access, and random access?

Suppose an 8-bit data word stored in memory is 11000010. Using the Hamming algorithm,
determine what check bits would be stored in memory with the data word. Show how you got
your answer.

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List the following values: a. For the direct cache example of Figure 4.10: address length, number
of addressable units, block size, number of blocks in main memory, number of lines in cache,
size of tag b. For the associative cache example of Figure 4.12: address length, number of
addressable units, block size, numbe

Generalize Equations (4.2) and (4.3), in Appendix 4A, to N-level memory hierarchies. Equations
(4.2) Ts = H × T1 + (1 - H) × (T1 + T2) = T1 + (1 - H) × T2 Equations (4.3)

The hypothetical machine of Figure 3.4 also has two I/O instructions: 0011 = Load AC from I/O
0011 = Store AC to I/O In these cases, the 12-bit address identifies a particular I/O device. Show
the program execution (using the format of Figure 3.5) for the following program: 1. Load AC
from device 5. 2. Add content

Consider the example in Section 2.5 for the calculation of average CPI and MIPS rate, which
yielded the result of CPI = 2.24 and MIPS rate = 178. Now assume that the program can be
executed in eight parallel tasks or threads with roughly equal number of instructions executed in
each task. Execution is on an 8-core syst

Consider a cache with a line size of 64 bytes. Assume that on average 30% of the lines in the
cache are dirty. A word consists of 8 bytes. a. Assume there is a 3% miss rate (0.97 hit ratio).
Compute the amount of main memory traffic, in terms of bytes per instruction for both write-
through and write-back policies. Mem

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What are the key properties of semiconductor memory?

Consider a computer system that contains an I/O module controlling a simple keyboard/printer
teletype. The following registers are contained in the processor and connected directly to the
system bus: INPR: Input Register, 8 bits OUTR: Output Register, 8 bits FGI: Input Flag, 1 bit
FGO: Output Flag, 1 bit IEN: Inte

For a synchronous read operation (Figure 3.19), the memory module must place the data on the
bus sufficiently ahead of the falling edge of the Read signal to allow for signal settling. Assume a
microprocessor bus is clocked at 10 MHz and that the Read signal begins to fall in the middle of
the second half of T3. a. De

a. Consider an L1 cache with an access time of 1 ns and a hit ratio of H = 0.95. Suppose that we
can change the cache design (size of cache, cache organization) such that we increase H to 0.97,
but increase access time to 1.5 ns. What conditions must be met for this change to result in
improved performance? b. Explain

List and briefly define the possible states that define an instruction execution.

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In the IBM 360 Models 65 and 75, addresses are staggered in two separate main memory units
(e.g., all even-numbered words in one unit and all odd-numbered words in another).What might
be the purpose of this technique?

Consider a computer with the following characteristics: total of 1Mbyte of main memory; word
size of 1 byte; block size of 16 bytes; and cache size of 64 Kbytes. a. For the main memory
addresses of F0010, 01234, and CABBE, give the corresponding tag, cache line address, and
word offsets for a direct-mapped cache. b.

Explain the function of each pin in Figure 5.4b. Figure 5.4b

Consider a memory system that uses a 32-bit address to address at the byte level, plus a cache
that uses a 64-byte line size. a. Assume a direct mapped cache with a tag field in the address of
20 bits. Show the address format and determine the following parameters: number of addressable
units, number of blocks in main

Assume a processor having a memory cycle time of 300 ns and an instruction processing rate of
1 MIPS. On average, each instruction requires one bus memory cycle for instruction fetch and
one for the operand it involves. a. Calculate the utilization of the bus by the processor. b.
Suppose the processor is equipped wit

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Consider a hypothetical 32-bit microprocessor having 32-bit instructions composed of two fields:
the first byte contains the opcode and the remainder the immediate operand or an operand
address. a. What is the maximum directly addressable memory capacity (in bytes)? b. Discuss
the impact on the system speed if the mi
On the IAS, describe in English the process that the CPU must undertake to read a value from
memory and to write a value to memory in terms of what is put into the MAR, MBR, address
bus, data bus, and control bus.

Consider again Example 4.3. How does the answer change if the main memory uses a block
transfer capability that has a first-word access time of 30 ns and an access time of 5 ns for each
word thereafter?

A set-associative cache has a block size of four 16-bit words and a set size of 2. The cache can
accommodate a total of 4096 words. The main memory size that is cacheable is 64K 32 bits.
Design the cache structure and show how the processor's addresses are interpreted.

List and briefly define the main structural components of a processor.

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A unity feedback system with Gc(s) = K has Select a gain K so that the phase margin of the
system is 50°. Determine the gain margin for the selected gain,K.

Consider the system represented in state variable form v = Cx + Du, where C = [1000 0]. and D
= [0] Sketch the Bode plot.

Anesthesia can be administered automatically by a control system. For certain operations, such
as brain and eye surgery, involuntary muscle movements can be disastrous. To ensure adequate
operating conditions for the surgeon, muscle relaxant drugs, which block involuntary muscle
movements, are administered. A conventi

A set-associative cache consists of 64 lines, or slots, divided into four-line sets. Main memory
contains 4K blocks of 128 words each. Show the format of main memory addresses.

While browsing at Billy Bob's computer store, you overhear a customer asking Billy Bob what is
the fastest computer in the store that he can buy. Billy Bob replies, "You're looking at our
Macintoshes. The fastest Mac we have runs at a clock speed of 1.2 gigahertz. If you really want
the fastest machine, you should buy

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A simplified model of the control system for regulating the pupillary aperture in the human eye.
The gain K represents the pupillary gain, and r is the pupil time constant, which is 0.5 s. The
time delay 7" is equal to 0.5 s. The papillary gain is equal to 2. (a) Assuming the time delay is
negligible, sketch the Bode

A unity feedback control system has a loop transfer Function Determine the phase margin, the
crossover frequency, and the gain margin when K - 1300.
Understanding the behavior of a human steering an automobile remains an interesting subject
[14,15, 16, 21]. The design and development of systems for four-wheel steering, active
suspensions, active, independent braking, and "drive-by-wire" steering provide the engineer with
considerably more freedom in altering vehicl

A helicopter with a load on the end of a cable is shown in Figure AP8.4 (a).The position control
system is shown in Figure AP8.4 (b), where the visual feedback is represented by H(s). Sketch
the Bode diagram of the loop transfer function L(jω) = G(j(ω)H(j(ω).

Consider a simple model of an automobile driver following another car on the highway at high
speed. The model shown in Figure E9.20 incorporates the driver's reaction time, T. One driver
has T = 1 s, and another has T = 1.5 s. Determine the time response y(t) of the system for both
drivers for a step change in the comm

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In this chapter, we wish to use a PD controller such that Gc(s) = K(s + 2). The tachometer is not
used (see Figure CDP4.1). Plot the Bode diagram for the system when K = 40. Determine the
step response of this system and estimate the overshoot and settling time (with a 2% criterion).

The unmanned exploration of planets such as Mars requires a high level of autonomy because of
the communication delays between robots in space and their Earth-based stations. This affects all
the components of the system: planning, sensing, and mechanism. In particular, such a level of
autonomy can be achieved only if

A unity feedback system has the loop transfer function (a) Determine the phase margin of the
system when K = 0.16. (b) Use the phase margin to estimate £ and predict the overshoot, (c)
Calculate the actual response for this second-order system, and compare the result with the part
(b) estimate.

A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function (a) Plot the Bode diagram and (b)
determine the gain K required to obtain a phase margin of 30°. What is the steady-state error
for a ramp input for the gain of part(b)?'

In the United States, billions of dollars are spent annually for solid waste collection and disposal.
One system, which uses a remote control pick-up arm for collecting waste bags, is shown in
Figure P9.19. The loop transfer function of the remote pick-up arm is (a) Plot the Nichols chart
and show that the gain margin

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A table is used to position vials under a dispenser head, as shown in Figure DP8.3(a). The
objective is speed, accuracy, and smooth motion in order to eliminate spilling. The position
control system is shown in Figure DP8.3(b). Since we want small overshoot for a step input and
yet desire a short settling time, we will

Driverless vehicles can be used in warehouses, airports, and many other applications. These
vehicles follow a wire embedded in the floor and adjust the steerable front wheels in order to
maintain proper direction, as shown in Figure P8.7(a) [10]. The sensing coils, mounted on the
front wheel assembly, detect an error i

Consider the feedback system shown in Figure P9.28 with the process transfer function given as
The controller is the proportional controller Gc(s) = KP (a) Determine a value of KP such that
the phase margin is approximately P.M ≈ 45°. (b) Using the P.M. obtained, predict the
percent overshoot of the closed-loop

Consider the feedback system in Figure CP8.6. Obtain the Bode plots of the loop and closed-
loop transfer functions using an m-file. FIGURE CP8.6 Closed-loop feedback system.

Anesthesia is used in surgery to induce unconsciousness. One problem with drug-induced

unconsciousness is large differences in patient responsiveness. Furthermore, the patient response
changes during an operation. A model of drug-induced anesthesia control is shown in Figure
AP9.2. The proxy for unconsciousness is the

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A system has the loop transfer function where K = 10.5. Show that the system crossover (O dB)
frequency is 5 rad/s and that the phase margin is 40°.

A control system for a chemical concentration control system. The system receives a granular
feed of varying composition, and we want to maintain a constant composition of the output
mixture by adjusting the feed-flow valve. The transfer function of the tank and output valve is
The transport of the feed along the conve

Electro hydraulic servomechanisms are used in control systems requiring a rapid response for a
large mass. An electro hydraulic servomechanism can provide an output of 100 kW or greater
[17]. A photo of a servo valve and actuator.

A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function Determine the range of K for which the
system is stable using the Nyquist plot.

A unity feedback system has the loop transfer function Generate a plot of the bandwidth versus
the parameter p as 0 < p < 1.

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Consider the system described in state variable form by y(t) = Cx(t) where Compute the phase
margin.
Consider a unity feedback system with the loop transfer function (a) For K = 4, show that the
gain margin is 3.5 dB. (b) If we wish to achieve a gain margin equal to 16 dB, determine the
value of the gain K.

Consider the system of Figure DPS.7. Consider the controller to be a proportional plus integral
plus derivative (PID) given by Design the PID controller gains to achieve (a) an acceleration
constant Ka = 2, (b) a phase margin of P.M.≥ 45°, and (c) a bandwidth ωb > 3.0. Plot the
response of the closed-loop system t

Consider a unity feedback system with the loop transfer function (a) Sketch the Bode diagram
for K = 4. Determine (b) the gain margin, (c) the value of K required to provide a gain margin
equal to 12 dB, and (d) the value of K to yield a steady-state error of 25% of the magnitude A for
the ramp input r(t) = At, t >

A specialty machine shop is improving the efficiency of its surface-grinding process [21]. The
existing machine is mechanically sound, but manually operated. Automating the machine will
free the operator for other tasks and thus increase overall throughput of the machine shop. The
grinding machine with all three axes a

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Welding processes have been automated over the past decades. Weld quality features, such as
final metallurgy and joint mechanics, typically are not measurable online for control. Therefore,
some indirect way of controlling the weld quality is necessary. A comprehensive approach to in-
process control of welding includes

An electric carrier that automatically follows a tape track laid out on a factory floor is shown in
Figure P9.16(a) [15]. Closed-loop feedback systems are used to control the guidance and speed
of the vehicle. The cart senses the tape path by means of an array of 16 phototransistors. The
block diagram of the steering s

Consider the automatic ship-steering system discussed in Problem P8.ll. The frequency response
of the open-loop portion of the ship steering control system is shown in Figure P8.ll. The
deviation of the tanker from the straight track is measured by radar and is used to generate the
error signal, as shown in Figure P9.1

A vertical takeoff (VTOL) aircraft is an inherently unstable vehicle and requires an automatic
stabilization system. An attitude stabilization system for the K-16B U.S. Army VTOL aircraft
has been designed and is shown in block diagram. At 40 knots, the dynamics of the vehicle are
approximately represented by the trans

Consider the closed-loop transfer function Develop an m-file to, obtain the Bode plot and verify
that the resonant frequency is 5 rad/s and that the peak magnitude M pω is 14 dB.
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The asymptotic log-magnitude curves for two transfer functions are given in Figure P8.6. Sketch
the corresponding asymptotic phase shift curves for each system. Determine the transfer function
for each system. Assume that the systems have minimum phase transfer functions.

For the system of E9.25, determine Mpω, and ωB for the closed-loop frequency response by
using the Nichols chart.

Operational spacecraft undergo substantial mass property and configuration changes during their
lifetime [25]. For example, the inertias change considerably during operations. Consider the
orientation control system shown in Figure AP9.1. (a) Plot the Bode diagram, and determine the
gain and phase margins when ωn2 =

A closed-loop system has the loop transfer function (a) Determine the gain K so that the phase
margin is 60° when T - 0.2. (b) Plot the phase margin versus the time delay T for K as in part
(a).

A direct-drive arm is an innovative mechanical arm in which no reducers are used between
motors and their loads. Because the motor rotors are directly coupled to the loads, the drive
systems have no backlash, small friction, and high mechanical stiffness, which are all important
features for fast and accurate positioni

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Consider the control system depicted where the plant is a "black box" for which little is known in
the way of mathematical models. The only information available on the plant is the frequency
response. Design a controller Gc(s) to meet the following specifications: (i) The crossover
frequency is between 10 rad/s and 50

The space shuttle carries large payloads into space and returns them to earth for reuse [19]. The
shuttle uses elevons at the trailing edge of the wing and a brake on the tail to control the flight
during entry. The block diagram of a pitch rate control system is shown in Figure P9.9(b). The
sensor is represented by a

A system is shown in Figure AP8.2. The nominal value of the parameter b is 4.0. Determine the
sensitivity FIGURE AP8.2 System with parameter b.

A spring-mass-damper system is shown in Figure AP8.1(a).The Bode diagram obtained by

experimental means using a sinusoidal forcing function is shown FIGURE AP8.1 A spring-mass
damper system.

The Nichols diagram for Gc(jω)G(jω) of a closed loop system is shown in Figure P9.22.The
frequency for each point on the graph is given in the following table: Determine (a) the resonant
frequency, (b) the bandwidth, (c) The phase margin, and (d) the gain margin. (e) Estimate the
overshoot and settling time (with

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The Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey Tilt rotor is both an airplane and a helicopter. Its advantage is the
ability to rotate its engines to a vertical position, as shown in Figure P7.33(a), for takeoffs and
landings and then switch the engines to a horizontal position for cruising as an airplane. The
altitude control system in

A closed-loop system with unity feedback has a transfer function (a) Determine the loop transfer
function Gc(s) G(s). (b) Plot the log-magnitude-phase (similar to Figure 8.27), and identify the
frequency points for co equal to 1,10,50,110, and 500. (c) Is the open-loop system stable? Is the
closed-loop system stable?

A block diagram of a second-order system is shown in Figure CP8.5. FIGURE CP8.5 A second-
order feedback controlsystem.

Patients with a cardio logical illness and less than normal heart muscle strength can benefit from
an assistance device. An electric ventricular assist device (EVAD) converts electric power into
blood flow by moving a pusher plate against a flexible blood sac. The pusher plate reciprocates
to eject blood in systole and

Consider the wind tunnel control system of Problem P7.31 for K = 326. Obtain the Bode
diagram and show that the P.M. = 25° and that the G.M. = 10 dB. Also, show that the
bandwidth of the closed-loop system is 6 rad/s.

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Consider again the system of E9.21 when K = 438. Determine the closed-loop system
bandwidth, resonant frequency, and Mpω using the Nichols chart.

A closed-loop system with unity feedback has a loop transfer function (a) Determine the gain K
so that the phase margin is 45°. (b) For the gain K selected in part (a), determine the gain
margin, (c) Predict the bandwidth of the closed-loop system.

Consider again the system which uses a PI controller. Let and determine the gain KP that
provides the maximum phase margin.

The primary objective of many control systems is to maintain the output variable at the desired
or reference condition when the system is subjected to a disturbance [22]. A typical chemical
reactor control scheme. The disturbance is represented by U(s), and the chemical process by G3
and G4. The controller is represent
Building elevators are limited to about 800 meters. Above that height, elevator cables and too
heavy for practical use. One solution is to eliminate the cable. The key to the cordless elevator is
the linear motor technology now being applied to the development of magnetically levitated rail
transportation systems. Unde

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A Nichols chart is given in Figure E9.14 for a system with Gc(jω)G(jω)). Using the following
table, find (a) the peak resonance Mpω) in dB; (b) the resonant frequency cor; (c) the 3-dB
bandwidth; and (d) the phase margin of the system.

A closed-loop feedback system is shown in Figure E9.31. Sketch the Bode plot and determine
the phase margin. FIGURE E9.31 Non unity feedback system.

A single-input, single-output system is described b y (t) = [0 l]x(/) (a) Determine p and K such
that the unit step response exhibits a zero steady-state error and the percent overshoot meets the
requirement P.O. ≤ 5%. (b) For the values of p and K determined in part (a), determine the
system damping ratio

Electronics and computers arc being used to control automobiles. An example of an automobile
control system, the steering control for a research automobile. The control stick is used for
steering. A typical driver has a reaction time of T = 0.2 s. (a) Using the Nichols chart, determine
the magnitude of the gain K th

Sketch the logarithmic-magnitude versus phase angle curves for the transfer functions (a) and (b)
of Problem P8.1.

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A system has the loop transfer function Plot the Bode diagram. Show that the phase margin is
approximately 17.5° and that the gain margin is approximately 26.2 dB.

A multi loop block diagram. (a) Compute the transfer function T(s) = Y(s)/R(s). (b) Determine K
such that the steady-state tracking error to a unit step input R(s) = 1/s is zero. Plot the unit step
response. (c) Using K from part (b). compute the system bandwidth ωb.

(b) Find a suitable contour Ts in the .v-plane that can be used to determine whether all the roots
of the characteristic equation have real parts less than s = -σ1. (c) Using the contour of part (b)
and Cauchy's theorem, determine whether the following characteristic equation has roots with
real parts less than s = -

Consider a unity feedback system with the loop transfer function Find the bandwidth of the
closed-loop system.
A unity negative feedback system has the loop transfer function Determine the closed-loop
system bandwidth. Using the bode function obtain the Bode plot and label the plot with the
bandwidth.

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Consider the system that compute the loop transfer function L(s), and sketch the Bode plot.
Determine the phase margin and gain margin when the controller gain K = 5.

As an automobile moves along the road, the vertical displacements at the tires act as the motion
excitation to the automobile suspension system [16]. Figure FIGURE AP8.3 Auto suspension
system model. AP8.3 is a schematic diagram of a simplified automobile suspension system, for
which we assume the input is sinusoidal

For the system of E9.8, find the phase margin of the system for K - 5.

For the following transfer functions, sketch the Bode plots, then verify with the bode function:

A model of an automobile driver attempting to steer a course, where K = 5.3. (a) Find the
frequency response and the gain and phase margins when the reaction time T is zero, (b) Find the
phase margin when the reaction time is 0.1 s. (c) Find the reaction time that will cause the system
to be borderline stable (phase ma

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For the Nyquist plots of Problem P8.1, use the Nyquist criterion to ascertain the stability of the
various systems. In each case, specify the values of N, P, and Z.

Sketch the Nyquist plots of the following loop transfer functions L(s) - Gc(s)G(s), and determine
whether the system is stable by applying the Nyquist criterion: If the system is stable, find the
maximum value for K by determining the point where the Nyquist plot crosses the w-axis.

A loop transfer function is Using the contour in the .y-plane shown in Figure E9.29, determine
the corresponding contour in the F(s)-plane (B = - 1 + /). FIGURE E9.29 Contour in the s-plane.

A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function Determine the phase margin and the
crossover frequency.

Consider a system with a loop transfer function We wish to obtain a resonant peak Mpω) = 3.0
dB for the closed-loop system. The peak occurs between 6 and 9 rad/s and is only 1.25 dB. Plot
the Nichols chart for the range of frequency from 6 to 15 rad/s. Show that the system gain needs
to be raised by 4.6 dB to 171. De

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A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function where K = 1 / 2and T = 1. The polar plot
for Gc(jω)G(jaω) is shown in Figure E9.24. Determine whether the system is stable by using
the Nyquist criterion. FIGURE E9.24 Polar plot for Gc(s)G(s) = K/(-1 + TS).

For each of the following transfer functions, sketch the Bode plot and determine the crossover
frequency (that is, the frequency at which 20 log10 |G(jω) | = OdB):

An integrated CMOS digital circuit can be represented by the Bode diagram shown in Figure
E9.5. (a) Find the gain and phase margins of the circuit. (b) Estimate how much we would need
to reduce the system gain (dB) to obtain a phase margin of 60°.

The Nyquist plot of a conditionally stable system for a specific gain K. (a) Determine whether
the system is stable, and find the number of roots (if any) in the right-hand s-plane. The system
has no poles of Gc (s)G(s) in the right half-plane, (b) Determine whether the system is stable if
the - 1 point lies at the dot

A unity feedback system with the loop transfer function where T1 = 0.02 and T2 = 0.2 s. (a)
Select a gain K so that the steady-state error for a ramp input is 10% of the magnitude of the
ramp function A, where r(l) = At, ≥ 0. (b) Plot the Bode plot of Gc(s)G(s), and determine the
phase and gain margins. (c) Using th

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An integrated circuit is available to serve as a feedback system to regulate the output voltage of a
power supply. The Bode diagram of the required loop transfer function Gc(J(ω)G(J(ω).
Estimate the gain and phase margins of the regulator.

A controller is used to regulate the temperature of a mold for plastic part fabrication. The value
of the delay time is estimated at 1.2 s. (a) Using the Nyquist criterion, determine the stability of
the system for Ka = K = 1. (b) Determine a suitable value for Ka for a stable system that will
yield a phase margin gre

A speed control for a gasoline engine because of the restriction at the carburetor intake and the
capacitance of the reduction manifold, the lag T¬1, occurs and is equal to 1 second. The engine
time constant re is equal to J/b = 3 s. The speed measurement time constant is Te = 0.4 s. (a)
Determine the necessary gain

Consider the problem of controlling an inverted pendulum on a moving base, as shown in Figure
CP8.8 (a).The transfer function of the system is The design objective is to balance the pendulum
(i.e., 0(f) ≈ 0) in the presence of disturbance inputs. A block diagram representation of the
system is depicted in Figure CP8

A closed-loop system has a loop transfer function (a) Determine the gain K so that the phase
margin is 60°. (b) For the gain K selected in part (a), determine the gain margin of the system.
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NASA is planning many Mars missions with rover vehicles. A typical rover is a solar-powered
vehicle which will see where it is going with TV cameras and will measure distance to objects
with laser range finders. It will be able to climb a 30° slope in dry sand and will carry a
spectrometer that can determine the chemi

Machine tools are often automatically controlled. These automatic systems are often called
numerical machine controls [9]. On each axis, the desired position of the machine tool is
compared with the actual position and is used to actuate a solenoid coil and the shaft of a
hydraulic actuator. The transfer function of th

A system has a loop transfer function (a) For K = 4, show that the gain margin is 3.5 dB. (b) If
we wish to achieve a gain margin equal to 16 dB, determine the value of the gain K.

A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function Determine the maximum gain K for which
the phase margin is at least 40° and the gain margin is at least 6 dB. What are the gain margin
and phase margin for this value of K?

The control of a paper-making machine is quite complex [27]. The goal is to deposit the proper
amount of fiber suspension (pulp) at the right speed and in a uniform way. Dewatering, fiber
deposition, rolling, and drying then take place in sequence. Control of the paper weight per unit
area is very important. For the co

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The pure time delay e-sT may be approximated by a transfer function as for 0 < ω < 2/T.
Obtain the Bode diagram for the actual transfer function and the approximation for T = 0.2 for 0
< ω < 10.

A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function (a) Find the maximum magnitude of the
closed-loop frequency response using the Nichols chart, (b) Find the bandwidth and the resonant
frequency of this system. (c) Use these frequency measures to estimate the overshoot of the
system to a step response.

A control system is shown. The gain K is greater than 500 and less than 3000. Select a gain that
will cause the system step response to have an overshoot of less than 20%. Plot the Nichols
diagram, and calculate the phase margin.

Consider a unity feedback system with the loop transfer function (a) Plot the Bode diagram, (b)
Find the gain margin and the phase margin.

Consider the system that determine the maximum value of K = Kmax for which the closed-loop
system is stable. Plot the phase margin as a function of the gain 1 ≤ K ≤ Kmax. Explain
what happens to the phase margin as K approaches K max.
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An actuator for a disk drive uses a shock mount to absorb vibrational energy at approximately 60
Hz [14]. The Bode diagram of G(.(s)G(s) of the control system is shown in Figure E9.18. (a)
Find the expected percent overshoot for a step input for the closed-loop (a) Plot the Bode
diagram and (b) determine the gain] K r

A feedback control system is shown in Figure P8.8.The specification for the closed-loop system
requires that the overshoot to a step input be less than 15%. (a) Determine the corresponding
specification Mpω in the frequency domain for the closed-loop transfer function (b) Determine
the resonant frequency ωr. (c) Det

The system of Figure CDP4.1 uses a controller Gc (s) = K0. Determine the value of Ku so that
the phase margin is 70°. Plot the response of this system to a step input.

A unity feedback system has a loop transfer function (a) Using a Bode diagram for K = 10,
determine the system phase margin, (b) Select a gain K so that the phase margin is at least 60°.

Design a filter, G(s), with the following frequency response: 1. For ω < 1 rad/s, the magnitude
20 log1() |G(jω)|< OdB 2. For 1 < ω < 1000 rad/s, the magnitude 201og10 | G(jω) | ≥
OdB 3. For co > 1000 rad/s, the magnitude 20 logI0 |G(jω) | < OdB Try to maximize the peak
magnitude as close to oo - 40 rad/s a

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A robot with an extended arm has a heavy load, whose effect is a disturbance, as shown in Figure
P10.15 [22]. Let R(s) = 0 and design Gc(s) so that the effect of the disturbance is less than 20%
of the open loop system effect.

The Manutec robot has large inertia and arm length resulting in a challenging control problem, as
shown in Figure AP10.8(a). The block diagram model of the system is shown in Figure
AP10.8(b).The plant dynamics are represented by The percentage overshoot for a step input
should be less than 20% with a rise time less t

The system of Advanced Problem AP 10.1 is required to have a percent overshoot less than 13%
with a steady state error for a unit ramp input less than 0.125(Kv = 8). Design a proportional plus
integral (PI) controller to meet the specifications.

An op-amp circuit is shown in Figure AP8.7. The circuit represents a lead compensator discussed
in more detail in Chapter 10. (a) Determine the transfer function of this circuit. (b) Sketch the
frequency response of the circuit

μ(t) = sin(ωt) is less than 1 for all co. For the values you selected for k and b, what is the
frequency at which the peak response occurs?
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Consider a unity negative feedback control system With Verify that the gain margin is co and
that the phase margin is 10°.

The possibility of overcoming wheel friction, wear, and vibration by contactless suspension for
passenger-carrying mass-transit vehicles is being investigated throughout the world. One design
uses a magnetic suspension with an attraction force between the vehicle and the guide way with
an accurately controlled air gap.

A chemical reactor process whose production rate is a function of catalyst addition is shown in
block diagram form in Figure P10.7 [10]. The time delay is T = 50 s, and the time constant T is
approximately 40 s. The gain of the process is K = 1. Design a compensation by using Bode
diagram methods in order to provide a

A driver and car may be represented by the simplified model shown. The goal is to have the
speed adjust to a step input with less than 10% overshoot and a settling time (with a 2%
criterion) of 1 second. Select a proportional plus integral (PI) controller to yield these
specifications. For the selected controller, dete

A unity feedback system has A lead network is selected so that Determine the peak magnitude
and the bandwidth of the closed-loop frequency response using (a) the Nichols chart, and (b) a
plot of the closed-loop frequency response.

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The non unity feedback control system shown in Figure E10.18 has the transfer functions Design
a compensator Gt.(s) and prefilter Gp(s) so that the closed-loop system is stable and meets the
following specifications: (i) a percent overshoot to a unit step input of less than 10%, (ii) a
settling time of less than 2 sec

A unity feedback system has the loop transfer function where T is a time delay and K is the
controller proportional gain. The block diagram is illustrated in Figure P10.35. The nominal
value of K =2. Plot the phase margin of the system for 0 < T s 2 s when K = 2. What happens to
the phase margin as the time delay incr

The primary control loop of a nuclear power plant includes a time delay due to the need to
transport the fluid from the reactor to the measurement point. The transfer function of the
controller is The transfer function of the reactor and time delay is where T = 0.4 s and T = 0.2 s.
Using frequency response methods, d

For the system and requirements of Problem P10.39, determine the required compensator when
the steady-state error for the ramp input must be equal to 0.02.
Consider a unity negative feedback system with where K is set equal to 100 in order to achieve a
specified Kv = 2. We wish to add a lead-lag compensator Show that the gain margin of the
compensated system is 28.6 dB and that the phase margin is 75.4°.

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Consider again the system of Exercise 10.9. Select KP and Kf so that the step response is
deadbeat and the settling time (with a 2% criterion) is less than 2 seconds.

A negative feedback control system has a transfer function We select a compensator in order to
achieve zero steady-state error for a step input. Select a and K so that the overshoot to a step is
approximately 5% and the settling time (with a 2% criterion) is approximately 1 second.

Consider the system represented in state variable form y = [8 0]x + [0]μ Using the nyquist
function, obtain the polar plot.

A control system with a controller is shown. We will select Kf = 2 in order to provide a

reasonable steady-state error to a step [8], Find KP to obtain a phase margin of 60°. Find the
peak time and percent overshoot of this system.

NASA is developing remote manipulators that can be used to extend the hand and the power of
humankind through space by means of radio. A concept of a remote manipulator is shown. The
closed-loop control is shown schematically. Assuming an average distance of 238,855 miles
from Earth to the Moon, the time delay T in tra

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A robot tennis player is shown, and a simplified control system for θ2(t) is shown. The goal of
the control system is to attain the best step response while attaining a high Kv for the system.
Select Kv1 = 0.4 and Kv2 = 0.75, and determine the phase margin, gain margin, bandwidth.
percent overshoot, and settling time

Consider again the system and specifications of Exercise E10.15 when the required crossover
frequency is 2 rad/s.

A two-tank system containing a heated liquid has the model, where T() is the temperature of the
fluid flowing into the first tank and T2 is the temperature of the liquid flowing out of the second
tank. The block diagram model is shown in Figure DP9.9(b). The system of the two tanks has a
heater in tank 1 with a contro

Consider the extender robot presented in AP6.7. The block diagram of the system is shown in
Figure P10.33 [14]. The goal is that the compensated system will have a velocity constant K "
equal to 80, so that the settling time (with a 2% criterion) will be 1.6 seconds, and that the
overshoot will be 16%, so that the domi