My

Additional
Mathematics
Modules
Form 5
Topic:16
(Version 2010)

REALISATION
by

NgKL
(M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH.)
16.1 POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ANGLES

(a) Positive angles – angles measured in the anticlockwise direction

from the positive x-axis.
(b) Negative angles – angles measured in the clockwise direction
from the positive x-axis.

Exercise 16.1
Represent each of the following angles in a unit circle. Then, state
(i) the quadrant in which the angles located,
(ii) the corresponding acute angle.

(a) 150o (b) 315o (c)  225o

 2 7
(d)  (e) (f) 
6 3 4

16.2 (A) THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

y
(i) sin  = if r = 1, then sin  = y
r
x
(ii) cos  = if r = 1, then cos  = x r y
r

y sin 
(iii) tan  = = x
x cos 
r 1 1
(iv) cosec  = if r = 1, then cosec  = =
y y sin 
r 1 1
(v) sec  = if r = 1, then sec  = =
x x cos 

2
 x 1 cos 
(vi) cot  =
= =
y tan  sin 
16.2 (B) COMPLEMENT ANGLES

(i) sin  = cos (90o  ) 90o

(ii) cos  = sin (90o  ) 
(iii) tan  = cot (90o  )
(iv) cosec  = sec (90o  )
(v) sec  = cosec (90o  )
(vi) cot  = tan (90o  )

16.2 (C) RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ANGLES > 90O

AND ITS ACUTE ANGLES

Quadra Quadra
nt II nt I
Sine All
positive positive
(180o 
S A ()
)
Quadra Quadra
nt III T C nt IV
Tangent Cosine
positive positive
( (360o 
180o) )
Quadrant II: Quadrant IV:
sin  = sin (180o  ) sin  =  sin (360o  )
cos  =  cos (180o  ) cos  = cos (360o  )
tan  =  tan (180o  ) tan  =  tan (360o  )

Quadrant III: Note:

sin (  180o) = sin  If  is the corresponding acute
cos (  180o) = cos  angle in the quadrant, then angle
tan (  180o) = tan  in Quadrant III is (180 + ).

16.2 (D) SPECIAL ANGLES: ( 0O, 30O, 45O, 60O, 90O, 180O, 270O, 360O)

 0O 30O 45O 60O 90O 180O 270O 360O

1
sin 0 1 0 1 0
2
1
cos 1 0 1 0 1
2
3
 tan 0 1  0  0
Exercise 16.2:
3
1. Given that sin  = , find the value of each of the following
5
(a) cos  (b) cosec 

(c) tan  (d) cot 

2. Given cos  =  p and 180o    270o, evaluate the following without

using a calculator.

(a) tan  (b) sec 

(c) sin  (d) cosec 

3. Given that sin 55o = 0.8192, cos 20o =

o
0.9397, tan 55 = 1.4281 and
cot 20o = 2.7473, find the following trigonometric expressions without
using a calculator.

(a) cot 35o (b) tan 70o

(c) sin 70o (d) cos 35o

4
4. Convert the following trigonometric expression to their corresponding
trigonometric expression in Quadrant I. Hence, evaluate their values.

(a) sin 120o (b) cos 200o

(b) tan ( 325o) (d) cot 350o

2 
(d) cosec (e) sec ( )
3 4

5. Without using calculator, find the value of the following.

(a) sin 330o (b) cos 150o

(c) tan ( 60o) (d) cot 225o

5
(e) sec ( 240o) (f) cosec 390o

6. Solve the following trigonometric equation for 0o    360o.

(a) sin  =  0.6428 (b) sec  = 2

1 1
(c) cos  = 0.6690 (d) tan  =  0.25
2 2

(e) cosec 2 =  2.3662 (f) cot 2 = sin 36o

6
(g) sin ( + 30o) = 0.3566 (h) tan (2  90o) =  0.8300

7. Find all possible values of x for 0o  x  360o without using calculator.

(a) tan x = cot 46o (b) cos x = sin ( 53o)

(c) sec x = cosec 35o 22’ (d) cosec x =  sec 82o 15’

8. Find all possible values of x for 0o  x  360o without using calculator.

(a) cos x + 3 sin x cos x = 0 (b) 3 sin x = 4 sin2 x

7
(c) 2 ( sin x – cos x ) = 5 cos x (d) 2 tan x = 7 cot x

16.3 GRAPH OF SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT FUNCTIONS

(A) The Basic Graph of Sine

 3
x (in radian) 0  2
2 2
y = sin x 0 1 0 -1 0

0  x
3
0  2
2 2

1

(B) The Basic Graph of Cosine

x (in degree) 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o

y = cos x 0 1 0 -1 0

8
 1

0 x
090 180 270 360

1

(B) The Basic Graph of Tangent

x
0o 45o 90o 135o 180o 225o 270o 315o 360o
(in degree)

y = tan x 0 1  1 0 1  1 0

0 x
090 180 270 360

Exercise 16.3:
1. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = sin 2x
for 0  x  2Π

9
 0 x

1

2. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = 2 cos 2x

for 0o  x  360o
y

0 x

2

3. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = tan 2x

for 0o  x  180o
y

0 x
o
045 90o 135o 180o
o

4. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x

10
 for 0o  x  360o
y

0 x

3
5. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = │2 sin x│
for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o
y

0 x

2

6. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = │2 cos x│ + 1

for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o
y

0 x

3

11
7. Complete the table below and sketch the graph of y = sin 2x  1
for 0o ≤ x ≤ 180o
y

0 x

1

2

Exercise 16.4 : Problem Solving of Trigonometric Functions

x
1. Sketch the graphs of y = 2 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and y = on
2
the same axes. Hence determine the number of solutions for x between 0
x
and 2 which satisfy the equation 2 cos x = .
2

x 0 
y

0 x
12
 2

Number of solutions =

2x
2. Sketch the graphs of y = │tan x│ for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and y = 1  on
3
the same axes. Hence determine the number of solutions for x between
0 and 2 which satisfy the
2x
equation │tan x│ = 1 
3

x 0 
y

0 x
13
 1

Number of solutions =

3x
3. Sketch the graphs of y = 4 sin 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and y = 1 
2
on the same axes. Hence determine the number of solutions for x
3x
between 0 and 2 which satisfy the equation 4 sin 2x = 1  .
2

x 0 
y

0 x
14
 4

Number of solutions =

16.4 BASIC IDENTITIES

The 3 basic identities:

 sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
 1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x

16.5 ADDITION FORMULAE

 sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

 sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B
 sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B

 cos (A + B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B

 cos (A  B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
 cos (A  B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B

tan A  tan B
 tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
 tan (A  B) =
1  tan A tan B
tan A  tan B
 tan (A  B) =
1 tan A tan B

16.6 DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAE

15
  sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
 cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A Applying identity cos2 A + sin2 A = 1,
then, cos 2A = 2 cos2 A – 1
cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A
2 tan A
 tan 2A =
1  tan 2 A

 Note:
 Similarly, the formulae can be apply to create
HALF-ANGLE FORMULAE or other Addition Angle.
Exercise 16.4:
1. Prove the following identities;

(a) cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x (b) cos4 x – sin4 x = 1 – 2 sin2 x

1 1  sin  cos 
(c) = cos  (d)   2 sec 
1  tan 2  cos  1  sin 

16
 1  tan 2 x
(e) sec2  + cosec2  = sec2  cosec2  (e)  2 cos 2 x  1
1  tan 2 x

2. Solve the following trigonometric equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360o;

(a) 6 cos2 x  sin x  5 = 0 (b) 3 sin2 x – 5 cos x – 1 = 0

(c) tan2 x – sec x = 1 (d) 3 cosec x + 9 = cot2 x

17
(e) 3 sin x + 2 = cosec x (f) tan x + 1 = 2 cot x

Exercise 16.5:

1. Without using a calculator, find the value for the following trigonometric
expression.

(b) tan 15o

(a) sin 21o cos 24o + cos 21o sin 24o
(c) cos 200o cos 65o sin 200o sin 65o tan 84 o  tan 54 o
(d)
1  tan 84 o tan 54 o

(e) 2 cos2 22.5o – 1 (f) sin 75o

18
 1
2. Given cos 2A = and A is an acute angle. Determine the value of;
4

(a) cos 4A (b) cos A

(c) sin A (c) tan A

3. Find all the values of x which satisfy the following trigonometric equations
for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o

(a) cos 2x – 3 sin x + 1 = 0 (b) 3 tan x = 2 sin 2x

19
(c) cos 2x + cos2 x = 2 cos x (d) 3 cos 2x + cos x – 2 = 0

(e) 5 sin2 x = 5 – sin 2x (f) tan 2x = 4 cot x

(g) 1 (+ sin x)(3 + sin x) = 2 cos2 x 4

(h) + 3 cos x = cos 2x
sec 2 x

20
 PAST YEAR SPM QUESTIONS

PAPER 1 /2009:

16. Solve the equation 3sin x cos x – cos x = 0 for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o.

[3 marks]

PAPER 1 /2008:

17. Given that sin θ = p, where p is a constant and 90o ≤ x ≤ 180o. Find in
terms of p:
(a) cosec θ,
(b) sin 2θ. [3 marks]

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PAPER 1 /2007:

18. Solve the equation cot x + 2cos x = 0 for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o.

[4 marks]

PAPER 1 / 2006:

15. Solve the equation 15 sin2 x = sin x + 4 sin 30o for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o.
[4 marks]

22
PAPER 1 / 2005:

17. Solve the equation 3 cos 2x = 8 sin x – 5 for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o.

[4 marks]

PAPER 1 / 2004:

18. Solve the equation cos2 x – sin2 x = sin x for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o.

[4 marks]

PAPER 1 / 2003:

20. Given that tan  = t, 0    90o, express, in terms of t;

(a) cot 

23
 (b) sin (90  ) [3 marks]

PAPER 2 / 2003 / SECTION B:

8. (a) Prove that tan  + cot  = 2 cosec 2 [4 marks]

3
(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
2
(ii) Find the equation of a suitable straight line for solving the equation
3 3
cos x x  1 . Hence, using the same axes, sketch the
2 4
straight line and state the number of solutions for the equation
3 3
cos x x  1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [6 marks]
2 4

24
PAPER 2 / 2004 / SECTION A:

3. (a) Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x for 0o ≤ x ≤ 180o. [3 marks]

(b) Hence, by drawing a suitable straight line on the same axes, find the
x
number of solutions satisfying the equation 2 sin2 x = 2 
180
for 0o ≤ x ≤ 180o.
[3marks]

25
PAPER 2 / 2005 / SECTION A:

5. (a) Prove that cosec2 x – 2 sin2 x  cot2 x = cos 2x. [2 marks]

(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

(ii) Hence, using the same axes, draw a suitable straight line
to find the number of solutions to the equation
x
3(cosec2 x  2 sin2 x – cot2 x) =  1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

State the number of solutions. [6 marks]

26
PAPER 2 / 2006 / SECTION A:

4. (a) Sketch the graph of y =  2 cos 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [4 marks]

(b) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable graph to find the number

of solutions to the equation + 2 cos x = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
x
State the number of solutions. [3 marks]

27
PAPER 2 / 2007 / SECTION A:

3. (a) Sketch the graph of y = |3cos 2x | for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [4 marks]

(b) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable graph to find the number
x
of solutions to the equation 2 - |3cos 2x | = for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
2
State the number of solutions. [3 marks]

28
PAPER 2 / 2008 / SECTION A:

2 tan x
4. (a) Prove that  tan 2 x [2
2
2  sec x
marks]

(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = − tan 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ .

(ii) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable graph to find the
3x 2 tan x
number of solutions to the equation   0 for
 2
2  sec x
0 ≤ x ≤ .
State the number of solutions. [6 marks]

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Quadran II
PAPER 2 / 2009 / SECTION A:
Sine positive
(180o )
3 3
4. (a) Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ . [3
2 2
marks]

(b) Hence, using the same axis, sketch a suitable straight line to find the
4 3
number of solutions to the equation x  cos 2 x  for 0 ≤ x ≤
3 2
3
.
2
State the number of solutions. [3 marks]

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