DATA COMMUNICATION
CSE 225/233
WEEK-5, LESSON-1
ANALOG TRANSMISSION
Digital to Analog Conversion
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing
one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on
the information in digital data.
Topics discussed in this lesson:
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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Types of digital-to-analog conversion
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Aspects of digital-to-analog conversion
Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is
the number of signal elements per second.
In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud
rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
The relationship between bit rate and baud rate is:
where N is the data rate (bps) and r is the number
of data elements carried in one signal
element.
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Example (1)
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element.
If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find
the bit rate.
Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown.
We can find the value of N from
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Example (2)
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a
baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements
are carried by each signal element? How many
signal elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L
are unknown. We find first the value of r and then
the value of L.
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• In ASK the amplitude of the carrier is varied to represent
binary 1 or 0. Frequency and phase remain constant.
• ASK is highly susceptible to noise interference
• Minimum bandwidth required for transmission is equal to
the baud rate. BW = (1+d) Sbaud, where d=modulation factor
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Implementation of ASK (BASK)
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Example (1)
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from
200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and the bit rate
if we modulated our data by using ASK with d = 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This means
that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz. We can use the
formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate (with d = 1 and r = 1).
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Frequency Shift Keying (ASK)
In frequency shift keying, the frequency of the carrier
signal is varied to represent data. The frequency of the
modulated signal is constant for the duration of one signal
element, but changes for the next signal element if the data
element changes. Both peak amplitude and phase remain
constant for all signal elements.
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Implementation of FSK (BFSK)
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Example (1)
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3 Mbps. The
carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the number of levels
(different frequencies), the baud rate, and the bandwidth.
Solution
We can have L = 23 = 8. The baud rate is S = 3 MHz/3 = 1000
Mbaud. This means that the carrier frequencies must be 1 MHz apart
(2Δf = 1 MHz). The bandwidth is B = 8 × 1000 = 8000.
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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• In PSK the phase of the carrier is varied to represent binary 1
or 0. Peak amplitude and frequency remain constant.
• This method is often called 2-PSK or binary PSK
• The minimum bandwidth required for PSK transmission is the
same as that for ASK: BW = (1+d) Sbaud, where d=modulation
factor.
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Implementation of PSK (BPSK)
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Concept of Constellation Diagram
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Example (1)
Show the constellation diagrams for an ASK (OOK), BPSK,
and QPSK signals.
Solution
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Example (2)
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK
and PSK.
Few Constellation Diagram
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