IE 403 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN IE
Instructor: Josie B. Aguila, MBMBA
Financial Statement Analysis
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Identify the need for comparative analysis
2. Identify the tools of financial statement analysis
3. Identify and compute ratios.
4. Understand the concept of earning power
5. Recognize the limitations of financial statement.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS DEFINED
Analyzing financial statements involves evaluating three characterisitics of a company: its liquidity, its profitability, and
its solvency.
Basics of Financial Horizontal and Ratio analysis Earning Power and Limitations of
Statement Analysis Vertical Analysis irregular items Financial
Statement Analysis
*Need for *Balance Sheet *Liquidity * Discontinued *Estimates
comparative analysis *Income Statement *Profitability operations *Cost
*Tools of analysis *Retained Earnings *Solvency *Extraordinary items *Accounting
Statement *Summary *change in methods
accounting principle *A typical data
*Comprehensive *Diversification
income
Need for comparative analysis
Bases
1. Intracompany basis. This compares an item or financial relationship within a company
2. Industry averages. This basis compares an item of financial relationship of a company with industry
averages or norms
3. Intercompany basis. This basis compares an item or financial relationship of one company with the same
item or relationship in one or more competing companies.
4.
Tools of Financial Statement Analysis
1. Horizontal Analysis – evaluates a series of financial statement data over a period of time. Also called trend
analysis.
2. Vertical analysis – evaluates financial statement data by expressing each item in a financial statement as a
percent of a base amount
3. Ratio analysis – expresses the relationship among selected items of financial statement data
Formula for horizontal analysis of changes since base period
Change Since = Current Year Amount – Base Year Amount
Base period Base Year Amount
Formula for horizontal analysis of current year in relation to base year
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Current Results in = Current Year Amount
Relation to Base Base Year Amount
Ratio Analysis
Expresses the mathematical relationship between one quantity and another.
Liquidity Ratios measures the short term ability of the enterprise to pay its maturing obligations and to meet
unexpected need for cash.
1. Current Ratio – measure for evaluating a company’s liquidity and short term debt paying ability
Current Ratio = Current Assets
Current Liabilities
2. Acid Test Ratio – measure of a company’s immediate short term liquidity
Acid test ratio = Cash +Short term investments+ receivables (net)
Current Liabilities
3. Receivables turn over – use to asses the liquidity of receivables.
Receivables turnover = Net Credit Sales
Average Net Receivables
4. Average turnover – measure the number of times on average the inventory is sold during the period.
Inventory turnover = Cost of Goods Sold
Average Inventory
Profitability Ratios – measure the income or operating success of an enterprise for a given period of time.
5. Profit margin – measure the percentage of each sales that results in net income
Profit Margin on sales = Net Income
Net Sales
6. Asset turnover – measures how efficient a company uses its assets to generate sales
Asset Turnover = Net Sales
Average Assets
7. Return on Assets – overall measure of profitability
Return on Assets = Net Income
Average Assets
8. Return on Common Stockholder’s Equity – measures profitability from the common stockholders
Return on Common Stockholder’s Equity = Net Income
Average Common Stockholder’s Equity
9. Earnings per share – measure of the net income earned on each share of common stock
Earnings per share = Net Income
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding
10. Price Earnings Ratio – is an oft-qouted measure of the ratio of the market price of each share of common
stock to the earnings per share
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Price-Earnings Ratio = Market Price per Share of Stock
Earnings per Share
11. Payout Ratio – measures the percentage of earnings distributed in the form dividends
Payout ratio = Cash Dividends
Net Income
Solvency Ratios - measure the ability of the company to survive over a long period of time
12. Debt to Total Assets Ratio – measures the percentage of the total assets provided by creditors
Debt to Total Assets = Total Debt
Total Assets due
13. Times Interest Earned = provides an indication of the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they
come due.
Times interest earned = Income before income taxes and Interest expense
Interest Expense
Earning Power and Irregular items
Earning power means the normal level of income to be obtained in the future.
Three types of irregular items
1. Discontinued operations – refers to the disposal of a significant segment of a business
2. Extraordinary items - events and transactions that meet two conditions, they are unusual in nature and
infrequent in occurrence
3. Changes in accounting principle – occurs when the principle used in the current year is different from the one
used in the preceeding year.
Limitations of Financial Statements Analysis
1. Estimates
2. Cost
3. Alternative Accounting Methods
4. Atypical Date
5. Diversification of firms
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