Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

3
9 Trigonometric Relations (c) sin 25° =
x
3
Review Exercise 9 (p. 9.3) x=
sin 25°
x = 7.099 (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
1. (a) tan 15° + cos 55° = 0.842 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Activity
(b) sin 24° − 4 tan 10° = −0.299 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Activity 9.1 (p. 9.4)
sin 34°
(c) = 1.49 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 1. (a) (i) AC = 12 + 12 = 2
cos 68°
(ii) x = 45°
2. (a) sin θ = 0.891
θ = 63.0° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) 1  2  1  2 
(b) sin 45° = or , cos 45° = or ,
2 2   2 2 
(b) tan θ = sin 66° cos 22°
tan 45° = 1
tan θ ≈ 0.847 025
θ = 40.3° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) 2. (a) (i) PS = 1
RS = 2 2 − 12 = 3
(c) cos θ = (sin 78°) 2

cos θ ≈ 0.956 773 (ii) θ = 30°

θ = 16.9° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°)
3 1
(b) (i) sin 60° = , cos 60° = , tan 60° = 3
3. (a) By Pythagoras’ theorem, 2 2
hypotenuse = opposite side 2 + adjacant side 2
1 3
= 32 + 4 2 (ii) sin 30° = , cos 30° = ,
2 2
=5
1  3 
3 4 3 tan 30° = or
∴ sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = 3 3 
5 5 4

(b) By Pythagoras’ theorem,

Activity 9.2 (p. 9.15)
opposite side = hypotenuse 2 − adjacant side 2 1. sin θ
θ sin2 θ + cos2 θ
= 26 2 − 24 2 cos θ
= 10 1
30° 1
10 24 10 3
∴ sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
26 26 24
5 12 5 45° 1 1
i.e. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
13 13 12
60° 3 1
(c) By Pythagoras’ theorem,
adjacant side = hypotenuse 2 − opposite side 2
2. (a) yes
= 32 − 2 2
= 5 b a b
(b) sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ =
c c a
2 5 2  2 5 
∴ sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = or b
3 3 5  5   
sin θ  c  b
(i) = = = tan θ
cos θ  a  a
4  
4. (a) tan θ = c
2
θ = 63.43° (cor. to 4 sig. fig.) (ii) c 2 = a 2 + b 2
2 2
b a
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ =   +  
r c c
(b) cos 35° =
5 b2 + a2
=
r = 5 cos 35° c2
r = 4.096 (cor. to 4 sig. fig.) =1

68
 9 Trigonometric Relations

Activity 9.3 (p. 9.23) θ

(b) 2 sin =1
a c 2
1. sin θ = , sin (90° − θ ) = ,
b b θ 1
sin =
c a 2 2
cos θ = , cos (90° − θ ) = ,
b b θ
= 30°
a c 2
tan θ = , tan (90° − θ ) =
c a θ = 60°

2. (a) sin (90° – θ) = cos θ Quick Practice 9.3 (p. 9.8)

Consider △ABC.
(b) cos (90° – θ) = sin θ AB
sin 45° =
AC
1
(c) tan (90° − θ ) = 1 10
tan θ =
2 x
x = 10 2
Quick Practice Consider △ACD.
CD
Quick Practice 9.1 (p. 9.6) tan 30° =
AC
1 1
(a) sin 30° − tan 45° cos 60° = − 1× 1
=
y
2 2
3 10 2
1 1
= − 1
2 2 y = 10 2 ×
=0 3
10 2  10 6 

= or
 3
2 3  3 

 
cos 30°
2  2 
(b) =   Quick Practice 9.4 (p. 9.12)
tan 30° sin 60° 1 3 12
× Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = .
3 2 13
3 By Pythagoras’ theorem,
= 4 AB = AC 2 − BC 2
1
2 = 13 2 − 12 2
3 =5
=
2 By definition,
AB 5
cos θ = =
2 AC 13
2  1 
(c) tan 2 60° + sin 2 45° = 3 +  
 BC 12
 2 tan θ = =
AB 5
1
= 3+
2
Quick Practice 9.5 (p. 9.13)
7
= cos θ = 0.8
2
8
=
10
Quick Practice 9.2 (p. 9.7)
4
(a) 3 tan θ − 2 cos 30° = 0 =
5
3
3 tan θ − 2 × =0 Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ =
4
.
2 5
3 tan θ = 3 By Pythagoras’ theorem,
3 BC = AC 2 − AB 2
tan θ =
3
= 52 − 42
θ = 30°
=3
By definition,
BC 3
sin θ = =
AC 5
BC 3
tan θ = =
AB 4

69
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

Quick Practice 9.6 (p. 9.13) Quick Practice 9.9 (p. 9.19)
1 ∵ cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ
Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
15 ∴ cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
By Pythagoras’ theorem, 2
 5
AC = AB + BC
2 2 = 1−  
 13 
= ( 15 ) 2 + 12 144
=
=4 169
By definition, 12
BC 1 =
sin θ = = 13
AC 4 sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ =
AB
=
15 cos θ
AC 4 5 13
= ×
1 15 13 12
sin θ cos θ = ×
4 4 5
=
15 12
= 2
16  5 12   5 
∴ (3 sin θ + 2 cos θ ) tan 2 θ =  3 × + 2 ×  ×  
 13 13   12 
Quick Practice 9.7 (p. 9.17) 25
= 3×
 sin θ  144
2 
2 tan θ cos θ 
= 
25
(a) =
sin θ sin θ 48
2 sin θ 1
= ×
cos θ sin θ Quick Practice 9.10 (p. 9.19)
=
2 sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ cos θ
1 sin θ
=
(b) sin 2 θ − (3 − cos 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ − 3 + cos 2 θ 2 cos θ
cos θ = 2 sin θ
= (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) − 3
= 1− 3 cos 2 θ = 4 sin 2 θ
= −2 1 − sin 2 θ = 4 sin 2 θ
1 = 5 sin 2 θ
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ =
1
(c) =
2 − 2 sin θ 2(1 − sin 2 θ )
2 5
cos 2 θ 1  5 
= sin θ = or
 5 
2 cos 2 θ 5
1
= cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
2
1
cos θ = 1 −
Quick Practice 9.8 (p. 9.18) 5
 sin 2 θ  2  2 5 
(a) (1 + tan 2 θ ) cos 2 θ = 1 +  cos 2 θ = or
 cos θ
2 
 5  5 

= cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=1 Quick Practice 9.11 (p. 9.20)
4 cos θ − 3 sin θ 4 cos θ 3 sin θ
= −
9 sin θ 9 sin θ 9 sin θ
cos θ + sin θ = cos θ + sin θ
(b) 4 1
tan θ sin θ = −
cos θ 9 tan θ 3
4 5 1
= cos θ + sin θ = × −
2 2

sin θ sin θ 9 2 3
7
= cos θ + sin θ =
2 2

sin θ 9

= 1
sin θ

70
 9 Trigonometric Relations

Alternative Solution Quick Practice 9.15 (p. 9.29)

sin θ (a) L.H.S. = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ
tan θ =
cos θ = 1 − 2(1 − cos 2 θ )
2 sin θ = 1 − 2 + 2 cos 2 θ
=
5 cos θ
= 2 cos 2 θ − 1
2 cos θ = 5 sin θ
4 cos θ − 3 sin θ 2(5 sin θ ) − 3 sin θ R.H.S. = 2 cos 2 θ − 1
∴ = ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
9 sin θ 9 sin θ
7 sin θ ∴ 1 − 2 sin 2 θ ≡ 2 cos 2 θ
=
sin θ
7 (b) L.H.S. = 2 cos θ − sin θ
= tan (90° − θ )
9
= 2 cos θ tan θ − sin θ
Quick Practice 9.12 (p. 9.24) = 2 cos θ × sin θ − sin θ
(a) sin θ = cos 38° cos θ
= cos (90° − 52°) = 2 sin θ − sin θ
= sin 52° = sin θ
∴ θ = 52° R.H.S. = cos (90° − θ )
= sin θ
1 ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
(b) tan 2θ =
tan θ 2 cos θ
∴ − sin θ ≡ cos (90° − θ )
= tan (90° − θ ) tan (90° − θ )
∴ 2θ = 90° − θ
3θ = 90° Quick Practice 9.16 (p. 9.29)
θ = 30° L.H.S. = (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (sin θ − cos θ ) 2
= (sin 2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
Quick Practice 9.13 (p. 9.25) + (sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
(a) sin (90° − θ ) = cos θ = 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
tan (90° − θ ) 1
= 2(1)
tan θ
= cos θ × tan θ =2
R.H.S. = 2
= cos θ × sin θ ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
cos θ
= sin θ ∴ (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (sin θ − cos θ ) 2 ≡ 2

1
(b) tan (90° − θ ) sin θ − sin (90° − θ ) = × sin θ − cos θ
tan θ Further Practice
cos θ
= × sin θ − cos θ
sin θ Further Practice (p. 9.8)
=0 3
1. (a) tan 60° cos 30° = 3 ×
2
Quick Practice 9.14 (p. 9.25) 3
=
tan 41° sin 49° sin 49° 2
(a) = tan (90° − 49°) ×
cos 49° cos 49° 1
1 1×
= × tan 49° tan 45° cos 45° 2
tan 49° (b) =
sin 60° 3
=1
2
(b) (tan 2 64° + 1) sin 2 26° = [tan 2 (90° − 26°) + 1] sin 2 26° 1 2
= ×
 1  2 3
= + 1 sin 2 26°
 tan 26° 
2
2  6 
 cos 2 26°  = or
=  + 1 sin 2 26° 3  3 
 sin 26°
2

= cos 2 26° + sin 2 26°
=1

71
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

2
 1   1 
2 1 1 1 1
 −  (b) + = +
(c) sin 2 45° − tan 2 30° =     tan θ cos θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
 2  3 × cos θ
cos θ
1 1
= − =
1
+
1
2 3 sin θ sin θ
1
= =
2
6 sin θ

2. (a) 3 tan θ = 3 1 − cos 2 θ sin 2 θ

(c) =
3 tan θ (1 − sin θ )
2 2
 sin θ 
2
tan θ =   × cos θ
2
3  cos θ 
θ = 30° sin 2 θ
=
sin 2 θ
(b) 2 sin θ − tan 45° = 0 =1
2 sin θ = 1
3
sin θ =
1 2. cos θ =
2 5
2
θ = 45° 3
cos 2 θ =  
5
(c) cos 2θ − sin 60° = 0 9
1 − sin θ =
2

3 25
cos 2θ = 9
2 sin 2 θ = 1 −
2θ = 30° 25
16
θ = 15° sin 2 θ =
25
4
3. (a) Consider △ABC. sin θ =
5
AC
tan ∠ABC = sin θ
BC tan θ =
AC = BC tan (30° + 30°) cos θ
4
= 3 tan 60° m 5
=
= 3× 3 m 3
= 3m 5
4
=
3
(b) Consider △BCD.
DC
tan 30° = 3
BC 3. ∵ tan θ =
DC = BC tan 30° 2
1 sin θ 3
DC = 3 × m ∴ =
3 cos θ 2
=1m 2 sin θ = 3 cos θ
AD = AC − DC 4 sin 2 θ = 3 cos 2 θ
= (3 − 1 ) m 4 sin 2 θ = 3(1 − sin 2 θ )
= 2m 4 sin 2 θ = 3 − 3 sin 2 θ
7 sin 2 θ = 3
3
Further Practice (p. 9.21) sin 2 θ =
7
1. (a) cos θ + 1 − sin θ = cos θ + cos θ
2 2 2 2
3  21 
= 2 cos 2 θ sin θ = or
7  7 

72
 9 Trigonometric Relations

and cos θ =
2
sin θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
(b) sin 2 (90° − θ ) − = cos 2 θ −
3 tan θ2
sin 2 θ
2 3 cos 2 θ
= ×
3 7 = cos θ − cos 2 θ
2

2  2 7  =0
= or
7  7 
3. (a) 3 cos 2 17° + 3 cos 2 73° + 3
sin θ = 3 cos 2 (90° − 73°) + 3 cos 2 73° + 3
sin θ cos θ = 3 sin 2 73° + 3 cos 2 73° + 3
4. =
sin θ + cos θ sin θ + cos θ
= 3(sin 2 73° + cos 2 73°) + 3
cos θ
= 3(1) + 3
sin θ
cos θ =6
=
sin θ cos θ
+
cos θ cos θ tan 21° tan 69° tan (90° − 69°) tan 69°
(b) =
tan θ 1 + tan 21° tan 69° 1 + tan (90° − 69°) tan 69°
=
tan θ + 1 1
4 × tan 69°
= = tan 69°
4 +1 1
1+ × tan 69°
=
4 tan 69°
5 1
=
1+1
Further Practice (p. 9.26) 1
=
1. (a) cos θ = sin 60° 2
= cos (90° − 60°)
= cos 30°
θ = 30°
Exercise
(b) sin θ = cos 45° Exercise 9A (p. 9.8)
= sin (90° − 45°) Level 1
= sin 45° 2 − sin 30° = 2 −
1
1.
θ = 45° 2
3
=
2
1
(c) tan θ =
tan 30°
= tan (90° − 30°) 2. 2 tan 45° = 2 × 1
= 2
= tan 60°
θ = 60°
2 2
3. =
sin 45° 1
1 1 1 1
2. (a) − = − 2
cos 2 θ tan 2 (90° − θ ) cos 2 θ 1
=2 2
tan 2 θ
1
= − tan 2 θ
cos 2 θ 4. cos 45° + sin 45° =
1
+
1
1 sin θ 2 2 2
= −
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ =
2
1 − sin 2 θ 2
=
cos θ 2
= 2
cos 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ 3
=1 5. 2 sin 60° − tan 60° = 2 × − 3
2
= 3− 3
=0

73
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

tan 30° sin 60° =

1
×
3 14. tan θ − 3 = 0
6.
3 2 tan θ = 3
=
1 θ = 60°
2
3
15. 2 − cos θ =
1 2
sin 30° 2
7. = cos θ =
1
tan 45° 1 2
=
1 θ = 60°
2
1
2 16. tan θ =
 3 2 sin 60°
8. sin 2 60° =  
 2  tan θ =
1
 
3
3 2×
= 2
4
1
tan θ =
3
1 1
9. = θ = 30°
sin 30° + cos 30°
2
1  3 
2

+
2  2  17. 2 sin 30° − tan θ = 0
1 1
= 2 × − tan θ = 0
1 3 2
+
2 4 tan θ = 1
=
1 θ = 45°
5
4
4 18. 2 cos θ − cos 45° = 0
= 1
5 2 cos θ =
2
1 1
1
−
1 cos θ = ×
sin 45° − cos 45° 2 2 2 2
10. =
tan 45° 1 cos θ =
1
=0 2
θ = 60°
1
3×
tan 60° cos 45° 2 cos θ =
AC
11. = 19. (a)
sin 45° 1 AB
4
2 =
8
= 3 1
=
2
1 3 θ = 60°
12. 2 cos 60° − sin 60° tan 60° = 2 × − × 3
2 2
3 AB
= 1− (b) sin 30° =
2 AC
1 x
=− =
2 10
x = 10 sin 30°
13. 2 sin θ = 2 1
= 10 ×
2
2 =5
sin θ =
2
θ = 45°

74
 9 Trigonometric Relations

BC θ
(c) tan 45° = 25. 3 tan −1 = 0
AC 2
3 θ 1
= tan =
x 2 3
x=
3 θ
= 30°
tan 45° 2
=
3 θ = 60°
1
=3 26. sin θ sin 45° − cos 60° = 0
1 1
sin θ =
2 2
Level 2
1 2
2 sin θ =
tan 30° 3  1  2
20. + cos 2 45° = + θ = 45°
sin 60° 3  2 
2
2 1 27. tan 2θ tan 60° − tan 45° = 0
= +
3 2 3 tan 2θ − 1 = 0
7 1
= tan 2θ =
6 3
2θ = 30°
θ = 15°
2 2
 3  
21. cos 30° − sin 45° + cos 60° = 
2 2  − 1  + 1
2   2 2
   
28. Consider △ABC.
3 1 1
= − + AC
4 2 2 cos 60° =
BC
3
= 1
4 =
x
1
x=
3 1 1 1 1
22. sin 60° cos 45° − cos 60° sin 45° = × − ×
2 2 2 2 2
=2
3 −1
=
2 2 Consider △CBD.
BD
6− 2 cos 45° =
= BC
4
y
=
2
23. (sin 30° + sin 45°) tan 60° + 1  2
 tan 30°  y = 2×
2
 
= 2
  
=  1 + 2  3 + 1 
2 2   1 
   29. Consider △CDA.
  3 
∵ ∠CAD = 45° – 15°
 
=  1 + 2 ( 3 + 3 ) = 30°
2 2  ∴
  tan ∠CAD = CD
= 1+ 2  × 2 3 AD
 2  x
tan 30° =
= 3+ 6 6

x = 6× 3
3
24. 3 − 2 cos 3θ = 0
=2 3
3
cos 3θ =
2
3θ = 30°
θ = 10°

75
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

Consider △BDA. (b) ∠DBC = ∠BCF = 30° (alt. ∠s, EF // AB)

tan 45° = BD Consider △CDB.
6
sin ∠DBC = CD
BD = 6 tan 45° CB
y + 2 3 = 6(1) sin 30° = 3 2 m
CB
y=6−2 3
CB = 3 2 m
1
30. Consider △ACD.
2
AC
sin 30° = =6 2 m
10
AC = 10 sin 30°
1 33. (a) Consider △ABC.
= 10 ×
2 2 3
sin θ =
=5 4
Consider △ABC. 3
=
AC 2
tan θ =
5 θ = 60°
5
=
5 (b) Consider △CED.
=1 ∠DCE = 60° (vert. opp. ∠s)
θ = 45° 3 cm
cos 60° =
CD
cos 45° = 5 3
x CD = cm
cos 60°
x= 5
1 3
= cm
2 1
=5 2 2
= 6 cm
31. Consider △ACD. DE
tan 60° =
2 3 3 cm
sin θ = DE = 3 tan 60° cm
4
3 = 3 3 cm
=
2
θ = 60° 34. (a) ∠ACF = ∠CBD = 30° (corr. ∠s, CF // BE )
CD Consider △ACF.
cos 60° =
4 tan 30° = AF
9 cm
CD = 4 cos 60°
1 AF = 9 × 3 cm
= 4× 3
2
=2 = 3 3 cm
Consider △ABD. AE = AF + FE
2 3 = AF + CD
tan 45° =
x + CD = (3 3 + 6) cm
x+2=2 3
x = 2 3 −2 (b) Consider △ABE.
sin 30° = AE
AB
32. (a) ∠CAD = ∠ECA = 45° (alt. ∠s, EF // AB )
Consider △CAD. (3 3 + 6) cm
=
CD AB
sin ∠CAD =
AC AB = 3 3 + 6 cm
CD 1
sin 45° = 2
6m
= (6 3 + 12) cm
2
CD = 6 × m
2
=3 2 m

76
 9 Trigonometric Relations

35. Consider △ABE. By definition,

AE AB 47
sin 30° = cos θ = =
38 m AC 7
1
AE = 38 × m  
2 BC 2  or 94 
tan θ = =
= 19 m AB 47  47 

Let h m be the height of the box will be lifted.
AE + h 4. cos θ = 0.96
sin 60° =
AB 96
AB sin 60° = AE + h =
100
3 24
38 × = 19 + h =
2 25
h = 19 3 − 19 Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ =
24
.
25
∴ The box will be lifted (19 3 − 19) m .
By Pythagoras’ theorem,

Exercise 9B (p. 9.14) BC = AC 2 − AB 2

Level 1
= 25 2 − 24 2
5
1. Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = . =7
13
By definition,
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
BC 7
sin θ = =
AB = AC 2 − BC 2 AC 25
= 13 2 − 5 2 BC 7
tan θ = =
= 12 AB 24
By definition,
AB 12
cos θ = = 5. Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ = 1 .
AC 13 7
BC 5 By Pythagoras’ theorem,
tan θ = =
AB 12 BC = AC 2 − AB 2
= 7 2 − 12
2. sin θ = 0.25
= 48 (or 4 3 )
25
= By definition,
100
 
1 sin θ = BC = 48  or 4 3 
= AC 7  7 
4
Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ =
1
. tan θ = BC = 48 = 48 (or 4 3 )
4 AB 1
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
AB = AC 2 − BC 2 3
6. Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ = .
4
= 4 2 − 12 By Pythagoras’ theorem,
= 15 BC = AC 2 − AB 2
By definition,
= 42 − ( 3)2
AB 15
cos θ = =
AC 4 = 13
By definition,
BC 1  15 
tan θ = = or BC 13
AB 15  15  sin θ = =
AC 4

BC 13  39 
2 tan θ = = or
3. Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = . AB 3  3 
7
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
AB = AC 2 − BC 2

= 72 − ( 2 )2
= 47

77
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

4 By definition,
7. Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
3 BC 4
sin θ = =
By Pythagoras’ theorem, AC 5
BC 4
AC = AB 2 + BC 2 tan θ = =
AB 3
= 32 + 4 2 4 4
∴ sin θ tan θ = ×
=5 5 3
By definition, 16
BC 4 =
sin θ = = 15
AC 5
AB 3 15
cos θ = = 11. Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
AC 5 8
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
8. tan θ = 1.25 AC = AB 2 + BC 2
125
= = 8 2 + 15 2
100
5 = 17
= By definition,
4
BC 15
5 sin θ = =
Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = . AC 17
4
AB 8
By Pythagoras’ theorem, cos θ = =
AC 17
AC = AB 2 + BC 2 15 8
∴ 3 sin θ + 5 cos θ = 3 × + 5×
= 4 +52 2 17 17
85
= 41 =
17
By definition,
=5
BC 5  5 41 
sin θ = = or
AC 41  41  2
12. Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = .
AB 4  4 41  3
cos θ = = or By Pythagoras’ theorem,
AC 41  41 
AB = AC 2 − BC 2

2 2 = 32 − 2 2
9. Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
1 = 5
By Pythagoras’ theorem, By definition,
AC = AB 2 + BC 2 BC 2
tan θ = =
AB 5
= 12 + ( 2 2 ) 2 2
 2 
=3 ∴ tan θ = 
2 

By definition,  5
BC 2 2 4
sin θ = = =
AC 3 5
AB 1
cos θ = = 5
AC 3 13. Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
2
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
Level 2
3 AC = AB 2 + BC 2
10. Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ = .
5
= 22 + 52
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
= 29
BC = AC 2 − AB 2
By definition,
= 52 − 32 BC 5
sin θ = =
=4 AC 29
AB 2
cos θ = =
AC 29

78
 9 Trigonometric Relations

1 1 3
∴ = 16. Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
sin θ − cos θ 5 2 1
−
29 29 By Pythagoras’ theorem,
1 AC = AB 2 + BC 2
=
3
= 12 + 3 2
29
= 10
29
= By definition,
3 BC 3
sin θ = =
AC 10
14. cos θ = 0.2 AB 1
2 cos θ = =
= AC 10
10
1 3
1 − 2×
= cos θ − 2 sin θ 10 10
5 ∴ =
sin θ + cos θ 3 1
1 +
Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ = . 10 10
5
By Pythagoras’ theorem, −5
BC = AC 2 − AB 2 10
=
4
= 5 2 − 12 10
= 24 5
=−
By definition, 4
BC 24
sin θ = =
AC 5
BC 24 Exercise 9C (p. 9.21)
tan θ = = = 24 Level 1
AB 1
sin θ
tan θ cos θ ×
∴ =
24 cos θ tan θ cos θ
1. =
sin θ 24 sin θ sin θ
5 sin θ
=
=5 sin θ
=1
5
15. Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = . sin θ
3
tan θ cos θ
By Pythagoras’ theorem, 2. =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
AB = AC − BC
2 2
sin θ 1
= ×
= 32 − ( 5 ) 2 cos θ sin θ cos θ
=2 1
=
By definition, cos 2 θ
BC 5
tan θ = =
AB 2 3. 5 − 5 cos 2 θ = 5(1 − cos 2 θ )
5 = 5 sin 2 θ
tan θ 2
∴ =
1 + tan 2 θ  5
2
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
1+   4. 1− = 1−
 2  tan θ sin θ
  cos θ
5 cos θ
= 1 − sin θ cos θ ×
= 2 sin θ
9 = 1 − cos 2 θ
4 = sin 2 θ
5 2
= ×
2 3
5
=
3

79
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

sin 2 θ 1 sin 2 θ − 1 13. ∵ cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ

5. − = ∴
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
− cos 2 θ
= 2
cos θ = 1 −  1 
3
= − cos θ
= 1− 1
9
1 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ  
6. − = = 8  or 2 2 
tan θ tan θ tan θ 3  3 
sin 2 θ
=
sin θ
14. sin 2θ = 1 − cos 2θ
cos θ
cos θ 1 + sin 2 θ = 2 − cos 2 θ
= sin 2 θ ×
sin θ 1
2

= sin θ cos θ = 2− 

 3
1
= 2−
7. cos 3 θ + cos θ sin 2 θ = cos θ (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) 9
= cos θ × 1 17
=
= cos θ 9

1 1 − cos 2 θ 15. ∵ sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ

8. − cos θ =
cos θ cos θ ∴ sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
sin 2 θ
=
2
 15 
cos θ = 1−  
 17 

cos 2 θ 64
1+
1
= 1+ =
9. 289
tan θ
2
sin θ 2
8
sin θ + cos 2 θ
2
=
= 17
sin 2 θ
sin θ
=
1 and tan θ =
sin 2 θ cos θ
8 17
= ×
17 15
sin θ
10. sin θ tan θ + cos θ = sin θ + cos θ 8
cos θ =
15
sin 2 θ
= + cos θ
cos θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 16. tan θ = sin θ
= cos θ
cos θ
4 = sin θ
=
1 cos θ
cos θ 4 cos θ = sin θ
16 cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ
11. (cos θ + 1)(cosθ − 1) = cos θ − 1
2
16(1 − sin 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ
= − sin θ 2
16 − 16 sin 2 θ = sin 2 θ
17 sin 2 θ = 16
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
12. = sin 2 θ = 16
1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 17
= tan 2 θ  
sin θ = 4  or 4 17 
17  17 

∵ cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
∴ cos θ = 1 − 16
17
= 1
17
 
= 1  or 17 
17  17 

80
 9 Trigonometric Relations

17. (a) ∵ cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ 1 1 sin 2 θ

22. − tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ = − − sin 2 θ
∴ cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ
2
cos θ cos 2 θ
2

1 − sin 2 θ
 20 
2 = − sin 2 θ
= 1−   cos 2 θ
 29  cos 2 θ
= − sin 2 θ
441 cos 2 θ
=
841 = 1 − sin 2 θ
=
21 = cos 2 θ
29
sin θ 1 sin θ cos θ sin θ
tan θ = 23. + = +
cos θ tan θ 1 + cos θ sin θ 1 + cos θ
20 cos θ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=
= 29 sin θ (1 + cos θ )
21
cos θ + 1
29 =
sin θ (1 + cos θ )
20
= 1
21 =
sin θ

20
(b) 3 tan θ − 2 = 3 × −2 2 sin θ
21
2 sin θ cos θ
6 24. =
= sin θ + 2 cos θ sin θ 2 cos θ
7 +
cos θ cos θ
2 tan θ
Level 2 =
tan θ + 2
18. 1 − (cos θ + sin θ ) = 1 − (cos θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin θ )
2 2 2
2
= 1 − (1 + 2 cos θ sin θ ) 2×
= 5
= − 2 sin θ cos θ 2
+2
5
19. tan 2 θ (1 + sin θ )(1 − sin θ ) = tan 2 θ (1 − sin 2 θ ) 4
= 5
sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ 12
cos 2 θ 5
= sin 2 θ 1
=
3
1 − (sin θ − cos θ ) 2 1 − (sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
20. =
tan θ tan θ 3 sin θ 4 cos θ
+
1 − (1 − 2 sin θ cos θ ) 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ
= 25. = cos θ cos θ
tan θ 2 sin θ + 6 cos θ 2 sin θ 6 cos θ
+
2 sin θ cos θ cos θ cos θ
=
sin θ 3 tan θ + 4
=
cos θ 2 tan θ + 6
= 2 cos 2 θ 3
3× + 4
= 4
3
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 1 − sin 2 θ 2× + 6
21. = 4
cos θ
2
cos 2 θ 25
cos θ
= = 4
cos 2 θ 30
1 4
=
cos θ 5
=
6

81
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

sin θ tan θ = cos 15°

26. cos θ + tan θ sin θ = cos θ + sin θ 6.
sin 15°
cos θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1
= tan 15°
cos θ
= tan (90° − 15°)
1
= = tan 75°
cos θ
5 ∴ θ = 75°
=
4
cos (90° − θ )
7. × 1 = sin θ × cos θ
sin θ sin (90° − θ ) tan θ cos θ sin θ
+ cos θ
tan θ + cos θ cos θ =1
27. + sin θ = + sin θ
tan θ sin θ
cos θ 2
8. cos θ × = cos θ × 2 tan θ
sin θ + cos 2 θ tan (90° − θ )
= + sin θ
sin θ = cos θ × 2 sin θ
sin θ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ cos θ
= = 2 sin θ
sin θ
sin θ + 1
=
sin θ 3 cos θ − 2 cos (90° − θ ) = 3 cos θ tan θ − 2 sin θ
9.
1 tan (90° − θ )
= 1+
sin θ = 3 cos θ × sin θ − 2 sin θ
25 cos θ
= 1+ = 3 sin θ − 2 sin θ
24
49 = sin θ
=
24
1 − tan θ
10.
cos θ sin (90° − θ ) tan (90° − θ )
Exercise 9D (p. 9.26)
= 12 − tan 2 θ
Level 1 cos θ
sin θ = cos 78°
= 12 − sin 2 θ
1. 2

= sin (90° − 78°) cos θ cos θ

= sin 12°
= 1 − sin2 θ
2

∴ θ = 12° cos θ
= cos 2
θ
2. sin θ = cos 12° cos 2 θ
= sin (90° − 12°) =1
= sin 78°
∴ θ = 78° 11. sin 36° = sin 36°
2 cos 54° 2 sin (90° − 54°)
3. cos θ = sin 53.2° = sin 36°
2 sin 36°
= cos (90° − 53.2°)
= 1
= cos 36.8° 2
∴ θ = 36.8°
12. sin 27° − cos 63° = sin 27° − sin (90° − 63°)
4. cos θ = sin 7.3° = sin 27° − sin 27°
= cos (90° − 7.3°) =0
= cos 82.7°
∴ θ = 82.7° 1
13. 1 + tan 38° tan 52° = 1 + tan 38°
tan (90° − 52°)

5. tan θ = 1 = 1 + tan 38°

tan 70° tan 38°
= tan (90° − 70°) =2
= tan 20°
∴
θ = 20°

82
 9 Trigonometric Relations

14. tan 25° − 1 = tan (90° − 65°) − 1 20. cos 2 θ [1 + tan 2 (90° − θ )]
tan 65° tan 65°
 1 
1 1 = cos 2 θ 1 + 
= −  tan 2 θ 
tan 65° tan 65°
=0  cos 2 θ 
= cos 2 θ 1 + 
 sin 2 θ 
Level 2  sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 
15. cos 43° = sin (75° − θ ) = cos 2 θ  

 sin 2 θ 
sin (90° − 43°) = sin (75° − θ )
sin 47° = sin (75° − θ ) cos 2 θ
=
∴ 47° = 75° − θ sin 2 θ
1
θ = 28° =
tan 2 θ

16. sin 32° = cos  66° − θ  cos 2 (90° − θ )

 2 21. × 2
tan (90° − θ ) sin 3 (90° − θ ) tan 3 θ
cos (90° − 32°) = cos  66° − θ 
 2 2
= sin 2 θ tan θ ×
cos 58° = cos  66° − θ  cos 3 θ tan 3 θ
 2 2 sin 2 θ
=
∴ 58° = 66° − θ cos 3 θ tan 2 θ
2
= 2 sin 2θ
θ = 8°
cos 3 θ × sin 2 θ
2
2
θ = 16° cos θ
= 2
cos θ
tan (θ + 15°) = 1
17.
tan (θ + 60°)
22. cos (90° − θ ) tan (90° − θ )
= tan [90° − (θ + 60°)] 1 −
cos (90° − θ ) tan θ
= tan (30° − θ )
= 1 − sin θ
∴ θ + 15° = 30° − θ
sin θ tan 2 θ
2θ = 15°
= 1 − sin2θ
θ = 7.5° sin θ sin θ
cos 2 θ
= 1 − cos θ
2
18. tan (θ + 45°) = 1
tan θ sin θ sin θ
4 1 − cos 2
θ
=
= tan  90° − θ  sin θ
 4
= sin 2
θ
∴ θ + 45° = 90° − θ sin θ
4
= sin θ
5 θ = 45°
4
θ = 36° 23. sin 2 36° + sin 2 54° = cos 2 (90° − 36°) + sin 2 54°
= cos 2 54° + sin 2 54°
cos (90° − θ )
2
=1
− sin (90° − θ ) = sin θ − cos θ
2
19.
1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
sin 2 θ − cos θ (1 − cos θ ) 24. sin 12° cos 78° + sin 78° cos 12°
=
1 − cos θ = sin 12° sin (90° − 78°) + cos (90° − 78°) cos 12°
= sin 2
θ + cos 2 θ − cos θ = sin 2 12° + cos 2 12°
1 − cos θ
=1
= 1 − cos θ
1 − cos θ
=1 1
25. sin 15° tan 75° − cos15° = sin 15° × − cos15°
tan (90° − 75°)
cos15°
= sin 15° × − cos15°
sin 15°
= cos15° − cos15°
=0

83
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

cos 52° 30. tan (90° − θ ) = 1

26. − sin 38° tan 52°
tan 38° 2
= cos 52° tan (90° − 38°) − cos (90° − 38°) tan 52° tan θ = 2 ......(1)
= cos 52° tan 52° − cos 52° tan 52° sin θ = 2
cos θ
=0
sin θ = 2 cos θ ......(2)
sin θ = 4 cos θ
2 2
27. sin (90° − θ ) = cosθ
1 − cos 2 θ = 4 cos 2 θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ (∵ cos2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ )
cos 2 θ = 1
= 1 − 0.82 5
= 0.6 cos θ = 1 ......(3)
5

3 sin (90° − θ )
28. ∵ sin (90° − θ ) = + 2 cos (90° − θ ) = cos θ + 2 sin θ (by (1))
4 1 − tan θ 1− 2
3 = − cos θ + 4 cos θ
∴ cosθ = (by (2))
4 = 3 cos θ
tan θ = sin θ  
cos θ = 3  or 3 5  (by (3))
5 5 
= 1 − cos θ
2

cos θ
2
1 −  3  Exercise 9E (p. 9.29)
= 4 Level 1
3 tan θ cos θ
4 1. L.H.S. =
sin θ
= 7 ×4 sin θ
16 3 cos θ
= cos θ
= 7 ×4 sin θ
4 3 sin θ
=
= 7 sin θ
3 =1
R.H.S. = 1
29. sin 2 (90° − θ ) = cos 2 θ ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
tan θ cos θ
1
2
∴ ≡1
=  sin θ
3
=
1 2. R.H.S. = tan (90° − θ ) sin θ
9
= 1 sin θ
tan θ
cos 2 (90° − θ ) = sin 2 θ
= cos θ sin θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ sin θ
1 = cos θ
= 1− L.H.S. = cos θ
9
8 ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
= ∴ cos θ ≡ tan (90° − θ ) sin θ
9

tan 2 (90° − θ ) =
1 sin θ
3. R.H.S. = + cos θ
tan 2 θ tan θ
cos 2 θ sin θ
= = + cos θ
sin 2 θ sin θ
1 cos θ
= cos θ + cos θ
= 9
8 = 2 cos θ
9 L.H.S. = 2cosθ
1 ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
=
8 sin θ
∴ 2 cos θ ≡ + cos θ
tan θ

84
 9 Trigonometric Relations

1 − cos 2 θ 10. L.H.S. = cos θ tan θ

2 2
4. R.H.S. =
cos (90° − θ )
sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ ×
= sin θ
2
cos 2 θ
sin θ
= sin θ = sin θ2

L.H.S. = sin θ R.H.S. = 1 − sin (90° − θ )

2

∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 1 − cos 2 θ

sin θ ≡ 1 − cos θ
2
∴ = sin 2 θ
cos (90° − θ ) ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
∴ cos 2 θ tan 2 θ ≡ 1 − sin 2 (90° − θ )
5. L.H.S. = sin 3 θ + sin θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) cos θ
11. L.H.S. = sin θ +
= sin θ (1) tan θ
= sin θ cos θ
= sin θ +
R.H.S. = sin θ sin θ
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. cos θ
∴ sin 3 θ + sin θ cos 2 θ ≡ sin θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ +
sin θ
6. L.H.S. = sin θ − sin (90° − θ )
2 2
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ sin θ
1
= sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ ) =
sin θ
= sin 2 θ − 1 + sin 2 θ 1
R.H.S. =
= 2 sin 2 θ − 1 sin θ
R.H.S. = 2 sin 2 θ − 1 ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. cos θ 1
∴ sin θ + ≡
∴ sin 2 θ − sin 2 (90° − θ ) ≡ 2 sin 2 θ − 1 tan θ sin θ

7. L.H.S. = (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) 1

12. L.H.S. = − tan θ
= 1 − cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ
1 sin θ
= sin 2 θ = −
sin θ cos θ cos θ
R.H.S. = sin 2 θ 1 sin 2 θ
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. = −
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
∴ (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) ≡ sin 2 θ
cos 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
8. L.H.S. = (sin θ − cos θ ) 2 cos θ
=
= sin 2 θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ sin θ
= 1 − 2 sin θ cos θ 1
=
R.H.S. = 1 − 2 sin θ cos θ tan θ
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. R.H.S. = tan (90° − θ )
∴ (sin θ − cos θ ) 2 ≡ 1 − 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
tan θ
Level 2 ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
9. L.H.S. = 1 + tan θ
2
∴ 1 − tan θ ≡ tan (90° − θ )
sin θ cos θ
sin 2 θ
= 1+
cos 2 θ
13. L.H.S. = tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= = tan 2 θ (1 − cos 2 θ )
cos 2 θ
1 = tan 2 θ − tan 2 θ cos 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= tan 2 θ − cos 2 θ
R.H.S. =
1 cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ = tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
R.H.S. = tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ
1
∴ 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
cos 2 θ
∴ tan 2 θ sin 2 θ ≡ tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ

85
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

tan (90° − θ ) 1

2
14. L.H.S. = 2−  ×
1
1 + tan 2 (90° − θ ) 2 − sin 30° cos 60°
2
 2 2
4. =
= 1 cos 45°
2
 1 
2
 
tan θ 1 + 12 

 2
 tan θ   
1 1
= 2−
tan θ + 1 = 8
tan θ 1
= 1 2
sin θ + cos θ 15
cos θ sin θ = ×2
8
= 1
15
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ =
sin θ cosθ 4

= 1
1 tan 45°
sin θ cos θ 5. sin θ =
sin 45° + cos 45°
= sin θ cos θ 1
R.H.S. = sin θ cos θ =
1 1
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. +
2 2
tan (90° − θ )
∴ ≡ sin θ cosθ 1
1 + tan 2 (90° − θ ) =
2
15. (a) L.H.S. = sin2 θ – cos2 θ 2
= (sin θ – cos θ)(sin θ + cos θ) 2
R.H.S. = sin θ – cos θ =
2
∵ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S. ∴ θ = 45°
∴ sin2 θ – cos2 θ = sin θ – cos θ is not an identity.

(b) L.H.S. = sin4 θ – cos4 θ cos 60°

6. tan θ =
= (sin2 θ – cos2 θ)(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) sin 30° tan 30°
= (sin2 θ – cos2 θ)(1) 1
= sin2 θ – cos2 θ 2
=
R.H.S. = sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ 1 1
×
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2 3
∴ sin4 θ – cos4 θ = sin2 θ – cos2 θ is an identity.
= 3
∴ θ = 60°
Revision Exercise 9 (p. 9.33)
Level 1 1
1 7. Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = .
1. cos 60° + 2 tan 45° = + 2 × 1 4
2 By Pythagoras’ theorem,
5
= AB = AC 2 − BC 2
2
= 4 2 − 12

2. 5 cos 45° tan 2 60° − 3 sin 45° = 5 × 2 × ( 3 ) 2 − 3 × 2 = 15

2 2
By definition,
= 15 2 − 3 2
2 2 AB 15
cos θ = =
= 12 2 AC 4
2
 
=6 2 tan θ = BC = 1  or 15 
AB 15  15 

2  2 2
1 3   1  2
3. sin 2 30° + cos 2 30° + tan 2 30° =   +  +  
 8. Construct △ABC as shown with cos θ = .
2   3
 2   3
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
1 3 1
= + +
4 4 3 BC = AC 2 − AB 2
4 = 32 − 2 2
=
3
= 5

86
 9 Trigonometric Relations

By definition, sin 3 θ − sin θ sin θ (sin 2 θ − 1)

14. =
BC 5 cos 3 θ cos 3 θ
sin θ = =
AC 3
sin θ (− cos 2 θ )
=
BC 5 cos 3 θ
tan θ = =
AB 2 sin θ
=−
cos θ
9. tan θ = 2.5 = − tan θ
25
=
10 1 + cos θ 1 1 + cos θ 1
15. − = −
5 sin θ
2 1 − cos θ 1 − cos 2θ 1 − cos θ
=
2 1 + cos θ 1
= −
5 (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) 1 − cos θ
Construct △ABC as shown with tan θ = .
2 1 1
= −
By Pythagoras’ theorem, 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
AC = AB 2 + BC 2 =0

= 22 + 52
 tan θ  1 
= 29 16.  − cos θ  − sin θ 
 sin θ  sin θ 
By definition,
 sin θ 
 5 29   
BC 5 1 − sin 2 θ 
=  cos θ − cos θ 
sin θ = =  or 
AC 29  29   sin θ  sin θ 

 
 
AB 2  2 29 
cosθ = =  or   1  cos 2 θ
AC 29  29  = − cos θ 
  cos θ  sin θ
1 − cos 2 θ cos 2 θ
10. 2 sin 46° + 2 sin 44° = 2[cos (90° − 46°) + sin 44°]
2 2 2 2 = ×
cos θ sin θ
= 2(cos 2 44° + sin 2 44°) sin θ cos θ
2
=
= 2(1) sin θ
=2 = sin θ cos θ

11. cos 2 32° tan 2 32° − cos 2 58° 17. 4 cos 2 (90° − θ ) + 4 sin 2 (90° − θ ) + 4
sin 2 32° = 4 sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θ + 4
= cos 2 32° × − sin 2 (90° − 58°)
cos 2 32° = 4(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + 4
= sin 2 32° − sin 2 32° = 4(1) + 4
=0 =8

tan 11° tan 79° = tan (90° − 79°) tan 79° cos 2 θ cos 2 θ
12. 18. sin 2 (90° − θ ) + = cos 2 θ +
1 + 2 tan 11° tan 79° 1 + 2 tan (90° − 79°) tan 79° tan (90° − θ )
2
cos 2 θ
1 × tan 79° sin 2 θ
= tan 79°
= cos θ + sin 2 θ
2
1 + 2 × 1 × tan 79°
tan 79° =1
= 1
1+ 2 1 1
19. −1 = −1
=1 sin 2 (90° − θ ) cos 2 θ
3
1 − cos 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ
1 1 cos 2 θ 1
13. − = − sin 2 θ
tan θ
2
sin θ
2
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ =
cos 2 θ
cos 2 θ − 1
= = tan 2 θ
sin 2 θ
− sin 2 θ
=
sin 2 θ
= −1

87
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

20. sin (90° − θ ) sin θ tan (90° − θ ) + sin 2 θ (b) Consider △ABD.

= cosθ sin θ 1 + sin 2 θ tan 45° = AD

tan θ 2 cm
AD = 2(1) cm
= cosθ sin θ × cos θ + sin 2 θ
sin θ = 2 cm
= cos θ + sin θ
2 2 Consider △BCD.
=1 cos 45° =
BD
BC
21. sin θ = cos (θ − 30°) 1
=
2 2 cm
cos (90° − θ ) = cos (θ − 30°) 2 BC
∴ 90° − θ = θ − 30° BC = 4 cm
2θ = 120° Area of ABCD = 1 × ( AD + BC ) × AB
θ = 60° 2
1
= × (2 + 4) × 2 cm 2
2
22. cos (θ − 45°) = sin 65°
= 6 cm 2
= cos (90° − 65°)
∴ θ − 45° = 90° − 65°
θ = 70° 27. (a) tan 30° = CD
AB
3 = CD
tan 28° = 1 3 3m
23.
tan (θ − 24°)
CD = 3 m
= tan [90° − (θ − 24°)]
∴ 28° = 90° − θ + 24°
(b) BC = BD + CD
θ = 86°
 
= (1.5 + 3 ) m  or 3 + 2 3 m 
 2 
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
24. L.H.S. =
cos 2 (90° − θ ) 28. (a) Consider △ACD.
1 − cos θ 2
tan θ = 3
= 3
sin 2 θ
=1
sin 2 θ
= θ = 45°
sin 2 θ
=1 (b) Consider △BAE.
R.H.S. = 1
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. sin 45° = BE
AB
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ ) 1 = BE
∴ ≡1
cos 2 (90° − θ ) 2 5m
 
BE = 5 m  or 5 2 m 
25. L.H.S. = 1 − sin θ
2
2  2 
= cos 2 θ ∴ The vertical distance from B to the ground
R.H.S. = sin θ tan (90° − θ ) cos θ  
is 5 m  or 5 2 m  .
= sin θ × cos θ × cos θ 2  2 
sin θ
= cos 2 θ Level 2
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 1
29. (a) Construct △ABC as shown with sin θ = .
∴ 1 − sin θ ≡ sin θ tan (90° − θ ) cos θ
2 5
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
26. (a) Consider △ABD. AB = AC 2 − BC 2
cos 45° = 2 cm = 5 2 − 12
BD
= 24
BD = 2 cm
1 By definition,
2  2 6
cos θ = AB = 24
 or 
= 2 2 cm AC 5  5 

tan θ = BC = 1  or 6 
 
AB 24  12 

88
 9 Trigonometric Relations

(b) 2 32. (a) cos (42° − θ ) tan (42° − θ ) = cos (2θ + 18°)
sin 2 (90° − θ )[1 + tan 2 (90° − θ )] sin (42° − θ )
cos (42° − θ ) × = cos (2θ + 18°)
= 2 cos (42° − θ )
cos 2 θ 1 + 12  ∴ sin (42° − θ ) = sin [90° − (2θ + 18°)]
 tan θ 
42° − θ = 90° − 2θ − 18°
= 2
2 θ = 30°
 24 
 [1 + ( 24 ) ]
2

 5 
(b) 3 cosθ sin (15° + θ ) tan 2θ = 3 cos 30° sin 45° tan 60°
= 2
24 × 25
= 3× 3 × 1 × 3
25 2 2
= 1 9  9 2
12 =  or 
2 2 4 

30. (a) Construct △ABC as shown with tan (90° − θ ) = 2 .

1 33. (a) L.H.S. = 1 − cosθ
By Pythagoras’ theorem, 1 + cos θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cosθ )
AC = AB 2 + BC 2 =
(1 + cosθ )(1 − cosθ )
= 2 2 + 12 (1 − cosθ ) 2
=
= 5 1 − cos 2 θ
2
=  1 − cos θ 
By definition,  sin θ 
 
 1 − cos θ 
2
sin θ = BC = 1  or 5 
AC 5  5  R.H.S. =  
 sin θ 
  ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
cos θ = AB = 2  or 2 5 
AC 5  5 
1 − cos θ  1 − cos θ 
2
∴ ≡ 
1 + cos θ  sin θ 
2 sin θ cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ
(b) =
1 + cos 2 θ − sin 2θ 1 − sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 − cos θ
(b) L.H.S. =
2 sin θ cos θ 1 + cos θ
=
2 cos 2 θ  1 − cos θ 
2
sin θ = 
=  sin θ 
cos θ 2
= tan θ  1 1 
R.H.S. =  − 
1  sin θ tan θ
= 2
2  1 cos θ 
= − 
 sin θ sin θ 
31. (a) L.H.S. = sin θ + sin (90° − θ )  1 − cos θ 
2
1 + tan (90° − θ ) = 
 sin θ 
= sin θ + cos θ ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
1 + cos θ
sin θ 1 − cos θ  1 1 
2
∴ ≡ − 
= sin θ + cos θ 1 + cos θ  sin θ tan θ 
sin θ + cos θ
sin θ
34. Consider △ABD.
= sin θ
∠BDC = ∠A + ∠DBA (ext. ∠ of △)
R.H.S. = cos (90° − θ )
= 30° + 30°
= sin θ
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 60°
sin θ + sin (90° − θ ) In △BAC,
∴ ≡ cos (90° − θ )
1 + tan (90° − θ ) tan 30° = 3 cm
AC
sin θ + sin (90° − θ ) AC = 3 cm
(b) = cos 30° tan 30°
1 + tan (90° − θ )
cos (90° − θ ) = cos 30° (from (a)) = 3 cm
1
∴ 90° − θ = 30°
3
θ = 60° = 3 cm

89
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

In △BDC, Consider quadrilateral BFCD.

3 cm ∵ EF = ED, BE = EC and BC ⊥ FD
tan ∠BDC =
DC ∴ BFCD is a rhombus.

DC = 3 cm
36. ∵ BCDE is a rectangle.
tan 60°
3 cm ∴ BE = CD = y and DE = BC = 6 3
=
3 In △ABE,
= 1 cm AE
tan 30° =
BE
∴ Area of △ABD = 1 × AD × BC
2 AE = y tan 30°
= 1 × ( AC − DC ) × BC =
y
2 3
1
= × (3 − 1) × 3 cm 2 In △ACD,
2
AD = AE + ED
= 3 cm 2
y
x= + 6 3 ...............(1)
3
35. (a) In △ECD,
x
cos 30° = EC tan 60° =
2 cm y
EC = 2 cos 30° cm x = y tan 60°
x = y 3 ........................(2)
= 2 × 3 cm
2 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
= 3 cm y 3=
y
+6 3
In △ACB, 3
cos 30° = BC  1 
4 cm y  3 − =6 3
 3 
BC = 4 cos 30° cm
y (3 − 1) = 18
= 4 × 3 cm 18
2 y=
2
= 2 3 cm
=9
∴ BE = BC − EC
By substituting y = 9 into (2), we have
= (2 3 − 3 ) cm
x=9 3
= 3 cm
37. (a) Consider △DBF.
(b) In △ECD,
FB
sin 60° =
sin 30° = ED FD
2 cm
ED = 2 sin 30° cm 3 FB
=
2 4m
= 2 × 1 cm
2 FB = 2 3 m
= 1 cm Consider △ABC.
In △BED, CB
by Pythagoras’ theorem, sin 30° =
CA
BD = BE 2 + ED 2 1 CB
=
2 4m
= ( 3 ) 2 + 12 cm CB = 2 m
= 2 cm FC = FB − CB
= ( 2 3 − 2) m
(c) With the notations in the
figure, ∴ The top of the ladder has been lowered
in △FCE, ( 2 3 − 2) m .
EF
tan 30° =
EC (b) Consider △ABC.
EF = EC tan 30° AB
cos 30° =
1 AC
= 3× cm
3 3 AB
=
= 1 cm 2 4m
AB = 2 3 m

90
 9 Trigonometric Relations

Consider △ABF. Consider △ABC.

By Pythagoras’ theorem, BC
cos 30° =
AF = AB 2 + BF 2 AB
2
= (2 3 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 m AB =
3
= 24 m (or 2 6 m)
2
2 2
38. Let O be the centre of the ferris wheel. =
Suppose the gondola travelled from A to B in 5 s. 3
2 6
=
3
AC
sin 30° =
AB
2 6 1
AC = ×
3 2
6
=
3
∠ECB = ∠CBD = 45° (alt. ∠s, EC // BD)
Degree of the gondola travelled after 5 s = ∠BOA ∠ACE = 90° − 45°
= 360° × 5 = 45°
40 Consider △ACE.
= 45°
AE
sin 45° =
Radius of the ferris wheel = 1 × 24 m AC
2
= 12 m AE =
6
×
1
Consider △BOD. 3 2
cos ∠BOD = OD 3
OB =
3
OD = OB cos ∠BOD
Consider △ABG.
= 12 cos 45° m
AG
sin 75° =
= 12 × 2 m AB
2 AE + EG
=
=6 2m AB
DA = OA − OD 3
+1
= (12 − 6 2 ) m = 3
BC = DA 2 6
= (12 − 6 2 ) m 3
3 +3
∴ He rises (12 − 6 2 ) m after 5 s. =
2 6
3 2 +3 6
=
Challenging Questions (p. 9.36) 12
2+ 6
1. Consider △BCD. =
4
CD
sin 45° =
BC 2. Consider the numerator.
1 tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°... tan 44° tan 45° tan 46°... tan 87° tan 88° tan 89°
BC =
1
 1 
2 = tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°... tan 44° tan 45° ...
 tan 44° 
= 2  1  1  1 
   
 tan 3°  tan 2°  tan 1° 
= tan 45°
=1

91
Math in Action (2nd Edition) 3B Full Solutions

Consider the denominator.

cos 2 1° + cos2 2° + ... + cos2 44° + cos2 45° + cos 2 46° + ...
+ cos 2 88° + cos2 89°
= cos2 1° + cos 2 2° + ... + cos2 44° + cos 2 45° + ...
+ sin 2 (90° − 46°) + sin 2 (90° − 88°) + sin 2 (90° − 89°)
= cos2 1° + cos 2 2° + ... + cos2 44° + cos 2 45° + sin 2 44° + ...
+ sin 2 2° + sin 2 1°
= 1
+ +
1 + 1
...  +
1 + cos 45°
2

44 terms
1
= 44 +
2
89
=
2
tan 1° tan 2° tan 3°... tan 87° tan 88° tan 89°
∴
cos 1° + cos 2 2° + cos 2 3° + ... + cos 2 87° + cos 2 88° + cos 2 89°
2

= 1
 89 
 2 
= 2
89

92