Scribd
Upload
37 views

Industry 4.0 in Manufacturing: ME F426 (I SEM, 2020-2021) by

The document discusses various types of signals including continuous-time and discrete-time signals, deterministic and random signals, periodic and non-periodic signals. It also defines key signal processing concepts such as energy and power signals, the unit step function, unit impulse function, and discusses properties of causal and non-causal systems. The document provides definitions and examples of these fundamental signal processing concepts.

Uploaded by

akash ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

Industry 4.0 in Manufacturing: ME F426 (I SEM, 2020-2021) by

The document discusses various types of signals including continuous-time and discrete-time signals, deterministic and random signals, periodic and non-periodic signals. It also defines key signal processing concepts such as energy and power signals, the unit step function, unit impulse function, and discusses properties of causal and non-causal systems. The document provides definitions and examples of these fundamental signal processing concepts.

Uploaded by

akash ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Industry 4.

0 in Manufacturing
ME F426 (I SEM, 2020-2021)
By

Kundan Singh, PhD


Assistant Professor
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Class and Contact Hours

• Class; Tue, Thurs ,Sat; 8.00-8.50 AM


https://meet.google.com/xwn-tnpx-fvd

• Contact: Every Thursday: 12-1 PM


• https://meet.google.com/ywq-vevy-gbk
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
• A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if t is a continuous variable.
• If t is a discrete variable, that is, x(t) is defined at discrete times, then
x(t) is a discrete-time signal.
• Since a discrete-time signal is defined at discrete times, a discrete-
time signal is often identified as a sequence of numbers, denoted by
{xn} or x[n], where n = integer.
• When the sampling intervals are equal (uniform sampling), then

where the constant Ts is the sampling interval.


• The sum and product of two sequences are defined as follows:
Deterministic and Random Signals
• Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely
specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic signal can be
modeled by a known function of time t .
• Random signals are those signals that take random values at any
given time and must be characterized statistically.
• Even and Odd Signals:
Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals
• A continuous-time signal x ( t ) is said to be periodic with period T if
there is a positive nonzero value of T for which
𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑇 = 𝑥(𝑡) for all t and integer m
• Any continuous-time signal which is not periodic is called a
nonperiodic (or aperiodic ) signal.

f=10;
fs=1/100;
t=0:fs:10;

x1= sind(2*pi*10*t)+sind(2*pi*20*t);
x2= sind(2*pi*10*t)+cosd(2*pi*10*t);
plot(t,x1,t,x2,'r','Linewidth',2)
Energy and Power Signals
• For an arbitrary continuous-time signal x(t), the normalized energy
content E of x(t) is defined as

• The normalized average power P of x(t) is defined as


• Similarly, for a discrete-time signal x[n], the normalized energy content
E of x[n] is defined as

• The normalized average power P of x[n] is defined as

• Note that a periodic signal is a power signal if its energy content per
period is finite, and then the average power of this signal need only be
calculated over a period
Basic Continuous Time-Signal
The Unit Step Function:
• The unit step function u(t), also known as the Heaviside unit function,
is defined as

• Note that it is discontinuous at t = 0 and that the value at t = 0 is


undefined. Similarly, the shifted unit step function u(t - to) is defined
as:
(a) Unit step function; (b) shifted unit step function
The Unit Impulse Function

Traditionally, 𝛿(t) is often defined as the limit of a suitably


chosen conventional function having unity area over an
infinitesimal time interval
• 𝛿(t) cannot be an ordinary function and mathematically it is defined
by:

• Similarly, the delayed delta function 𝛿(t – t0,) is defined by


Some additional properties

if x(t) is continuous at t = to
Any continuous-time signal x(t) can be expressed as:
Causal and Noncausal Systems
• A system is called causal if its output y ( t ) at an arbitrary time t = t0,
depends on only the input x ( t ) for t≤t0.
• That is, the output of a causal system at the present time depends on
only the present and/or past values of the input, not on its future
values.
• Thus, in a causal system, it is not possible to obtain an output before
an input is applied to the system.
• A system is called noncausal if it is not causal. Examples of noncausal
systems are

You might also like