Exercises for Functional Analysis

2nd Semester 2012/2013

Prof. Paulo R. Pinto

http://www.math.ist.utl.pt/∼ppinto/

Contents
0 Examples of linear spaces 1

1 Metric spaces and normed spaces 1

2 Banach spaces 2

3 Hilbert spaces 5

4 Operator theory 7

5 Operator algebras 9

0 Examples of linear spaces

0.1 Let X be a finite dimensional linear space. Show that the canonical linear operator φ :
X → X ?? is bijective (injective and surjective).

0.2 Show that the following inclusions hold as linear subspaces, where we consider the Lebesgue
measure on the interval I = [0, 1]:

Pn (I) ⊆ P(I) ⊆ C ∞ [0, 1] ⊆ C 1 (I) ⊆ C(I) ⊆ L∞ (I) ⊆ Lq (I) ⊆ Lp (I) ⊆ L1 (I) ⊆ F,

c00 ⊆ l1 ⊆ c0 ⊆ c ⊆ l∞ ⊆ s, l1 ⊆ lp ⊆ lq ⊆ l∞
and 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞, and illustrate with examples that each inclusion is indeed strict.

0.3 a) Given x ∈ c, show that there exists y ∈ c0 and a scaler λ so that

x = y + λ(1, 1, ..., 1, ...),

check that c = c0 ⊕ c1 , where c1 = h(1, 1, ..., 1, ...)i denotes the linear subspace of c generated
by the single vector (1, 1, ..., 1, ...).

b) Compute dim(c/c0 ).

1 Metric spaces and normed spaces

1.1 Draw in R2 each of the following sets:

B1 (0, 1) = {x ∈ R2 : ||x||1 ≤ 1}, B2 (0, 1) = {x ∈ R2 : ||x||2 ≤ 1} e

B∞ (0, 1) = {x ∈ R2 : ||x||∞ ≤ 1}.

1
1.2 Let (X, dX ) and (Y, dY ) be metric spaces and x = (x1 , y1 ), y = (x2 , y2 ) ∈ X × Y . Let d1 ,
d2 e d3 be defined as follows:

d1 (x, y)) = dX (x1 , x2 ) + dY (y1 , y2 ), d2 (x, y) = max{dX (x1 , x2 ), dY (y1 , y2 )},

p
d3 (x, y) = dX (x1 , x2 )2 + dY (y1 , y2 )2 .
a) Show that d1 , d2 e d3 define metrics in X × Y .
b) Show that d2 (x, y) ≤ d3 (x, y) ≤ d1 (x, y) ≤ 2d2 (x, y).

1.3 Let (X, d) be a metric space. Show the so-called quadrangular inequality:

|d(x, y) − d(a, b)| ≤ d(x, a) + d(y, b).

d(x,y)
1.4 Let (X, d) be a metric space. Show that d(x, y) := 1+d(x,y)
defines a metric in X.

1.5 Let (X, || · ||) be a normed space.

a) Given x ∈ X and r > 0, show that

B(x, r) = x + rB(0, 1).

b) Show that B(x, r) is a convex set (for all x and r).

Pn 1
1.6 Prove that d(x, y) := i=1 |xi − yi | 2 defines a metric on Rn . Show that ||x||1/2 :=
1
( ni=1 |xi | 2 )2 does not define a norm on Rn and draw the unit ball when n = 2.
P

1.7 Let X be a linear space (over R or C). Show that we can always endow X with a norm.

1.8 Let (xn ) and (yn ) be two Cauchy sequences in a metric space (X, d). Prove that (zn )
converges in R when endowed with the usual metric and zn := d(xn , yn ) for every n.

1.9 Let us consider the set X =]0, 1[ endowed with the usual metric d(x, y) = |x − y|. Show
that the sequence (xn ) defined by xn = 1/n is a Cauchy sequence in X; nevertheless, X is not
a complete metric space. What is the completion of X?

2 Banach spaces
2.1 In a normed space show that | ||x|| − ||y|| | ≤ ||x − y||. Then deduce that

xn → x =⇒ ||xn || → ||x||.

2.2 For x ∈ Kn show that

√
||x||∞ ≤ ||x||2 ≤ ||x||1 ≤ n||x||2 ≤ n||x||∞ .

2.3 Let (X, || · ||) be a normed space and (xn ) a Cauchy sequence in X. Show that if (xn ) has
a convergent subsequence, then (xn ) also converges.
R2
2.4 Show that ||f || = 0 |f (t)|dt defines a norm on C[0,
2]. Show that C[0, 2] is not a Banach
1
 0 if t ∈ [0, 1 − n ]
space under this norm. Hint: use the sequence fn (t) = nt − n + 1 if t ∈ (1 − n1 , 1]
1 if t ∈ [1, 2]


2
2.5 Let X be a normed space. Show that X is a Banach space iff every Cauchy sequence in
S = {x ∈ X : ||x|| = 1} is convergent.

2.6 Show that c is separable.

2.7 Show that in C[0, 1] the norm || · ||∞ is not equivalent to any norm || · ||Lp .

2.8 Let ω1 , ..., ωn ∈ R+ . Show that for p = 1, 2 or ∞,

n
X 1/p
||x||w,p := wi |xi |p (if p = 1, 2), ||x||w,∞ := max1≤i≤n |xi |
i=i
Pn
define norms in Kn . Show that if i=1 wi = 1 then

||x||w,1 ≤ ||x||w,2 ≤ ||x||w,∞ .

2.9 Every matrix A ∈ Mn×m (K) naturally defines an linear operador A from Km to Kn given
by multiplication with the matrix.

a) Compute ||A|| if we put the norm || · ||∞ in Km and Kn .

b) Compute ||A|| if we put the norm || · ||1 in Km and Kn .

c) if we put the norm || · ||2 in Km and Kn , then show that

Xn X
m
2
||A|| ≤ ( |aij |2 ) = tr(A∗ A).
i=1 j=i

2.10 Let C[0, 1] equipped with the norm || · ||∞ , and let P the polynomial space equipped
with the norm ||f ||d := ||f ||∞ + ||f 0 ||∞ . Let D : P → C[0, 1] be defined by D(f ) = f 0 . Show
that ||D|| = 1.
Does ||f || := ||f 0 ||∞ define a norm in P ?

2.11 Given κ : [a, b] × [a, b] → R a continuous function, show that

Z b
(T f )(t) = κ(t, s)f (s)ds
a

defines a bounded operator T ∈ L(C[a, b]).

2.12 Let y ∈ l1 and T : l1 → l1 be defined by T (x) = z where zn = yn xn . Show that T ∈ L(l1 )

and compute ||T ||.

2.13 Let X1 , X2
be Banach spaces and T ∈ L(X1 , X2 ). Show that R : X1 /ker(T ) → X2 given
by R x + ker(T ) = T (x) is well defined and injective. Show that R ∈ L(X1 /ker(T ), X2 ).

2.14 Show that the unit ball B(0, 1) of lp is not compact, for p = 1, 2 and ∞.

2.15 For every a = (an ) ∈ l1 let φa : c0 → K be the funcional defined as follows φa (x) =
1 ∗ 1 ∗
P
n an xn . Show that a → φa is an isometric isomorphism between l and (c0 ) , and so l ' (c0 ) .

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2.16 Let X1 , X2 be Banach spaces and T : X1 → X2 a linear operator. Show that T is
continuous if φ ◦ T is continuous for all φ ∈ X2∗ .

2.17 Show that ||(x, y)|| = ||x||X + ||y||Y defines a norm in X × Y , where || · ||X is a norm in
X and || · ||Y is a norm in Y . Show that if X and Y are Banach spaces, so is X × Y .

2.18 Let (X, || · ||X ) and (Y, || · ||Y ) normed spaces and T : X → Y a linear operator.
a) Show that
||x||T := ||x||X + ||T (x)||Y , x∈X
defines a norm in X, and T : (X, || · ||T ) → (Y, || · ||Y ) is a contraction (thus bounded).
b) Let X = Y = c00 and T : c00 → c00 be defined by

T (x1 , x2 , ...) = (x1 , 2x2 , 3x3 , ...).

Show that T : (c00 , ||·||1 ) → (c00 , ||·||1 ) is a not bounded linear operator, and T : (c00 , ||·||T ) →
(c00 , || · ||1 ) defines a bounded linear operador of norm 1.

2.19 Let X, Y be normed spaces and T ∈ L(X, Y ). Let T t : Y ∗ → X ∗ be defined by T t (g) =

g ◦ T for each g ∈ Y ∗ . Show that T t ∈ L(Y ∗ , X ∗ ) and ||T t || = ||T ||.

2.20 Let T : C[0, 1] → C[0, 1] be the Volterra (integral) operator:

Z t
(T f )(t) = f (s) ds.
0

Compute im(T ) and T −1 : im T → C[0, 1]. Is T −1 a bounded operator?

2.21 Let D : (C 1 [0, 1], || · ||∞ ) → (C[0, 1], || · ||∞ ) be the derivation operator D(f ) = f 0 .
a) Show that the graph of D is a closed set.
b) Let fn (t) = tn . Compute ||fn ||∞ , ||D(fn )||∞ and conclude that D is not a bounded operator.
c) Show that (C 1 [0, 1], || · ||∞ ) is not a Banach space.

2.22 Let X be a linear space and φ : X → K be a linear funcional φ 6= 0.

a) Show that X = {λx + y : y ∈ ker(φ), λ ∈ K}, for every x 6∈ ker(φ).
b) Show that d(0, φ−1 (λ)) = |λ|/||φ||.

2.23 Let X = C[0, 1] and t0 ∈ [0, 1]. Define f, g : C[0, 1] → K by

Z 1
f (x) = x(t) dt, g(x) = x(t0 ).
0

Show that f, g ∈ X ∗ .

2.24 Given y ∈ l∞ let T : l2 → l2 :

T (x1 , x2 , ...) = (y1 x1 , y2 x2 , ...).

Show that T ∈ L(l2 ) and compute ||T ||. Show that T is invertible with T −1 a bounded operator
iff 0 6∈ {y1 , y2 , ...}.

4
2.25 Let (X, || · ||1 ) and (X, || · ||2 ) Banach spaces such that there exists M :

||x||1 ≤ M ||x||2 .

a) Show that || · ||1 and || · ||2 are equivalent.

b) Show that if X is a normed space (not complete), then a) maybe false.

2.26 Consider the linear subspace G = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 2x − y = 0} of R2 equipped with the

euclidean norm and f : G → R defined by f (x, y) = x. Show that g : R2 → R defined by
g(x, y) = x/5 + 2y/5 is the unique Hahn-Banach extension of f .

2.27 Let G = {(xn ) : x1 = x3 = x5 = .... = 0} ⊂ l1 . Show that every non-zero funcional

f : G → R has infinitely many Hahn-Banach extensions to l1 .

2.28 Let x0 6= 0 be a vector in a linear space X.

Show that there exists f ∈ X ∗ such that ||f || = ||x0 ||−1 and f (x0 ) = 1.

2.29 a) For every 0 <R p < 1 consider the the complete metric linear space LpR[0, 1] = {f :
1 1
f measurable and 0 |f (t)|p dt < ∞}, equipped with the metric d(f, g) = 0 |f − g|p dt.
Show that dual is trivial (Lp [0, 1])∗ = {0}.

b) For 0 < p < 1 let us P consider the complete metric linear space lp (N), equipped with the
metric d((xn ), (yn )) = n |xn − yn |p . Show that (lp (N))∗ = l∞ (N).

c) Check if the unit ball B(0, 1) is convex, in Lp [0, 1] or in lp (N).

d) Does a) or b) contradict Hahn-Banach theorem/corollaries?.

3 Hilbert spaces
3.1 Let (H, h·, ·i) be a pre-Hilbert space and x, y, z ∈ H. Show that

a) ||z − x||2 + ||z − y||2 = 21 ||x − y||2 + 2||z − 12 (x + y)||2 (Apollonius law).

b) ||x||2 + ||y||2 = ||x + y||2 − 2||x|| ||y|| cos(](x, y)) if H is a real space (cosines law).

3.2 Let(H, h·, ·i) be a pre-Hilbert space and (xn ) a sequence in H. Show that

||xn || → ||x||, hxn , xi → hx, xi =⇒ xn → x.

3.3 Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Show that:

a) (lp , || · ||p ) is a Hilbert space iff p = 2.

b) (Lp [0, 1], || · ||p ) is a Hilbert space iff p = 2.

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3.4 Consider the linear space C[0, 1] and let f (t) = |t − 1/2| and g(t) = 1/2 − f (t). Check that

||f ||∞ = ||g||∞ = 1/2, ||f + g||∞ = 1/2, ||f − g||∞ = 1/2,

||f ||L1 = ||g||L1 = ||f − g||L1 = 1/4 and ||f + g||L1 = 1/2.
Show that (C[0, 1], || · ||L1 ) neither (C[0, 1], || · ||L∞ ) is a pre-Hilbert space.

3.5 a) Let H be a pre-Hilbert space over C and T ∈ L(H) such that hT (x), xi = 0, for all
x ∈ H. Show that T = 0.

b) Check that a) maybe false if H is a pre-Hilbert space over the real numbers R.

3.6 Let (xn ) be a sequence in a Hilbert space H. Show that

w
xn −
→x iff hxn , yi → hx, yi for all y ∈ H.

3.7 Let H be a Hilbert space and T ∈ L(H); T ∗ ∈ L(H) the adjoint of T and T t ∈ L(H ∗ ) the
Banach adjoint operator (transpose), where H ∗ is the dual of H regarded as a Banach space.
Let C : H → H ∗ be the antilinear operator (i.e. C(αx + y) = αC(x) + C(y) with α ∈ K and
x, y ∈ H) given by

y 7→ C(y), such that C(y)(x) = hx, yi where x, y ∈ H.

Show that T t = CT ∗ C −1 .

3.8 Let H = l2 and M = c00 . Check that M $ (M ⊥ )⊥ . Why the equality does not hold?

3.9 Let M be a closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space H. Show that φ ∈ M ∗ maybe extended
to φ̃ ∈ H ∗ such that ||φ|| = ||φ̃||, without using Hahn-Banach theorem.

3.10 Let us consider the Hilbert space H = L2 [−1, 1], and f (t) = et and M = h{1, t, t2 }i the
linear space generated by {1, t, t2 }. Compute the closest element of f inside M and compute
d(f, M ).

3.11 For every A ∈ Mn×n (R) symmetric so that all eigenvalues are positive, considere the
inner product hu, viA em Rn given by
 
y1
..
hu, viA := [ x1 · · · xn ] A  .
, where u = (x1 , ..., xn ), v = (y1 , ..., yn ).
yn
For instance, hu, viI is the usual inner product in Rn .

a) For every A, show that there exists a unique invertible matrix S such that hu, viA =
hSu, SviI .

b) Show that hBu, viA = hu, A−1 B T AviA , for all B ∈ Mn×n (R).

c) Let T ∈ L(Rn ) be defined by T (u) = Bu where B ∈ Mn×n (R). What is the adjoint operator
T ∗ in the Hilbert space (Rn , h·, ·iA )?

3.12 Let H be a Hilbert space and T ∈ L(H). Show that ||T T ∗ || = ||T ||2 .

3.13 Let us consider the Hilbert space H = l2 .

6
a) Let R and S be the shift operators defined by:

R(x1 , x2 , ....) = (0, x1 , x2 , 0, ...), L(x1 , x2 , ....) = (x2 , x3 , ....).

Show that R∗ = L.

b) Given (λn ) a bounded sequence, define D : l2 → l2 by

D(x1 , x2 , ...) = (λ1 x1 , λ2 x2 , ...).

Show that D is well defined, D ∈ L(l2 ) and that ||D|| = supn |λn |. Compute D∗ .

3.14 Let H be a Hilbert space and (Tn ) a sequence in L(H) such that Tn → T (i.e. ||Tn −T || →
0). Show that Tn∗ → T ∗ . Conclude that the limit of selfadjoint operators is still a selfadjoint
operator.

3.15 Let Rn be the Hilbert space endowed with the usual inner product  and let {v 1 , ..., vk }
n
be a basis of a linear subspace M of R . Consider the matrix A = v1 · · · vk whose i-
column is given by the vector vi (i = 1, ..., k). Show that the matrix A(AT A)−1 AT is symmetric,
idempotent and that
PM (u) = A(AT A)−1 AT (u).

3.16 For every n ∈ N let fn = (1, 1, ..., 1, 0, 0, ....) ∈ l2 . Apply Gram-Schmidt algorithm to the
| {z }
n
set of vectors {fn : n ∈ N} and identify the resulted set of vectors {φn : n ∈ N}. Does this
prove that c00 is dense in l2 for the norm || · ||2 ?

3.17 Let M be a closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space H, P = PM be the orthogonal

projection on M and T ∈ L(H). Show that M and M ⊥ are invariant subspaces of T iff
TP = PT.

3.18 Let P, Q ∈ L(H) be (orthogonal) projections. Show that

im Q ⊆ ker P = (im P )⊥ ⇐⇒ P Q = 0 ⇐⇒ P + Q is a projection.

4 Operator theory
4.1 Let H be a Hilbert space of infinite dimension and T ∈ L(H) be an invertible operator.
Show that T, T −1 6∈ L0 (H).

4.2 For a given convergent sequence (λn ) of positive real numbers let T ∈ B(l2 ) be given by

T (x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ...) = (λ1 x1 , λ2 x2 , ..., λn xn , ...).

a) If (λn ) ∈ c0 , show that T is a compact operator.

b) Is T compact if (λn ) ∈ l∞ ?

4.3 Let T ∈ L(H) where H is a Hilbert space. Show that

7
a) im (T )⊥ = ker T ∗ , ker(T ∗ )⊥ = im (T ), ker(T ) = ker(T ∗ T ) and im (T ∗ ) = im (T ∗ T ),

b) there are selfadjoint operators R1 , R2 ∈ L(H) such that T = R1 + iR2 .

4.4 For k ∈ N let Lk , Rk ∈ L(l2 ) be defined by

Lk (x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ...) = (xk+1 , xk+2 , ...), Rk (x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ...) = (0, ..., 0, x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ...).
| {z }
k

Check that Lk and Rk are Fredholm operators and compute ind(Lk ) and ind(Rk ).

4.5 Consider the Fredholm integral equation in C[0, 1] as follows:

Z t
f (t) − λ et−s f (s) ds = g(t), g ∈ C[0, 1].
0

Solve the equation for every λ ∈ C such that |λ| < 1.

4.6 Let T ∈ L(H) and K ∈ L0 (H), where H is a Hilbert space, such that T ∗ T = I + K. Show
that
a) dim(ker(T )) = dim(ker(I + K)) < ∞,

b) T injective implies T ∗ surjective,

c) if T normal and injective, then T is invertible in L(H).

4.7 Let T1 , T2 ∈ L(H). Show that T1 and T2 are both invertible operators in L(H) iff T1 T2 and
T1 T2 are both invertible operators in L(H).

4.8 Let A, B ∈ L(H) with H being a Hilbert space. Show that

a) σ(A2 ) = {µ2 : µ ∈ σ(A)},

b) σ(AB) ∪ {0} = σ(BA) ∪ {0},

c) AB − BA = I is an impossible equation in L(H).

4.9 Let H be a Hilbert space and T ∈ L(H). Show that:

a) λ ∈ σr (T ) =⇒ λ ∈ σp (T ∗ ),

b) if T is selfadjoint T = T ∗ =⇒ σr (T ) = ∅.

4.10 Let P ∈ L(H) be a projection (non-zero). Show that

||P ||L(H) = 1, σ(P ) ⊆ {0, 1}.

What is the point, continuous and residual spectra of P ?

4.11 Let T ∈ L(l2 ) be given by

x1 x2 xn−1
T (x1 , x2 , ..., xn , ...) = (0, , , ..., , ...).
2 3 n
Show that T is compact, 0 ∈ σp (T ∗ ), σp (T ) = ∅. Is T normal (T T ∗ = T ∗ T )?

8
4.12 Let L, R ∈ L(l2 (N, C)) be the shift operators defined by

R(x1 , x2 , ...) = (0, x1 , x2 , ...), L(x1 , x2 , ...) = (x2 , x3 , ...).

Show that

σp (R) = ∅, σc (R) = {λ ∈ C : |λ| = 1}, σr (R) = {λ ∈ C : |λ| < 1},

σp (L) = {λ ∈ C : |λ| < 1}, σc (L) = {λ ∈ C : |λ| = 1}, σr (L) = ∅.

4.13 In X = C ∞ ([0, 1], R) consider the following operators

D(f (t)) = f 0 (t), T (f (t)) = tf (t) onde f ∈ X.

a) Show that DT − T D = I.

b) Compute σ(D) and σ(T ).

c) If dim(X) < ∞ then can we find T1 , T2 ∈ L(X) such that T1 T2 − T2 T1 = I?

4.14 An operator V ∈ L(H) is said to be a partial isometry if V |ker(V )⊥ is an isometry (i.e.

||V (x)|| = ||x|| for x ∈ ker(V )⊥ ). For V ∈ L(H) prove that:
a) V is a partial isometry ⇐⇒ V ∗ is a partial isometry ⇐⇒ V V ∗ is a projection ⇐⇒ V ∗ V is
a projection ⇐⇒ V ∗ = V ∗ V V ∗ ⇐⇒ V = V V ∗ V ;

b) im(V ) is closed if V is a partial isometry;

c) if V is a partial isometry then: V 2 is a partial isometry ⇐⇒ V ∗ V and V V ∗ commute.

" √ #
2
0
d) Let V ∈ L(C2 ) be given by V = √22 . Check if V or V 2 is a partial isometry?
2
0

5 Operator algebras
5.1 Let (Ai )i∈I be a family of Banach *-algebras. Prove that the following are Banach *-
algebras:
a) The direct sum
M 
Ai = (ai )i∈I : ai ∈ Ai for all i ∈ Iand {i ∈ I : kai k > } is finite for every  > 0
i∈I

Q n o
b) The Banach algebra product i∈I Ai = (ai )i∈I : supi∈I kai k < ∞ .

5.2 Let K1 and K2 be two compact and Hausdorff sets, and h : K1 → K2 a continuous function.
Let V : C(K2 ) → C(K1 ) be the composition operator V (f ) = f ◦ h.

a) Prove that V is a bounded linear operator, and find ||V ||.

b) Prove that V is surjective iff h is injective.

c) Prove that V is an isometry iff h is surjective.

9
5.3 Let A be a normed algebra and (xn ), (yn ) be Cauchy sequences in A. Show that (xn yn ) is
also a Cauchy sequence. Besides, show that
xn → x, yn → y =⇒ xn yn → xy.

5.4 a) Consider the Banach algebra A = C(K) (with K being a compact Hausdorff space).
Then, for f ∈ C(K), prove that the spectrum σ(f ) of f is f (K), where f (K) = {f (x) : x ∈
K}.
b) Consider the Banach algebra A = l∞ . Show that σ(x) = {xn : n ∈ N} for every x ∈ A.

5.5 Let A be a unital Banach algebra. Check the identity (ab)n = a(ba)n−1 b for a, b ∈ A and
n ∈ N. Show that rσ (ab) = rσ (ba).

5.6 Let A be a unital commutative algebra. Show that Gelfand transform b· : A → C(σA ) is
isometric iff ||a2 || = ||a||2 for all a ∈ A.
n  o
λIn a
5.7 Let us consider the Banach algebra A = 0I λI
: λ ∈ C, a ∈ Mn×n (C) , where In
n n
denotes the identity matrix of size n × n.
a) Check that t = [ti,j ] −→ t∗ = [t̄2n+1−j,2n+1−i ] defines an involution ∗ in A.
b) Show that we cannot find an involution ∗ that makes A a C*-algebra.

5.8 Let us consider the Banach space (C 1 [0, 1], || · ||) where ||f || = ||f ||∞ + ||f 0 ||∞ .
a) Show that C 1 [0, 1] is a Banach algebra.
b) Is C 1 [0, 1] a C*-algebra when using the involution f ∗ (t) = f (t).?

5.9 Let A and B be C*-algebras and φ : A → B be a *-homomorphism. Show that φ is

continuous.

5.10 Let || · ||1 and || · ||2 be two norms in a *-algebra such that A is a C*-álgebra for both
norms. Show that || · ||1 = || · ||2 .

5.11 Show that in L(H):

||·|| s.o. w.o.
xn −→ x =⇒ xn −−→ x =⇒ xn −−→ x.
Check that the implications ⇐ maybe false (providing examples).

5.12 Let D = {ζ ∈ C : |ζ| < 1}. Let A(D) be the disk algebra, that is,


A(D) = f ∈ C( D : f |D is holomorphic .
a) Prove that A(D) is an abelian Banach *-algebra with pointwise addition, multiplication, and
scalar multiplication, with the norm kf k∞ = supζ∈D |f (ζ)| for f ∈ A(D), and the adjoint
f ∗ (ζ) = f ζ for f ∈ A(D) and ζ ∈ D.

b) Prove that A(D) is not a C∗ -algebra (under the structure defined in a)).

5.13 Show that C[0, 1] and L0 (l2 ) are C*-algebras; however, they are not von Neumann alge-
bras.

10