1 Differentiation

Differentiation
Contents

1. DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC
1.1 Basic Differentiation (1st Principal Theory)………………………………….
1.2 Methods of Differentiation:
a. Basic Rules (Power Rule) ……………………………………………………….
b. Sum, Product & Quotient Rule ………………………………………………..
c. Chain Rule ……………………………………………………………………………..
1.3 Higher –order Derivatives ……………………………………………………………
2. DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL

3. DIFFERENTIATION OF LOGARITHMS

4. DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRY
4.1 Basic Differentiation of 6 trigonometry ……………………………………….
“Hexagon Wheel of Trigo” – differentiation …………………………….
4.2 Rules of Differentiation of Trigonometry
in o tan …………………………………..
e ot ……………………………………
……………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
4.3 Differentiation of trigonometry involve:
Algebraic ……………………………………………………………………………….
Exponential …………………………………………………………………………...
Logarithm ……………………………………………………………………………..
5 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
6 PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
2 Differentiation

DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC
OVERVIEW

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
st
1 Principal

f  x   k , k is constant

d n 1
 f  x   n  f  x  f '  x 
n
f ' x  0 DIFFERENTIATION
dx

Formula
Methods dy dy du
Basic
Chain Rule  
dx du dx
f  x   xn , n 

f '  x   nx x 1
Sum, product f  x   u  x  v  x 
Product,
Quotient
f '  x   u ' v  uv '
f  x   kx n , n  , k constant
quotient
sum
f '  x   nkx x 1

u  x
f  x 
v  x
f  x  u  x  v  x
f '  x   u ' v  uv '
f ' x  u ' x  v ' x
3 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

1.1 First Principal

Concept of Derivative of a Function to the Gradient of a Tangent

Any gradient on the graph can be found by differentiate the function to obtain gradient function.

differentiate
f  x f ' x

‘Gradient function’

Comparison between ‘straight line’ graph and ‘curve’ graph

Straight line Curve
y y
3
m=2
m=-ve
2

1
m=2
0.5 m=+ve
-2 -1 2 4 x
x
 The gradient is constant (same) at
 The gradient is different at every point
every point on the graph
on the graph.

How to find gradient of the curve?

f (x)


To find the gradient at point P x, f  x  , 
f ( x  h) Q take another point on graph, let say point

 
Q with coordinate x  h, f  x  h  . 
Q1
 *h is increment between 2 points.
Q2 The gradient between point P and Q can

Q3 be found but not accurate. Now, take
P another point which is more closer to P
f (x) N that is Q1,Q2 and Q3. As h become smaller
(h approaching 0, h0) , the gradient will
x
x x+h more accurate.
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
h
4 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 1

Find the f '  x  for f  x   2x2  1 using first principal.

Solution:
f  x   2x2  1
f  x  h  2  x  h 1
2

f ( x  h)  f ( x)  2  x  h   1  2 x  1
 2
 2
 
f '( x)  
h h


 
2 x 2  2hx  h 2 1  2 x 2 1
h
2 x  4hx  2h 2  2 x 2
2

h
h  4 x  2h 

h
f '( x)  lim 4 x  2h  4 x
h 0

# f '  x   4x is gradient function. The gradient will be different when x  1, x  5 . Let us gradient

method; m  y  yo .
x  xo
#Gradient at x  1 , y  3 , take another point let say;
19  3 : m  3.205  3  4.1
x1  3 , y1  19 : m 8 x4  1.05, y4  3.205
3 1 1.05  1
x2  2 , y2  9 : m  93  6 x4  1.00001, y4  3.00004 : m 
3.00004  3
4
2 1 1.00001  1
3.88 3
x3  1.2, y3  3.88 : m  4.4
1.2  1

*As x approaches to 1, the gradient gives constant value. Try using f '  x   4x when x  1 ;
 f ' 1  4 1  4

TRY
The f '  x  when x  5 .
 5 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

1.2 METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

 Basic Rules

BASIC

f  x  k f ' x  0 f  x   xn f '  x   nx n1 f  x   kx n f '  x   nkx n1

k is constant n k constant, n 

Exp 2:
Exp 3:
f  x   abc f ' x  0 1. f  x   x3 f '  x   3x2
f  x   1001 f ' x  0 2. 2 2  13 2  1   1 1
f  x  f  x  x f ' x     x 3
f  x   ln101 f ' x  0 33 x 3 3 3
f  x   log 202 f ' x  0 Change from ‘surd form’ 2 4 2
 x 3 
f  x   e111 f ' x  0
to ‘exponential form’
9 9 3 x4
3. f t   2t 3 f ' t    2 3 t 4
*since f  x  don’t have variable
x, so the f '  x   0

Exp 4:
2
f  x   4 x3  3 x   x ln 3  e3
3x
Change form:
i) Surd exponential
1
ii) Division multiplication 2 1
f '  x   4 x3  3x 2  x  x ln 3  e3
3

 1  2 2
1
ln 3 and e3 constants
 4  3 x  3   x   1 x 2  ln 3
2

2 3

3 2
 12 x 2    ln 3
2 x 3x 2
6 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

Exercises 1  answers

1. Find the derivatives using the first principal

a. f  x   3x2  6x  7 b. f  x   x3  3x2
c. f  x   x2  7 x d. f  x   3x3  7 x2  5x
f  x    x  3  2 f  x   5x4
2
e. f.

2. Find the f '  x  at the given x.

x3
a. f  x   8x 2  4 x  7 ; x 3 b. f  x   3x ; x6
2
4
c. f  x   6 x3  ; x 1 d. f  x   11x2  x ; x  2
x2
2
e. f  x   x2  4 x  5 ; x0 f. f  x     4x ; x4
x

dy
3. Find the .
dx
f  x   25x2
2
a. b. f  x   13x3  3x 3
x2 4
f  x  
6
c. f  x  x d.
2 x 3x 2
5
e. f  x   x ln 4 f. f  x    x5  7 x3  e
3
3
g. f  x   ln 4 x  3
 9 x2  2 x h. f  x   e2  7ln 3
4x

1. Write the equation in 1 line. Means;

a. Any ‘surd form’ ( ) change to ‘exponential form’ ( ). {a is any number}
b. If variable at ‘denominator part’ ( ) then make it to be multiplication (x-b)
Exp:
2
f  x   4 x3  3 x   x ln 3  e3
3x
1
2
f '  x   4 x  3 x 2  x 1  x ln 3  e3
3

3
c. Identify which is a constant. Then differentiate.
7 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

B) SUM, PRODUCT, QUOTIENT RULES

SUM PRODUCT QUOTIENT

f  x  u  x  v  x u  x
f  x   u  x  v  x  f  x 
v  x
f ' x  u ' x  v ' x
f '  x   u ' v  uv ' u ' v  uv '
f ' x 
v2
REFER TO Exp 4
Apply when numerator has x
EXAMPLE 5 Sum rule variable, and denominator
also has x variable and has
Find the f '  x  for f  x   x2  x  1 more than 2 terms.

Idea of thinking: It can be expand since (x+1) has to the power of 1.

Solution:

f  x   x2  x  1  f  x   x3  x2
Differentiate by terms: f '  x   3x2  2x

EXAMPLE 6 Sum rule

 
Find the f '  x  for f  x   x  3  2 x  1
2

Idea of thinking: It can be expand since the there has power of 1.

Solution:

f  x    x 2  3  2 x  1
 2 x3  x 2  6 x  3
f '  x   2  3 x 2  2 x  6
 6x2  2x  6
8 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 7 Product rule

Find the f '  x  for f  x   x 2 x  1

5
 3


Idea of thinking: (1) It can be expanded since the there has power of 1.
or;(2) Can use product rule
Solution: v
u


f  x   x5 2 x3  1   
;Since it is product function so we take x as u and 2 x  1 as v.
5 3

u  x5 v  2 x3  1
u '  5x4 v '  6 x2

f '  x   u ' v  uv '

 5 x 4  2 x 3  1  x 5  6 x 2 
 10 x 7  5 x 4  6 x 7
 16 x 7  5 x 4

EXAMPLE 8 product rule


Find the f '  x  for f  x   x  2 2 x  x
2
 2


Solution:

u  x2  2 v  2x2  x
u '  2x v '  4x 1
f '  x   u ' v  uv '
 2 x  2 x 2  x    x 2  2   4 x  1
 4 x3  2 x 2  4 x3  x 2  8x  2
 8 x3  3x 2  8 x  2
9 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 9 Sum / product rule

 2  3
Find the f '  x  for f  x     2 x  
x  x
2

Solution:

Can be written as:  

f  x   2 x2  2 x  3x1  . After that, expand and differentiate.
Use product rule:
u  2 x 2  2 v  x  3x 1
u '  4 x v '  1  3x 2
f '  x   u ' v  uv '
  4 x   x  3x 1    2 x 2  2 1  3x 2 
 4 x 2  12  2 x 2  6 x 4  2  6 x 2
 4 x 2  14  8 x 2  6 x 4

EXAMPLE 10 SUM RULE / quotient rule

2 x2  7
Find the f '  x  for f  x  
x

Solution:

- The numerator and denominator both have x variable so quotient rule can be use but
there is easy way since the denominator only have 1 terms and numerator has power of 1.
- Separate the fraction into 2 fractions.

2x2 7 ; Separate into 2 fractions Quotient u  2x2  7 vx

f  x  
x x and simplify. rule: u '  4x v' 1

f  x   2 x  7 x 1
- Write in 1 line 4 x  x   1  2 x 2  7 
- differentiate Subs into f ' x 
x2
f ' x  2  7x 2 formula
& 2x2  7
7 simplify; 
 2 x2
x2
7
 2 2
x
10 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 11 quotient rule

 4 x  3
3

Find the f '  x  for f  x  

x  3
2
2

Idea of thinking: there is x variable at numerator (above part) & denominator (below part)
Solution:

 4 x  3 Since it is quotient function ,so define

3
u
f  x  u&v
x  3
2
2
v

u   4 x  3   # tips: remember quotient rule

3 2
v  x2  3
See the green arrow? Means
u '  3  4 x  3  4  
v '  2 x2  3  2x  
2
they multiply each other.
Quotient rule always minus;
 12  4 x  3  
2
 4x x2  3 u’v - uv’.

12  4 x  3   x  3  4 x  x  3   4 x  3
2 2 3
2 2
# tips: remember quotient rule
f  x  Common mistake:
 x  3   2
2 2
Forget the order of u’v - uv’.
 
Who come first?
4  4 x  3  x  3 3  x  3   4 x  3 
2 2 2
1st : write uv – uv

 x  3
4
2
2nd : put prime (‘) at first letter
and last letter that is u and v.
4  4 x  3 3 x 2  9  4 x  3
2

 3rd : it become; u’v – uv’

 
3
x2  3
4th : don’t forget to divide by v2
4  4 x  3  3 x  4 x  6 
2 2


 x  3
3
2
11 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

C) CHAIN RULE

 
1
There is composite function. Exp: x2  7 ,  2 x  3 ,  x  11 2 .
3 5
Use when

   
dy dy du
If y  f u and u  g x then,   . It called chain rule.
dx du dx
Alternatively, using formula: if y   f  x   ,then;
n

 f  x   n  f  x  f '  x 

d n n 1

dx

Chain rule normally compatible with “LET U method” (my students always say that). Chain rule is
very important in ‘Application of Differentiation’ where the rate of changes problem occurs.

Chain rule a.k.a “LET U method” (by definition)

How?
1st - Take the ‘inner’ function as u
du
2nd - Find the
dx
3rd - Define y in terms of u
dy
4th - Find the
du
dy du dy dy dy du
5th - Find the by multiply and  
dx dx du dx du dx

Chain rule (by formula)

How?
1st - Revise ‘basic rule method (power rule)’
2nd - Multiply the power, the power of function minus 1,time with differentiation of ‘inner’ function.

 f  x   n  f  x  f '  x 

d n n 1
3rd - The formula :
dx
12 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 12 Chain rule (definition & formula

 
4
Find the dy for y  3 x  5
3

dx

Solution: u ‘Inner ‘function as u

   f  x   n  f  x  f '  x 

d n 1
f  x   3x3  5
4 n
Using ;
dx
u  3x3  5 y  u4 Power
Differentiate
du dy Multiply the ‘inner’ function
minus 1
 9x2  4u 3 power
dx du

  9 x 
dy 4 1
Subs into formula:  4 3x3  5 2

dy dy du dx
 
 
3
dx du dx  36 x 2 3 x 3  5
 4u 3  9 x 2
 36 x 2u 3

 
3
 36 x 2 3x3  5

Other example where can use chain rule (by definition @ formula), recommended to use formula for
time saving.
1.

f  x  x  4  5x  3.
 
4 3 4
x f  x 
2 2 3
3x  5
2.
 3x  4.
4
3
5 f  x 
3

f  x  2

 x  3
2
 3x3  5  3

**Example (1) & (2): Has to use product rule and quotient rule. By taking u and v specifically,
differentiate them using chain rule (by formula).

**Example (3): Change the surd form to exponential form, then multiply with power (i.e. 4). To use
chain rule, the function must be written as y   f  x   .
n

 
1 
**Example (4): Review n
 a  n . So it becomes, f  x   3 3x3  5 3
a
13 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 13 Chain rule (definition & formula

2
Find the dy for y 
dx 1 2x
Solution: ‘Inner ‘function as u
Can written as; 1 Using ;
 2 2
y 
d
 f  x   n  f  x  f '  x 
n n 1

 1 2x  dx
2
 2 1  2 x 
1
u 1
1 2x y  u2
du
 2  11  2 x   2 
11
dy 1  12
dx  u 1
du 2  2 2 
1
 4 1  2 x 
2
 2 1  2 x  
1 2
y 
 1  2x   
Subs into formula: 1
 2 1  2 x 

2

dy dy du
 
dx du dx  1  1 
 2    1  2 x  2   2 
dy  1

1 1  2
 u 2  4 1  2 x 
2 dx
2 3
 2 1  2 x 

1 2

1  2 x 
2
 2u 2

1

 2  2 1  2 x   1  2 x 
1 2 2

 
1 1
 2  2 1  2 x  2 1  2 x 
 2
2

3
2 1  2 x 

2
2
 
2 2
3
 2 1  2 x 

2

The best way to differentiate is by letting the coefficient ‘stay’ in front of the function we want to
1
1
differentiate to avoid messy and mistake. Exp:  2 1  2x   2 1  2x 
1 2 
2
 
Coefficient
Differentiate this part only
14 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

1.3 Higher order derivatives

- It includes 2nd, 3rd till nth derivatives.

- 2nd derivative come from 1st derivative; 3rd derivative come from 2nd derivative
- The methods of differentiation still same depending on function/terms.

EXAMPLE 14 Higher order derivatives

2
 
2 3
Find the d y2 for y  8 x   3 x2  5
2

dx x

Solution:

1)find dy
dx
1

 
 3
y  8x2  2x 2
 3 x2  5
 1   1
1

  2x
dy 31
 8  2  x 21  2    x 2  3  3 x 2  5
dx  2
3

 
 2
 16 x  x 2
 18 x x 2  5

2
2)then find d y2
dx

 
3 2

  ; 18 x x 2  5
dy  2
 16 x  x 2  18 x x 2  5 has to solved by product rule
dx
 
2
since there 2 function here; 18x and x 2  5 .
Use product rule:
u  18 x
       
2
d 
v  x2  5 18 x x 2  5   18 x  4 x x 2  5  18 x 2  5
2 2

u '  18 
dx  

v '  2 x2  5  2x     
 18 x 2  5  4 x  x 2  5  
 4x x  5  2
  18  x 2
 5  x  4 x  5 
2

2
Then for d y2 ;
dx
2
3  52
d y
dx 2
 16 
2

x  18 x 2  5 x 2  4 x  5  
15 Differentiation

MAIN CONTENTS MIND MAP

EXAMPLE 15 Higher order derivatives

Find the 4th derivatives for f  x   5x5  2x1

Solution:

f '  x   25 x 4  2 x 2
f ''  x   100 x 3  4 x 3
f '''  x   300 x 2  12 x 4
f 4  x   600 x  48 x 5

ANSWERS: example 1
1 a) 6 x  6 d) 9 x2  14 x  5
b) 3x2  6 x e) 2x  6
c) 2x  7 f) 20x3

2 a) 52 d) 43
b) 57 e) 4
c) 26 5
f)
8

3 a) 100x3 e) ln 4
1
 25 x 4 21 x
b) 39 x 2  2 x 3 f)  
3 2
c) x  1  6 x 2 9x 2
g) ln 4   18 x  2
4
d) 8 3
x h) 0
3