World University of Bangladesh

Lab Report
On
Electrical Circuit Lab

Submitted to:
Md. Sharif Uddin
Lecturer
Department of EEE
World University of Bangladesh

Submitted By:
Nasir Mahmud Apar
ID: WUB 03/17/37/2071
Batch: 37(E)
Computer Science & Engineering
World University of Bangladesh

Date of Submission: July 29, 2020

Index
Exp No. Exp Name
01 Introduction to The Electrical Lab Instruments and Verification of Ohm’s Law.
02 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) & Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
03 To Study Delta –Star Connection.
04 Study of Mesh Analysis.
Experiment No: 01 (a)
Experiment Name: Introduction to the Electrical Lab Instruments and Verification of Ohm’s
Law.
Task 1(a): Introduction to the Electrical Lab Instruments.
Objectives:
▪ To familiarize with the basic measuring instruments.
▪ To verify the Ohm’s Law.
▪ To understand significance of Ohm’s Law.

1. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Multimeter

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric
currents are measured in amperes (A). Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the
milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters.
▪ The ammeters have very LOW internal resistance, and can be damaged when placed in
parallel loss circuit elements.
▪ The ammeter can be used to measure the direction of current flow, provided to follow
the convention of red to positive.

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two
points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion
to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use
of an analog to digital converter.
▪ Some of the current flowing in the circuit actually flows through the voltmeter. This
current must be very small in relation to the total circuit current I. Thus, the internal
resistance of a voltmeter is very high.
▪ A voltmeter measures a voltage change, which may be positive or negative. All
voltmeters are designed to give a positive reading whenever the red probe is placed on
the side of the circuit element that is closest to the positive pole of the battery. Red to
positive.
A multimeter or a multitasker, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), is an
electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a
microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM)
have a numeric display.

2. Breadboard

A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs.

Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads
or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where appropriate.

The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connects the holes on the top of
the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. The internal connections inside the
breadboard run in both vertical and horizontal lines. It is important to remember that

▪ The vertical connections are in groups of five.

▪ The horizontal connections are in groups of twenty-five.
▪ No group of five (or twenty-five) is interconnected with any other group of five (or twenty-
five).
3. DC Power supply

A DC power supply is one that supplies a voltage of fixed polarity (either positive or negative)
to its load. Depending on its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or
from an AC source such as the power mains. Some DC power supplies use AC mains electricity
as an energy source. Such power supplies will sometimes employ a transformer to convert the
input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the transformer
output voltage to a varying DC voltage, which in turn is passed through an electronic filter to
convert it to an unregulated DC voltage.

4. Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements etc.

Unit of Resistance

The SI unit of resistance is the Ohm, and the unit symbol is the capital Greek letter omega Ω.
Unit prefixes are used for writing convenience. For example, the prefixes k and M represent
and, respectively. Thus, 33000 is written as 33 kΩ (33kilohoms), and 1200 000 as 1.2 MΩ (1.2
megohms).
Resistance Nominal Values and Tolerances

Resistor manufacturers print resistance values on resistor casings either in numerical form or
in a color code. These values, though, are only nominal values. They are only approximately
equal to the actual resistances. The possible percentage variation of resistance about the
nominal value is called the tolerance. The popular carbon-composition resistors have tolerances
of 20, 10, and 5 percent, which means that the actual resistances can vary from the nominal
values by as much as ±20, ±10, and ±5 percent of the nominal values.

Color Code:

The most popular resistance color code has nominal resistance values and tolerances indicated
by the colors of either three or four bands around the resistor casing, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
(Sometimes there is a fifth band for failure rate. It will not be considered.

The colors of the first and second bands correspond, respectively, to the first two digits of the
nominal resistance. The first digit, though, is never a zero. The color of the third band, except
for silver and gold, corresponds to the number of zeros that follow the first two digits, i.e.

▪ Band A is the first significant figure of component value (left side)

▪ Band B is the second significant figure (some precision resistors have a third significant
figure,
▪ and thus, five bands).
▪ Band C is the decimal multiplier
▪ Band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no band means 20%)

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red, and gold has first digit 4 (yellow in
table below), second digit 7 (violet), followed by 2 (red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that
the tolerance is ±5%, so the real resistance could lie anywhere between 4,465 and 4,935 ohms.

Color code table is as follows:

Experiment No: 01 (b)
Experiment Name: Introduction to the Electrical Lab Instruments and Verification of Ohm’s
Law.
Task 1(b) Verification of Ohm’s Law.
Objectives:
▪ To familiarize with the basic measuring instruments.
▪ To verify the Ohm’s Law.
▪ To understand significance of Ohm’s Law.

Theory:
Electricity is the flow of electric charge carriers. It is measured quantitatively by amount of
electric current I (Amperes), through the circuit element of interest. In order to create electricity
through a circuit element a potential difference ∆V (Volts), must be created across that element.
Ohm’s law basically dictates the relationship between potential difference ∆V (Volts) and
electric current I (Amperes) in an ideal conductor. The statement of this law is:
The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current
through it.
Mathematically this can be expressed as:
∆V α I
∆V= IR
The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance",
R (measured in ohms or Ω),
∆V =Potential difference across the resistor (volts),
I=Current or electric current through the resistor (amperes).
Equipment:
▪ Trainer Board 1 piece
▪ DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
▪ Resistors (1kΩ and 2.2kΩ) 1 piece each
▪ Multimeter 1 unit
▪ Chords and wire as requested

Circuit Diagram
Data Collection & Observation Sheet:

Value of R1 =260 Ω

VSUPPLY (Volts) ∆V (Volts) I (mA) ∆V/I (kΩ)

20 20.0 0.07 285.71
36 36.0 0.14 257.14
45 45.0 0.17 264.71
58 58.0 0.22 263.64
75 75.0 0.29 258.62

Value of R1 =560 Ω

VSUPPLY (Volts) ∆V (Volts) I (mA) ∆V/I (kΩ)

12 12.0 0.02 600.00
24 24.0 0.04 600.00
48 48.0 0.08 600.00
80 80.0 0.14 571.43
120 120.0 0.21 571.43

From the above two tables we can see that for a particular value of a Resistor the Current is
proportional to the values of voltage supplies and also for a particular voltage supply the current is
proportional to the values of resistors.

Simulation Videos & File: Click Here

Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) & Kirchhoff’s
Current Law (KCL).
Task 2(a): Verification Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL).
Objective:
▪ To verify the KVL and KCL.
Equipment:
▪ Trainer Board 1 piece
▪ DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
▪ Resistors (155Ω, 240Ω, 420 Ω) 1 piece each
▪ Multimeter 1 unit
▪ Chords and wire as requested

Theory:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): When any source of electromotive force (e.g. battery) is
connected across a close circuit, it drives electric charges through various branches by using
on charge carriers. This continuous pushing mechanism requires the battery to provide energy
in an uninterrupted fashion. Since energy is conserved, so the total energy dissipated in various
circuit elements must be equal to the total energy supplied by the sources of e.m.f. Since the
potential difference actually represents amount of work done per unit charge, therefore the
conservation of energy actually requires that the total rises (supply) in potentials must be
exactly equal to the total amount of potential drops (dissipations), and this is the basic idea
behind KVL.
KVL states that the voltage rise must be equal to the voltage drops around a close loop.
An alternate statement of which is:
The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero.
Mathematically this can be expressed as:
∑kn=1 ∆V=0, around any closed loop,
(Where, k is the total number of elements present in that particular loop).

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): Just like the law of conservation of energy there is a
principle of conservation of charge, in physics. According to this principle electric charge can
neither be created nor destroyed. The net quantity of electric charge in the universe is always
conserved.
When we are dealing with electrical circuits (and also electronic), we have to admit that charges
are flowing through different branches and find their ways to various nodes (junction points),
by virtue of the electric current. Now let us merge this idea with the conservation of charge. If
the net inflow of charges at a particular node would have been larger than the outflow, then it
would mean that the charges are getting destroyed at that node. On the other hand, a greater
outflow would require that the charges got created at the node. Both of these possibilities are
ruled out by the principle of conservation of charge. So, it is clear that the amount of charges
entering a particular node and leaving that node at any given time must be equal. Since the flow
rate of electric charges is measured by the electric current I (amperes), therefore, we can decide
that
- The net current entering into a node must be equal to the net current leaving that node,
and this is the basically the KCL.
For example, if we apply KCL to a typical node as showed in Fig. 01, then we can write
I1+I4=I2+I3+I5- - - - (1)
Here, I1 and I4 are entering and I2, I3 and I5 are leaving.
Again, we can write equation (1) into two different forms –
I1+I4+(-I2) +(-I3) +(-I5) =0- - - - (2)
And, I2+I3+I5 +(- I1) +(- I4) =0- - - ---- (3)
From (2) we can also state that the algebraic sum of all currents entering a node is zero, and
similarly from (3) it can be stated that the algebraic sum of all currents leaving a node is zero.
Task 1: Verifying KVL
Circuit Diagram:
Data Collection & Observation Sheet:
Observation R1 (Ω) R2 (Ω) R3 (Ω) V(volt) V1(volt) V2(volt) V3(volt) I(mA)
Experimental 155 420 240 12 2.22 6.22 3.56 10

Here the algebraic sum of voltage rises and drop = 12 – 2.22 – 6.22 – 3.56
=0
We have seen that the algebraic sum of voltage rises and drops are equal to zero and this prove
the KVL.
Simulation File: Click Here

Task 2: Verifying KCL

Circuit Diagram:

I
I1 I2 I3

Data Collection & Observation Sheet:

R R1 R2 R3 V I I1 I2 I3
Observation
(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (volt) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)
Experimental 88.89 200 240 480 24v 270 120 100 50

Here,
I = I1 + I2 + I3
270 = 120 + 100 +50
270 = 270
We have seen that the entering current are equal to leaving current and this prove the KCL.
Simulation File: Click Here
Experiment No: 03
Experiment Name: TO STUDY DELTA –STAR CONNECTION.
Objective:
▪ To study the properties of delta-star connection.

Equipment:
▪ Trainer Board 1 piece
▪ DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
▪ Resistors as requested
▪ Multimeter 1 unit
▪ Chords and wire as requested

Theory:
In solving networks (having considerable number of branches) by the application of Kirchhoff's
Laws, one sometimes experiences great difficulty due to a large number of simultaneous
equations that have to be solve. However, such complicated networks can simplify by
successively replacing delta meshes by equivalent star systems and vice versa.

Suppose we are given three resistance R 12, R 23 and R 13 connected in delta fashion between
terminals 1,2 and 3 as in Fig.(1-a). So far as the respective terminals are concerned, these given
three resistances can be replaced by the three resistances R 1, R 2 and R 3 connected in star as
shown in Fig.(1-b). These two arrangements will be electrically equivalent if the resistance as
measured between any pair of terminals is the same in both arrangements.
Circuit Diagram:

Discussion and Calculation:

Here Resistor Values of Delta Connection,
R13 = 80 Ω
R12 = 150 Ω
R23 = 240 Ω
Resistor Values of Star Connection,
R13 + R12
R1 = R23 + R12 + R13
80 * 150
= 80+150+240

= 25.53 Ω
Similarly,
R2 = 76.59 Ω
R3 = 40.85 Ω
I1 I2 I3
Delta Connection 0.04 0.06 0.02
Star Connection 0.04 0.06 0.02

Discussion:
In the delta connection there are 3 resistors, then we convert the delta connection to star
connection. And the current of 3 points, Point-1, Point-2 and Point-3 remains same.

Simulation File: Click Here

Experiment No: 04
Experiment Name: STUDY OF MESH ANALYSIS.
Objective:
▪ To solve a circuit using mesh analysis.

Equipment:
▪ Trainer Board 1 piece
▪ DC Voltage Supply 1 unit
▪ Resistors (20,60,40) 1 unit each
▪ Multimeter 1 unit
▪ Chords and wire as requested

Theory:
Mesh analysis is a method through which the loop (or mesh) currents of a network can be
determined. The branch currents of the network can then be determined directly from the loop
currents. To solve an N mesh circuit, a set of N simultaneous equations are needed. There are
several ways to derive a solution (i.e. Matrix algebra). Followings are the steps for the mesh
analysis method: -
Step1: Identify the number of basic meshes. Mesh is a closed loop network (Fig 1a).

Step 2: Assign a current to each mesh (Fig. 1b).

Step 3: Apply KVL around each loop to get an equation in terms of the loop currents (Fig. 1c).
Step 4: Solve the resulting system of linear equations. For example (Fig. 1c)
V 1 + I1 R1 + (I1 - I2) R3 = 0
I2 R2 + V2 + (I2 -I1) R3 = 0
Circuit Diagram:

Discussion and Calculation:

V1 12
I1 = R1+R3 = = 0.2
20+40
V2 10
I2 = R2+R3 = = 0.1
60+40

Observation I1(A) I2(A)

Experimental Data 0.2 0.1
Calculated Data 0.18 0.02

From the above table we can see that the values of I1 & I2 are not matched with experimental
data and calculated data. If we remove any of the connection from R1 or R2 then we can find
the accurate value of one mesh.

Simulation File: Click Here