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Database Management System Assignment III Vikas Singh RBA805 A05

The document discusses normalization of databases. It defines 1st normal form (1NF) as eliminating duplicate columns and identifying each row with a unique primary key. 2nd normal form (2NF) builds on 1NF by removing non-key data that applies to multiple rows and placing it in separate tables linked by foreign keys. Functional dependency is associated with normalization, where attributes must be fully dependent on the primary key for a table to be in a given normal form. Various normal forms up to 3rd normal form (3NF) are explained.

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68 views

Database Management System Assignment III Vikas Singh RBA805 A05

The document discusses normalization of databases. It defines 1st normal form (1NF) as eliminating duplicate columns and identifying each row with a unique primary key. 2nd normal form (2NF) builds on 1NF by removing non-key data that applies to multiple rows and placing it in separate tables linked by foreign keys. Functional dependency is associated with normalization, where attributes must be fully dependent on the primary key for a table to be in a given normal form. Various normal forms up to 3rd normal form (3NF) are explained.

Uploaded by

Vikas Singh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management System

Assignment III
Vikas Singh
RBA805 A05
Q.1. Can we achieve 2NF without 1NF. Also differentiate 1NF and 2NF with an
example.

Ans. First Normal Form (1NF)

First normal form (1NF) sets the very basic rules for an organized database:
• Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
• Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify
each row with a unique column or set of columns (the primary key).

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing


duplicative data:
• Meet all the requirements of the first normal form.
• Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and
place them in separate tables.
• Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors
through the use of foreign keys.

A relation is in 2nd Normal Form only if it is in 1st Normal Form and all its non-
primary attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

Q.2. How is the concept of functional dependency associated with the


process of normalization?

Ans. Functional dependency and normalization are interrelated.

• For 2NF of a relation we check whether all its non primary attributes
are fully functionally dependent on the primary key.

• For 3NF of a relation we check whether all non primary attributes have
no transitivity dependency on the primary key.

• For BCNF of a relation we check whether every determinant is a


candidate key and determinant is an attribute on which other attribute
is fully functionally dependent.
• For 4NF of a relation we check whether there is no multi value
dependency in the relation or I there is the attributes which are multi
value dependent on a specific attribute are dependent between
themselves.

Q.3. A relation R (A, B, C, D, E, F) have the following set of dependency:

A -> CD;

B -> C;

F -> DE;

F -> A;

Is the decomposition of R in R1 (A, B, C,), R2 (A, F, D) and R3 (E, F)


dependency reversing?

Ans

Applying the axioms:

We get the following result:

AC

AD

FD

FE

No, the dependency is not reversed.

PART-B

Question 4: Explain various types of dependencies.

Ans. Functional Dependency can be classified as follows:


• Full Functional dependency Indicates that if A and B are
attributes(columns)of a table, B is fully functionally dependent
on A if B is functionally dependent on A ,but not on any proper subset
of A.
• Partial Functional Dependency Indicates that if A and B are attributes
of a table , B is partially dependent on A if there is some attribute that
can be removed from A and yet the dependency still holds.
• Transitive Functional Dependency: A condition where A , B and C are
attributes of a table such that if A is functionally dependent
on B and B is functionally dependent on C then C is Transitively
dependent on A via B

Question 5: What is Normal Form ? Explain various Normal forms.

Ans. Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.


There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data
(for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring
data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table).

The database community has developed a series of guidelines for ensuring


that databases are normalized. These are referred to as normal forms and
are numbered from one (the lowest form of normalization, referred to as first
normal form or 1NF) through fiv

First Normal Form (1NF)

First normal form (1NF) sets the very basic rules for an organized database:
• Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
• Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify
each row with a unique column or set of columns (the primary key).

Second Normal Form (2NF)

Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing


duplicative data:
• Meet all the requirements of the first normal form.
• Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and
place them in separate tables.
• Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors
through the use of foreign keys.

Third Normal Form (3NF)


Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further:
• Meet all the requirements of the second normal form.
• Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key.

Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

Finally, fourth normal form (4NF) has one additional requirement:


• Meet all the requirements of the third normal form.
• A relation is in 4NF if it has no multi-valued dependencies.

Question 6: What do you mean by Normalization. What is need of


normalization .

Ans. Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database.


There are two goals of the normalization process: eliminating redundant data
(for example, storing the same data in more than one table) and ensuring
data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table). Both of
these are worthy goals as they reduce the amount of space a database
consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.

Need:

So that database is not modified without any inconsistencies.

Extending the database is easier.

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