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03b Direct Stiffness Method Truss

1) Truss structures are composed of straight elastic members subjected to only axial forces. The bar element can be used to analyze two- and three-dimensional trusses. 2) The stiffness matrix of a plane truss element relates the forces and displacements at its nodes. It is derived using either a direct method applying unit displacements or a transformation method relating local and global coordinate systems. 3) Similarly, the stiffness matrix of a space truss element is derived by transforming the local element stiffness matrix to global coordinates using a transformation matrix depending on the element orientation.

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74 views

03b Direct Stiffness Method Truss

1) Truss structures are composed of straight elastic members subjected to only axial forces. The bar element can be used to analyze two- and three-dimensional trusses. 2) The stiffness matrix of a plane truss element relates the forces and displacements at its nodes. It is derived using either a direct method applying unit displacements or a transformation method relating local and global coordinate systems. 3) Similarly, the stiffness matrix of a space truss element is derived by transforming the local element stiffness matrix to global coordinates using a transformation matrix depending on the element orientation.

Uploaded by

Anamol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

ME751
Mechanical IV/II
Chapter 3
Direct Stiffness Method: Discrete
Finite Elements (Truss)
3.3 TRUSS ELEMENT
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO TRUSS ELEMENT

Structures composed of straight elastic members subjected to axial


forces only are defined as truss structures. Satisfaction of this
restriction requires that all members of the truss be bar elements and
that the elements be connected by pin joints such that each element
is free to rotate about the joint.

Although the bar element is inherently one dimensional, it is quite


effectively used in analyzing both two- and three dimensional
trusses.

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
3.3.2 STIFFNESS OF A PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT
Direct (Unit Displacement) Method
Consider an arbitrarily oriented bar
as shown in Figure. The local node
numbers of the element are defined
as i and j. With respect to the global
coordinate system XY, there are
four local degree of freedom for the
element defined as ui, vi, uj and vj.

The local displacement vector and


local force vector are defined as

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Then the force displacement relationship for the element is given by

Let us apply unit displacement at node i in horizontal direction (ui =


1), as shown in Figure, while keeping other the same. The resulting
force required at each degree of freedom of system is then given by

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
The net deformation d of
the bar is given by

Therefore, force produced


in the axial direction is

Now resolving the forces,


we get

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Hence, the first column of the stiffness matrix is given by

Similarly applying unit displacements at the remaining degrees of


freedom, we can derive

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Hence the stiffness matrix of an arbitrarily oriented bar elements with
reference to global coordinate system is given by

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Transformation Method
The force displacement relationship for the bar element shown in
Figure with reference to local coordinate system X’Y’ is

where [k’] is the stiffness matrix


for axial direction (X’).

The transformation of
displacements between the local
and global coordinate systems are
given by

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Rewriting the above equations in matrix form

where

is called transformation matrix.

Similarly the local and global force


components are related as

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Rewriting in matrix form

Substituting {f’} from Equation (4.8) into Equation (4.11), we get

Substituting {u’} from Equation (4.9) into Equation (4.12), we get

where [K] is the global stiffness matrix and is given by

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Substituting [l] and [k’], we get

which is same as Equation (4.7).

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EXAMPLE 3.4
Determine the nodal deflections, stresses in members and
reactions at supports for the three bar truss shown in Figure
E3.4.

Figure E3.4

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
3.3.3 STIFFNESS OF A SPACE TRUSS ELEMENT
Referring to Figure which depicts a one-dimensional bar element
connected to nodes i and j in a 3-D global reference frame, the unit
vector along the element axis (i.e., the element reference frame)
expressed in the global system is

Thus, the element displacements are


expressed in components in the 3-D
global system as

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Above equations can be expressed in matrix form as

where [l] is the transformation matrix mapping the one-dimensional


element displacements into a three-dimensional global coordinate
system.
Following the identical procedure used for the 2-D, the element
stiffness matrix in the element coordinate system is transformed into
the 3-D global coordinates via

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Substituting for the transformation matrix [l] and performing the
multiplication results in

To simplify the calculations, we can also express Equation (4.20) as

where

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
3.3.4 Stress and Strain on a Truss Element
The final computational step in finite element analysis of a truss
structure is to utilize the global displacements obtained in the
solution step to determine the strain and stress in each element of the
truss.
For an element connecting nodes i and j, the element axial strain is
given by

Substituting from Equation (4.9) into Equation (4.23), we get

The element axial stress is then obtained by the application of


Hooke’s law as

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
where

for plane truss

for space truss

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EXAMPLE 3.5
For the space truss shown in Figure E3.5, determine the
displacement of node and stresses in each element. Let E = 210
GPa and A = 10 ´ 10-4 m2 for all elements. A load of 20 kN is
applied at node 1 in the global X direction.

Figure E3.5 18
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

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