“Professional conduct and ethical standards”

Crimsoc 5

Learning objectives

Students must be able to:

1. Understand and discuss the concept of ethics;

2. Recognize the etiology of the word ethics;
3. Understand the significance of studying ethics;
4. Understand and discuss the concept of values;
5. Identify the categories of values;
6. Recognize and understand the four cardinal virtues;
7. Contrast the division of justice;
8. Define and discuss professional;
9. Enumerate the characteristics that the professional officer must
possess;
10. Understand and discuss the sections 3, 4, 5 and 7 of the republic
act 6713.
11.

Introduction

As a human being, we ought to know the art of correct living. Art is the appreciation
of beauty. It implies order and harmony of parts in a given whole. Human life does not imply
merely physical and survival. It is a vocation towards the refine of spirit. The demand of daily
life includes and derives meaning from cultivation of those traits that truly reflects man’s
innate dignity.

Ethics is an art. It is a breath of life, pulsating with the desire for growth and
development. It is a master plan indicating where man must go and what he ought to do in
order to live well; in a sense, every man is an artist, creating something of beauty out of his
self.

CONTENT

Etiology of the word ethics:

Ethics was derived from latin word “ethos” which means “customary behaviour”.

The two words Latin “ethicus” and Greek “ethikos” have the same meaning which is
customary or arising from habits. (Guevarra and bautista 2008; Florendo 2012 third edition)

Definition of ethics:

Ethics is a branch of philosophy which studies the principles of right and wrong in human
conduct.
Other definition:

 Science of morality of man

 Study of human motivation and ultimately of human rational behavior
 Morality

Ethics outlines theories of right or wrong, morality translate these theories into
action. Therefore, morality is nothing else but it is a doing of ethics.

Significance of ethics

 Indispensable knowledge
 Without moral perception, man is only an animal.
 Without morality, man as rational being is a failure.

Moral integrity is the only true measure of what ma ought to be. The most successful
professional is nothing unless he too is morally upright. Thus, philosophers speak of ethics
as the “only necessary knowledge”.

Morality is the foundation of every human society, without civic morality, communities perish;
without personal morality their survival has no value. Every culture admits the importance of
morality as a standard of behaviour. When the moral foundations of a nation are threatened,
society itself is threatened.

Values and cardinal virtues

Values

o It comes from the latin word “valere” which means “to be strong or to be
worth”.
o It is something that a person prizes, cherishes and esteems as important to
him
o It is the concept that describes the beliefs of an individual or culture.
o Values are considered subjective and vary across people and culture.
o Values are ideas and norms man considers relevant or good.

Ethics aim to guide the individual in choosing wisely his values and in acting upon
them.

Value system

It is the ordered and prioritized set of ethical and doctrinal values that an individual’s
culture upholds.

Categories of values

o Ethics (good-bad, virtues-vice, moral-immoral-amoral, right-wrong,

permissible-impermissable)
 o Aesthetics (beautiful, ugly, unbalanced, pleasing)
o Doctrinal (political, ideological, religious or social beliefs and values)
o Innate (inborn values such as reproduction and survival, controversial
category)
o Non-use/passive – includes the value based on something never use or seen
or something left for the next generation.
o Potential/options- value of something that’s known to be only potentially
valuable such as a plant that might be found to have medicinal value in the
future.

Group or organizational values may be formal or informal. Since every organization has
values that are influential to the group, values help the group or organization to endure and
carry its objectives.

If the members do not accept as true and subscribe in their organizational value systems,
the organization would not function properly. Without good values the organization may
completely cease to exist.

Respectable and virtuous organizations are formed by favourable reception of good values.
Law enforcement organization such as PNP will be an effective organization only if it
develops good values.

An ideal value system for a police agency would include:

o Honesty
o Integrity
o Respect for human rights
o Professionalism
o Strong sense of justice
o Desire to help and serve others
o Patriotism
o Selflessness

Cardinal virtues

o Prudence – refers to the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means of logical
reasoning and sound discretion. It is a habit that inclines man to act in a way that
harmonizes with nature, which attracts the intellect to prefer the most effective means
for accomplishing what is morally good and avoid moral evils.
o Temperance – refers to the ability to avoid something and act with moderation,
regulating one’s carnal appetite for sensual pleasure.
o Fortitude – denotes firmness of mind, the courage to endure without yielding. It is a
combination of patience (calmness and composure), perseverance(the ability to
continue despite of obstacles or opposition), endurance ( the ability to last or survive)
o Justice – it refers to a virtue that inclines the will to give every person his or her
accorded rights.
  Division of justice
o Commutative justice- it regulates actions which involves the
rights that exist among individuals, violation of which calls for
reparation and restitution.
o Distributive justice- standardizes those actions that have to
do with the rights that an individual may justly claim from the
society.
o Legal justice – it puts into order those actions which society
may justly require from the individual for the common good.

 Charity – refers to kindness, compassion, altruism, humanity and good will. It is the
obligation of giving under certain conditions whatever assistance and which our
fellow men needs.

Professionals defined as:

 Anyone who does a job for a pay. “Like a professional athlete

compared to an amateur”
 Anyone who looks clean cut disciplined and polished when on the job.
(a military standard)
 Anyone who develops and uses special skill at work, (a carpenter or a
plumber)
 Anyone who possesses an academic experience and possesses a
body of knowledge that is unknown to lay people ( a physician, lawyer,
engineer, teacher, or criminologist)

 Professional possesses
o Knowledge – a systematically organized body of knowledge that the lay
people (non-professional) do not understand.
o Education – an academic experience that involves studying and learning.
o Regulation – self regulation, standards of education and licensing that are
set by member of the profession themselves, normally controlled by
professional organization such as PCAP (professional criminologist’s
association of the Philippines).
o Discipline – self policing, investigation, and disciplining members accused of
misconduct, by their peer professionals
o Problem solving – done in a collegial manner, all license member of the
profession are co-equal partner in problem solving – using their expertise and
insight to solve problems together.

Professional officer must possess:

 Passion – the understanding that resorting to violence or threats is

ethically acceptable if and only if, it is done in the interest of justice or
 in accordance with the welfare of the community; that no guilt need be
associated with the pain or unpleasantness of using force.
 Perspective – the development of an inner understanding of the
motives of the people, a sense of life’s causes and effects and
knowledge of the tragedy of life (that all people suffer sometimes, that
everyone yearns for some dignity and that no individual is worthless.

Republic Act No. 6713             February 20, 1989

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC

OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC
OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR
EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress

assembled:

Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees."

Section 2. Declaration of Policies. - It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of
ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the
people and shall discharge their duties with utmost responsibility, integrity, competence, and
loyalty, act with patriotism and justice, lead modest lives, and uphold public interest over
personal interest.

Section 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the term:

(a) "Government" includes the National Government, the local governments, and all other
instrumentalities, agencies or branches of the Republic of the Philippines including government-
owned or controlled corporations, and their subsidiaries. lawphi1 .net

(b) "Public Officials" includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or
temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel,
whether or not they receive compensation, regardless of amount.

(c) "Gift" refers to a thing or a right to dispose of gratuitously, or any act or liberality, in favor of
another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or an ostensibly onerous disposition
thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in
anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor from a public official or employee.
(d) "Receiving any gift" includes the act of accepting directly or indirectly, a gift from a person
other than a member of his family or relative as defined in this Act, even on the occasion of a
family celebration or national festivity like Christmas, if the value of the gift is neither nominal nor
insignificant, or the gift is given in anticipation of, or in exchange for, a favor.

(e) "Loan" covers both simple loan and commodatum as well as guarantees, financing
arrangements or accommodations intended to ensure its approval.

(f) "Substantial stockholder" means any person who owns, directly or indirectly, shares of stock
sufficient to elect a director of a corporation. This term shall also apply to the parties to a voting
trust.

(g) "Family of public officials or employees" means their spouses and unmarried children under
eighteen (18) years of age.

(h) "Person" includes natural and juridical persons unless the context indicates otherwise.

(i) "Conflict of interest" arises when a public official or employee is a member of a board, an
officer, or a substantial stockholder of a private corporation or owner or has a substantial interest
in a business, and the interest of such corporation or business, or his rights or duties therein,
may be opposed to or affected by the faithful performance of official duty.

(j) "Divestment" is the transfer of title or disposal of interest in property by voluntarily, completely
and actually depriving or dispossessing oneself of his right or title to it in favor of a person or
persons other than his spouse and relatives as defined in this Act.

(k) "Relatives" refers to any and all persons related to a public official or employee within the
fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity, including bilas, inso and balae.

Section 4. Norms of Conduct of Public Officials and Employees. - (A) Every public official and
employee shall observe the following as standards of personal conduct in the discharge and
execution of official duties:

(a) Commitment to public interest. - Public officials and employees shall always uphold the public
interest over and above personal interest. All government resources and powers of their
respective offices must be employed and used efficiently, effectively, honestly and economically,
particularly to avoid wastage in public funds and revenues.

(b) Professionalism. - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with
the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public
service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong
perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage.

(c) Justness and sincerity. - Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all
times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone,
especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the rights of others,
and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy,
public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on
account of their office to their relatives whether by consanguinity or affinity except with respect to
appointments of such relatives to positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their
personal staff whose terms are coterminous with theirs.
(d) Political neutrality. - Public officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without
unfair discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference.

(e) Responsiveness to the public. - Public officials and employees shall extend prompt,
courteous, and adequate service to the public. Unless otherwise provided by law or when
required by the public interest, public officials and employees shall provide information of their
policies and procedures in clear and understandable language, ensure openness of information,
public consultations and hearings whenever appropriate, encourage suggestions, simplify and
systematize policy, rules and procedures, avoid red tape and develop an understanding and
appreciation of the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the country, especially in the
depressed rural and urban areas.

(f) Nationalism and patriotism. - Public officials and employees shall at all times be loyal to the
Republic and to the Filipino people, promote the use of locally produced goods, resources and
technology and encourage appreciation and pride of country and people. They shall endeavor to
maintain and defend Philippine sovereignty against foreign intrusion.

(g) Commitment to democracy. - Public officials and employees shall commit themselves to the
democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of public accountability, and manifest by
deeds the supremacy of civilian authority over the military. They shall at all times uphold the
Constitution and put loyalty to country above loyalty to persons or party.

(h) Simple living. - Public officials and employees and their families shall lead modest lives
appropriate to their positions and income. They shall not indulge in extravagant or ostentatious
display of wealth in any form.

(B) The Civil Service Commission shall adopt positive measures to promote (1) observance of
these standards including the dissemination of information programs and workshops authorizing
merit increases beyond regular progression steps, to a limited number of employees recognized
by their office colleagues to be outstanding in their observance of ethical standards; and (2)
continuing research and experimentation on measures which provide positive motivation to
public officials and employees in raising the general level of observance of these standards.

Section 5. Duties of Public Officials and Employees. - In the performance of their duties, all
public officials and employees are under obligation to:lawphi1 .net

(a) Act promptly on letters and requests. - All public officials and employees shall, within fifteen
(15) working days from receipt thereof, respond to letters, telegrams or other means of
communications sent by the public. The reply must contain the action taken on the request.

(b) Submit annual performance reports. - All heads or other responsible officers of offices and
agencies of the government and of government-owned or controlled corporations shall, within
forty-five (45) working days from the end of the year, render a performance report of the agency
or office or corporation concerned. Such report shall be open and available to the public within
regular office hours.

(c) Process documents and papers expeditiously. - All official papers and documents must be
processed and completed within a reasonable time from the preparation thereof and must
contain, as far as practicable, not more than three (3) signatories therein. In the absence of duly
authorized signatories, the official next-in-rank or officer in charge shall sign for and in their
behalf.
(d) Act immediately on the public's personal transactions. - All public officials and employees
must attend to anyone who wants to avail himself of the services of their offices and must, at all
times, act promptly and expeditiously.

(e) Make documents accessible to the public. - All public documents must be made accessible
to, and readily available for inspection by, the public within reasonable working hours.

Section 6. System of Incentives and Rewards. - A system of annual incentives and rewards is
hereby established in order to motivate and inspire public servants to uphold the highest
standards of ethics. For this purpose, a Committee on Awards to Outstanding Public Officials and
Employees is hereby created composed of the following: the Ombudsman and Chairman of the
Civil Service Commission as Co-Chairmen, and the Chairman of the Commission on Audit, and
two government employees to be appointed by the President, as members.

It shall be the task of this Committee to conduct a periodic, continuing review of the performance
of public officials and employees, in all the branches and agencies of Government and establish
a system of annual incentives and rewards to the end that due recognition is given to public
officials and employees of outstanding merit on the basis of the standards set forth in this Act.

The conferment of awards shall take into account, among other things, the following: the years of
service and the quality and consistency of performance, the obscurity of the position, the level of
salary, the unique and exemplary quality of a certain achievement, and the risks or temptations
inherent in the work. Incentives and rewards to government officials and employees of the year
to be announced in public ceremonies honoring them may take the form of bonuses, citations,
directorships in government-owned or controlled corporations, local and foreign scholarship
grants, paid vacations and the like. They shall likewise be automatically promoted to the next
higher position with the commensurate salary suitable to their qualifications. In case there is no
next higher position or it is not vacant, said position shall be included in the budget of the office in
the next General Appropriations Act. The Committee on Awards shall adopt its own rules to
govern the conduct of its activities.

Section 7. Prohibited Acts and Transactions. - In addition to acts and omissions of public officials
and employees now prescribed in the Constitution and existing laws, the following shall
constitute prohibited acts and transactions of any public official and employee and are hereby
declared to be unlawful:

(a) Financial and material interest. - Public officials and employees shall not, directly or indirectly,
have any financial or material interest in any transaction requiring the approval of their office.

(b) Outside employment and other activities related thereto. - Public officials and employees
during their incumbency shall not:

(1) Own, control, manage or accept employment as officer, employee, consultant, counsel,
broker, agent, trustee or nominee in any private enterprise regulated, supervised or licensed by
their office unless expressly allowed by law;

(2) Engage in the private practice of their profession unless authorized by the Constitution or law,
provided, that such practice will not conflict or tend to conflict with their official functions; or

(3) Recommend any person to any position in a private enterprise which has a regular or pending
official transaction with their office.
These prohibitions shall continue to apply for a period of one (1) year after resignation,
retirement, or separation from public office, except in the case of subparagraph (b) (2) above, but
the professional concerned cannot practice his profession in connection with any matter before
the office he used to be with, in which case the one-year prohibition shall likewise apply.

(c) Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential information. - Public officials and employees shall not
use or divulge, confidential or classified information officially known to them by reason of their
office and not made available to the public, either:

(1) To further their private interests, or give undue advantage to anyone; or

(2) To prejudice the public interest.

(d) Solicitation or acceptance of gifts. - Public officials and employees shall not solicit or accept,
directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favor, entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value
from any person in the course of their official duties or in connection with any operation being
regulated by, or any transaction which may be affected by the functions of their office.

As to gifts or grants from foreign governments, the Congress consents to:

(i) The acceptance and retention by a public official or employee of a gift of nominal value
tendered and received as a souvenir or mark of courtesy;

(ii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of a gift in the nature of a scholarship or
fellowship grant or medical treatment; or

(iii) The acceptance by a public official or employee of travel grants or expenses for travel taking
place entirely outside the Philippine (such as allowances, transportation, food, and lodging) of
more than nominal value if such acceptance is appropriate or consistent with the interests of the
Philippines, and permitted by the head of office, branch or agency to which he belongs.

The Ombudsman shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purpose
of this subsection, including pertinent reporting and disclosure requirements.

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit any educational, scientific or cultural
exchange programs subject to national security requirements.

Section 8. Statements and Disclosure. - Public officials and employees have an obligation to
accomplish and submit declarations under oath of, and the public has the right to know, their
assets, liabilities, net worth and financial and business interests including those of their spouses
and of unmarried children under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.

(A) Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Financial Disclosure. - All public officials and
employees, except those who serve in an honorary capacity, laborers and casual or temporary
workers, shall file under oath their Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and a
Disclosure of Business Interests and Financial Connections and those of their spouses and
unmarried children under eighteen (18) years of age living in their households.

The two documents shall contain information on the following:

(a) real property, its improvements, acquisition costs, assessed value and current fair market
value;

(b) personal property and acquisition cost;

(c) all other assets such as investments, cash on hand or in banks, stocks, bonds, and the like;

(d) liabilities, and;

(e) all business interests and financial connections.

The documents must be filed:

(a) within thirty (30) days after assumption of office;

(b) on or before April 30, of every year thereafter; and

(c) within thirty (30) days after separation from the service.

All public officials and employees required under this section to file the aforestated documents
shall also execute, within thirty (30) days from the date of their assumption of office, the
necessary authority in favor of the Ombudsman to obtain from all appropriate government
agencies, including the Bureau of Internal Revenue, such documents as may show their assets,
liabilities, net worth, and also their business interests and financial connections in previous years,
including, if possible, the year when they first assumed any office in the Government.

Husband and wife who are both public officials and employees may file the required statements
jointly or separately.

The Statements of Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth and the Disclosure of Business Interests and
Financial Connections shall be filed by:

(1) Constitutional and national elective officials, with the national office of the Ombudsman;

(2) Senators and Congressmen, with the Secretaries of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, respectively; Justices, with the Clerk of Court of the Supreme Court; Judges,
with the Court Administrator; and all national executive officials with the Office of the President.

(3) Regional and local officials and employees, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective
regions;

(4) Officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, with the Office of the
President, and those below said ranks, with the Deputy Ombudsman in their respective regions;
and

(5) All other public officials and employees, defined in Republic Act No. 3019, as amended, with
the Civil Service Commission.

(B) Identification and disclosure of relatives. - It shall be the duty of every public official or
employee to identify and disclose, to the best of his knowledge and information, his relatives in
the Government in the form, manner and frequency prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.

(C) Accessibility of documents. - (1) Any and all statements filed under this Act, shall be made
available for inspection at reasonable hours.

(2) Such statements shall be made available for copying or reproduction after ten (10) working
days from the time they are filed as required by law.

(3) Any person requesting a copy of a statement shall be required to pay a reasonable fee to
cover the cost of reproduction and mailing of such statement, as well as the cost of certification.
(4) Any statement filed under this Act shall be available to the public for a period of ten (10) years
after receipt of the statement. After such period, the statement may be destroyed unless needed
in an ongoing investigation.

(D) Prohibited acts. - It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain or use any statement filed
under this Act for:

(a) any purpose contrary to morals or public policy; or

(b) any commercial purpose other than by news and communications media for dissemination to
the general public.

Section 9. Divestment. - A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest at all times.
When a conflict of interest arises, he shall resign from his position in any private business
enterprise within thirty (30) days from his assumption of office and/or divest himself of his
shareholdings or interest within sixty (60) days from such assumption.

The same rule shall apply where the public official or employee is a partner in a partnership.

The requirement of divestment shall not apply to those who serve the Government in an
honorary capacity nor to laborers and casual or temporary workers.

Section 10. Review and Compliance Procedure. - (a) The designated Committees of both
Houses of the Congress shall establish procedures for the review of statements to determine
whether said statements which have been submitted on time, are complete, and are in proper
form. In the event a determination is made that a statement is not so filed, the appropriate
Committee shall so inform the reporting individual and direct him to take the necessary corrective
action.

(b) In order to carry out their responsibilities under this Act, the designated Committees of both
Houses of Congress shall have the power within their respective jurisdictions, to render any
opinion interpreting this Act, in writing, to persons covered by this Act, subject in each instance to
the approval by affirmative vote of the majority of the particular House concerned.

The individual to whom an opinion is rendered, and any other individual involved in a similar
factual situation, and who, after issuance of the opinion acts in good faith in accordance with it
shall not be subject to any sanction provided in this Act.

(c) The heads of other offices shall perform the duties stated in subsections (a) and (b) hereof
insofar as their respective offices are concerned, subject to the approval of the Secretary of
Justice, in the case of the Executive Department and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in
the case of the Judicial Department.

Section 11. Penalties. - (a) Any public official or employee, regardless of whether or not he holds
office or employment in a casual, temporary, holdover, permanent or regular capacity,
committing any violation of this Act shall be punished with a fine not exceeding the equivalent of
six (6) months' salary or suspension not exceeding one (1) year, or removal depending on the
gravity of the offense after due notice and hearing by the appropriate body or agency. If the
violation is punishable by a heavier penalty under another law, he shall be prosecuted under the
latter statute. Violations of Sections 7, 8 or 9 of this Act shall be punishable with imprisonment
not exceeding five (5) years, or a fine not exceeding five thousand pesos (P5,000), or both, and,
in the discretion of the court of competent jurisdiction, disqualification to hold public office.
(b) Any violation hereof proven in a proper administrative proceeding shall be sufficient cause for
removal or dismissal of a public official or employee, even if no criminal prosecution is instituted
against him.

(c) Private individuals who participate in conspiracy as co-principals, accomplices or accessories,

with public officials or employees, in violation of this Act, shall be subject to the same penal
liabilities as the public officials or employees and shall be tried jointly with them.

(d) The official or employee concerned may bring an action against any person who obtains or
uses a report for any purpose prohibited by Section 8 (D) of this Act. The Court in which such
action is brought may assess against such person a penalty in any amount not to exceed twenty-
five thousand pesos (P25,000). If another sanction hereunder or under any other law is heavier,
the latter shall apply.

Section 12. Promulgation of Rules and Regulations, Administration and Enforcement of this

Act. - The Civil Service Commission shall have the primary responsibility for the administration
and enforcement of this Act. It shall transmit all cases for prosecution arising from violations of
this Act to the proper authorities for appropriate action: Provided, however, That it may institute
such administrative actions and disciplinary measures as may be warranted in accordance with
law. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as a deprivation of the right of each House of
Congress to discipline its Members for disorderly behavior.

The Civil Service Commission is hereby authorized to promulgate rules and regulations
necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, including guidelines for individuals who render
free voluntary service to the Government. The Ombudsman shall likewise take steps to protect
citizens who denounce acts or omissions of public officials and employees which are in violation
of this Act.

Section 13. Provisions for More Stringent Standards. - Nothing in this Act shall be construed to
derogate from any law, or any regulation prescribed by anybody or agency, which provides for
more stringent standards for its official and employees.

Section 14. Appropriations. - The sum necessary for the effective implementation of this Act
shall be taken from the appropriations of the Civil Service Commission. Thereafter, such sum as
may be needed for its continued implementation shall be included in the annual General
Appropriations Act.

Section 15. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision
to any person or circumstance is declared invalid, the remainder of the Act or the application of
such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected by such declaration.

Section 16. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees and orders or parts thereof inconsistent
herewith, are deemed repealed or modified accordingly, unless the same provide for a heavier
penalty.

Section 17. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect after thirty (30) days following the completion
of its publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

Approved, February 20, 1989.

Progress check

1. Define and discuss ethics in your own words.

2. Explain the statement, “Without moral perception, man is only an animal”.
3. Define and discuss values in your own words.
4. Enumerate the cardinal virtues. Explain each.
5. Define and discuss professional.
6. Based on the definition of professional, do you consider yourself a professional?
Justify your answer.
7. In RA 6713 SECTION 3, choose at least 3 paragraphs or terms and discuss each.
You can use examples if necessary.
8. Enumerate the characteristics that the professional officers must possess.
Discuss each.
9. In section 4 of RA 6713, choose at least 4 paragraphs and discuss each.
10. In section 7 of RA 6713, choose at least 1 prohibited act or transaction and
explain it in your own words.
Module 2

Foundation of Police Ethics   

Learning Outcomes:   At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

 ● Elucidate the Cannons of Police Ethics and the Professional Police Principle 
● Recite the law enforcement code of ethics
● appraise the moral/ethical weaknesses of the PNP causing incompetence
and propose a solution for the problem.   

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

INTRODUCTION 

Professional conduct and ethical standards and a high degree of honesty are more
essential for officers and members of Philippine National Police (PNP) than for any member
of the society. This is so, because they are entrusted with the  enforcement of the rules,
regulations and ordinances created by City/Municipality  and the laws of the land created by
the Congress that guide the conduct of society.  A policemen’s violation or infraction
thereof, or his failure to enforce it, dishonor the law and the authority he represents

  DEFINITION OF TERMS 

1. Police Ethics- It is the practical science that treats the principle of human morality and
duty as applied to law enforcement.
2. Moonlighting- An act of a member of the PNP pursuing or following any calling or 
occupation, or the act of engaging in any business, which includes but not  limited to
all activities, jobs, work, and similar functions, performed, engaged in  or undertaking
by him, in or off duty hours with or without compensation, which  is inconsistent or
incompatible with the PNP duties or functions. Such as a  bouncer, security guard,
driver, bodyguard, confidential agent, watchman  and  any other occupations of similar
nature, in any enterprise or establishment,  public or private, which will prejudice the
interest of law enforcement and  public safety. 
3. Ethical standard – it refers to the set of conducts and behavior governing a group,  a
class or organization.
4. Police customs and social decorum – a set of norms and standards practiced by 
members during social and other functions. 
 5. Nonfeasance/Neglect of Duty- It is the omission of some act, which ought to be 
performed. It is the omission or refusal without sufficient excuse, to perform an  act or
duty, which  as a peace officer’s legal obligation to perform.  
6. Misfeasance/Irregularities in the Performance of Duty- It is the improper performance
of some act which might lawfully be done. 
7. Malfeasance- It is the performance of some act which ought not to be done. It is the
doing either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no
legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds,
ignores, or abuses his powers. 
8. Incompetency- It is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory
performance of police duties. This has reference to any physical and intellectual
quality, the lack of which substantially incapacitates one to perform  the duties of
peace officers. 
9. Oppression- Imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, or excessive use of
authority.       
10. Dishonesty- It is the concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a fact relevant
to one’s office or connected with the performance of his duties. 
11. Disloyalty to the Government- Consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty
to the Government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of  the 
government. 
12. Public official- Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or
temporary, whether in the career or non-career service, including military and police
personnel, whether or not they receive compensation or not, regardless of amount. 
13. Public Officer or Employee- It means any person holding any public office or 
employment by virtue of an appointment, election or contract, and any  person 
holding any office  or employment, by appointment or contract in any  state-owned  or
controlled corporation. 
14. Gift- It refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any act of liberality in  favor
of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated sale or  ostensibly  onerous
disposition thereof. It shall not include an unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant
value not given in anticipation of, or in exchange for a favor.

ETHICS IN THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) 

The PNP Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard are based from existing laws  covering
public servants as embodied in the Constitution, Revised Penal Code, RA 6713  (The code of
Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees), and  other related
statutes. The ethical conduct and standard of the PNP is further enhanced to fit in their
nature of their creation as embodied in the Constitution which is civilian in nature but
military in manner.   

FIVE PILLARS TOWARDS AN ETHICAL PNP MEMBER   

1. Background of the applicants – this includes the qualification like educational attainment
and morality.  

2. Type of training – strengthening the behavior of the selected applicant is believed to be
the objective of the PNP training.  

3. Response to training – trainees’ obedience to legal orders is indispensable in undergoing

the training. 

4. Determination – trainees’ determination to pursue the required training. 

5. Ability to rise when fall – It is but natural to fail but what matter is the ability to rise  
especially when put in hot water. Facing the consequences of our action is a sign
of maturity.   

CANNONS OF POLICE ETHICS   

1. Primordial Police Responsibility - The primary objective of police is the prevention of
crime.  

2. Limitation of Police Authority- As an upholder of the law, policemen must know the
limitation in enforcing the law, thus: 

a. He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have placed him. 

b. He must recognize the center of the democratic system of government, which gives

person or group of persons, absolute power. 

c. He must insure that he does not pervert its true character. 

3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibility  - The policeman shall assiduously apply
himself to the principles of the laws,  which he is sworn to apply. 

a. He will make certain of his responsibilities in the particular field of enforcement, seeking

aid of his superior in matters technically or in principles not clear to him. 

b. He shall make special effort to fully understand his relationship with law enforcement
agencies, particularly on matters of jurisdiction, both geographically and substantively. 

4. Use of proper Means to Obtain Proper Ends 

a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of methods in
discharging the duty of his office. 

b. Violation of law or public safety and property on the part of the officer are intrinsically
wrong. They are self-defeating if they instill in the public mind. 

c. The employment of Illegal methods, no matter how worthy the end, is certain to
encourage disrespect for the law and its officers, If the law is to be  honored, it must first be
honored by those who enforce it. 

d. it is the proper performance of duty not the nobleness of the objective or  mission which
should guide every police officer. 

5. Cooperation with Public Officials 

a. The policeman shall cooperate fully with other public officials in the performance or
authorized duties, regardless of party affiliation or personal prejudices. 

b. He shall be meticulous in law, however, in assuring himself as property, under the law,

such actions shall guard against the use of his office or person whether knowingly or in any
improper or illegal action. 

6. Proper Conduct and Behavior 

a. The policeman shall be mindful of his special identification by the public as an upholder of
law. 

b. The community and the service require that the policeman leads the life of decent and
honorable person, following the career of policeman gives no special pre-requisite. 

c. being a law enforcement officer is a noble profession, it follows that every law  enforcer
must think, act and speak with decency and appropriately. 

7. Conduct towards the Community 

a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to the community 

b. He shall deal with individuals of the community in the manner calculated to instill respect
for its law. 

c. He shall conduct his official life in a manner that will inspire confidence and trust. 

d. He will do neither personal preference nor prejudice but rather a duly appointed officer
of the law discharging his sworn obligation. 

8. Conduct in Arresting Law Violator  

a. Policeman shall use his powers to arrest in accordance with the law and with due regard
to the rights of the citizen concerned. 

b. He shall, at all times, have a clear appreciation of his responsibilities and limitation

regarding the detention of the accused. 

c. He shall conduct himself in such a manner as will minimize the possibility of having to use
force. 

d. He shall cultivate a dedication to the people and the equitable upholding of the law
whether in the handling of the accused or law-abiding citizen.

9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts or Favors  

a. Policeman representing the government bears heavy responsibility of maintaining, in his

conduct, the honor and integrity of all government institution. 

b. He shall guard against placing himself in a Position in which the public can reasonably
assume that special consideration is being given. 

c. He shall be firm in refusing gifts, favors or gratitude, large or small, which can be public
mind, be interpreted as capable of influencing his judgment in the discharge of his duties. 

10. Attitude towards Police Profession 

a. Policeman shall regard the best possible of his duties as a public trust and recognize his
responsibilities as a public servant. 

b. He shall strive to make the best possible application of science to the selection of
the crime and in the field of human relation. 

c. He shall strive for effecting leadership and public influence in matters affecting public
safety. 

d. He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of his office, and hold police work
to be an honorable profession rendering valuable service to his community. 

e. Through study and experience, a police officer can acquire the high level of knowledge
and competence that is essential for the efficient and effective performance of duty. The
acquisition of knowledge is a never- ending process of personal and professional
development that should be pursued constantly. 

11. Impartial Presentation of Evidence 

a. Policeman shall be concerned equally in the prosecution of the accused or  for the
defense of the innocent 
b. He shall ascertain what kind of evidence and shall present such evidence  impartially and
without malice. 

c. He shall ignore social, political and all other distinction among the person  involved,
strengthening the tradition of reliability and integrity of an  officer’s word.   

PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLE 

1. Prevention of crime and disorder 

2. Cooperation of community 

3. Unreasonable force reduce community cooperation 

4. Use of Reasonable Force When Persuasion Is Not Sufficient 

5. Impartial Enforcement of Laws 

6. The Community Are the Police 

7. Police Should Not Usurp Judicial Powers 

8. Reduction of Crime and Disorder 

9. Rule of Enforcement Impartially Observed 

10. Police Discretion   

LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS

As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard

life and property; to protect the innocent against deception, weak against oppression or
intimidation and the peaceful against violence or disorder: and to respect the constitutional
rights of all men, liberty, equality and justice.   

I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in
the face of danger, scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of the
welfare of others.   Honest in thought and in deed both my personal and official life. I will be
exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and regulations of my organization. Whatever I
see or hear of a confidential in nature or is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept
ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.

I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or

friendship to influence my decision; with no compromise for crime and with relentless
prosecution of criminals. I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or
favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting
gratuities in return.   
 I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith and I accept it as a
Public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service. I will never engage
in acts of corruption or bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police officers. I will
cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of
Justice.   

I know that I alone am responsible for my own standard or professional performance

and will take every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve my level of knowledge
and competence. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating
myself before God and my chosen profession…. Law Enforcement.

NOTE:  
a. read your notes for the entire explanation of this Code of Ethics 
b. MEMORIZE the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and be ready anytime to 
recite this in a virtual platform.

TENETS OF DISCIPLINE 
All policemen at all levels shall adhere to the eight tenets of discipline,
which include the following: 
a. One of the first signs of discipline is the stage of orderliness and cleanliness of
the policeman’s place or work. If a police station is unkept, people cannot
expect the kind of positive responds to their needs. 
b. All police actions must be characterized by courtesy and discipline. 
c. All objectives of the PNP must always be for the Public interest and not
private interest. The people must feel that they are welcome to approach any
member of the PNP for assistance. 
d. All citizens must be treated with dignity and respect
e. All police actions must be in accordance with the law. Respect for human
rights and other laws of the land must be primordial concern in the exercise of
Police duties/ 
f. Basic police service must be rendered, equitably for all citizens and must not
give in exchange for any favor, reward or condition. 
g. Involvement of police personnel in syndicated crime particularly illegal
gambling  must not be tolerated. 
h. There is no substitute for leadership by example. Police Commanders, as
model of  public service, must show proper behavior not only to their
subordinates but also to the  people. 
 
Who is a Filipino Policeman? 

- A Filipino policeman is a protector and a friend of the people.  

 - His badge is the symbol of the citizen’s faith and trust, his uniform a mirror
of decorum and integrity. 
- His whole human person an oblation of enduring love for homeland, fellowmen 
and God. 
- A Filipino policeman emulates the valor of Lapu-lapu, serenity of Rizal, the 
leadership of Aguinaldo, the courage of Bonifacio, the idealism of Del Pilar, the 
wisdom of Mabini and the fortitude of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora. 
- A Filipino policeman has oath for his republic to uphold: to defend the 
constitution, honor the flag, obey the laws and duly constituted authorities. He 
has covenant with his people to comply: to safeguard and protect them even 
beyond the call of duty. And he has a legacy for his family to fulfill: to bequeath 
unto them the one and only treasure of his life – an unblemished name.
The Policeman and his Badge
Pointedly enough, it is precisely upon grounds of reliability and unreliability, 
fidelity or infidelity in the performance of his duties that the badge of a
policeman  assumes paramount significance.  This is because the badge could
either be the symbol of the citizen’s faith and  trust in the policeman or the
harbinger of their contempt and derision for him, all  depending upon efficiency
or inefficiency in the execution of the policeman’s task or  mission.  But whatever
it may be, the salient point remains that the policeman’s badge  stands out as the
embodiment of his entire personality, both as a citizen and a public  servant, yes,
a badge that beckons the policeman to commit himself to the  democratic way of
life and, even more, to maintain the principle of public  accountability.  
Furthermore, the badge flashes incessantly to the mind and heart of the 
policeman his inescapable concern, commitment and obligation to uphold at all
times  the constitution and be loyal to his country, people and organization over
and above  loyalty to any other person or organization.

  The Policeman and his Uniform 

The gestures and attitudes of internalizing and externalizing could aptly project 
to the fore the fierce relevance and significance of the uniform of the
policeman.   This is because what a policeman has internalized or ingested in
terms of  discipline, conduct, insight and decorum is externalized or unfolded by
his uniform on  points of among others, physical appearance, social graces,
professional bearing, and  personal comportment.  More importantly, the
uniform bespeaks not only of the authority and prerogatives of the peace keeper
and law enforcer donning or wearing such uniform  but, equally worthwhile, the
intellectual, moral and spiritual cast and mold of the person  inside that uniform.
Just as what abounds in the heart is spoken by the mouth, so what  values and
 virtues are acquired and ingested, or not ingested and acquired, as the  case may
be, are bound to have a repercussion or reflection on his uniform.  If a policeman
is neglectful or remiss in his interior breeding, upbringing, and  posturing, there
surges the imminent and potential likelihood that such shortcomings  would find
shape and form in his untidy, sloppy and repulsive uniform.  Indeed, a well-
meaning and disciplined member of the force realizes without  being told that
the citizenry looks upon and discerns the policeman as distinctively a  man
among gentlemen and a gentleman among men, a circumstance and factor  that
prompts such citizenry to hail as a gratifying sight when the men and women in
the  police service wear their uniform properly wherever they may be.

  The Policeman and his Oath 

In raising their hand in solemn attestation and affirmation of their oath, our
new breed of peace keepers and law enforcers, imbued and invigorated as they
are with their collateral concern and commitment to socio-economic
development and nation-building, have plunged themselves, in consortium with
the other relevant  agencies and instrumentalities of the Republic, into a vast
battlefield on which to wage  constructive wars.   It is with greater relevance to
have to point out just the same the sacrificial  implication of the oath
engendering a beatific irony, if we are to consider the fact that  while on one
hand the member of the police service is impliedly exhorted under his  oath to
love his country and endear his family, on the other hand, when, in response to 
the same oath, the supreme cause of his official duty exacts upon him to offer his
very  life, he cannot help but leave behind him forever his endeared family and
his beloved  country.  This is because this sacrificial human victim is very much a
part and parcel of one profession, the police profession, whose oblation to GOD,
country and people finds its  august limits only in death.
To the present-day members of the nation’s police service, the oath of loyalty
to GOD, country and people could also serve as reminder of their comrades who
died in  line of duty or otherwise met their untimely demise in the hands of the
enemies of  societies, yes, offering their lives so that their countrymen could live
in peace, solace,  and security that they have learned to enjoy and cherish.

Assessment!!!!!!
 1. Ethics is defined as the “standards of conduct and moral requirements”
necessary to  function effectively within an organization or profession.  a. In
the law enforcement context, explain what ethics is. (20 points)   

2. There are many challenges to Police Ethical Behavior that affect the PNP 
organization. An example of this is the involvement of some PNP members in
crimes as  perpetrator rather than protector. Based on statistics, most crimes
by police officers  were found to have been committed by Patrolman (PO1) –
Police Staff Sergeant (PO3)  ranks. 

a. From the facts above, identify one glaring reason why some members of
the  PNP organization are involved in the commission of crimes. Justify your
answer. (Not  more than 50 words). 30 points 

b. What solution can you proposed to at least minimize or eradicate the

reason  (your answer in letter a) that affects the ethics of the PNP? (Not
more than 30 words). 30  points. 

Module 3. (2.5 hours) 

CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARD 

  Learning Outcomes:   At the end of the lesson, students are expected to: 

● Explain the importance of the ethical doctrine in the police service 

● Enumerate the PNP core values  ● Recite the police officer’s

creed 

● Explain the PNP stand on basic police-related issues   

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper 

  PNP ETHICAL DOCTRINE

 The PNP Ethical Doctrine was culled from the PNP Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical
Standards (COPCES). The adoption of the PNP Code of conduct as an Ethical
Doctrine reinforces the former as an effective instrument in the moral values' 
internalization in the PNP.   

THE PNP CORE VALUES 

The police service is a noble profession which demands from its member’s specialized
knowledge and skills, as well as high standards of ethics and morality. In this regard, the
members of the PNP must adhere to and internalize the enduring core values of the PNP
such as;  a. love of God.

  b. respect for authority. 

c. respect for women. 

d. respect for sanctity of marriage. 

e. responsible dominion and stewardship over material things 

f. truthfulness   

THE POLICE OFFICER’S CREED    

I believe in God, the Supreme Being, a great provider, and the creator of all men    and all
dear to me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above all, seek his guidance in the
performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.    I believe that respect for
authority is duty. I respect and uphold the constitution and the laws of the land and the
applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the leadership,
and follow and obey legal orders of my superior officers.    I believe in selfless love and
service to people. Toward this end, I commit myself to the service of my fellowmen over and
above my personal convenience.    I believe in the sanctity of marriage and respect for
women. I shall set the example of decency and morality and shall have high regard for
family life and chastity.    

I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I shall
inhibit myself from ostentatious display of my property. I shall protect the environment
and conserve nature to maintain ecological balance. I shall protect private and public 
properties and prevent others from destroying it.    I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I
must be trustworthy and shall speak the truth at all times as required by my profession.         

PNP STAND ON BASIC ISSUES 

The deployment and employment of the PNP personnel require the organization  and its
members to bare their stand on the following basic issues.   

1. PNP Image – The image of any organization affects the esprit d’ corps, morale and
welfare of the members, and sense of pride to the organization. In view thereof,
all members of the PNP should conduct themselves in manner that would not place the 
PNP core values in vain and possess the following virtue:  a. Honor e. Honesty  b. Integrity f.
Humility  c. Valor g. Charity  d. Justice h. Loyalty to the service   

2. Career Management, the Key to Professionalism – The Proper implementation  of the

PNP’s Career Management will greatly enhance the personnel  professionalization process
with regards to procurement, training, promotion,  assignment, placement, awards and
retirement. The PNP shall formulate a stringent  policy and strictly implement the human
resources development system, compatible to  the equitable distribution of procurement,
fair promotion, rationalized approach in  assignment, skill development, immediate grant of
reward and award, and decent  living upon retirement.   

3. Police Management Leadership – The effectiveness of law enforcement is reflective of

the managerial capabilities and competent leadership of the men and women who run the
PNP organization. These attributes must therefore be one of the primary bases for
consideration in the selection of personnel for employment and deployment purposes.   

4. Equality In the Service – There shall be judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity
to prove one’s worth in the police service. The problem on inequity thru  class orientation
and factionalism, both real and perceived, premised on favored  assignment, inequitable
opportunity of training, unfair granting of promotion, and  untimely awarding of
achievements, will create an atmosphere of demoralization. The result is inefficiency and
lack of teamwork to the detriment of the organization. It behoves. Therefore, on the PNP
leadership address the situation. The civilian character of the organization requires
adherence to the rule on merit and fitness system and to dissociate the above process from
class orientation and factionalism.   

5. Delicadeza - In consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP, all
members must have the moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with  the time-
honored principle of delicadeza.    

6. Police Lifestyle - The PNP shall promote and maintain a lifestyle for its members which
the public will find credible and respectable. The public expects a police officer to live a
simple and dignified life. They must be free from greed corruption and exploitation.  

7. Political Patronage - PNP members shall inhibit themselves from soliciting political

patronage on matters pertaining to assignment, award, training and promotion.  

8. Human Rights - All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and man’s
inalienable rights to life, liberty and property. 

  Enhancement Activity:  The PNP’s credibility was greatly affected because of

many issues like the following:   
   1. As a future member of the organization, what can you propose to minimize
these police related issues? (Not more than 50 words, 40 points) 
 
2. MEMORIZEthe law enforcement code of ethics and Police Officers Creed
and recite it in a form of video presentation while blind folded. 

      Assessment: 

1. In not more than 20 words briefly explain the purpose of the ethical doctrine
in the police service. (30 points) 

2. Every organization will be effective only if it develops good values. In this

regard, the PNP has internalized its own core values (mentioned above). Aside
from these core values, name or add at least 5 values that every PNP member
should adhere. For not more than 20 words, explain 1 of these values. (30
points)  

Module 4. 4 hours 

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARD   

Learning Outcomes:  At the end of the lesson, students are expected to: 
  Evaluate the standards of police professionalism and the ethical
standards practice in the PNP
 Identify the conducts that are considered ethical

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper   

STANDARD OF POLICE PROFESSIONALISM 

All members of the PNP shall perform their duties with excellence, competence, integrity,
intelligence and expertise in the application of specialized skill and technical knowledge.   

Professionalism refers to the conduct and qualities that characterize a particular profession.

Professionalism in policing necessitates viewing the position of police officer as a profession, rather
than simply as a job.

A profession is a calling that requires specialized knowledge and particular academic training.   

POLICE PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT 

All members of the PNP shall observe the following professional police conduct: 

1. Commitment of Democracy 

a. Uniformed PNP members shall commit themselves to the democratic way of  life and
values and maintain the principles of public accountability. 

b. They shall at all times uphold the constitution and be loyal to our country,  people and
the police organization. 

2. Commitment to Public Interest 

a. PNP members shall always uphold public interest over and above personal interest. 

b. All government properties, resources and powers of their respective offices must be

employed and used effectively, honestly and efficiently, particularly to avoid wastage of
public funds and revenues. 

3. Non-Partisanship 

PNP members shall provide service to everyone without discrimination regardless of party

affiliation in accordance with existing laws and regulations. 

4. Physical Fitness and Health 

 All PNP members shall strive to be physically fit and in good health at all times. Towards
this end, they shall undergo regular exercises and annual medical examination in any PNP
hospital or medical facility. 

5. Secrecy Discipline 

All PNP members shall guard the confidentiality of classified information against
unauthorized disclosure, including confidential aspect of official business, special orders,
communication and other documents, roster or any  portion thereof, contents of criminal records,
identities of person who may have given  information to the police in confidence and other
classified  information on intelligence  materials. 

a. Official Business   Members of the PNP Shall treat official business confidential
and shall not impart the same to anyone except those for whom it is intended, or
as directed by their superior officer, or as required by law. 

b. Special Order  PNP members shall not divulge to any unauthorized person any 
special order or classified document which they may be made  accessible to or may
receive or may pass their hands. 

c. Roster  PNP Members shall not divulge the roster or any portion thereof to  any
individual, firm or corporation, or similar entity. 

d. Criminal Record  Contents of criminal record shall not be exhibited or divulge to

any  person other than duly authorized police officers or upon approval of their 
superior officers, or as required by law. 

e. Identify of Person  PNP members shall respect the confidence of persons who
may  give information or seek the aid of the police names and business or 
addresses be not made public except when required by law, or which it is 
absolutely necessary in the performance of duty. 

6. Social Awareness  All PNP members and their immediate family members shall be  encouraged
to actively get involved in the religious, social, and civic activities to  enhance image. 

7. Non- Solicitation of Patronage  All PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career
development  and shall: 

a. Not directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation from politicians, high-

ranking government officials, and prominent citizens, persons affiliated  with civic or
religious organizations with regard to their assignments,  promotions, transfer or related
advantage. 

b. Nor shall they initiate any petition to be prepared and presented by  citizens in their
behalf.  

c. Moreover, they shall advise their immediate relatives not to interfere in the  activities of
the police service particularly in the assignment and reassignment  of personnel. 
 d. Not, at any time, suggest, solicit or recommend to any party or accused with pending
case, the employment of any particular bondsman or counsel for his defense or release. 

8. Proper Care and Use of Public Property 

a. Members shall be responsible for the security, proper care and use of public property
issued to them and/ or deposited under their care and custody.  Unauthorized use of
public property for personal convenience or gain and that of their families, friends or
relatives are strictly prohibited. 

b. Retiring, reassigning, or dismissed members of the PNP shall immediately surrender

their badges, service firearms, identification cards, other insignia of  office, and other
property of the PNP which may be in their possession or  under their responsibility. 

c. All recovered property, used in the commission of crime or alleged to be so, property

legally seized, found or surrender and those found on the person of  a prisoner; shall be
properly tagged and immediately delivered to the proper  custodian for disposition. 

9. Respect for Human Rights 

a. In the performance of their duty, PNP members shall respect human dignity and uphold
human rights of all persons.  

b. He shall not inflict, investigate, or tolerate extra-judicial killing, arbitrary arrest, any act
of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment.  

c. He shall not invoke superior order or exceptional circumstances such as state of war, a
threat to national security, internal political instability or any committing such violation of
human rights.  

10. Devotion to Duty 

a. All PNP members shall perform their duties with devotion, and manifest concern for
public welfare. 

b. He shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be in conflict with their duties
as public servants. 

c. He shall not rein sickness or Injury or Physical incapacity to avoid performance of duty. 

d. He shall not leave his assigned jurisdiction of official business, except by permission of
his superior officer or other competent authority, unless such permission is not practical as
in hot pursuit of a criminal, in which case a report must be made immediately thereafter. 

11. Conservation of Natural Resources 

Policemen shall help in the development and conservation of our natural resources for
ecological balance and posterity as these are inalienable heritage of our people. 

12. Discipline 
 They shall conduct themselves at all times in keeping with the rules and regulations of the
Philippines.    

13. Loyalty 

Above all, policemen must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service as
manifested by their loyalty to their superiors, peers and subordinates as well. 

14. Obedience to Superior

a. Policemen of lower ranks must be always courteous and obedience to their superior and other
appropriate authorities within the chain of command. 

b. No members shall use abusive, insulting or indecent language to another member. 

15. Command Responsibility. 

a. In accordance with the Doctrine of Command Responsibility, immediate commanders shall be

responsible for the effective supervision, control and direction of their personnel.  .

b. He shall see to it that all government resources with laws and regulations and safeguard against
losses thru illegal and improper disposition. 

POLICE ETHICAL STANDARDS

  All PNP members shall observe the police ethical standards, which pertain to established and
generally accepted moral values. Ethical standard to be observed are the following: 

1. Morality 

a. All PNP members shall adhere to high standards of morality and decency and  shall set
good example for others to follow; 

b. In no instance during their terms of office shall they be involved as owner,  operators,
manager or investor in any house of ill-repute or illegal  gambling den or other places
devoted to vices; 

c. Nor shall they patronize such places unless on official duty, and not tolerate  operations
of such establishment in their respective areas of responsibility. 

d. They shall be faithful to their lawfully wedded spouse.   

2. Judicious use of Authority 

All PNP Members shall exercise proper legitimate use of authority in the performance of
duty. 
3.Integrity 

Policemen shall not allow themselves to be victim of corruption and dishonest practices in

accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 6713 and other applicable laws. 

4. Justice 

All PNP members shall strive constantly to respect their rights as human beings, parents,
children, citizens, workers, leaders or in other capacities and to see to it that others do
likewise. 

5. Humility 

a. All PNP members shall recognize the fact that they are public servants and not the
master of the people and toward this end; they should perform their duties without
arrogance. 

b. They should also recognize their own inadequacies, inabilities and limitations as
individuals and perform their duties without attracting attention or expecting the applause
of others.     

5. Orderliness 

All PNP members shall follow logical procedure in accomplishing task assigned to them to
minimize waste in the use of time, money and efforts. 

6. Perseverance 

Once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take legitimate means to achieve the goal
even in the face of internal or external difficulties, and despite  of  anything which might
weaken their resolve in the course of time.   

Enhancement Activity: 

1. Research 1 article (any source) about the PNP that portrays any of the above enumerated
professional conduct and ethical standards and identify what particular conduct or standard is
being portrayed. Justify your answer. (30 points)   

Assessment: 
1. Commitment to democracy is just one of the many police professional conducts that every PNP
member shall observe. Under this, PNP members shall maintain the principle of public
accountability. Remember, public office is a public trust.   

a. Explain or elaborate what is meant by “public office is a public trust”. (Not more than 40 words,
30 points)   

2. Judicious use of an authority as an ethical standard does not include putting the law into one’s
hand. In relation to this; 

a. What can a PNP member do in seeking justice when he himself is a victim of lawlessness? (Not
more than 40 words, 30 points) 

                         

Module 5. 4 hours 

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS   

Learning Outcomes:  At the end of the lesson, students are expected to: 

● Identify the police customs and traditions that promote professionalism

and ethical conduct in the PNP     

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper 

The PNP adopts the generally acceptable customs and traditions based on the desirable practices
of the police. These shall serve as an inspiration to the PNP endeavour to attain its goals and
objectives. 

Definition of Terms 

Customs - Social practices carried by tradition that has obtained the force of  law. 

Traditions - Bodies of belief, stories, customs and usage handed down from   generation to
generation with the effect of an unwritten law. 

Courtesy - A manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others. 

Ceremony –A formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to
special occasion. 

Social Decorum - A set of norms and standards practiced by members during socials and other
functions.  

Custom on Courtesy

Courtesy is a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect on others.

1. Salute – It is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon and recognizing person
entitled to salute.

Salute to National Color and Standard

PNP members stand at attention and salute the national color and standard as it pass by them or
when the national color is raised or lowered during ceremony.

2. Address/Title - junior in rank address senior members who are entitled to salute with the word
“Sir”

3. Courtesy Calls - The following are the customs on courtesy calls:

 Courtesy call of newly assigned/ appointed members

-PNP members who are newly appointed or assigned in a unit or command, call on the
Chief of the Unit or command and to other key personnel for accounting, orientation and
other purposes.

 New year’s call

- PNP members pay a new year’s call on their commanders and /or key official in their
respective areas of responsibility.

 Promotion Call

– Newly promoted PNP members call on their unit head. On this occasion, they are usually
given during recognition and congratulations by their peers for such deserved
accomplished

 Exit Call

- PNP members pays an exit call on their superiors in the unit or command when relieve or
reassigned out of the said unit or command.

4. Courtesy of the Post

- The host unit extend hospitality to visiting personnel who pay respect to the command or
unit.

5. Rank has – its – own Privilege

- PNP members recognize the practice that different rank carry with them corresponding
privilege.

B. Custom on Ceremonies

Ceremony is a formal act or set of formal acts established by custom or authority as proper to
special occasion.

1. Flag Raising Ceremony

 - PNP members honor the flag by raising it and singing the National Anthem before the
start of the official day’s work for the week.

2. Flag Retreat Ceremony

- At the end of the Official day’s work to PNP members pause for a moment to salute the
lowering of the flag.

3. Half–Mast

- The flag is raised at half – mast in difference to deceased uniform / civilian member of
the command.

4. Funeral Service and Honor

- Departed uniformed members, retires, war veterans are given vigil, necrological services
and graveside honor as a gesture of farewell.

5. Ceremony rendered to Retirees

- In recognition of their long, faithful and honorable service to the PNP, a testimonial
activity is tendered in their honor.

6. Honor Ceremony

- Arrival and departure honor ceremonies are tendered to visiting dignitaries, VIPs PNP
officers of equivalent grade.

7. Turn – Over Ceremony

- The relinquishment and assumption of command key position is publicly announced in a

Turn – Over Ceremony by the incoming – outgoing officers in the presence of the
immediate superior or his representative and key officials.

8. Wedding Ceremony

- During marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with participants in uniform

and sworn drawn.

9. Anniversary

- The birth or institutional establishment of a command or unit is commemorated in a

Anniversary Ceremony

C. Custom and Social Decorum

Customs on Social Decorum are set of norms and standards practiced by members during social
and other functions. The following are police customs and social decorum.

1. Proper Attire
 - PNP members always wear appropriate and proper attire in conformity with the
occasion.

2. Table Manner

- PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.

3. Social Graces

- PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing with the people during social
functions.

4. Uniform/ Appearance

- The public looks upon PNP members as distinctively decent when PNP members wear
their uniforms properly wherever they may be. Since disciplined PNP members are best
exemplified by those whose are neat in appearance and wearing the prescribed uniform,
they must therefore observe the following:

 Wearing the prescribed uniform

 Wearing as part of the uniform, awards and decorations earned in accordance with the
prescribed rules and regulations

 Adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and regulations.

5. Manner of Walking

- Every PNP members is expected to walk with pride and dignity.

D. Other Police Customs

1. Visiting the Sick

- PNP members who are in the hospital , their residence or anyplace of confinement are
visited by their immediate commanders or other available officers of the unit in order
that their needs are attended.

2. Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members

- When PNP members die, a Survivor officer is designated to render maximum assistance
to their legitimate bereaved gears until all benefits due shall have been received.

3. Visiting a Religious Leaders

- PNP members/ officers visiting a religious leader in their area of assignment to establish
or maintain rapport and cooperation between the different religious leaders and PNP.

4. Athletics

- All PNP members must undergo in physical fitness activities to insure their proper
physical appearance and bearing are maintain with the waist line measurement always
smaller than the size of his chest and in conformity with the standard set forth by the
organization.

5. Happy Hours

- Usually Fridays or on any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP members
gather a PNP Clubhouse for a high hearted jesting or airing of minor gripes.

POLICE TRADITIONS

Tradition is a body of belief, stories, customs and usage’s handed down from generation to
generation with the effect of an unwritten law.

The following are police traditions.

1. Spiritual Beliefs

- PNP members are traditionally religious and god loving person. They attend
religious service together with their family.

2. Valor

- History attests that Filipino law-enforcers have exemplified the tradition of valor
in defending the country from aggression and oppression. They sacrifice their
limbs and lives for their countrymen they are pledged to serve.

3. Discipline

- The discipline of PNP members manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful

orders and through and spontaneous actions within the bounds of ethical and
legal norms.

4. Gentleman

- PNP members are upright in character, polite in manners, dignified in

appearance, and sincere in their concern or their fellowmen.

5. Word of Honor

- PNP members’ word is their hand; they stand by and commit to uphold it. PNP
members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public servants
who perform their duty with deep sense of responsibility and self – sacrifice.

6. Loyalty

- Police are traditionally loyal to the organization country people as borne out by
history and practice.

7. Camaraderie
 – The binding spirit that enhance teamwork and cooperation in the police
organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP
members’ deep commitment and concern for one another.

Police deviance

Learning objectives
At the end of the lesson the students must be to:

1. Identify the types of police deviance;

2. Enumerate the types of police corruption;
3. Formulate a recommendation on how to prevent the police
deviance and corruption.

Definition of terms

1. Police - Is a group persons established, maintained and organized for keeping

order, safety, protection of lives and properties and for prevention and
detection of crimes. .
2. Deviance – behaviour inconsistent with the norms, values or ethics.
3. Corruption – forbidden acts involving misuse of office for gain
- It is a criminal conduct that can involve under-using one’s
authority, overusing or profiteering via one’s authority.
4. Police deviance – is much broader term than corruption it includes all activities
which are inconsistent with norms, values, or ethics.

Types of police deviance

Police gratuity

- It is the receipt of free meals, services, or discounts.

- These are considered fringe benefits of the job.
- When the officer uses sign for implied favor such as wink or nod,
it is called “MOOCHING”
- When the officer is quite blatant about demanding free services
discount and free meals it is called “CHISELING”

Police perjury
 - “Testilying” or lying in court.
- It is done by either leaving out certain pertinent evidence or
information to fix a criminal prosecution or by “dropsy” where
the officer testify to the court untruthfully that he or she saw the
offender drop some prohibited items such as drugs or any
contraband.
- Lies that MIRANDA WARNING have been given, when they
haven’t, are also typical.

Note: Miranda warning must be express during arrest; the failure of

expressing it will become a ground for the dismissal of the case.
Reference case (Arizona vs. Miranda)

Police brutality

- Brutality is defined as excessive use of force, name calling,

sarcasm, ridicule and disrespect(president’s commission 1967)
- Other commission have simply use a vague definition as “any
violation of due process”
- When a citizen charges police brutality, they may be referring to
a number of thing s including :
o Profane or abusive language
o Commands to move or go home
o Field stops and searches
o Threats of implied violence
o Prodding with a night stick or approaching with a pistol
o The actual use of unnecessary force
Note: police are allowed to use reasonable or necessary
force.

Police profanity

- There were many reasons why a police officer would use

obscene and profane language. The concept such as “command
voice” and “command presence” are routinely taught at the
police training academies.
- There were certain words that are prohibited on radio or
television that are patently offensive, but there’s no such
mechanism for determining what’s offensive with interpersonal
communication.
- The following typology exist:
o Words having religious connotation(e.g. hell,goddamn)
o Words indicating excretory functions (e.g shit, piss)
 o Words connected with sexual functions(e.g. fuck, prick)
- Generally, words with religious connotations are considered the
least offensive and words connected with sexual functions are
considered the most offensive. Its commonly the case, however,
that use of such language by police officers is purposive and not
a loss of control or catharsis.
o To gain the attention of citizen who may be less
cooperative
o To discredit somebody or something, like an alibi defense
o To establish a dominant-submissive relationship

Sex on duty or duty related

- There are number of women who are attracted to the uniform

and aura of the occupation. Every police officer will be able to
tell you stories about police “groupies”. These are women who
make the rounds by waving at officers, getting them to stop or
pull over, and then set up meetings to have sex with them, or
sometimes right then and there.
- Other situation involve:
o Traffic stops – to get closer look at the female or take
information about her
o Fox hunting – stopping college girls to get the “I’ll do
anything” routine.
o Voyeurism – window peeping or interrupting lovers lane
couples
o Victim re-contacts – consoling victims who have
psychological needs
o Opposite sex strip search – touching and/or sex with jail
inmates
 Search conducted by the opposite sex (male
officer with the female inmates or suspects.
o Sexual shakedowns – letting prostitutes go if they
perform lascivious act or sexual acts

Sleeping on duty

- On the night shift, the police car is sometimes referred to as the

“traveling bedroom”. In the police argot, a “hole” or “coop” is
where sleeping takes place, typically the back room of some
place the officer has a key to and can engage in safe “cooping”.
 - Sleeping on duty is an extreme example of “goldbricking”, the
avoidance of work or performing only the amount minimally
necessary to satisfy superiors.
- Goldbricking can take many forms: from ignoring or passing on
calls for service to someone else; overlooking suspicious
behaviour; engaging in personal business while on duty.

Drinking & abusing drugs on or off duty

- Alcohol and drug use tends to become a systemic problem;

others become involved, either supporting or condemning the
user. Alcohol and drugs tend to be mixed by police officer there’s
more sub-cultural support for alcoholism; thus the abuser covers
up the drug use with alcoholism.
- It will affect the judgment and lead to the greater likelihood of
deadly force or traffic accidents.

Misuse of confidential information

- This normally involves “jeopardization” of on-going investigation

by leaking information to friends, relatives, the public, the press,
or in some cases, directly to the criminal suspects or members of
their gang.
- The officer may be unaware that they are even engaging in this
kind of conduct which may involve “pillow talk” in some
instances.
- Failed raids, for example, are often due to a leak of information
in the department.

Police corruption

 Corruption of authority:
o When police officers receive free drinks, meals, and other gratuities, because they are
police officers, whether intentionally or unintentionally, they convey an image of
corruption.

 Extortion/bribery
 o Demanding or receiving payment for criminal offenses, to overlook a crime or a
possible future crime. Types of bribery are protection for illegal activities, ticket fixing,
altering testimony, destroying evidence, and selling criminal information. Bribery is
one of the most common acts of corruption.

 OpportunisticTheft and burglary 
o It Is when an officer or department steals from an arrest and crime victims or corpses.
Examples are taking drugs for personal use in a drug bust, and taking personal objects
from a corpse at the scene of a crime. A theft can also occur within a department. An
officer can steal property from the department's evidence room or property room for
personal use. .

 Shakedowns
o When a police officer is aware of a crime and the violator but accepts a bribe for not
arresting the violator (Roebuck & Barker, 1973).

 "Fixing":
o Undermining criminal prosecutions by withholding evidence or failing to appear at
judicial hearings, for bribery or as a personal favor.
o Fixing cases without the intervention of the court. It is usually happen to a traffic
violations caught by police officers.

 Perjury
o Lying to protect other officers or oneself in a court of law or a department
investigation.

 Internal payoffs
o Prerogatives and prerequisites of law enforcement organizations, such as shifts and
holidays, being bought and sold.

 The "frameup"
o The planting or adding to evidence, especially in drug cases.
 Ticket fixing
o Police officers cancelling traffic tickets as a favor to the friends and family of other
police officers.

 Kickbacks
o A kickback is an illegal payment intended as compensation for preferential treatment
or any other type of improper services received. Kickbacks are often referred to as a
type of bribery. While kickbacks can take many different forms, they all feature some
sort of collusion between two parties

Types of police officers

White knight

- Police who are honest and straight forward and often make an
extreme position on ethical issues.

Straight shooters

- They refer to honest policemen who are ready to hide the

corrupt practices of their comrades.

Meat eaters

- “carnivorous cop” these are cops who actively and aggressively

seek personal gain through position for power.

Grass eaters

- “vegetarian cops” refers to police officers who passively accepts

gifts and bribes as they come along.

Rogues

- Commonly called “hoodlums in uniforms” or “scalawags” are

policemen who possess all the deviant behaviour of a corrupt
cop.

…………….End of module ……….