SSE4306

Chapter 2
Software Quality Standards
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter student should be

able
– Understand the term 'standard'
– Going through the journey of standards
– Define the role and purpose of SQA standards
– Realize the importance of standards
– Can explain the process of certification

2
 What Are Standards?
• A standard might simply be defined as 'a set of
rules for ensuring quality'.
• A standard is an agreed way of doing something.
It could be about making a product, managing a
process, delivering a service or supplying
materials – standards can cover a huge range of
activities undertaken by organizations and used
by their customers.
 Term Definition
• The term 'standard', used in generic sense and has
been defined by D. Reck as:

'that which is set up as a unit of reference; a form, type,

example, instance, or combination of conditions accepted as
correct and perfect, and hence as a basis of comparison; a
criterion established by custom, public opinion, or general
consent; model'.
 JOURNEY OF STANDARDS

• Uses of standards documents are not an advantage

but a necessary part of industrial operations and
customer satisfaction.
• It is important to be aware of standards provisions
for those involved in assuring quality and providing
direction for future planning.
• In order to understand and appreciate the
standards applied, it is essential to have the basic
knowledge of history of standards and its
development process.
 Early Standards

• International Association for Testing Materials

(IATM) (1895) - materials standards.
• AIEE (1910) - established a standards group.
• AIEE (1916) - a national standard body.
• American Engineering Standards Committee
(AESC) (1918) renamed to American Standard
Association (ASA) after few years of operation.
• International Federation of National Standardizing
Association (IAS) (1926) - re-establish standards
movement on an international basis.
 Early Standards
• International Organization of Standardization
(ISO) (October 1946) - first provisional
General Assembly, where the rules and
constitutions were adopted and its provisions
began to be authorized by national
standardization bodies.
• American Standard Association (1969) - the
name was changed to the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI).
 Benefits of standards to software
quality
• The ability to apply methodologies and procedures of
the highest professional level
• Better mutual understanding and coordination
among development teams and also between
development and maintenance teams.
• Greater cooperation between the software
developer and external participants in the project
based on the adoption of standards as part of the
contract.
 Benefits of standards to software
quality
• Decreased number of defects and errors in software
• Less rework as a result of less software defects
• Reduced development and maintenance cost
• Increased software reliability
• Increased customer satisfaction
• Happier software practitioners
 Quality Management System
Definition:
• A Quality Management System is a collection
of policies, procedures, plans, resources,
processes, practices, and the specification of
responsibilities and authority of an
organization designed to achieve product and
service quality levels, customer satisfaction
and company objectives.
 What is SQA?
• Planned and Systematic Approach to the Evaluation
of the Quality of and Adherence to:
– Software Product Standards
– Processes
– Procedures
• Assures that Standards and Procedures are
Established and Followed throughout the Software
Development Process

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 Standards and Procedures
• Framework for which Software Evolves
• Standards
– Established Criteria to which Software Products are
Compared
• Procedures
– Established Criteria to which Development and Control
Procedures are Followed
• SQA is based on the Following of Standards and
Procedures

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 Standards and Procedures
• Proper documentation of Standards and
Procedures is necessary for SQA
• SQA Activities of Process Monitoring, Product
Evaluation, and Auditing rely on these
Standards and Procedures
• Any number of different Standards and
Procedures can be used on a given system

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 Standards and Procedures
• Requirement Standards
– Specify the Form and Content of how Requirements are
defined in a System
– Establishes a System of how to write a Requirement
• Short Phrase Describing Requirement
• Elaborate into more Detail
– Use a Numbering System for the Major Requirements and
Sub-Requirements
– Many Major Companies have Software to aid in the
Requirement Writing Process

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 Standards and Procedures
• Design Standards
– Specify the Content and Form of how Design
Documents are Developed
– Provide Rules and Methods to Transfer:
• Software Requirements to Software Design
• Software Design into Software Design Documentation
– Many Major Companies have Design Development
Software to aid in the Process

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 Standards and Procedures
• Code Standards
– Specify what Language the Code is written in and Define
any Restrictions on Language Features
– Code Standards Define:
• Legal Language Structures
• Style Conventions
• Rules for Data Structures and Interfaces
• Internal Code Documentation
– Using Methods such as “Peer Reviews”, “Buddy Checks”,
and Code Analysis can Enforce Standards

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 Standards and Procedures
• Code Standards
– A good thing but too many will Force Productivity and
Creativity to Suffer
– Examples of Good Code Standards:
• Reduction or Elimination of Global Variables
• Function and Method Sizes should be Minimized
• Each Line of Code should be Seventy Characters Maximum
• One Code Statement per Line
• Etc…

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 Standards and Procedures
• Documentation Standards
– Specify Form and Content for Planning, Control,
and Product Documentation
– Provide Consistency throughout a System
– Documentation can be written in any form
– Each Practice should be Documented so it can be
Repeated or Changed later if needed

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 Organizations involved in SQA
Standards Development
Most prominent developers of SQA standards:

 IEEE (Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers) Computer Society

 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

 DOD (US Department of Defense)

 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)

 EIA (Electronic Industries Association)

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Software quality assurance standards
Several standards that are related to software quality assurance are available.

• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society

– Software Engineering Standards Committee (e.g. IEEE Std 1228-1994 Standard for Software
Safety Plans)
– Quality measurement: IEEE Std 1061-1992 Standard for Software Quality Metrics
Methodology
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization (e.g.
– ISO/IEC 2382-7:1989 Vocabulary-Part 7: Computer Programming)
– ISO 9000-3 Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards - Part 3: Guidelines for the
application of 9001 to the development, supply, installation and maintenance of computer
software
• DOD: Department of deffence – USA
– CMMI, CMMI SE/SW
• IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission (e.g. IEC 61508:2010)
– Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems
 Software quality assurance
standards by tasks
• General project management: IEEE Std 1058-1998
– Standard for Software Project Management Plans
• Producing plans: IEEE Std 730 - 2014
– Software Quality Assurance Plans
• Lifecycle: IEEE Std 1074 – 1991
– IEEE Standard for Developing a Software Project Life Cycle
Process-defines the set of activities that constitute the
processes that are mandatory for the development and
maintenance of software.
• Requirements: IEEE Std 1233-1996
– Guide for developing System Requirements Specifications
•
 Software quality assurance standards
by tasks
• Maintenance-IEEE Std 14764-2006
– This standard defines the process for performing the maintenance of
software. It prescribes requirements for process, control and
management of the planning, execution and documentation of the
software maintenance activities.
• Productivity: IEEE Std 1045-1992
– Standard for Software Productivity Metrics.
– Defines a framework for measuring and reporting productivity of the
software process. E.g. measure the productivity of the software
process for creating code and documentation products.
 IEEE Std 1012 - IEEE Standard for Software
Verification and Validation

• To provide, for both critical and non-critical software, uniform

and minimum requirements for the format and content of
Software Verification and Validation Plans (SVVPs);
• To define, for critical software, specific minimum Verification
and Validation (V&V) tasks and their required inputs and
outputs that shall be included in SVVPs; and
• To suggest optional V&V tasks to be used to tailor SVVPs as
appropriate for the particular V&V effort.
 IEEE Std 828 – 2005 IEEE Standard for
Software Configuration Management Plans
• The standard identifies requirements for configuration
identification, configuration control, configuration status
accounting and reporting, and configuration audits and
reviews.
• The implementation of those requirements provides a means
by which the evolution of the software product items are
recorded, communicated and controlled.
• This provides assurance of the integrity and continuity of the
software product items as they evolve through the software
development and maintenance life cycle.
 IEEE Std 730-2014 Standard for software
quality Plan
• This is another example of a standard that is used widely in
software quality assurance
• The standard specifies the format and content of software
quality assurance plans
• It describes in details how a software quality assurance plan
can be implemented
 Other IEEE standards
• IEEE Std 1061-1992
– IEEE Standard for Software Quality Metrics Methodology
• IEEE Std 1028 -2008
– IEEE Standard for Software Reviews and Audits
• IEEE Std 830 -1998-
– IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements
• And much more
 Certification of Standards

• Why organizations needs certification for

standards they apply ?
– To enable a software development organization to
demonstrate consistent ability to assure acceptable
quality of its software products or maintenance
services.
– In other words, Certification is a meaning that
standards are applied correctly and completely
 Certification of Standards

– Certification also help to obtain more business because

many customers require that organizations obtain
certain standards.
– Certification is granted by an external body. Third party
certification bodies provide independent confirmation
that organizations meet the requirements of a certain
standard and hence a certificate is given to that
organizations
– Example:
https://youtu.be/35apMveQS8Y
https://www.mstb.org/ProductCert.html
 ISO 9000
• ISO 9000 is one of the popular standard series. It is a written
set of standard which describe and define the basic
elements/clauses of the quality system needed to ensure that
an organization’s products/or services meet or exceed
customer needs and expectations.

• ISO 9000 deals with the fundamentals of quality management

systems
• ISO 9000 is based on documentation and is based on the
following:
- Document what you do;
- Do what your document;
- Prove it and improve it

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 Approach to ISO 9000
• ISO 9000 provides a starting place for all-encompassing
quality efforts. The standards merely stipulate where
organizations need documentation to validate processes and
approaches but never dictate how much they require.
• ISO 9000 is not a product registration standard; it in no way
measures or recognizes the quality of a company's product,
nor does it mean that two companies with ISO 9000
registrations are equivalent.

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 Approach to ISO 9000
• ISO 9000 requires:
– Management that is committed, involved, focused and responsive.
– People who are organized, responsible, authorized, competent, empowered and
knowledgeable.
– Processes that are visible, traceable, consistent, repeatable, measurable and
documentable.
– Documents that are appropriate, relevant, simple, understandable and consistent with
processes in use.

• The ISO 9000 standards basically have three requirements.

– First, the company must document the quality system and business process in detail.
– Second, the company must make sure each employee understands and follows the
guidelines put forth by the documentation.
– And third, the documented quality system must be constantly monitored through
internal and external audits, and changed or updated when necessary.

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 ISO 9000
• Any organization wishing to adopt ISO standards
should start be using ISO 9000 and then select the
appropriate standard according to the type of their
business
• The ISO 9000 standard is continually being revised by
standing technical committees and advisory groups,
who receive feedback from those professionals who
are implementing the standard. The last version Is
ISO 9000- 2015
 Other ISO Standards
 ISO 9001 is the broadest standard and provides a model for
design, development, production, installation and servicing
 ISO 9002 is limited to production, installation and servicing
 ISO 9003 is further limited to inspection and testing
 ISO 9000-3 is further limited for software quality
 A company should first use ISO 9000 to design and to
implement a quality system. Once the quality has been
installed, the company may use the quality assurance models
of ISO 9001, ISO 9002, or ISO 9003 to demonstrate the
adequacy of the quality system.

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 Basic Steps in ISO 9000 Registration

• Planning
• Training
• Preparing documentation
• Internal assessment
• Internal auditing
• Pre-registration assessment
• Registration assessment
• Certification
35
A three-step process to ISO 9000 registration includes:
1. Management involvement and organizational
commitment, along with team spirit.
2. The preparation process, which entails understanding
the requirements, developing a good assessment of
current compliance (gap analysis), establishing an
internal audit system and documenting the processes.
3. Audit preparation, which includes undergoing a
simulation, everyone understanding the quality policy
and showing a professional attitude, and fostering a
good working relationship with external auditors.

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 Registration road map
ISO 9000 registration steps include the following:

• Know what you are doing.

• Involve management and make them understand the concepts and obtain
their commitment.
• Establish a quality steering committee with empowerment.
• Train management and employees.
• Communicate a registration plan.
• Develop an implementation plan.
• Create self-assessment questions.
• Establish a quality manual and procedures.
• Establish an internal auditing system.
• Measure compliance to the procedures.
• Review results and act appropriately.
• Call independent assessors in to audit.
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 Positive effects of ISO 9000 certification

• Improving processes’ procedures

• Improving process understanding
• Improving existing quality policies and
programs
• Completing Quality Manual
• Improving communication between
management and employees
• Increasing company’s credibility
 Benefits of ISO 9000
• Companies become registered to ISO 9000 to meet customer demands and
expectations, achieve increased quality levels, obtain market advantage over
competitors and meet the European Union's regulation requirements. Benefits of
ISO 9000 registration include higher perceived quality, improved customer
satisfaction, competitive edge and reduced customer quality audits. Internally, ISO
9000 registration brings better documentation, greater quality awareness, positive
cultural change and increased efficiency and productivity. Meeting requirements
alone cannot guarantee the quality of a product or service. Every supplier must
implement an overall quality management system, covering every aspect
throughout the entire life cycle of a product or service.

Lack of management commitment, lack of procedures and documentation, and

not following set procedures prevents organizations from achieving ISO 9000
registration. ISO 9000's focus is conformity to practices specified in a registrant's
own quality system. Its purpose is to enhance and facilitate trade. Registration
means conformity to documented practices. ISO 9000 is not an award.

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 Benefits of ISO 9000
• ISO 9000 provides a foundation and complementary approach to quality by focusing on
process documentation and maintaining appropriate records. The standards lay the
foundation for a total quality management program by concentrating on three fundamental
aspects: implementing quality controls, documenting the various processes and procedures,
and ensuring that the appropriate quality emphasis is established and followed by everyone
in the organization. ISO 9000 standards form a template for the creation of a sound quality
process. ISO 9000 enables suppliers to provide assurance that they have established an
operational quality system.

International customers have started to make ISO 9000 compliance an integral part of their
purchase agreements. Customers use the standards as a way to differentiate the offerings of
various suppliers, particularly when products and services are substantially similar. Customers
see compliance as a way to gain a degree of assurance that suppliers are doing what they say
they are doing.

The organization seeking registration has a great deal of flexibility in deciding on the scope of
the registration. Individual product lines or functional entities can be registered separately, a
single site can be registered or a division with multiple sites/locations can be registered.

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 Negative aspects of ISO 9000
• Extra time and money involved in the
registration process.
• Distraction from other quality programs
• A lot of work
 The Success Factors in ISO 9000
Registration
• Clear planning
• Hard work of each employee
• Commitment from top level
• Management support at every level
• Cross-functional team work
• Weekly meetings
• Extensive training resulting in knowledgeable
individuals
 Making ISO9000 works for you
o Implementing ISO 9000 leads to improved competitiveness because participants:
o Enforce an explicit statement of declared aims or specifications.
o Enforce a system of monitoring and keeping records.
o Provide the necessary discipline to carry out audits and reviews of systems to get to the
root causes of problems.
o Define responsibilities.
o Provide an auditable system that can be verified by external auditors.
o Help to successfully implement the feedback loop.
o Focus on customer needs.
o Apply a supplier/customer relationship with well-defined and mutually agreed-upon
requirements.
o Develop a prevention attitude throughout the company, accompanied by an early
detection and correction system.
o Establish clearly documented procedures, understood by everyone concerned.
o Provide adequate quality training for everyone that includes general comprehension of
what quality means and training in the use of specific tools.

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 Managerial Implications
• ISO 9000 are becoming an integral part of
global business
• Managers must understand what the critical
success factors are before starting the ISO
9000 registration
• There are extensive benefits to the company
beyond the certification.
• Consider certification to other standards.
ISO 9001 Quality Management
 What is ISO 9001?
• ISO 9001 is a standard that sets out the requirements for a quality
management system.
• It helps businesses and organizations to be more efficient and improve
customer satisfaction.
• With over 1.1 million certificates issued worldwide, ISO 9001 helps
organizations demonstrate to customers that they can offer products and
services of consistently good quality. It also acts as a tool to streamline
their processes and make them more efficient at what they do.
• A common framework for all management system standards
– ISO9001 uses high level structure, that was developed within ISO community
to try and provide the level of consistency for all management system
standards, to ensure consistency
 What is a quality management system?

• A quality management system is a way of defining how an

organization can meet the requirements of its customers and other
stakeholders affected by its work.
• ISO 9001 is based on the idea of continual improvement.
• It doesn’t specify what the objectives relating to “quality” or
“meeting customer needs” should be, but requires organizations to
define these objectives themselves and continually improve their
processes in order to reach them.
 What benefits will it bring to my
business or organization?

Implementing a quality management system will help you:

• Assess the overall context of your organization to define who is affected

by your work and what they expect from you. This will enable you to
clearly state your objectives and identify new business opportunities.

• Put your customers first, making sure you consistently meet their needs
and enhance their satisfaction. This can lead to repeat custom, new
clients and increased business for your organization.
 What benefits will it bring to my
business or organization? (Cont.)
• Work in a more efficient way as all your processes will be
aligned and understood by everyone in the business or
organization. This increases productivity and efficiency,
bringing internal costs down.
• Meet the necessary statutory and regulatory
requirements.
• Expand into new markets, as some sectors and clients
require ISO 9001 before doing business.
• Identify and address the risks associated with your
organization
 Why was ISO 9001 revised?
• All ISO standards are reviewed and revised regularly to make sure they
remain relevant to the marketplace. ISO 9001 has been updated to take
into account the different challenges that businesses now face.

• For example, increased globalization has changed the way we do

business and organizations often operate more complex supply chains,
and there are increased expectations from customers.

• ISO 9001 needs to reflect these changes in order to remain relevant

• A new version of the standard, ISO 9001:2015, has been launched,

replacing the previous version (ISO 9001:2008).
 Why was ISO 9001 revised? (Cont.)
Acting ISO Secretary-General Kevin McKinley concludes,
“The world has changed, and this revision was needed to reflect
this. Technology is driving increased expectations from
customers and businesses.
Barriers to trade have dropped due to lower tariffs, but also
because of strategic instruments like International Standards.
We are seeing a trend towards more complex global supply
chains that demand integrated action. So organizations need to
perform in new ways, and our quality management standards
need to keep up with these expectations.
I am confident that the 2015 edition of ISO 9001 can help them
achieve this.”.
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ISO 9001:2015
 ISO 9001:2015
Quality management systems -- Requirements
• The standard was developed by ISO/TC 176/SC 2, whose secretariat is
held by BSI, ISO member for the UK.
– are the ISO Subcommittee for Quality Systems.
– responsible for the development of ISO 9001 Quality management systems –
Requirements, the most widely used International Standard in the world.
– In addition, we produce the key ISO 9004 standard which provides guidelines for
organizations who wish to go beyond ISO 9001, as well as other guidance standards such
as ISO 10005, ISO 10006 and ISO 10007.

• Structure: ISO 9001:2015 now follows the same overall structure as

other ISO management system standards (High-Level Structure), making it
easier for anyone using multiple management systems.

53
 ISO 9001:2015
Quality management systems -- Requirements

• ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system

when an organization:
a) needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide products
and services that meet customer and applicable statutory and
regulatory requirements, and
b) aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective
application of the system, including processes for improvement of the
system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable
statutory and regulatory requirements.
All the requirements of ISO 9001:2015 are generic and are intended
to be applicable to any organization, regardless of its type or size, or
the products and services it provides.

54
 What are the key improvements to ISO
9001:2015?
o Increased emphasis on achieving value for the organization
and its customers
o A greater emphasis on leadership and organizational context
o Focus on risk-based thinking. This has always been part of the
standard, but the new version gives it increased prominence.
o Emphasis on objectives, measurements and change
o Stakeholder-focused communication and awareness
o Decreased emphasis on documentation
ISO9001- Key Differences

56
ISO 9001- Different Terminology

57
 What benefits does the
new version bring?
The new version of the standard brings the user a number of benefits.
ISO 9001:2015:
• Puts greater emphasis on leadership engagement

• Helps address organizational risks and opportunities in a structured

manner
• Uses simplified language and a common structure and terms, particularly
helpful to organizations using multiple management systems
• Addresses supply chain management more effectively
• Is more user-friendly for service and knowledge-based organizations
 Should I be certified to ISO 9001?

• Certification - when an independent certification body audits your

practices against the requirements of the standard – is not a requirement
of ISO 9001, but is a way of showing stakeholders that you have
implemented the standard properly.

• For some companies, third- party certification may be a requirement. For

example, some governments or public bodies may only contract suppliers
that have been certified to ISO 9001.

• ISO does not perform certification. For more information about the
certification process, see www.iso.org and the publication ISO
9001:2015 – How to use it.
 Malaysian Standards Development Structure
• Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) is the National
Standards Body for Malaysia established under Standards
of Malaysia Act 1996.
• SIRIM Berhad is appointed as the sole national standards
development agency by DSM.
• DSM is responsible for all policy matters with regard to
standardization and operational responsibility is delegated
to SIRIM Berhad.
• Amendment of Act 549 in year 2012 has allowed Standards
Malaysia to appoint more Standards Development Agency
(SDAs) for faster development of Malaysian Standards (MS)
according to its areas of expertise.

60
 DSM’S AND SIRIM BERHAD’S TASKS
DSM
• Standards policy development and implementation
• Participation in International and Regional Bodies
• Accreditation of laboratories and certification bodies

SIRIM Berhad
• Managing the standards development infrastructure
• Managing Malaysian representation in regional and international
standards bodies
• Publishing, printing, selling and distributing Malaysian Standards

61
 Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation
DSM
Malaysian Standards and -Policy & Advisory
Accreditation Council (MSAC)

Department of Standards - National standards & Accreditation

Malaysia Body

National Standards National Accreditation National IEC

Committee Committee Committee

Development & Accreditation of Malaysian

Use of Malaysian Laboratories and Participation in IEC
Standards Certification bodies
20 Sectorial
SIRIM Committees External Technical
Overseeing National Committees
Standards (SWOs)
Development
National Standards Infrastructure Managed
(2004)

Sectorial Committees 20

Technical Committees/Working Groups 234

Current standards projects undertaken 600

Standards-Writing Organisations (SWOs) 14

Committees members involved 2,400

63
 STANDARDS OF MALAYSIA ACT

REQUIREMENTS IN STANDARDS OF
MALAYSIA ACT (ARTICLES 15 (1), (5) & 15 (3),

Requirements to publish in Government Gazette:

- approvals
- withdrawals

Mandatory provisions for opportunity to

comment before adoption of standards

64
 IMPLEMENTATION OF CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE

Policies and procedures governed by Quality Manual-

Quality manual specifies:

Adherence to Code of Good Practice

IS0/IEC Guide 59:1994, Code of Good

Practice for Standardization

65
 STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR MALAYSIAN STANDARDS

Publication of Malaysian Publication in

Standards Government Gazette

Approval by Minister

Verification by DSM

Work programme of Sectorial Committee

National Standards Acceptance of Final Draft
Development is Review of Public Comments
published in
Standards and Issue for Public Comment Announcement in
Quality News newspapers/website
/Website Committee Draft

Working Draft

Acceptance of project by the Announcement of approved

Sectorial Committee & projects in
Project Registered newspapers/website

Request for New Standard Request from any

interested party
 CURRENT STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR MALAYSIAN
STANDARDS
Publication of Malaysian Publication in
Standards Government Gazette

Approval by Minister

Verification by DSM

Work programme of Sectorial Committee

National Standards Acceptance of Final Draft
Development is Review of Public Comments
published in
Standards and Issue for Public Comment Announcement in
Quality News newspapers/website
/Website Committee Draft

Working Draft

Acceptance of project by the Announcement of approved

Sectorial Committee & projects in
Project Registered newspapers/website

Request for New Standard Request from any

interested
67 party
 PARTICIPATION AND COMPOSITION OF COMMITTEES

Participation in Standards Development is accessible to all interested

parties through representation at:

> Sectorial Committees (ISCs);

> Technical Committees (TCs);

> Working Groups (WGs); and

> Public comment process.

68
 PARTICIPATION AND COMPOSITION OF COMMITTEES

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

TRADE AND MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONS

PROFESSIONAL BODIES

RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS

CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS

INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING

INDUSTRIES

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 TRANSPARENCY IN DEVELOPMENT OF MS

Announcement of approved new work item*

Announcement of drafts for Public comment*
Publication of work programme*
Announcement of approved/withdrawal of standards*
Publication of approved standard in Government Gazette
Sales of Malaysian Standards
Catalogue of MS - searchable online at SIRIM’s web
* Media: Website/newspapers/Standards Quality News

70
 Summary
• A standard might simply be defined as 'a set of rules
for ensuring quality'.
• Standards improve software quality by adopting
highest professional procedures
• There are several benefits for using standards
• Several organizations produce different standards
• Certification is important to ensure that standard has
been applied correctly and adequately