Amplitude Shift Keying
Amplitude Shift Keying
Introduction:
Mathematical Expression:
Amplitude-shift keying is
…1
where
B = fb /1 = fb
baud = fb /1 = fb
The entire time the binary input is high, the output is constant amplitude,
constant-frequency signal, and for the entire time the binary input is low, the
carrier is off.
The rate of change of the ASK waveform (baud) is the same as the rate of
change of the binary input (bps)
Introduction:
Mathematical Expression:
In frequency-shift keying, the signals transmitted for marks (binary ones) and
spaces (binary zeros) are
The first filter is matched to the signal s1 (t) and the second to s2 (t). Under
the assumption that the signals are mutually orthogonal, the output of one of the
matched filters will be E and the other zero (where E is the energy of the signal).
Decoding of the bandpass signal can therefore be achieved by subtracting the
outputs of the two filters, and comparing the result to a threshold.
If the signal s1 (t)is present then the resulting output will be E, and if s2(t) is
present it will be -E. Since the noise variance at each filter output is Eη=2, the
noise in the difference signal will be doubled, namely σ 2 = Eη. Since the overall
output variation is 2E, the probability of error is
This can be viewed as the linear superposition of two OOK signals, one
delayed by T seconds with respect to the other. Since the spectrum of an OOK
signal is
where M(ω) is the transform of the baseband signal m(t), the spectrum of the
Introduction:
Theory:
Overly sharp transitions in the phase of the output signal can be restricted by
band-limiting the input to the VCO.
Note that FSK is not true frequency modulation, and does not provide the
wide-band noise reduction properties associated with FM.
Phase-Shift keying
Introduction:
Introduction:
Mathematical Expression:
In a BPSK modulator. the carrier input signal is multiplied by the binary data.
If 1 V is assigned to a logic 1 and -1 V is assigned to a logic 0, the input
carrier (sin ct) is multiplied by either a or - 1.
The output signal is either 1 sin ct or -1 sin ct the first represents a signal
that is in phase with the reference oscillator, the latter a signal that is 180° out of
phase with the reference oscillator.
Each time the input logic condition changes, the output phase changes.
Mathematically, the output of a BPSK modulator is proportional to
where
Solving for the trig identity for the product of two sine functions,
Thus, the minimum double-sided Nyquist bandwidth (B) is
Where
Introduction:
The LPF has a cutoff frequency much lower than 2 ωct, and, thus, blocks the
second harmonic of the carrier and passes only the positive constant component.
A positive voltage represents a demodulated logic 1.
For a BPSK input signal of -sin ωct (logic 0), the output of the balanced
modulator is
analog-and-digital-signals
In ASK, it requires two input signals, First input is binary sequence signal
and the second input is carrier signal. Here the most important point we
need to always consider the second input which is the carrier signal has the
more amplitude/voltage range than the input binary sequence signal.
One more important point is to consider here, the carrier signal amplitude is
should be greater than the input binary signal amplitude. Within carrier
amplitude range we are going to modulate the binary input signal
amplitude. If the carrier signal amplitude is less than the input binary signal
voltage, then such a combination modulation process leads to over
modulation and under modulation effects. So to achieve perfect modulation
carrier single should have more amplitude range than input binary signal.
ask-block-diagram
When the switch is opened – when the input signal having logic 0, the
switch is opened and there is no output signal will be generated. Because
the input binary signal logic 0 having no voltage, so during these intervals
when the carrier signal multiples with it, zero output will come. The output is
zero for all logic 0 intervals of the input binary signal. Mixer circuit having
the pulse shaping filters and band-limited filters for shaping the ASK output
signal.
ask-modulation-waveforms
ask-modulation-circuit
coherent-ask-detection-block-diagram
The receiver receives the ASK modulated waveform from the channel but
here this modulated waveform is effected with noise signal because it is
forwarded from the free space channel. So this, noise can be eliminated
after the multiplier stage by the help of a low pass filter. Then it is forwarded
from the sample and hold circuit for converting it into discrete signal form.
Then at each interval, the discrete signal voltage is compared with the
reference voltage (Vref) to reconstruct the original binary signal.
2). Non-coherent ASK Detection
In this, the only difference is the carrier signal which is using at the
transmitter side and receiver side are not in the same phase with each
other. By this reason, this detection is called as Non-coherent ASK
detection (Asynchronous ASK detection). This demodulation process can
be completed by using with square law device. The output signal which is
generating from the square-law device can be forwarded through a low
pass filter to reconstruct the original binary signal.
non-coherent-ask-detection-block-diagram
amplitude-shift- keying-Matlab-Simulink
Amplitude shift keying Matlab Simulink can be designed with Matlab tool.
After initializing the tool, by following the proper steps we can draw the ASK
circuit on the work area. By giving the proper signal values we can get the
modulated output waveforms
ASK Applications
Modulation has an important role in communications. And amplitude shift
keying applications are mentioned below. They are:
Low-frequency RF applications
Home automation devices
Industrial networks devices
Wireless base stations
Tire pressuring monitoring systems
Thus, Ask (amplitude shift keying) is a digital modulation technique to
increase the amplitude characteristics of the input binary signal. But its
drawbacks make it so limited. And these drawbacks can be overcome by
the other modulation technique which is FSK.