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FM Transmitter Circuit
PCB Assembly Services
SEPTEMBER 16, 2015 BY ADMINISTRATOR — 54 COMMENTS

Here we are building a wireless FM transmitter which uses RF communication to transmit the
medium or low power FM signal. The maximum range of transmission is around 2 km.

Table of Contents 
0.1. FM Transmitter Circuit Principle:
0.2. Circuit Diagram of 2 km FM Transmitter Circuit:
0.2.0.1. Circuit Components: PROJECTS BY CATEGORY
0.2.1. FM Transmitter Circuit Design:
0.2.1.1. Design of Audio Pre-ampli er:
0.2.1.2. Design of Oscillator Circuit: Arduino Projects (200+)
0.2.1.3. Design of Power Ampli er Circuit:
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0.2.1.4. Selection of Antenna:
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0.2.2. Theory Behind FM Transmitter Circuit:
0.2.3. How to Operate FM Transmitter Circuit? Mini Project Ideas (150+)
0.2.3.1. Applications of FM Transmitter Circuit: ECE Projects (150+)
0.2.3.2. Limitations: EEE Projects (150+)
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FM transmission is done by the process of audio pre ampli cation, modulation and then
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transmission. Here we have adapted the same formula by rst amplifying the audio signal,
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generating a carrier signal using an oscillating and then modulating the carrier signal with the
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ampli ed audio signal. The ampli cation is done by an ampli er, whereas the modulation and
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carrier signal generation is done by an variable frequency oscillator circuit. The frequency is set
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at anywhere between the FM frequency range from 88MHz to 108MHz. The power of the FM
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signal from the oscillator is then ampli ed using a power ampli er to produce a low impedance
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output, matching that with the antenna.
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Circuit Components:

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R1 18K
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C1 5uF, Electrolyte
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FM Transmitter Circuit Design: Best Gaming Mouse
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Design of Audio Pre-ampli er:
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Here we are designing a simple single stage common emitter ampli er as the pre-ampli er.

a) Selection of Vcc: Here we have selected the NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor, BC109. Since
VCEO for this transistor is around 40V, we choose a much lesser Vcc, of about 9V.

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b) Selection of Load Resistor, R4:  To calculate the value of load resistor, we rst need to
calculate the quiescent collector current. Let us assume this value to be about 1mA. The
collector voltage needs to be about half of Vcc. This gives the value of load resistor, R4 as : Enter your email address:
 Vc/Iq = 4.5K. We select a 5K resistor for better operation.

c) Selection of Voltage Divider Resistors R2 and R3:  To calculate the value of the voltage
divider resistors, we need to calculate the bias current as well the voltage across the resistors.
The bias current is approximated to be 10 times the base current. Now base current, Ib is equal
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to the collector current divided by the current gain, hfe. This gives the value of Ib to be
0.008mA. The bias current is thus 0.08mA.

The voltage across the base, Vb is assumed to be 0.7V more than the emitter voltage Ve. Now
assume the emitter voltage to be 12% of Vcc, i.e. 1.08V. This gives Vb to be 1.78V.

Thus, R2 = Vb/Ibias = 22.25K. Here we select a 22K resistor.

R3= (Vcc-Vb/Ibias = 90.1K. Here we select a 90K resistor.

d) Selection of Emitter Resistor R5: The value of R5 is given by Ve/Ie, where Ie is the emitter
current and is approximately equal to the collector current. This gives R5 = (Ve/Ie) = 540 Ohms.
Here we select a 500Ohms resistor.  It serves the purpose of bypassing the emitter current.

e) Selection of coupling capacitor, C1: Here this capacitor serves the purpose of modulating
the current going through the transistor. A large value indicates low frequency (bass), whereas
a lesser value increases treble (higher frequency). Here we select a value of 5 uF.

f) Selection of Microphone Resistor R1: The purpose of this resistor is to limit the current
through the microphone, which should be less than the maximum current a microphone can
handle. Let us assume the current through microphone to be 0.4mA. This gives the value of
Rm = (Vcc-Vb)/0.4 = 18.05K. Here we select a 18K resistor.

g) Selection of Bypass Capacitor, C4: Here we select an electrolyte capacitor of 15 uF, which

bypasses the DC signal.

[Also Read:How to build Adjustable Timer]

Design of Oscillator Circuit:

a) Selection of tank circuit components – L1 and C6: We know the frequency of oscillations
is given by

f = 1/(2∏√LC)

Here we require a frequency between 88 MHz to 100 MHz. Let us select a 0.2uH inductor. This
gives value of C6 to be around 12pF. Here we select a variable capacitor in the range 5 to 20pF.

b) Selection of Tank Capacitor, C9:  This capacitor serves the purpose of keeping the tank
circuit to vibrate. Since here we are using BJT 2N222, we prefer the value of C9 between 4 to 10
pF. Let us select a 5 pF capacitor.

c) Selection of bias resistors R6 and R7:  Using the same method for calculation of bias
resistors, as in the preampli er design, we select the values of bias resistors R6 and R7 to be 9
K and 40 K respectively.

d) Selection of coupling capacitor, C3: Here we select electrolyte capacitors of about 0.01 uF

as the coupling capacitor.

e) Selection of emitter resistor, R8: Using the same calculations as for the ampli er circuit, we
get the value of emitter resistor to be around 1K.

Design of Power Ampli er Circuit:

Since we require a low power output, we prefer using a class A power ampli er with LC tank
circuit at the output. The values of the tank circuit components are same as that in oscillator
circuit. Here we select the biasing resistor to be about 20 K and coupling capacitor of about 10
pF.

Selection of Antenna:

Since the range is about 2 km, we can prepare an antenna using a stick antenna or a wire of 30
inches approximately which would be about 1/4th of the transmitting wavelength.

Theory Behind FM Transmitter Circuit:

Audio signal from the microphone is very low level signal, of the order of mill volts. This
extremely small voltage needs to be rst ampli ed. A common emitter con guration of a
bipolar transistor, biased to operate in class A region, produces an ampli ed inverted signal.

Another important aspect of this circuit is the colpitt oscillator circuit. This is a LC oscillator
where energy moves back and forth between the inductor and capacitor forming oscillations.
It is mainly used for RF application.

When this oscillator is given a voltage input, the output signal is a mixture of the input signal
and the oscillating output signal, producing a modulated signal.  In other words, the frequency
of the oscillator generated circuit varies with the application of an input signal, producing a
frequency modulated signal.

How to Operate FM Transmitter Circuit?

Audio input from the microphone or any other device is rst ampli ed using the common
emitter con guration of BC109. This ampli ed signal is then given to the oscillator circuit
through the coupling capacitor.   The oscillator circuit generates a signal with a frequency
determined by the value of the variable capacitor. The output signal from the emitter of the
transistor is coupled to the input of the power ampli er transistor using the coupling capacitor.
As this signal is ampli ed, the variable capacitor in the power ampli er section tends to
maintain an output matching with that of the oscillator. The ampli ed RF signal is then
transmitted using antenna.

Applications of FM Transmitter Circuit:

This circuit can be used at any place to transmit audio signals using FM transmission,
especially at institutions and organizations.

Limitations:

This circuit is for educational purposes and may require more practical approach.

“ Related Post: FM Bugger Circuit

FILED UNDER: COMMUNICATION, FREE PROJECT CIRCUITS, MINI PROJECTS

Comments

comsianx says
JULY 8, 2014 AT 10:10 AM

how i made L1 and L2 ?

Reply

Administrator says
JULY 16, 2014 AT 6:49 AM

They are available in market by built.

Reply

RF MasterX says
AUGUST 16, 2014 AT 10:32 PM

C4 & R5 it should be parallel, not serial.

Reply

Mustafa says
AUGUST 23, 2014 AT 10:56 AM

can u make the audio input a 3.5mm jack female

Reply

preetha says
AUGUST 26, 2014 AT 12:22 PM

i am doing my mini projct with this circuit,,will it works correctly?if any corrections required
plz infrm me,,its lil urgent fr me,,cn u?

Reply

Shekar says
JANUARY 18, 2016 AT 7:15 AM

did you do the project on this ckt..? did it work..?

Reply

vijayakumar says
MARCH 5, 2017 AT 11:33 PM

hi preetha how to increase the transmit range

Reply

sai mukund says

SEPTEMBER 12, 2014 AT 4:31 PM

which power transistor i have to take

Reply

udayakumar.p says
SEPTEMBER 17, 2014 AT 12:45 PM

iam doing Fm transmitter in what frequency it will transmit .only in tat part we r stuck plz
admin say in which freq

Reply

Sunny says
SEPTEMBER 19, 2014 AT 1:58 PM

what about the voltage rating of the capacitors and if it did not work or one of the
transistor start getting hot what should i do.

Reply

Abhi says
SEPTEMBER 20, 2014 AT 4:18 AM

Hi,
Can you provide some more info on the components? Like C1 = 5uF but what about volts?
Same with R1, it is 18K but what about watts? Is it 1/4 watts? When I go to an online site to
buy these components I see additional Volts and Watts, not sure what to choose.

I am new to making electronic circuits so my questions might sound vague. Looking

forward to some help.

Thanks

Reply

ranjan banik says

MARCH 13, 2018 AT 1:08 PM

all R/k you can use 1/4 watt.

Reply

Faisal says
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014 AT 9:31 AM

How to make L1&L2 using copper wire.(What my question exactly is that that, how many
turns do i take and what should be the diameter of the coil.)Please help.

Reply

Faisal says
SEPTEMBER 27, 2014 AT 9:35 AM

What should be the diameter of the coil L1&L2 and how many rounds should i take on the
rod of that diameter.Please help.

Reply

Junior says
OCTOBER 2, 2014 AT 12:51 PM

Please, what is the value of Q1 and Q2

Reply

partha says
OCTOBER 7, 2014 AT 3:05 PM

i dint nd any of the range of L1 and L2…..pls help me….

Reply

mintu says
NOVEMBER 8, 2014 AT 2:37 AM

0.01uF, Electrolyte i think this is ceramic capacitor not electrolyte ?

Reply

Jose Eduardo says

NOVEMBER 24, 2014 AT 4:34 PM

Hi, what transistors do I use as Q1 Q2 and Q3??

Reply

Qais says
APRIL 6, 2018 AT 8:18 AM

search for high frequency transistors, you can use bf199

Reply

Vedant says
NOVEMBER 23, 2015 AT 2:49 AM

What about Q3?

Reply

sai kumar says

JUNE 13, 2016 AT 6:05 AM

what to be used as Q3 ??

Reply

Vishal says
NOVEMBER 23, 2015 AT 3:47 AM

How to change the frequency….means a desired frequency

and how to increase the range…

Reply

sakshi dhanmeher says

NOVEMBER 25, 2015 AT 12:27 AM

which transistors have been used??

Reply

fahim shah says

DECEMBER 5, 2015 AT 2:10 AM

Can u please tell me what will be the tune (carrier) frequency of this circuit??

Reply

Anusha says
JANUARY 21, 2016 AT 4:41 AM

You can calculate using formula 1/2π√LC for L1,C6

Reply

Balraj says
JANUARY 25, 2016 AT 3:36 AM

We use some old radio parts

Reply

Jakir says
FEBRUARY 15, 2016 AT 2:21 PM

What is value of transistot Q3???

Reply

Roja says
FEBRUARY 18, 2016 AT 12:22 PM

Which type of antenna should I use for smaller distances??

Reply

Divyanshu Ranjan says

MARCH 20, 2016 AT 1:27 PM

i am making mini projct with this circuit will it works correctly?if any corrections required
please inform me. As soon as possible….

And what’s types of transistor (Q2 & Q3) are use here ..

Can you make L1&L2 if yes …

How??????

Please reply fast

Reply

jiggo says
APRIL 17, 2016 AT 2:38 AM

how can i connect the audio input in this circuit?????

Reply

mohammed says
APRIL 24, 2016 AT 11:11 PM

plz what about Q1,Q2&Q3????

Reply

imran says
APRIL 26, 2016 AT 7:48 AM

Hi.. Please tell me q1 q2 q3 and l1 l2

Reply

muhammad bashir umar says

JULY 3, 2016 AT 2:38 PM

I want no how to make a transmitter.

Reply

Parban says
JULY 13, 2016 AT 3:58 AM

???? Hy give me your Q1,2,3,transistor name plz……

Reply

sairaj says
JULY 22, 2016 AT 6:58 AM

Transistors names plzz….

Reply

uday kiran says

JULY 27, 2016 AT 5:53 AM

Q1 bc109 and Q2 2n222 and q3 idk..

Reply

uday kiran says

JULY 27, 2016 AT 5:51 AM

please provide us the value of transistor Q3…..the values of Q1 and Q2 are given as BC109
and 2N222 or 2N3904…

Reply

aman says
AUGUST 10, 2016 AT 12:18 PM

what is the value of other two transistors Q1 and Q2

Reply

teja says
SEPTEMBER 21, 2016 AT 10:31 AM

can u specify the transistors Q1,Q2,Q3? which one u have used in this circuit?

Reply

Breakcal says
OCTOBER 5, 2016 AT 7:41 PM

how to calculate the output impedance of that circuit?

Reply

Kelvin L says
JANUARY 3, 2017 AT 9:15 AM

How can we add audio input from mp3 prayer to this circuit?

Reply

V.VARUN KUMAR says

APRIL 1, 2017 AT 5:08 AM

R2 and R3 values should be interchanged i.e R2=90K and R3=22K. The formula used is also
exactly reverse.

Reply

unknown says
APRIL 3, 2017 AT 12:01 PM

what is the bandwidth of this transmitter

Reply

unknown says
APRIL 3, 2017 AT 12:03 PM

what frequency it transmits?

Reply

Sunil Shah says

APRIL 21, 2017 AT 4:39 AM

I am thinking of doing this project. Please tell me the values of Q1, Q2 and Q3. Also suggest
any other correction requited. Please reply fast..

Reply

Suleiman Itakure Asmau says

APRIL 28, 2017 AT 6:54 PM

WHAT IS THE GAIN AT EACH STAGE?

Reply

ola says
JUNE 13, 2017 AT 12:46 PM

hi, I am working on a transmitter project in my school and I want to con rm if this circuit has
been tested working before proceeding to get the parts.
pls your urgent reply will be really appreciated.
thanks

Reply

Anusha says
JUNE 20, 2017 AT 5:49 AM

We have not tested this circuit.This circuit is designed based on theory

Reply

mahmud says
JUNE 22, 2017 AT 9:58 AM

What the value of q3

Reply

Rahul pandey says

AUGUST 22, 2017 AT 9:33 PM

Which type of resistor and capacitors is used in 2 km fm range transmitter.Please send me

the picture of resistor and capacitor picture

Reply

manoz says
JANUARY 9, 2018 AT 8:28 AM

name of transistor

Reply

Farhan Sheikh says

JANUARY 12, 2018 AT 5:29 PM

how much power will be consumed for 2 km transmission ?

Reply

MASUM says
MAY 1, 2018 AT 5:25 PM

how I receive this RF signal. which receiver circuit I use?

Reply

hamza says
MAY 6, 2018 AT 1:34 PM

How can i Check that this circuit works? or which software will help me simulate this?

Reply

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