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Remedial Notes Grade 12 Maths Matrix

The document provides a summary of key concepts about matrices from a mathematics textbook, including: 1) A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions. The order of a matrix refers to its number of rows and columns. 2) Types of matrices include column matrices, row matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, scalar matrices, and identity matrices. 3) Operations on matrices include addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Matrix addition and subtraction require matrices of the same order, while matrix multiplication requires the number of columns in the first matrix to equal the number of rows in the second.

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990 views

Remedial Notes Grade 12 Maths Matrix

The document provides a summary of key concepts about matrices from a mathematics textbook, including: 1) A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions. The order of a matrix refers to its number of rows and columns. 2) Types of matrices include column matrices, row matrices, square matrices, diagonal matrices, scalar matrices, and identity matrices. 3) Operations on matrices include addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Matrix addition and subtraction require matrices of the same order, while matrix multiplication requires the number of columns in the first matrix to equal the number of rows in the second.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Raju
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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“हर घर पाठशाला”

Class 12 Mathematics
Brief Notes
Chapter 3- Matrices
Matrix: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The
numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.

Order of a Matrix: If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then its order is written as
m × n. If a matrix has order m × n, then it has mn elements.

In general, am×n matrix has the following rectangular array:

Note: We shall consider only those matrices, whose elements are real numbers or
functions taking real values.

Types of Matrices
Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column, is called a column matrix.

In general, A = [aij]m×1 is a column matrix of order m × 1.


Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row, is called a row matrix,

In general, A = [aij]1×n is a row matrix of order 1 x n


Square Matrix: A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns, is called a
square matrix
In general, A = [aij]m x m is a square matrix of order m.
Note: If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann is said
to constitute the diagonal of the matrix A.
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all the elements except the diagonal
elements are zeroes, is called a diagonal matrix,
In general, A = [aij]m×m is a diagonal matrix, if aij = 0, when i ≠ j.
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are same (non-zero),
is called a scalar matrix,

In general, A = [aij]n×n is a scalar matrix, if aij = 0, when i ≠ j, aij = k (constant), when i =


j.
Note: A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix but a diagonal matrix may or may not be a
scalar matrix.
Unit or Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are ‘1’ and
all non-diagonal elements are zero, is called an identity matrix. It is denoted by I.

In general, A = [aij]n×n is an identity matrix, if aij = 1, when i = j and aij = 0, when i ≠ j.


Zero or Null Matrix: A matrix is said to be a zero or null matrix, if its all elements are
zero
Equality of Matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if
(i) order of A and B are same.
(ii) corresponding elements of A and B are same i.e. aij = bij, ∀ i and j..
Operations on Matrices
Between two or more than two matrices, the following operations are defined below:
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices: Addition and subtraction of two matrices are
defined in an order of both the matrices are same.
Addition of Matrix
If A = [aij]m×n and B = [yij]m×n, then A + B = [aij +bij]m×n, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n
Subtraction of Matrix
If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n, then A – B = [aij – bij]m×n, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n

Properties of Addition of Matrices


(a) Commutative If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrices of the same order say m x n
then A + B = B + A,
(b) Associative for any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the same order say
m x n, A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
(c) Existence of additive identity Let A = [aij] be amxn matrix and O be amxn zero
matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words, O is the additive identity for matrix
addition.
(d) Existence of additive inverse Let A = [aij]m×n be any matrix, then we have another
matrix as -A = [-aij]m×n such that A + (-A) = (-A + A) = O. So, matrix (-A) is called
additive inverse of A or negative of A.

Note
(i) If A and B are not of the same order, then A + B is not defined.
(ii) Addition of matrices is an example of a binary operation on the set of matrices of
the same order.

Multiplication of a matrix by scalar number: Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix and k is


scalar, then kA is another matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by the
scalar k, i.e. if A = [aij]m×n, then kA = [kaij]m×n.

Properties of Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix


Let A = [aij] and B = [bij]be two matrices of the same order say m × n, then
(a) k(A + B) = kA + kB, where k is a scalar.
(b) (k + l)A = kA + lA, where k and l are scalars.
Multiplication of Matrices: Let A and B be two matrices. Then, their product AB is
defined, if the number of columns in matrix A is equal to the number of rows in matrix

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices


(a) Non-commutativity Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e. if AB and BA are
both defined, then it is not necessary that AB ≠ BA.
(b) Associative law For three matrices A, B, and C, if multiplication is defined, then A
(BC) = (AB) C.
(c) Multiplicative identity For every square matrix A, there exists an identity matrix of
the same order such that IA = AI = A.
Note: For Amxm, there is only one multiplicative identity I m.
(d) Distributive law For three matrices A, B, and C,
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
whenever both sides of the equality are defined.

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