Fault Analysis in Transmission System

March 18 – 21, 2013

Padang, INDONESIA

Conducted by
Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim, Ph.D., P. Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE
Principal Technical Expert (Protection System Analysis)

Engineering Department, TNB Transmission Division,

Level 19, Bangunan Dua Sentral, No. 8 Jalan
Tun Sambanthan,50470 Kuala Lumpur,
MALAYSIA
 FAULT ANALYSIS
IN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Engineering Department, TNB Transmission Division,

Level 19, Bangunan Dua Sentral, No. 8 Jalan Tun Sambanthan,
50470 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
 FAULT ANALYSIS IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Overview of This Workshop

Overview : The importance of detail analysis on the performance of

power system has increased in recent years. The
evaluation of system disturbances has become more
complex and the monitoring of equipment’s performance
has become essential for power system reliability. Prior to
the application of Digital Fault Recorder (DFR), monitoring
and fault analysis relied mainly on relay operations, which
sometimes led to inaccurate fault analysis due to the
uncertainty of the correct relay operation. Effective fault
analysis reduces down time and increases the availability of
the transmission equipment. The workshop is designed to
improve your ability to carry out a Fault Analysis in
Transmission System.

Duration : 3½ days

Methodology : Theory, practical exercises (hands-on) and discussion

Participants : This workshop is suitable for Power Utility and Power

Consumer such as:
1. Power System Operator
2. Testing / Maintenance Engineer
3. Lines Engineer
4. Protection Engineer
5. Power Quality Engineer
6. Power System Consultant
7. System Study Engineer
8. Bulk Power Consumer

Fault Analysis in Transmission System/2013

Prerequisites : Electrical Power System

Objectives : Upon completion of this 3½ days workshop, participants will

be able to:
1. Identify System and Non-System Fault
2. Analyze the Protection’s operation
3. Locate the actual fault using Fault Location software
4. Conduct the Fault Analysis in Transmission System

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Fault Analysis in Transmission System/2013

 FAULT ANALYSIS IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

March 18 – 21, 2013

Padang, INDONESIA

Workshop Schedule

Day 1

08:00 a.m. – 08:30 a.m. Registration

08:30 a.m. – 09:00 a.m. Opening by GM of PLN P3B Sumatera
09:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Power System Fault and the Impact of Hidden
Failures
10:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Coffee Break
10:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Power System Fault and the Impact of Hidden
Failures (cont.)
12:00 p.m. – 01:00 p.m. Lunch & Zuhur Prayer
01:00 p.m. – 02:00 p.m. Digital Fault Recorder – An Overview
02:00 p.m. – 03:30 p.m. Digital Fault Recorder – Theory & Application
03:30 p.m. – 03:45 p.m. Coffee Break & Asar Prayer
03:45 p.m. – 05:00 p.m. Discussion

Day 2

08:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Power System Protection in Fault Analysis

10:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Coffee Break
10:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Power System Protection in Fault Analysis (cont)
12:00 p.m. – 01:00 p.m. Lunch & Zuhur Prayer
01:00 p.m. – 03:30 p.m. Fault Location Techniques
03:30 p.m. – 03:45 p.m. Coffee Break & Asar Prayer
03:45 p.m. – 05:00 p.m. Discussion

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Fault Analysis in Transmission System/2013

Day 3

08:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Fault Analysis Example 1 (Hands-on)

10:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Coffee Break
10:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Fault Analysis Example 2 (Hands-on)
12:00 p.m. – 01:00 p.m. Lunch & Zuhur Prayer
01:00 p.m. – 03:30 p.m. Fault Analysis Example 3 (Hands-on)
03:30 p.m. – 03:45 p.m. Coffee Break & Asar Prayer
03:45 p.m. – 05:00 p.m. Discussion

Day 4

08:00 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Wrap-up, Conclusion and Action Plan

10:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Coffee Break
10:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. DFR Maintenance
12:00 p.m. – 01:00 p.m. Lunch & Zuhur Prayer
01:00 p.m. – 01:30 p.m. Closing by GM of PLN P3B Sumatera

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Fault Analysis in Transmission System/2013

 Workshop Leader
Ir. DR. SAZALI P. ABDUL KARIM, Ph.D., P. Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE, has more
than 24 years of experience in transmission protection systems and specializes in fault
investigation with Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), a power utility in Malaysia. Dr. Sazali
has been intensely involved in the protection studies and application of Fault and
Disturbance Recorders in the Transmission Network. With his experiences in fault
investigation, protection coordination and planning, Dr. Sazali has been entrusted to
head the Fault and Disturbance Analysis specialist team. His team has successfully
introduced a new and very effective approach in conducting Fault Analysis. His work has
contributed to a significant reduction of system minutes. Dr. Sazali has shared his ideas
and experiences in a number of international journals as well as presenting several
papers at various conferences and tutorials. Dr. Sazali received two awards from the
Malaysian Government which were presented by the H.M. the King and the Prime
Minister in June 2000 and May 2009 respectively for his excellent contribution to the
nation. He also received international recognition when his technical paper won the 1999
Best Paper Award at the Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference in Atlanta, Georgia,
USA. He was awarded the Silver Medal for his invention at the 17th International
Invention, Innovation, Industrial Design and Technology Exhibition 2006, Malaysia. The
same invention won another Silver Medal at the 35th International Exhibition Inventions,
New Techniques and Products 2007, Geneva, Switzerland. Dr. Sazali received his
Degree in Electrical Engineering with Honours from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He
holds a Master Degree and a Ph.D. in the same discipline with a specialization in
Protection System Analysis for Transmission Overhead Line Using Fault Signatures. His
research interests are in the areas of Protection System and Fault Signature Analysis.
During his research in these areas, he obtained five patents, a copyright, an IPSAZ™
trademark and The Chancellor’s Award based on his excellent academic achievement.
He is currently a Member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia, a Corporate Member of
The Institution of Engineers Malaysia and a Member of Conseil International des Grands
Réseaux Électriques Paris. Dr. Sazali is a registered Professional Engineer with the
Board of Engineers Malaysia, The ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organization – Life
Membership, The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and The International Engineer
Register. He also holds adjunct professorship and Industrial Advisory Panel positions at a
few Universities in Malaysia. He is actively supervising post graduate students and
conducting fault analysis courses for power utilities in ASEAN countries, Asia Pacific,
Middle East and Europe. Other than being active in the research and Fault Analysis
training, Dr. Sazali is responsible for Protection System Analysis in Transmission System
for Tenaga Nasional Berhad.

Fault Analysis in Transmission System/2013

Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Power System Fault and

the Impact of
Hidden Failures

Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim, PhD, P. Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE
Principal Technical Expert (Protection System Analysis)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, MALAYSIA

Contents
• Power System Fault
– Outages
O
– System & Non‐system Faults
• Hidden Failures
• The impact of Hidden Failures
• Conclusions

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Introduction
• Electricity is no longer a luxury item

• Electricity has become an economic and

security issues

• Unplanned electrical power outages are

major concerns to power utilities

• Power outages will continue to happen

and cannot be fully prevented

Introduction
Global
Issue !!!

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Background of the Problem

• Too frequent of power outages

• Partial or total blackout

• Lost of business opportunity

• Delay in power supply normalization

• Uncertainty on the relay operations
h l

What is a Power System?

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Definition of an Outage

An Outage can be defined as:

A temporary loss of function or

interruption of a power source,
especially a loss of electric power.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
copyright ©2000. Updated 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company

Outage Categories

Outage Category Description

Outage for the month‐ahead that is requested on or before the 10th of

Planned Outage
the month.

Unplanned  Outage that is requested less than 3 days before the intended date of
Outage outage.

Emergency  Outage that is requested within 24 hours, which is urgently required

Outage to prevent equipment failure.

Forced Outage Outage that occurred due to an equipment tripping or failure.

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Definition of a Fault
• An Electrical Fault can be define as
– Electrical Flashover
Electrical Flashover
– Failure of primary equipment
– Deviation of electrical parameters 
from normal operating values
• Voltage
• Current
• Frequency
• Power

Power System Fault

• Faults usually occurs due to:
– Insulation Failure
Insulation Failure
– Flashover
– Physical Damage
– Human Error

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System and Non-System Faults

Forced Outage

System Fault Non- System Fault

Protection System Failure, e.g.

•Relay mal-operation
•CB low pressure
Active Passive •Tele-protection
T l t ti mal-operation
l ti
•DC Earth fault
•Lightning •Over/Under Frequency
•Crane •Power Swing
•Broken Insulator •Overvoltage
•CT/CVT explosion •Overloading
•Transformer fault
•etc…

System and Non-System Faults

Forced Outage

System Fault Non- System Fault

Protection System Failure, e.g.

•Relay mal-operation
•CB low pressure
Active Passive •Tele-protection
T l t ti mal-operation
l ti
•DC Earth fault
Correctly Correctly
Cleared Cleared

Incorrectly Incorrectly
Cleared Cleared

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Active and Passive Faults

Substation “B”
Substation “A”
500MW

500MW

Load

Active and Passive Faults

Substation “B”
Substation “A”

Active Fault
(Actual Flashover)
Load

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Active and Passive Faults

(Overloaded)
Substation “B”
Substation “A”
1000MW

Load

Active and Passive Faults

Earth Wire

Top Conductor

Middle Conductor

Bottom Conductor

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Active and Passive Faults

Fault Causes and Effects

• Fault can be initiated by
– Lightning Strike
Lightning Strike
– Tree Encroachment
– CT/CVT Explosion, etc.

• Effects to a Power System
– Unbalance
– Thermal effect
– Reduce the plant’s life span
– Loss of system stability
– Power Quality

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System Faults
• Balanced Fault
• Unbalanced Fault
Unbalanced Fault
– Shunts (1‐Ø‐N, 2‐Ø‐N, Ø‐Ø, etc.)
– Series (Open circuit fault)

Balanced Fault
• Very seldom
• 3‐Ø
3 Ø fault
• Example
– CB closing with 3‐Ø earthing clamps 
still connected

Ea
ZG1 ZT1 ZLX1 F1 ZLX2

Ia1 = IaF
ZLOAD
N1

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Unbalanced Fault
• Very common
• 1‐Ø
1 Ø or 2‐Ø
or 2 Ø faults
• Examples
– Lightning Strike
– CT/CVT Explosion
– Broken Cross‐arm
– Tree Encroachment

Unbalanced Fault
IRF

ER
IB

ER
EB IY EY

IB IN
IR
IBF
ER
EB IY EY

EB
IYF EY

IRF

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Practical Example
A B

Main 1 DIST Zone 1 Main 1 DIST Zone 1

Main 2 DIST Zone 1 Main 2 DIST Zone 1
DIST CS DIST CS
DIST CR DIST CR
DEF CS DEF CS
DEF CR DEF CR
A/R Attempt A/R Attempt

Questions to be asked
• Caused of the tripping?
– Unknown.
Unknown

• Protection performance?
– Checked and found OK.

• Any hidden failure that can contributes 
h dd f l h b
to a major problem in the future?
– Is there any?

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Issues?
• Can we eliminate trippings?
• At least reduce the impact?
• How reliable is our power supply?
• How do we know the protection systems
will perform as expected during any
d
disturbances?
b ?

Protection System
Analysis Centre

Digital Fault
Recorder

Communication Protection
Relays Instrument
Equipment
Transformers

Circuit
Station Battery breaker

Protection System

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Protection System Hidden

Failures
“A permanent defect that will cause a
relay or a protective scheme to
incorrectly and inappropriately remove
a circuit element(s) as a direct
consequence of another switching
event.”

Surachet Tamronglak, “Analysis of Power System Disturbances

due to Relay Hidden Failures”, PhD. Dissertation, Virginia
Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, March
1994.

Actual Events
• Power System Faults
• System & Non System Fault
System & Non System Fault
• Hidden Failures

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A B
L25 Line 2 L25

Line 1
G
L15 L15
Load

From B

A tripped 1-pole A reclosed 1-pole

B tripped 3-poles B reclosed 3-poles

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Any Problem?
• What if A‐B No 2 on planned outage?
• What will happen if the Power System
being separated into two islands?
• Can it be successful A/R?

B
A/R
DLLB
3.0sec
C
A
SYNCH
3.5sec
Failed

Planned Outage

Load
Two Systems Separated

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Line Voltage (B)

43.3

Bus Voltage (C)

Why A/R Failed at C?

Bus Voltage

Setting
g ∆ө = 25.0 43.3
Actual ∆ө = 43.3

Line Voltage

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Why A/R Failed at C?

Bus Voltage

Setting
g ∆ө = 25.0
Actual ∆ө = 43.3 Expected
Line Voltage

Line Voltage

CVT Failure

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CVT Failure

Conclusions
• Major blackouts are rare – their impact
can be catastrophic

• Most of wide‐spread trippings are due to

system hidden failures during system
constraint

• System hidden failures are our concern

• All the system hidden failures can be

eliminated by using a proper tools

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Disclaimer
All information contained herein is meant
strictly for the use of this presentation only
and should not be used or relied on by any
party for any other purpose and without the
prior written approval of TNB. The
information contained herein is the
property of TNB and it is privileged and
confidential in nature. TNB has the sole
copyright to such information and you are
prohibited from disseminating, distributing,
copying, reproducing, using and/or
disclosing this information.

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Digital Fault Recorder
Overview, Theory and Application

Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim, PhD, P. Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE
Principal Technical Expert (Protection System Analysis)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, MALAYSIA

Why We Need a DFR?

• Power System Monitoring and Early 
Warning System
• Comprehensive Fault Analysis
• Protection System Monitoring
• Fault Location
• Training – Understanding the Power 
System Response

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Power System has to be

monitored and protected

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DFR Hardware

Control Module
{ { Acquisition Module 1
{ Acquisition Module 2

{ Acquisition Module N

Digital Fault Recorder

What is a 
Recorder ?

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General Definition

• Special tools.
• Monitor “something”.
• Further analysis.

Fault Recorder Definition

• Graphical record.
• Voltage, current and protection operation.
• Fault and switching transient.
• Fast sampling rate

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Fault Recorder Output

Disturbance Recorder Definition

• Fault Recorder.
• Dynamic phenomena.
• Fast and slow sampling rate

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Fault Recorder

Power
Disturbance
Recorder

Dynamic
Frequency Phenomena

Sampling & Resolution

• Sampling frequency (fs) must be at least 2 
times the nominal frequency (Nyquist–
Shannon sampling theorem)
• Sampling is the process of converting a 
signal into a numeric sequence
• Resolution is the maximum number of 
Resolution is the maximum number of
pixels that can be displayed (12 bits = 212)

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Sample an Analogue Signal

Signals to be Monitored

• Analogue
– Voltages (Ur, Uy, Ub)
– Currents (Ir, Iy, Ib, In)
• Digitals
– Protection’s operation
– Teleprotection
p
– Circuit Breaker Status
• Calculated
– Power
– Frequency

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Recorder’s Timing 

Outage condition

Pre
Fault
F lt Post-Fault
Post Fault
Condition

Fault condition

Time (seconds)

Four Currents Element Connection 
Current
Transformers
Red

Yellow

Blue

In Ib Iy Ir

DFR

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Numerical Relay’s Limitations

• The recording will not trigger until the 
relay issues the trip signal.
• The power system’s parameters will be 
limited to the signal being used for the 
protection (e.g. Differential relay)
• Limited to maximum 5 10 nos. of 
Limited to maximum 5 – 10 nos of
recording.

Numerical Relay’s Limitations

• All the relays in any substation are not 
synchronized.
• Relays do not exchange fault record with 
other Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs) within the same substation and 
feeder. 
feeder

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Numerical Relay’s Limitations

DFR

Fs = 10,000Hz
Input Output

Numerical
Relay

Fs = 800Hz

Recorder’s Application

• Fault analysis.
• Power system’s model validation.
• Testing new protection equipment

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Fault Analysis

• Conventional.
• Modern

GPS Receiver
Digital
Fault Recorder
Substation
LAN

Analogue

Digital
WAN
MODEM
132kV
LAN

Analogue

Digital
MODEM

275kV

Remote Communication Layout Control Centre

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Advantages

• Faster decision‐making.
• Eliminate uncertainty on relay operations.
• Better system performance
• Faulty equipment detection.
• Maintenance planning improvement.
• Cost Saving

System Minutes

60.24
60.00

50.00 48.42

41.20
stem Minutes

40.00

30.00
Sys

20.38
19.33
20.00 17.93
16.63
14.48 13.67

9.34
10.00 7.32 6.56

1.02 0.85
0.00
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

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Conclusions

• Digital Fault Recorders can be applied in:‐
• Faultl analysis.
l i
• Power system’s model validation.
• Testing new protection equipment.
• Advantages using recorders:‐
• Faster decision‐making.
• Eliminate uncertainty.
Eli i i
• Better system performance.
• Cost saving.

Disclaimer

All information contained herein is meant strictly for the use of this

presentation
t ti only
l and
d should
h ld nott be
b used
d or relied
li d on by
b any party
t

for any other purpose and without the prior written approval of TNB.

The information contained herein is the property of TNB and it is

privileged and confidential in nature. TNB has the sole copyright to

such information and you are prohibited from disseminating,

disseminating

distributing, copying, reproducing, using and/or disclosing this

information.

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Power System 
Protection
in Fault Analysis

Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim, PhD, P. Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE
Principal Technical Expert (Protection System Analysis)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, MALAYSIA

Objectives
• To describe role of protection 
• Protection Operation in Fault Analysis
P t ti O ti i F lt A l i

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Role of Protection
• To detect faults
• To isolate the faulty plant, and
T i l t th f lt l t d
• To minimize the damage to the power 
system

Basic Protection Requirements
• Fault must be :
– detected by the main protection
– cleared by appropriate circuit breakers
• No blindspots
• Backup for relay and circuit breaker failure
ackup for relay and circuit breaker failure

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Basic Protection Requirements
• Protection systems must be
– RELIABLE
• Dependable
• Security

– SELECTIVE

– SPEED
• Total fault clearance time

Basic Protection Requirements
Dependability
– Protection should always operate when required
Protection should always operate when required

Security
– Protection should refrain from operating when not 
required

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Protection Performance
• Correct Protection operation 
– Main protection operated correctly
– None backup relays operated
– Properly isolated within expected time

Protection of Transmission Lines

• 500kV and 275kV
– Current Differential
– Distance Protection
– DEF
– Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
– Breaker Failure Protection
– Autoreclose

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Protection of Transmission Lines

• 132kV
– Current Differential or Distance relay
– DEF
– Busbar Protection
– Breaker Failure Protection
Breaker Failure Protection
– Autoreclose
– O/C

Local Zone of Protection (LZOP)
• LZOP – the boundary determined by CT 
location

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Types of Relays
• Function:
– Level Detection relays (Overcurrent)
– Directional relays (Distance, DEF)
– Differential relays (Tx. Diff., Current Diff)

Types of Relays
• Technology
– Electromechanical Relay
– Solid State
– Digital Relay (AND, OR Gates)
– Numerical Relay
• programmable
• multifunction
l f
• intelligent electronic devices

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Over Current
• The cheapest & simplest protection
• Operating Time
Operating Time
– Definite Time
– Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
– Very Inverse
– Extremely Inverse

Over Current

Time versus current curve for

A very inverse time-overcurrent
relay

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Over Current

Y
3 Overcurrent relay
B

Transformer Differential

Signal from LV
current transformer
Transformer
differential
protection

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Transformer Differential

Transformer Protection
Relay Connection

Transformer Guard

Š Mechanical Protection
ƒ Bucholz Gas
ƒ Bucholz Surge
ƒ Winding Temp Alarm
ƒ Winding Temp Trip
ƒ Oil Temp Alarm
ƒ Oil Temp Trip

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Restricted Earth Fault (REF)

Relay Connection
REF

Current Differential

Normal Condition
- G.703 - G.703
- RS422 - RS422

Via Telecom multiplexer

(155Mbps)

Telecom Equipment Telecom Equipment

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Current Differential

Fault Condition
- G.703 - G.703
- RS422 - RS422

Via Telecom multiplexer

(155Mbps)

Telecom Equipment Telecom Equipment

Busbar Protection

Kirchhoff’s law 1
I1 I2 I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0

132 kV Single busbar

To actual Circuit Breaker

Busbar I3 I4
protection
C

132/11 kV

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Busbar Protection

40 kA

CT ratio
2000/1 7.5 A 7.5 A
5A 20 A

10 kA 15 kA 15 kA 0 kA

Busbar Protection

CT ratio
2000/1 7.5 A 7.5 A
5A 20 A

10 kA 15 kA 15 kA
40 kA

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Busbar Protection

CT ratio
7.5 A 7.5 A
2000/1
5A 0A 20 A

10 kA 15 kA 15 kA
40 kA

Distance Protection

132 kV

Distance
protection
C

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Protection Design Practices

• Distance Protection – Basic Principle

Relaying
ZS IR ZL
Point

VS VR ZLOAD

VR
Impedance Measured Z R = = Z L + Z LOAD
ΙR
IR - Current Seen By The Relay
VR - Voltage Seen By The Relay

Protection Design Practices
ZL

• Distance Protection – Basic Principle
ZS IR ZF

VS VR ZLOAD

Impedance Measured ZR = VR/IR = ZF

Relay Operates if ZF < Z reach
Increasing VR has a Restraining Effect ∴VR called Restraining
Voltage
Increasing IR has an Operating Effect
IR - Current Seen By The Relay
VR - Voltage Seen By The Relay

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Protection Design Practices

IF zF

VF

Trip

Spring

Restrain
Operate

Ampere Turns : VF IZ
Trip Conditions : VF < IFZ

PROTECTION DESIGN PRACTICES

Time
Distance Protection – Basic Principle

Zone 3R Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

Reach

Reach
21Z 21Z
Zone 3 Z
Zone 2 Z
Zone 1 Z
Zone 3R

Time

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Distance Protection

Distance Protection
Zone 3
Zone 3
Reactance X Reactance X

Zone 2
Zone 2

Zone 1 Zone 1

Resistance R Resistance R

Mho Characteristics Quadrilateral Characteristics

21Z 21Z

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Distance Protection

Š Permissive Under-reach Transfer Trip (PUTT)

Š Permissive Over-reach Transfer Trip (POTT)
Š Plain Distance jX

Š Zone 1
Š Zone
Z 2 A B B

Š Zone 3 & Zone 3 Reverse

Š Power Swing Blocking
A
(PSB) R

Distance Protection

Z = U/I

Z< Z<

132 kV 132 kV

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Distance Protection

PSB Fault’s Impedance Locus

Zone 3

Zone 1 = Instantaneous
Z I
Zone 2 = 450ms
Zone 3 = 3000ms

Directional Earth Fault (DEF)

Š Unit protection.
Š Confirmation signal.
Š 150ms delay
Š Trips all three phases.

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Breaker Failure

Š Detecting breaker failure

Š Two schemes available:-
„ Phase segregated
„ Non phase segregated
Š 150ms
150 delay
d l
Š Trips half of the Busbar

Breaker Failure

Simplified Logic Diagram

Timer
Current > 20% 150ms Trip
Protection signal & Circuit Breaker

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Total Fault Clearance Time

Total fault clearing time
=   relay operation + relay setting + trip 
relay + CB timing + arc quenching

Total Fault Clearance Time
• Current Differential    : 100ms

• Distance Protection   : 100ms

• DEF (Normal)            : 230ms

• DEF (Echo)
DEF (Echo) : 400ms
: 400ms

• Busbar Protection      : 100ms

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Total Fault Clearance Time
• Breaker Failure for :‐
– Current Diff.               : 270ms

– Distance Protection   : 270ms

– Busbar Protection      : 270ms

– DEF (Normal)            : 400ms

– DEF (Echo)               : 570ms

Auto Reclose Applications

• 80‐90% of faults on overhead lines are transient 
faults 
• Auto‐reclose scheme permits successful re‐
energization of the line
• Implemented for all transmission overhead line 
feeders.
• Not permitted or installed for underground 
cable. 

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Auto Reclose Applications
• Hybrid Feeder
– No auto reclose scheme will be installed for hybrid 
No auto‐reclose scheme will be installed for hybrid
feeder (cable > 2km).
– Auto‐reclose scheme will be implemented for 
underground cable used for landing purpose, with 
short cable less than 500m without cable joint).

Auto Reclose Objectives
Purpose Benefits

Minimize • For HV transmission and distribution overhead line

Interruption of • Improve the continuity of supply – shorter supply interruption duration
Supply • Automatic restoration of supply
• Less frequent substation visit – more unmanned substation and reduce
operating cost
• Possibility to introduce high speed protection for fast fault clearance –
shorter and less fault damage, fewer permanent fault
System Stability & • For EHV transmission overhead line
Synchronism • Reclose without loss of synchronism after fault on interconnecting lines
• Maintain system stability and synchronism
• Synchronism is maintained by transferring of power between two power
systems (equal area criterion of power-angle curve).

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Auto Reclose Schemes
Voltage Level Auto-reclose Scheme Switch Selection Number of Faults Initiation
Shot

500kV High
Hi h Speed
S d Single
Si l Pole
P l • OFF / ON Single
Si l Shot
Sh t • Single
Si l phase
h to
t earth
th
Auto-Reclose • 1 / 1+3 /3 fault
Delayed Three Pole Auto- • Phase-to- phase fault
Reclose • Phase-to phase-to earth
fault

275kV High Speed Single Pole • OFF / ON Single Shot • Single phase to earth
Auto-Reclose • 1 / 1+3 /3 fault
Delayed Three Pole Auto- • Phase-to- phase fault
Reclose • Phase-to phase-to earth
fault

132kV Delayed Three Pole Auto- • OFF / ON Single Shot • All type of faults except
Reclose 3-phase fault

33kV Delayed Three Pole Auto- • OFF / NOR / SOR Multiple Shot • All type of Faults
Reclose
Note:
OFF – OFF Auto-reclose
NOR – Normal Operating Requirement
SOR – Special Operating Requirement (For live line maintenance)

Sequence for Transient Fault
Fault
Inception

Operates Resets TNB TYPICAL AUTO- RECLOSE RELAY TIME SETTINGS

AUTORECLOSE SCHEME DEAD TIME RECLAIM TIME
Single Pole 750 msec. 15- 25 second
PROTECTION Three Pole 3- 3.5 sec. 15- 25 second

Operating
TRANSIE time
NT
Trip coil Contacts Arc Contacts Closing Contacts Contacts
FAULT
energised separate extinguish fully open circuit make fully
ed energised closed

CIRCUIT
BREAKER
Opening Arcing time Closing time
time
Operating time Dead time

System disturbance time

Reclose Relay ready to respond to further fault
initiated by incidents (after successful reclosure)
protection
t ti

AUTO RECLOSE
RELAY
Dead time Closing pulse time

Reclaim time

Time
SINGLE SHOT AUTO- RECLOSE SCHEME OPERATION SEQUENCE FOR A TRANSIENT FAULT

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Sequence for Permanent Fault
TNB TYPICAL AUTO- RECLOSE RELAY TIME SETTINGS
AUTORECLOSESCHEME DEADTIME RECLAIMTIME
Inst a nt of
f a ult Singl e Pol e 750 msec. 15- 25 second
Thr ee
eePol
Pol e 3- 3.5
3 5sec
sec. 15- 25
25second
second
Reclose on t o
Opera t es Reset s f a ult Opera t es Reset s

PROTECTION

Opera t ing
PERMANENT t ime
FAULT
Trip coil Cont a ct s Arc Cont a ct s Closing Cont a ct s Cont a ct s Trip coil Cont a ct s Arc Cont a ct s
energised sepa ra t e ext inguished f ully open circuit ma ke f ully energised sepa ra t e ext inguish f ully open
energised closed ed

CIRCUIT
BREAKER
Opening Arcing t ime Closing t ime
t ime
Opera t ing t ime Dea d t ime

Reclose Rela y locks out f or prot ect ion re-

init ia t ed by opera t ion bef ore recla im t ime ha s ela psed
prot ect ion

AUTO RECLOSE
RELAY
Dea d t ime Closing pulse t ime

Recla im t ime Recla im t ime

st a rt s reset s
Time
SINGLE SHOT AUTO- RECLOSE SCHEME OPERATION SEQUENCE ON A PERMANENT FAULT

Synchronising Scheme
Synchr. Element Parameter across connecting CB Descriptions

Voltage Check Dead Line – Live Bus (DLLB) (Dead Line Running voltage > 85% VN
Charging) Incoming voltage < 20% VN
Live Line – Dead Bus (LLDB) Running voltage < 20% VN
Incoming voltage > 85% VN
Dead Line – Dead Bus (DLDB) Running voltage < 20% VN
Incoming voltage < 20% VN
Synchronism Voltage Difference Auto-reclosure is prevented under various
Check (Live Line / conditions such as undervoltage on
Live Bus) either side of the CB.
Phase Angle
g Difference Auto reclose scheme waits for reclosing
Auto-reclose
opportunity within the phase angle set
value and within a defined period.
Setting range is between 20° to 40°.

Frequency Difference Frequency difference check logic is using

either direct measurement or using
timer in conjunction with phase angle
check.

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Synchronism & Voltage Check Setting

Symbol Parameter across connecting CB Setting Value

Δυ Voltage Difference * 20%

Δθ Phase Angle Difference ** 25°

Δf Frequency Difference *** 125 mHz

Typical Operational Settings
Description Setting Values
Under‐Voltage (UV) or “Dead” Condition <20%
Over‐Voltage (OV) or “Live” Condition
O V lt (OV) “Li ” C diti >85%
Phase Angle Difference ∆θ = 25o ‐ 40o
Voltage Difference (running vs. incoming) ∆V = 20%
Slip Frequency fslip = 0.125 Hz

Vline

Operating Zone
θ
0 deg
θ = Synchronism
θ Vbus
Check Angle
∆V
UV

OV

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Conclusions
• The Protection Systems fail, if
– the main protection does not operate correctly
the main protection does not operate correctly

– the fault is cleared by the backup protection

– the fault clearance time is beyond the standard 
requirement

• Using a DFR the System Operators will know the 
protection system operation during disturbances

Disclaimer

All information contained herein is meant strictly 
for the use of this presentation only and should 
not be used or relied on by any party for any other 
purpose and without the prior written approval of 
TNB. The information contained herein is the 
property of TNB and it is privileged and 
confidential in nat re TNB has the sole cop right
confidential in nature. TNB has the sole copyright 
to such information and you are prohibited from 
disseminating, distributing, copying, reproducing, 
using and/or disclosing this information.

Tenaga Nasional Berhad 26

Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Fault Location
Fault Location
Techniques

Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim, PhD., P.Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE
Principal Technical Expert (Protection System Analysis)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, MALAYSIA

Introduction
• Each Fault must be analysed
• Accurate Fault Location is essential to the 
power system
– To speed‐up the supply restoration
– To identify the root cause of a tripping
– To Minimize the damage to the power system
o e e da age o e po e sys e
– Public safety
– Fault statistics
– Cost saving

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Fault Location Techniques
• Impedance Based
– Digital Fault Recorder
Digital Fault Recorder
– Numerical Relay
– Phasor Measurement Unit
– Impedance Algorithm
• Positive & Zero Sequence
• Negative Sequence
– Single Ended
Single Ended

• Travelling Wave
– TWS – Travelling Wave System
– Single or Double Ended

Factors Affected the Accuracy
Impedance Based Techniques
• CT & VT Errors
CT & VT Errors
• Line parameters (normal or hybrid) and Source Impedance
• Line Length definition
– Electrical Distance
– Physical Distance
• Line Sagging
– Loading
– Weather conditions
• Type of Fault
– High and Low Impedance Faults
– Single phase or phase‐to‐phase or three‐phase Faults

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Factors Affected the Accuracy
Travelling Wave Techniques
• CT & VT Errors
CT & VT Errors
• Line parameters (normal or hybrid) and Source Impedance
• Line Length definition
– Electrical Distance
– Physical Distance
• Line Sagging
– Loading
– Weather conditions
• Type of Fault
– High and Low Impedance Faults
– Single phase or phase‐to‐phase or three‐phase Faults

Factors Affected the Accuracy

Earth Wire

Top Conductor

Middle Conductor

Bottom Conductor

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Factors Affected the Accuracy

Impedance Based

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Impedance Based

Impedance Based
a) window position : [ 16.8, 56.8] ms
b) phasors (RMS _ kV/kA)

Va=150.225<-150.6 Vb=100.927<92.2 Vc=149.560<-18.0

Ia=0.180<159.4 Ib=1.242<10.7 Ic=0.511<177.2
In=0.623<30.8

c) loop impedances (OHMS)

Zag=-498.14 +j* 113.91 Zbg=11.32 +j* 60.22 Zcg=-611.28 +j* -412.66

Zab=105.15 +j* 113.05 Zbc=-73.25 +j* 93.72 Zca=-797.17 +j* 8.01

d) fault type : B-G forward

e) estimated fault position : 144.27 [Double L/Load C]
f) estimated fault impedance : 4.9 [Ohms]

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Travelling Wave Fault Location

T1A

A • Double‐ended method
• GPS time synchronisation 
required in both units
• Location LA proportional to 
ti
time difference T1A‐T1B
diff T1A T1B
B

T1B

Travelling Wave Fault Location

(LA + LB ) (T1A − T1B )xV

LA = +
2 2

V = Velocity of Propagation

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Travelling Wave Fault Location

Conclusions
• Accurate Fault Location will 
– Shorten the outage duration
– Reduce the equipment damage
– Ensure public safety
– Improve the tower design (Surge Arrester 
installation)
– Reduce operation cost

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Disclaimer
All information contained herein is meant strictly for the use of this

presentation
t ti only
l and
d should
h ld nott be
b used
d or relied
li d on by
b any party
t

for any other purpose and without the prior written approval of TNB.

The information contained herein is the property of TNB and it is

privileged and confidential in nature. TNB has the sole copyright to

such information and you are prohibited from disseminating,

disseminating

distributing, copying, reproducing, using and/or disclosing this

information.

Tenaga Nasional Berhad 8

Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim, PhD, P. Eng., ASEAN Eng., APEC Eng., IntPE
Principal Technical Expert (Protection System Analysis)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, MALAYSIA
Berhad MALAYSIA

` DFR is a device to record any deviation of

electrical p
parameter and digital
g in a p
power
system
` Provides recording for
◦ Transient faults
◦ Power system dynamic (e.g. power swing or
changes in power system parameters)
◦ Power system disturbances (e g switching
(e.g.
transient)
` Don’t have to wait for any tripping

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

` DFRs are utilized by many users in Power

Utilities to p y tasks
perform their daily
◦ Power System Operators in Control Room
◦ Protection Maintenance Engineers
◦ Substation Maintenance Engineers
◦ Overhead Line Maintenance Engineers
◦ Fault Investigation Task Force
` Fault analysis
` Power system’s model validation
` Testing new protection equipment

` Normal
◦ Auto polling
g every 10 minutes
◦ Checking data communication between DFR &
Master Station
◦ Status of DFR (alarms or errors)
◦ Pre-Fault Detection
◦ Analyze daily
` Tripping
◦ Retrieve form every DFRs at affected plants and
adjacent generators for frequency response

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

` Hardware
g inputs (every 2 years)
◦ Calibration for all analogue
◦ Checking DFR status (every 4 months)
◦ Replace backup battery for system parameter (every
10 years)
◦ Erase older records in the hardisk
` Software
◦ Upkeep to the latest software version
` Data
◦ Perform database checking at the Master Station
◦ Archive importance/interesting events for future
reference or training

Control Module
{ { Acquisition Module 1
{ Acquisition Module 2

{ Acquisition Module N

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

` Sampling frequency (fs) must be at least 2

q
times the nominal frequency y (Nyquist–
yq
Shannon sampling theorem)
` Sampling is the process of converting a signal
into a numeric sequence
` Resolution is the maximum number of pixels
that can be displayed (16 bits = 216)

F = 5000H
Fs 5000Hz, t = 0.2ms
02

216 = 65,536

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

` Analogue
◦ Voltages (Ur,
(Ur Uy,
Uy Ub)
◦ Currents (Ir, Iy, Ib, In)
` Digitals
◦ Protection’s operation
◦ Teleprotection
◦ Circuit Breaker Status
` Calculated
◦ Power
◦ Frequency

Outage condition

Pre
Fault Post
Post-Fault
Fault
Condition

Fault condition

Time (seconds)

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

Current
Transformers
Red

Yellow

Blue

In Ib Iy Ir

DFR

GPS Receiver
Digital
Fault Recorder
Substation
LAN

Analogue

Digital
WAN
MODEM
132kV
LAN

Analogue

Digital
MODEM

275kV

Remote Communication Layout Control Centre

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Copyright Ir. Dr. Sazali P. Abdul Karim December 12

` DFR is a very importance tools for Power

Utilities
` Return of Investment (ROI) on DFR can be
achieved within a few months if all DFRs are
fully utilized
` DFRs should be maintained regularly in order
to make sure all events in a power system are
captured d

All information contained herein is meant

strictlyy for the use of this p
presentation onlyy and
should not be used or relied on by any party for
any other purpose and without the prior written
approval of TNB. The information contained
herein is the property of TNB and it is privileged
and confidential in nature. TNB has the sole
copyright to such information and you are
prohibited from disseminating, distributing,
copying, reproducing, using and/or disclosing
this information.

Tenaga Nasional Berhad 7