Test2

READINGAND USEOF ENGLISH(1 hour30 minutes)

Part 1

For questions1-8, readthe text belowand decidewhich answer(A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Thereis an exampleat the beginning(0).
Mark your answerson the separate answer sheet.

Example:

0Abalance Brecord C income D orofit

Promotionis good for your health

A recent study suggeststhat being promoted isn't just good for your bank (0) ........ ,
found that those who work in jobs with betier
it's also good for your health.Researchers
promotion(1) ........arelesslikelytodevelopseriousillnesses.
Specifically,thoseworking
in departmentswith doublethe averagepromotion(2) ........ had a twenty percentbetter
chanceof escapingseriousillness.

The researchers(3) into accountfactors such as family background,pre-existing

medicalconditionsand educational level.(4)........, theycouldbe confidentthatthe lower
occurrencesof illnesswere not simplydue to a healthieror more (5) . .... upbringing.

The resultsseem to (6) earlierstudiesshowingthat people who win prestigious

awards,such as an Oscar or Nobel Prizeduringtheir career,have a tendencyto outlive
those who are less foftunate.As the author of the repoft says, 'When our findingsare
put togetherwith the largebody of other (7) literature,there is little(8) ........ that
achievinga higherpositionat work is good for the health.'
 Reading and Use of English

1 A forecasts B advances C predictions D prospects

2 A scale B rate C degree D ratio

SAset B took C put D made

4 A Anyway B Moreover C Consequently D Admittedly

5 A privileged B preferred C entitled D honoured

6 A callfor B go over C back up D lead to

7 A related B combined C referred D incorporated

I A hesitation B question C reservation D opposition

Test 2

Parl2

For questions9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only
one word in each gap. Thereis an exampleat the beginning(0).

Write your answerslN CAPITAL LETTERSon the separate answer sheet.

Example:
tr N o

Handwriting

About six monthsago, lrealisedI had (0) ........ideawhat the handwriting

of a good friendof
mine looked like. We had always communicatedby email and text but never by a handwritten

letter.And it struckme that we are at a moment(9) ........ handwritingseemsto be aboutto vanish

(10)........somepointin recentyears,it stopped(11)........anecessary

from our livesaltogether.

and inevitableintermediarybetweenpeople- a means by (12) ........ individualscommunicate

with each other,puttinga littlebit of their personality(13) ........the form of the messageas they

pressthe ink-bearingpoint onto the paper.lt has startedto becomejust (14) ........ among many

options, often consideredunattractiveand elaborate.

For each of us, the act of putting marks on paper with ink goes back as (15) ........ as we can

remember.Our handwriting,like ourselves,seems always to have been there. But now, given

that most of us communicatevia email and text, have we lost (16) ........ crucialto the human

experience?
 Reading and Use of Englisb

Part 3

For questions17-24, read the text below.Use the word given in capitalsat the end of some of the
linesto form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Thereis an exampleat the beginning(0).
Write your answerslN CAPITAL LETTERSon the separate answer sheet.

Example:
tr T R A N 5 F o R M A T I o N

Modernisinga museum

The AshmoleanMuseum in Oxford, England- the world's oldest university

museum - has recentlygone through a major (0) ........ . The architects TRANSFORM

wanted to create a new space that would make the museum one of the

world'smost importantand (17) ........ culturalshowcases. INNOVATE

The collectionsin the museum are absolutely(18) ........ and cover the STAND

cultures of east and west, charting the aspirationsof mankind from the

prehistoric era to the present day. The approach that was adopted was

based on the idea that (19) ........that have shaped our modern societies CIVILISE

did not develop in isolation but were paft of a complex interrelatedworld.

Everyobjecthas a (20)........storyto tell,and thesearegraduallyuncovered SIGNIFY

through tracing the journey of ideas and influences across time and

continents.

People who knew the old museum say it has (21) ........ an amazing GO

makeover.The new layout {221 .....-..people to appreciatethe objects ABLE

fully; it is (23) ........ to everyone,from school children to academic ACCESS

scholars,so (24) ........ to all those involvedin redesigningthis wonderful CONGRAf,ULATE

treasurehouse.
Test 2

Parl4

For questions25-30, complete the second sentenceso that it has a similar meaningto the first
sentence,using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and six words, includingthe word given.Hereis an example(0).

Example:

0 Jameswould only speakto the head of departmentalone.

ON

James .......to the headof departmentalone.

The gap can be filledwith the words 'insistedon speaking',so you write:

Example: INSISTEDON gPEAKING

Writeonly the missingwordslN CAPITALLETTERSon the separateanswersheet.

25 The other students don't mind whetheryou give your presentationon Thursdayor Friday.

DIFFERENCE

It .............. the otherstudentswhetheryou giveyourpresentation

on
Thursdayor Friday.

26 'What are you thinkingof doing for the college'scentenarycelebration?'the tutor asked
the students.

MIND

' The tutor askedthe studentswhat ......... for the college'scentenary

celebration.

27 Dr. Ramesh'scolleaguesregardedhim so highlythat they forgavehis inabilityto remember

people'snames.

HELD

Dr.Ramesh ........by his colleaguesthat they forgavehis inabilityto

rememberpeople'snames.
 Reading and Use of English

28 As learningnew languageshad never been a problemfor her,Katy didn't expect io have

any difficultieswhen she went to liveabroad.

COME

Learningnew languageshad ........her so Katydidn't expectto have

any difficultieswhen she went to liveabroad.

29 | think we owe this passengeran apology,as she was apparentlygiven incorrecttrain times
by our call centre staff.

MISINFORMED

I thinkwe owe this passengeran apology,as she seems ........train

times by our call centrestaff.

30 lf her partywins the election,which is unlikely,she'llbecomepresident.

EVENT

In the ........ she'llbecomepresident.

the election,
Test 2

Part 5

You are going to read an extract from a novel. For questions 31-36, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best accordingto the text.
Mark your answerson the separate answer sheet.

Howard'sCareeras a Palaeontologist
Howard became a palaeontologistbecauseof a rise in interestrates when he was six years old. His
father,a cautious man with a large mortgageand thoughts focussed merelyon how the economic
situationwould affect him, announcedthat the projectedholidayto Spain was no longerfeasible.A
chaletwas rentedon the Englishcoast insteadand thus, on a dank August afternoon,Howardpicked
up a coiledfossilshell,calledan ammonite,on the beach.
He knew for a long time that he wanted to become a palaeontologist,and towards the end of his
time at universityhe became clear as to what sort of palaeontologisthe wanted to be. He found the
focus of his interestreachingfurther and fufther back in time. The more spectacularareaswere not
for him, he realised,turninghis back on the Jurassic,on dinosaurs.He was drawn particulady to the
beginnings,to that ultimateantiquitywhere everythingis decided, from which, againstall odds, we
derive.So he studieddelicatecreaturesrevealedon the surfaceof grey rocks.
Work on his doctoralthesis came to an end, and, he knew,possiblya bitter one. Would he get a job?
Would he get a job in the sort of institutionhe sought? He was far from beingwithout self-esteemand
knew that his potentialwas good. But he knew that those who deservedo not always get, and that
whilethe objectivesof sciencemay be pureand uncompromising, the processof appointmentto an
academic position is not. When the AssistantLectureshipat TavistockCollegein London came up,
he appliedat once,thoughwlthouthigh hopes.
On the morning of Howard'sinterview,the professorwho would chair the panel had a row with his
wife. As a consequencehe left home in a state of irritationand inattention,drove his car violentlyinto
a gatepost and ended up in the CasualtyDepadmentof the local hospital.The interviewtook place
withouthim and withoutthe supporthe had intendedto giveto a candidatewho had beena student
of his.
The professorwho replaced him on the panel was a hated colleague,whose main concern was to
opposethe appointmentof his enemy'sprot6g6;he was ableto engineerwithoutmuch difficultythat
Howard got the job. Howard,surprisedat the evidentfavouritismfrom a man he did not know, was
ferventlygratefuluntil,monthslater,a colleaguekindlyenlightenedhim as to the correct interpretation
of events. Howard was only slightly chagrined.lt would have been nice to think that he was the
obvious candidate,or that he had captivatedthose presentwith his ability and personality.But by
then the only thing that reallymatteredwas that he had the job and that he could support himselfby
doing the sort of work he wanted to do.
He often found himselfcontrastingthe orderly nature of his professionallife - where the pursuit of
scientifictruth was concerned,it was possibleto plan a course of action and carry it out - with the
anarchy of private concerns.The world teems with people who can determinethe quality of your
existence,and on occasionsome total strangercan reach in and manipulatethe entire narrative,as
Howardwas to find when his briefcase,containingthe notes for a lecturehe was about to give, was
stolen at an Undergroundstation.
Fuming, Howard returnedto the college. He made an explanatoryphone call and postponed the
lecture.He reportedthe theft to the appropriateauthoritiesand then went for a restorativecoffee.He
joined a colleaguewho was entertaininga visitingcuratorfrom the NaturalHistoryMuseumin Nairobi.
And thus it was that Howard learntof the recentlyacquiredcollectionof fossils,as yet uncatalogued
and unidentified,the study of which would provide him with his greatestchallengeand ensure his
professionalfuture. But for the theft, but for that now benevolentstranger ... Within half an hour he
had dismantledand reassembledhis plans.He would not go to a conferencein Stockholm.He would
not spend a fodnighttakingstudentson a field trip to Scotland.He would pull out everystop and
somehowscrambletogetherthe fundsfor a visitto the museumin Nairobi.
36
 Reading and Use of English

31 What is suggestedabout Howard'sfather in the first paragraph?

A He'd foreseena changein the economicclimate.
B He acted in characterwhen cancellingthe holiday.
C He'd neverbeen in favourof holidaysabroad.
D He tendedto make decisionsspontaneously.

32 What area of palaeontologydid Howard developa special interestin at university?

A the earliestlifeforms
B the datingof piecesof evidence
C the scale of pre-historiccreatures
D the fragile beauty of many fossils

33 What concerned Howard about the chancesof getting a job?

A his lack of work experience
B his uncertaintyof his own wofth
C that jobs were not always awardedon merit
D that jobs in his field were alwaysin short supply

34 The resultof Howard'sjob interviewdependedon

A a changeof heartby a memberof the panel.
B the relativestrengthsof the candidates.
C the pedormanceof a favouredcandidate.
D the conflict betweentwo membersof staff.

35 How did Howardfeel when he learntthe truth about his appointment?

A pleasedhe would be so well oaid
B unconcernedabout why he got the job
C dismayedat not being the best candidate
D gratifiedto think he'd made a good impression

36 Over the text as a whole, the writer suggeststhat the course of Howard'scareerwas
determinedto a largeextent by
A a seriesof randomcoincidences.
B an interestdevelopedin childhood.
C a beliefin scientificcertainties.
D a mix of hard work and academicsuccess.
Test 2

Part 6

Youare goingto readfour extractsfrom onlinearticlesaboutsportspsychology.

For questions
3740, choosefromthe extractsA-D. Theextractsmaybe chosenmorethanonce.
Markyouranswerson the separateanswersheet,

Sports psychology:a valid discipline?

Dorothy Common
ls the ever growing disciplineof sports psychologycontributingeffectivelyto sporting performanceor is it, as
'statingthe blindinglyobvious'? | have certainlyseen evidencethat those
many peoplethink, simply the art of
in journalisticcirclesare yet to be fully convinced.And it is certainlytrue that spod psychologistsshould strive
to increasethe sophisticationof their approachesto research,making use of more reliablescientificmethods.
Yet it's a shame that people should be so sceptical.Essentially,sports psychologyasks this simple question:
consideringthe undeniablerole mentallife plays in decidingthe outcomesof our sportingefforts,why is mental
trainingnot incorporatedto the equivalentdegree into the athlete'stypical training?lf, say, a irack sprinteris
susceptibleto lettingtheir head get the better of them (temperissues,nerves,anxiety),then why should they
spend their trainingjust working on their strengths(the physicalside)?

Jahangir Khan
There is a popular view, largelybased on a well-knowncase with a prominentrunner,that sports psychology
is something for treating athletes with mental disorders.This has no basis in fact and stems from making
assumptionsbased on a limited understandingof psychologyand how it is used in applied settings. In my
area of particularexperlise,football, rugby and hockey,there exists a culture of what one psychologistcalls
'folk psychology'.That is, there are usuallyindividuals(typicallyan older dominant coach) who communicate
non-scientificwords of wisdom which, consciouslyor unconsciously,affect everyone,usuallyto detrimental
'dig deep' and give it'110%' consistently.This
effect in the long run. Think of a young player who is told to
gives a mentalaspect io trainingthat is non-scientificand misguided.But this is in stark contrastto the reality
of modern day psychologyresearch,which is based upon rigorousscientificmethodologies.

Brian D. Rossweller
Researchinto sporls psychology is increasinglyevidence-based,using the gold standard methodology of
'randomizedcontrol group designs'. Nevedheless,using the term 'psychology' in relationto psychological
efforts with athletes, especiallythose involved in team sports, can be both an asset and a hindranceto
undersiandingthe field. Psychologyas a field has become much more acceptablein social life. lt seems that
every time a person flicks through the televisionchannelsthey are likelyto see a psychologisttalking about
somethingor other.Thus peopletend to view psychologists,includingthose seen on sports programmes,as
knowledgeableand as providinginformationusefulto everydaylife. However,the flip side is that most people
know someone who sees a clinical psychologistor therapistfor a mind-relatedproblem. In our society there
has been a stigma attached to such problemsand so many people have attached negativeconnotationsto
seeinga psychologistand may misunderstandthe natureof seeinga sports psychologist.

D Xiu Li
There is still some distance between research and coaching practice. Sports psychology has been able to
developa relativelysignificantresearchbase in the lastfifteenyears;aided by generalexperimentalresearchers
often using athletesas an easilyidentifiableand obtainablepopulation.Yet,as a practisingsporls psychologist
I recentlyobservedan athleticscoach, whose reactionto a promisingmiddle-distancerunnerlosinga winning
position on the last lap was to prioritisedevelopinga sprint finish. What he didn't address was the fact that
the runnerfailed to focus wheneverhe got ovedaken.Then again, I also witnessedsome baseballcoaches
doing some work - which I would have been proud of in my professionalcapacity - on assessingand profiling
strengthsand weaknesses,and also on per-formanceanxiety.So things vary and some trainersare clearly
more knowledgeablethan others. But it is not surprisingthat, as a result,public conceptionsare confusedon
the issue.
 Reading and Use of English

Whichexpert

sharesKhan'sopinionon whypublicmisconceptions
about
sportspsychologyhaveoccurred?
hasa ditferentviewfrom Khanon whethersomepsychological
trainingusedin teamsportsis helpfulto the players? fliWt-l
hasa differentviewfromRossweller
sportspsychologists?
on howthe mediareoard
[W-l
hasa differentopinionfromthe otherthreeexpertson the currentstate
of researchin sportspsychology? H-l
Test 2

Parl7

Youaregoingto reada newspaper articleabouta newtrendin thetravelandtourismindustry.

Six
paragraphs havebeenremovedfromthe article.Choosefromthe paragraphs A-G the onewhich
fits eachgap (41-46).Thereis one extraparagraph whichyou do not needto use.
Markyouranswerson the separateanswersheet.

Stargazing in East Africa

Jonathan Ford went to Tanzaniaon an 'astro-safari',which combinesanimal-watching
with looking at the stars.

We are gathered about a campfire on the dusty edge of early age.A natural communicator,Howes promptly
the Serengeti National Park. After a long day scanning reassuredus that degreesin astrophysicsare all very
the savannah for creatures with jaws, claws, tusks, the well, but cutting-edgeastronomyrelieson the work of
flames are comforting. Normally on one of these trips, thousandsof amateurs.They arejust like us, but with
this is the moment at which the day starts to wind betterlensesand morepat.ience.
dor,l'n; when tourists compare the animals they've had
the chance of seeing and capturing on film.

The vocabulary howeveq was alluringly alien: not just

nebulae and supernovae, but globular clusters and
Amateur astronomy is enjoying a surge of popularity Magellanic Clouds. Howes continued the astral tour
and remote hotels around the world are installing even in daylight hours. To do so, he had brought with
telescopes and hiring expert star guides. Nevertheless, him a solar scope that you screw into a telescope.This
when I first heard about the idea of an'astro-safari', allows you to look directly into the sun, and, if you are
I was sceptical. Wasn't the whole point of going to luclqz,see the huge 'coronal mass injections' that spurt
Africa to look around at hyenas and gazelles,say,rather from the surface of our very own star.
than up at constellations that have scarcely changed
since our ancestorsfust struggled to stand upright?

In fact, 'seeing' here in the Serengeti - astronomer-

speak for clarity - is among the best in the u'orid. But it
So it was with certain qualms that I found myself in was the unexpected spectaclesthat caused the greatest
-fanzania,
on one of the first such safarisin Africa. delight: one evening, a great fireball streaked acrossthe
The plan was simple. We would spend four days sky,seeming to plunge to earth some way to the south.
travelling through the spectacularNgorongoro crater
and the higtrlands,before dropping dou'n on to the
plain, animal watchingby day and stargazingby night.
We would hit the Serengetiplainsjust as 1.5 million Appropriate perhaps,consideringthat this is the part
wildebeestwere making their way across,accompanied of the world where mankind first lived and looked at
by zebras and gazelles,one of east Africa's most the night sly. Within 24 hours of arriving rhe raw
thrilling sights. tourist finds himself askingall the big questions the
origins of the universe,why life started here of all
places ... and the relative scarinessof hyenas and
asteroids.It was completelydi{Ierentto sitting in front
We were in luck: Nick Howes, a science writer for the of a TV screenwhereeverwhingseemedmore certain.
European Space Agency learnt to love astronomy at an
 Reading and Use of English

A Stars, unlike elephants and giraffes, can surely But here the banter is not of giraffe and
be seen any winter evening from anyone's back rhino but of astronomical terms like quarks
garden. And it was doubtful that anyhing and parsecs. A particular constellation of
could be learnt from peering through a stars known as Leo will be turning up, cloud
telescope that some professor couldn't get permitting later that night. Who will be
across on a TV programme. awake? 'We won't be able to see it till about
3.30 in the morning,' saysour guide, cheerily
B We mobbed our guide with fretful questions. unfazed by the idea of stayingup till dawn.
He shrugged and laughed. It could be a
meteor. 'You have to get used to not knowing. My nonchalance didn't stand a chance against
That's the hardest part of the job,' he said. It this passion and knowledge. I soon realised
was then I became aware of the point of being that the sky over my London home is a moth-
here. eaten faded curtain compared with the lavishly
studded dome that dominates the wilds of
c What was less clear was how our night-time Africa. This is due, of course, to the total
viewing would go. Our group featured no one absenceof light pollution.
who could confidently say what they were
looking at in the sky, so much depended on the G I wasn't sure whether it had been the right
astronomer accompanyng us. decision, even though seeing the animals
at close range was thrilling. But then I saw
D Indeed, we learnt that Nil< Szymanek, one of the Carina Nebula, nothing but the faintest
the world's finest astro-photographers, is a of glows to the naked eye but a furnace of
London Tube driver by day. Tom Boles, who throbbing scientific possibility when seen
has discovered more supernovas than anyone through the telescope.
living, turns out to be a retired telecoms
engineer.
Test 2

Paft 8

You are going to read an articleabout scientificinterpretationsof modern art. For questions47-56,
choose from the sections(A-D). The sectionsmay be chosen more than once.

Mark your answerson the separate answer sheet.

ln which section does the writer...

mentioncertainviewersbeingableto relateto what artistshad in mind?

Fft
referto a doubt about the merit of a piece of artwork?
tril
highlighta needfor artiststo strikethe right balance?
trTr
indicatea possiblereasonfor difficultyin reachinga consensus?
Ft-t
state that people may have a shallow reasonfor likinga piece of art?
FTI
suggestthat some artistsare aware of how they can satisfythe brain?
r.4l
referto a shift in her own perception?
trl--l
point out shortcomingsin a specificpieceof research?
Fl--l
mentionthe possibilityof extendingthe scope of an existingresearcharea?
Ft-t
describea procedureemployedin the gatheringof some scientificdata?
Fr-t
 Reading and Use of English

A scientific view of modern art

Kat Austen investigatesscientific research on modern aft and why we appreciate it

A Standing in front of Jackson Pollock's G In an attempt to make sense of how we perceive

Summertime:Number 94 one day I was struck by art, scientists have designed experiments that
a strangefeeling.What I once consideredan ugly play with volunteers'expectationsof the pieces
collection of random paint splatters now spoke they are viewing.The volunteersviewed pairs of
to me as a joyous celebrationof movementand paintings- either creations by famous abstract
energy. lt was the first time a piece of abstract artists or the doodles of infants, chimps and
ad had stirred my emotions. Like many, I used elephants.Then they had to judge which they
to dismiss these works as a waste of time and liked best. A third of the paintings were given
energy.How could anyonefind meaning in what no captions, while the rest were labelled. The
looked like a collection of colourful splodges twist was that sometimesthe labels were mixed
thrown haphazardlyat a canvas?Yet hereI was, in up so that the volunteersmight think they were
London'sTateModerngallery,moved by Pollock's viewing a chimp's messy brushstrokes,while
work. So, why are we attractedto paintingsand they were actuallyseeing an abstract piece by a
sculoturesthat seem to bear no relationto the famous artist. Some sceptics might argue that it
physicalworld? Little did I know that researchers is impossibleto tell the difference,but in each set
have alreadystarted to investigatethis question. of trials,the volunteersgenerallywent for the work
By studying the brain's responses to different of the well-acceptedhuman artists. Somehow it
paintings,they have been examiningthe way the seemsthat the viewercan sensethe artist'svision
mind perceivesart, and how masterpieceshijack in these paintings,even if they can't explainwhy.
the brain'svisualsystem. Yet,the experimentdid not explainhow we detect
the hand of the human aftist, nor the reasonwhy
B Studies in the emergingfield of neuroaesthetics the paintingsappealto us. But how does the artist
have alreadyofferedinsightsinto many hold our attention with an image that bears no
masterpieces.The blurred imagery of paintings likenessto anythingin the real world? Of course,
of the lmoressionistera towards the end of the each artist's unique style will speak to us in a
19th century seems to stimulate a part of the differentway,so therecan be no singleanswer.
brain which is geared towards detecting threats
in our ratherblurry peripheralvision.The same D A few studies have tackled the issue of how
part of the brain also plays a crucial role in our people process images, a case in point being
feelingsand emotions,which might explainwhy Robert Pepperell's attempt to understand the
many peoplefind these piecesso moving.Could way we deal with works which do not offer even
the same approachtell us anythingabout modern the merest glimpse of a recognisableobject for
art, the definingcharacteristicof which has been the brain to latch on to. But they may instead
to removealmosteverythingthat could be literally catch our attention through particularly well-
interpreted?Although such works often sell for proportioned compositions that appeal to the
vast sums of money, they have attracted many brain's visual system. We may also be drawn in
sceptics, who claim that modern artists lack the by pieces that hit a specific point in the brain's
skills or comoetenceof the mastersbeforethem. abilityto processcomplexscenes,which,in turn,
Instead they believe that many people claim may be why certain artists use a particularlevel
to like these works simply becausethey are in of detail to please the brain. According to one
fashion. psychologist,if there is too little detail we find the
work boring,but too much complexityresultsin a
kind of perceptualoverload.