Fault Analysis

Prof. M VENKATESWARA RAO

Dept. of EEE,
JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri
Chittoor District, A P, India

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Outline of Presentation

❖ Introduction

❖ Types of Faults

❖ Symmetrical Fault Analysis

❖ Sequence components

❖ Sequence Networks

❖ Zero sequence Impedance of Transformers

❖ Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

❖ Previous years GATE questions

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Introduction

❖ A fault in a power system or circuit is a failure which interferes

with the normal flow of current

❖The faults are associated with abnormal change in current,

voltage and frequency of the power system

❖In general faults occur in power system networks due to

insulation failure of equipments, flashover of lines initiated by a

lightning stroke, or due to accidental faulty operation

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Need for fault calculation

❖ When the fault occur in a part of power system, heavy current flows in
that part of circuit which may cause permanent damage to the
equipments

❖ The selection of the circuit breaker depends on the current flowing

immediately after the fault occurs

❖ The estimation of these currents for various types of faults at various

locations in the system is called fault calculation

❖ The data obtained from fault calculations are also used to determine the
settings of the relay which control the circuit breakers

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Types of Faults

❖ The faults can be broadly classified into

a) Shunt faults (short circuit)
b) Series faults (open conductors)
❖ The shunt type of faults involves short circuit between conductor
and ground or short circuit between two or more conductors. The
shunt faults are characterized by increase in current and fall in
voltage and frequency

❖ The series faults may occur with one or two broken conductors
which creates open circuits. The series faults are characterized by
increase in voltage and frequency and fall in current in the faulty
phase

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Types of Faults (contd...)

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Types of Faults (contd...)

❖ Occurrence of faults in the power systems in the order of increasing is

as follows:

➢ 3-Phase fault - 5%

➢ Double line to ground fault - 10%

➢ Line to line fault - 15%

➢ Single line to ground fault - 70%

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Types of Faults (contd...)

❖ The various faults in the order of increasing severity are as follows:

➢ Open conductor fault

➢ L-G fault

➢ L-L fault

➢ L-L-G fault

➢ 3-Ø fault

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Symmetrical Fault Analysis

❖ That fault on the power system which gives rise to symmetrical

current (i.e. equal fault currents in the lines with 1200 displacement) is
called a symmetrical fault.
❖ The symmetrical fault occurs when all the three conductors of a
3-Ø line are brought together simultaneously into a short circuit
condition as shown in the Fig.

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Symmetrical Fault Analysis (contd...)

3-phase Fault :

❖ The boundary conditions are

Va = Vb = Vc

I a + Ib + Ic = 0

❖ The Symmetrical fault conditions are

analyzed on per phase basis using
Thevenin’s Theorem or Bus Impedance
Matrix

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Sequence Components

❖ An unbalanced system of ‘n’ related vectors can be resolved into ‘n’

system of balanced vectors called Symmetrical components of original
vectors
❖ In a Three phase system, the three unbalanced vectors either Va, Vb, Vc
or Ia, Ib, Ic can be resolved into three balanced system of vectors. The
vectors of the balanced system are called Symmetrical components of the
original system
❖ The symmetrical components of Three Phase system are as follows:
Positive Sequence Components
Negative Sequence Components
Zero Sequence Components

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Sequence Components (contd…)

1. Positive sequence components:

✓ Equal in magnitude
✓ 120 degrees phase angle exists with same phase sequence of original vectors
✓ occurs before and after fault
Importance: Relay and circuit breaker operates on positive sequence
components
2. Negative sequence components:
✓ Equal in magnitude
✓ 120 degrees phase angle exists with opposite phase sequence of original
vectors
✓ Occurs only during fault
Importance: Synchronous Generator is protected from
unbalanced condition by using negative sequence relay

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Sequence Components (contd…)

3. Zero sequence components:

✓ Equal in magnitude, No phase difference
✓ Occurs only when neutral is grounded and fault occurred with
grounded

Importance:
zero sequence components are used in the calculation of leakage Flux.

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Sequence Components (contd…)

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Sequence Components (contd…)

The symmetrical components for voltages are derived as follows :

Va  1 1 1  Va 0 
V 
 b = 1 a 2 a .Va1 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2 

Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V  = 1 1 a a 2  Vb 
 a1  3 
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc 

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Sequence Components (contd…)
The symmetrical components for currents can be expressed as follows:

I a  1 1 1  I a0 
I  1 a 2
 b
=
 a . I a1 
 I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 

I a0  1 1 1 I a 
 I  = 1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Sequence Networks

Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0   Ia0 
V  =  E  −  0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   a  
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
Zero Sequence Networks of Transformer
❖Series and Shunt switch connections for Delta and Star windings of
Transformers are represented as follows:

❖consider a Transformer connected with star grounded as shown

in the following Fig.

❖Since, the primary is delta connected, the shunt switch of primary

side is closed and the series switch is left open

❖Secondary is star grounded, therefore the series switch is closed and

the shunt switch is left open.
Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
Zero Sequence Networks of Transformer ( contd…)
S.No Winding symbol Zero sequence equivalent circuit

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis

❖ The faults on the power system which give rise to unsymmetrical

fault currents (i.e. unequal fault currents in the lines with unequal
phase displacement) are known as unsymmetrical faults.
❖On the occurrence of an unsymmetrical fault, the currents in the
three lines become unequal and so there is a phase displacement
among them.
❖ There are three ways in which unsymmetrical faults may occur in a
power system
➢Single line-to-ground fault (L-G)
➢Line-to-line fault (L-L)
➢Double line-to-ground fault (L-L-G)

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd.)

Line to Ground Fault(L-G) :

Case (a): Without fault impedance

Let us assume an L-G fault occurs on phase-a as shown below

The boundary conditions are

Va =0; Ib=0; Ic=0

The fault current is

If=Ia

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

❖ The fault current is given by

3E a
If = Ia = 3Ia1=
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2

❖ The sequence network

equations are given by,

Va 0 = − I a 0 Z 0
Va1 = Ea − I a1Z1
Va 2 = − I a 2 Z 2

Fig: The equivalent circuit of

generator during L-G fault

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis ( contd…)

Case (b): With fault impedance (Zf) :

Let us assume an L-G fault occurs on phase-a as shown below

The boundary conditions are

Va = IaZf ; Ib=0; Ic=0

The fault current is

If = Ia

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis ( contd...)

❖ The fault current is

If = Ia = Ia0+Ia1+Ia2=3Ia1

3E a
If = Ia = 3Ia1= Z + Z + Z + 3Z
0 1 2 f

❖ The sequence network equations are

given by
Va 0 = − I a 0 Z 0
Va1 = Ea − I a1Z1
Va 2 = − I a 2 Z 2
Fig: Equivalent circuit of generator
during L-G fault with fault
impedance

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)
Line to line Fault (L-L) :
Case (a): Without fault impedance
Let us assume an L-L fault occurs on phase-b and phase-c as shown
below

The boundary conditions are

Vb = Vc , I a = 0
Ib + Ic = 0  Ib = − I c

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

❖ The fault current is given by

− j 3Ea
 I f = I b = − j 3I a1 =
Z1 + Z 2
❖ The sequence network equations
are given by

Va1=Va2

Ea − I a1Z1 = − I a 2 Z 2
Ea = I a1Z1 − I a 2 Z 2 = I a1 ( Z1 + Z 2 )

Fig: The equivalent circuit of

generator during L-L fault
without fault impedance

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

Case (b): With fault impedance :

Let us assume an L – L fault occurs on phase-b and phase-c as shown

below

The boundary conditions are

Vb = Vc + I b Z f , I a = 0
Ib + Ic = 0  Ib = − Ic

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd.)

❖ The fault current is given by

− j 3Ea
 I f = I b = − j 3I a1 =
Z1 + Z 2
❖ The sequence network equations are given by

 Va1 − Va 2 = I a1Z f

Ea − I a1Z1 + I a 2 Z 2 = I a1Z f ( From sequence network quations )

Fig: The equivalent circuit of

generator during L-L fault with
fault impedance

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

Double line to ground fault (L-L-G fault ) :

Case (a): Without fault impedance

❖ The boundary conditions are given by

Vc = 0, Vb = 0, I a = 0

❖ The fault current is

I f = Ib + Ic

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

❖ The fault current is given by

I f = Ib + Ic

Fig: The equivalent circuit of generator during L-L-G

fault without fault impedance

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

Case(b): With fault impedance (Zf)

❖ The boundary conditions are

Ia = 0
Vb = Vc = ( I b + I c ) Z f = 3I a 0 Z f

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis (contd…)

❖ The fault current is given by

I f = I b + I c = 3I a 0

Fig: The equivalent circuit of generator

during L-L-G fault with fault impedance

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Previous years GATE questions
Q.No.1:
A Three-phase,50 Hz. 4-Pole Induction motor is supplied through an
unbalanced source, the frequency of circulating currents that are
induced in rotor due to negative sequence components flux is 98 Hz.
Calculate the speed of Induction Motor

Sol:
Frequency of circulating current = Rotor frequency-(-Stator frequency)
98 = Rotor frequency + 50
Rotor frequency = 98-50
= 48 hz
Speed of Induction Motor = 120*48/4
= 144 RPM

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
Previous years GATE questions (contd…)
Q.No.2:
Four Generators are connected in parallel having rating of each
generator is 100 MVA,11KV, Z1=0.12 pu. A symmetrical fault takes
place at common busbar. The short circuit MVA of fault is

Sol:

Short circuit MVA = MVA base/Z1 eq.

Z1 eq. = (0.12/4) =0.03

Hence Short circuit MVA = 100/0.03 = 3333.33

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
Previous years GATE questions (contd…)

Q.No. 3:
The sequence impedance of generator in pu are Z1=Z2=0.15, Z0=0.05. The neutral of
generator is grounded by impedance. The fault current of LG fault is same as that of LLL
fault. The per unit impedance of neutral grounding is…..

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
Previous years GATE questions (contd…)
Q.No. 4:
The positive negative and zero sequence impedance of 125 MVA, Three phase, 15.5KV Star
grounded, 50 Hz generator are j0.1 pu, j0.05pu, j0.01pu respectively on machine rating base.
The machine is unloaded and working at rated terminal voltage. If grounding impedance of
generator is j0.01pu, then calculate magnitude of fault current in KA, for a B-phase to
ground.

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
Previous years GATE questions (contd…)
Q.No. 5:
The sub-transient current of an Alternator for a balanced fault is 20 pu. A Series
Reactor is connected to the Alternator to reduce the sub-transient current is 5.0
pu. The Reactance of the Reactor in pu is…

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
 Queries ???

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India
 Thank You

Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittor District, A P, India