 Exponential and Logarithmic functions

 Complex numbers

 Limits and Continuity

 Differentiation

 Integration
The Exponential Function
The exponential function has the form

y = a x , a  0 , a is called base and x is called power or index

The function y = e x is found to occur in the modeling of many natural

phenomena, for example population growth, spread of bacteria and radioactive
decay.

Properties of Exponentialfunction
1. The exponential function is never negative
2. When x = 0, the function is 1.
3. a) As x increases, then e x increases and is known as exponential growth.
x
b) As x increases, then e  decreases and is known as exponential decay.

The Logarithm Function

Given an equation such as 125 = 5 3 , we call 5 the base and 3 the power. We can
use logarithms to write the equation in another form.
The logarithm form is log5125 = 3.
This is read as ‘logarithm to the base 5 of 125 is 3’.
In general if y = a x then logay = x.
The commonly used bases are 10 and e. Logarithm to the base 10 is denoted by
log and the logarithm to the base e is denoted by ln.

Calculating logarithms to any base

To calculate logarithms to base a (a is always positive), we can find it directly
using this function on calculator or we use one of the formulae:
log x ln x
logax = or logax =
log a ln a

Page 1 of 55
Laws of logarithm
 log A + log B = log AB
A
 log A – log B = log ( )
B

 n log A = log An

Example 1:Evaluate:
a)log720b) log64

Solution:a) log720 = 1.5395

b) log64 = 0.7737

Example2: Solve the following equations, giving your answer to 4 d.p.:

x x
a) log x = 1.6b) ln x = 1.235c)10 = 75 d) e = 36

Solution:a) log x = 1.6

x = 101.6
= 39.81

b) ln x = 1.2350
x = e1.235
= 3.4384

x
c) 10 = 75

x = log 75
= 1.8751

x
d) e = 36

x= ln 36
= 3.5835

Page 2 of 55
Example3: Solve the following equations:
5
a) log( )  2 b) ln (2r3 + 1) = 3.0572 c) 102r + 1 = 25
t 1
d)e(2r – 1)/3 = 7.67 e) log 2x = 1.6f)ln(logx) = -0.3
Solution:
5
a) log( )2
t 1
5
 102
t 1
5
 100
t 1
100(t  1)  5
100 t  100  5
100 t  105
105
t
100
t  1.05
b)ln (2r3 + 1) = 3.0572
2r3 + 1 = e3.0572
2r3 + 1 = 21.2679
2r3 = 20.2679
r3 = 10.1330
r= 3 10.1330
= 2.1639
2r + 1
c)10 = 25
2r + 1 = log 25
2r + 1 = 1.3979
2r = 0.3979
r = 0.1990

Page 3 of 55
 2 x 1
3
d) e = 7.67
2 x 1
3
e = ln 7.67
2 x 1
3
e = 2.0373
2x– 1 = 6.1119
2x = 7.1119
x = 3.555
e)
log 2 x =1.6
x log 2=1.6
l.6
x
log 2
x  5.32
Example4: Solve the following equations:

a) e3x.e2x = 59 b) 103t.104 – t = 27 c)log (t –5) + log (t + 5) = 1.2

d) log x + ln x = 4e)ln(logx) = –0.3

Solution:
a) e3x.e2x = 59
e3x + 2x = 59
e5x = 59
5x = ln 59
5x = 4.0775
x= 0.8155
b) 103t.104 – t = 27
103t + 4 – t = 27
102t + 4 = 27
2t + 4 = log 27
2t + 4 = 1.3802
2t = -2.6198
t = - 1.3099

Page 4 of 55
 c)
log (t –5) + log (t + 5) = 1.2
log [(t –5) (t + 5) = 1.2
log (t2–25) = 1.2
t2– 25= 101.2
t2– 25 = 15.849
t2= 25 +15.8490
t2 = 40.849
t= 40.849
t= 6.39
d)
log x  ln x  4
log 10 x  ln x  4

ln x
 ln x  4
ln10
1
ln x (  1)  4
ln10
1.432 ln x  4
4
ln x 
1.432
ln x  2.79

x  e 2.79
x  16.28

e)
ln  log x   0.3

log x  e0.3
log x  0.7408

x  100.7408
x  5.5
Example5:

Page 5 of 55
Solve log2 (x  3)  4
Solution:
(x  3)  24 [Writing in exponential form]
(x  3)  16
x  16  3
x  19

Q1: Solve log(3x  5)  2

log10 (3x  5)  2
3x  5  102
3x  100  5
3x  105
x  35

Q2: Solve. 2log8 x  log8 16

2log8 x  log8 16

log8 x 2  log8 16

log8 x 2  log8 16

x 2  16
x  4, 4
Answer=4
(log not exists for negative values)

Q3: Solve 2log3 ( x)  5

2log 3 ( x)  5
5
log 3 ( x) 
2
log 3 ( x)  2.5
x  32.5
x  15.58

Page 6 of 55
Q4: Solve 3log a (8)  10
3log a (8)  10
10
log a (8) 
3
log a (8)  3.33

a3.33  8
a  3.33 8
a  1.87

Q5: solve 23x  4  15

Solution: ln 23x  4  ln 15 (Take ln on both sides)
(3x  4)ln 2  ln 15
3x ln 2  4ln 2  ln15
3x ln 2  ln15  4ln 2
3x ln 2 ln15  4ln 2

3ln 2 3ln 2
x  2.6

Q6: Solve for x, 54x  73x 1 5 x 3  72 x 3

Solution:
ln 5 x 3  ln 7 2 x 3
( x  3)ln 5  (2 x  3)ln 7
x ln 5  3ln 5  2 x ln 7  3ln 7
x ln 5  2 x ln 7  3ln 7  3ln 5
x(ln 5  2ln 7)  3ln 7  3ln 5
3ln 7  3ln 5
x
ln 5  2ln 7
x   0.44

Q7:

Page 7 of 55
Q8:Solvefor x, 32x 1  4x 2
Solution: ln 32 x 1  ln 4 x  2
(2 x  1)ln 3  ( x  2)ln 4
2 x ln 3  ln 3  x ln 4  2ln 4
2 x ln 3  x ln 4  2ln 4  ln 3
x(2ln 3  ln 4)  2ln 4  ln 3
2ln 4  ln 3
x
2ln 3  ln 4
x  4.77

Q9: Solve for x, log3 (x  2)  log3 (x  4)  2

Solution: log3 (x  2)(x  4)  2

(x  2)(x  4)  32
x 2  2x  4x  8  9
x 2  6x  8  9  0
x 2  6x 1  0
a=1, b= -6 ,c= -1
b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a
(6)  (6)2  4(1)(1)
x 
2(1)

6  36  4
x 
2
6  40
x 
2
6  6.32
x 
2
6  6.32 6  6.32
x  , x 
2 2
x  6.16, x  .16

Since –0.16 is not in the domain of log function, the only solution is 6.16

Page 8 of 55
Q10: Solve for x: log x  log(x  3)  1
Solution: log10 x (x  3)  1
x (x  3)  101

x 2  3x  10

x 2  3x 10  0
a=1, b= 3, c= -10

b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a

(3)  (3)2  4(1)(10)

x 
2(1)

3  49
x 
2
3  7
x 
2
3  7 3  7
x  , x 
2 2

x  2, x  5
Since –5 is not in the domain of log function, the only solution is 2

Q11: Solve: log9 ( x  4)  log9 ( x  4)  1

log9 ( x  4)  log9 ( x  4)  1

log9 ( x  4)( x  4)  1

log9 ( x 2  16)  1

( x 2  16)  91

x 2  9  16

x 2  25
x5

Page 9 of 55
Q12: Solve for x:
log(x  4)  log(x  2)  log x
Solution:
(x  4)
log  log x
(x  2)
(x  4)
x
(x  2)
(x  4)  x (x  2)
x (x  2)  (x  4)

x 2  2x  x  4

x 2  2x  x  4  0

x 2 x 4 0
a=1, b= 1 ,c= -4

b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a

1  (1)2  4(1)(4)
x 
2(1)
1  17
x 
2
1  4.12
x 
2
1  4.12 1  4.12
x  , x 
2 2
x  1.56, x  2.5

Since –2.5 is not in the domain of log function, the only solution is 1.56

Page 10 of 55
Q13: Solve
log( x  4)  log( x  3)  log8
x4
log( )  log8
x3
cancell log from both sides
x4
8
x3
8( x  3)  x  4
8 x  24  x  4
8 x  x  4  24
7 x  28
x4

Q14: Solve (ln x)3  ln x9

(ln x)3  ln x9
(ln x)3  9ln x
(ln x)3  9ln x  0
ln x [(ln x)2  9]  0 {taking ln x as common}
ln x  0, (ln x) 2  9  0
ln x  0, (ln x  3)(ln x  3)  0
x  e0 , ln x  3  0, ln x  3  0
x  1, ln x  3, ln x  3
x  1, x  e3 , x  e 3
Example1: The height, in meters, of the members of a certain tribe is
approximated by h  0.5  log t
Where t is the tribe member age in years and 1  t  20. find the height of a tribe
member of age (a) 2 years, (b) 5 years , (c) 20 years
Solution:
(a) when age is 2 years:
h  0.5  log 2
h  0.5  0.30 =0.8 meters
Page 11 of 55
 (b) When age is 5 years:
h  0.5  log5
h  0.5  0.7 =1.2 meters
(c) When age is 20 years:
h  0.5  log 20
Example2:
The growth of a colony of bacteria is given by the equation,
P  P0 e0.195 t
If there are initially 500 bacteria present and t is given in hours determine each of
the following.
a) How many bacteria are there after a half of a day?
b) How long will it take before there are 10000 bacteria in the colony?
Answer:
a) Here is the equation for this starting amount of bacteria. P  P0 e0.195 t

In this case if we want the number of bacteria after half of a day we will need to
use t  12 since t is in hours. So, to get the answer to this part we just need to
plug t into the equation.

P  P0 e0.195 t

P  500 e0.195 12
P  5190.68

P  P0 e0.195 t
b)
10000  500  e0.195 t
10000
 e0.195 t
500
20  e0.195 t

ln 20  ln e0.195 t
ln 20  0.195t
ln 20
t
0.195
t  15.4
Page 12 of 55
Example3:
Bacteria Growth:
Bacteria that is growing on your kitchen counts doubles every 5 minutes.
Assuming that you start with only one bacterium, how many bacteria could be
present at the end of 96 minutes?
P  P0 ekt
2  1  ek5
2  e5 k
e5 k  2
5k  ln 2
ln 2
k  0.1386294361
5
P  ?, t  96, P0 =1
P  P0 ekt
P  1  e0.138629436196
P  602248.7625

Example4:
In year 2000, the population of a town was 8.18 million and in year 2007 it was
9.36 million people.
a) Find the value of growth constant(k)

b) Find the population of the town in year 2020

Answer:
a) P  9.3, P0  8.18, t  7
P  P0 ekt
9.36  8.18  ek7
9.36 7 k
e
8.18
e7 k  1.44254279
7k  ln(1.44254279)
ln(1.44254279)
k  0.01925
7
k  0.01925

Page 13 of 55
b)
P  ?, t  20, P0 =8.18, k  0.01925
P  P0 ekt
P  8.18  e0.0192520
P  12.02 million

Q: Solve x 2e x  2 xe x  0
x 2e x  2 xe x  0
xe x ( x  2)  0
xe x  0, ( x  2)  0
x  0, x  2
Example:
A population grows exponentially 3 % per year. If the population is initially 1000. How many
years will it take for the population to reach 2000?
Solution:
P0  1000
P  2000
k  3%  0.03
P  P0 ekt
2000  1000  e0.3t
2000 0.03 t
e
1000
e0.03t  2
0.03t  ln(2)
ln(2)
t  23.1
3
t  23.1 years

Page 14 of 55
Example:
A car value is decline exponentially. The car is currently 3 years old and has a
value of 18000. The car sold for 26000 brand new. How much will the car worth
5 years from now?

P0  26000 brand new

P  18000
t  3 years
k ?

P  P0 ekt
18000  26000  ek3
18000
 e3 k
26000
9
e3 k 
13
9
3k  ln( )
13
3k  0.3677247
k  0.122574 P  P0 ekt
P  26000  e 0.1225748
P  9752

Page 15 of 55
Complex Numbers
The set of real numbers is not large enough to include all the numbers that we
need in algebrs.for example There is no real number solution of the equation

x 2  –1
since–1 has no real square root.
To extend the real number system to include numbers such as 1 , the number i
is defined to have the property
i2 = –1
Thus, i= 1 . The number iis called the imaginary unit.
Numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, are called
complex numbers. In the complex number a + bi, a = real part and b =
imaginary part.
 a + bi is called the standard form of a complex number.
 If a > 0, then a =i a.

Examples: 16 = 1  16 = 1  16 = 4i

70 = 1  70 = 1  70 = 70 i

25 = 1  25 = 1  25 = 5i

Power of i:
i 2 = -1

i 3 = i 2 .i = -1.i =-i

i 4 = (i 2 ) 2 = (1)2 =1

i 13 = i 12 .i = (i 2 ) 6 . i= (1)6 . i = i

i 9 = i 8 .i= (i 2 ) 4 . i= (1)4 . i = i

i 14 = (i 2 ) 7 = (1)7 = -1

(i )19  (1 i )19  (1)19  i 19  1 i 18  i  1 (i 2 )9  i

 1 (1)9  i  1 1 i  i

Page 16 of 55
 Number Standard form
6i 0 + 6i
-9 -9+ 0i
0 0 + 0i
i+8 8+i

Conjugate complex number:

complex number of the form a + ib and a –ib which have the same real part and
whose imaginary part differ in sign only, are called conjugate of each other. For
example 5 + 4i and 5 – 4i are complex conjugate of each other
– 4+ 6i and – 4 – 6i are conjugating numbers.
Q1: Factorize 9a 2  16b 2
9a 2  i 216b 2

(3a)2  (i 4b )2
(3a  i 4b )(3a  i 4b )

Q2: Factorize 3x2  3 y2

3(x 2  y 2 )

3(x 2  i 2 y 2 )

3[(x )2  (iy )2 ]
3[(x  iy )(x  iy )]

Q3:Find the sum, difference and product of the complex numbers 8 +9i and 5+6i.
Ans:sum:
(8 +9i) + (5+6i)
= (8+5 +9i+6i)
= (8+5 +9i+6i)
= (13+15i)
Difference:
(8 +9i) –(5+6i)
= (8–5 + 9i–6i)
= (3 +3i)

Page 17 of 55
Product:
(8 +9i) (5+6i)
= 8(5+6i) +9i (5+6i)

= 40+ 48i+ 45i+ 54i 2

= 40 +93 i +54(-1)
= 40 +93 i – 54
= 40-54+ 93 i
= -14 + 93 i
2  7i
Q4: Find real and imaginary parts of the complex number .
4  5i
Ans:
2  7i 4  5i

4  5i 4  5i

(2  7i )(4  5i )
(4  5i )(4  5i )

2(4  5i )  7i (4  5i )
4(4  5i )  5i (4  5i )

8  10i  28i  35i 2

16  20i  20i  25i 2

8  38i  35(1)
16  25(1)

8  38i  35
16  25

27  38i
41
27 38
 i
41 41

27
Real part = 
41
38
Imaginary part = 
41

Page 18 of 55
 (5  3i)2
Q5: Find real and imaginary parts of the complex number .
1 i
Ans:

(5  3i)2 (5)2  (3i)2  2(3)(5i)


1 i 1 i

25  9i 2  30i 25  9  30i

1 i 1 i
16  30i

1 i
16  30i 1  i
 
1 i 1 i
(16  30i)(1  i)
(1  i)(1  i)
16(1  i)  30i(1  i)
1(1  i)  i(1  i)

16  16i  30i  30i 2

1  i  i  i2
16  16i  30i  30(1)
1  i  i  i2
16  30  30i  16i
1  (1)
46  14i
2
46 14
  i
2 2
 23  7i
Real part = 23
Imaginary part = 7
Q6: Find the modulus of the complex number 3  4i
Modulus = (3)2  (4)2

9  16
25
5

Page 19 of 55
Q7: Find the modulus of the complex number 10  6i .
Modulus = (10)2  (6)2

100  36
136
11.66

Q8: Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number 8  6i

Here a = 8 and b = 6

 a b 
Multiplicative inverse =  2 2 2 2
,
 a b a b 
8 6
( , )
64  36 64  36

8 6
( , )
100 100

2 3
( , )
25 50

Q9: Find the multiplicative inverse of the complex number  2,  5 

Here a = 2 and b=  5

 a b 
Multiplicative inverse =  2 2 2 2
,
 a b a b 
2 ( 5)
( , )
( 2)2  ( 5) 2 ( 2) 2  (  5) 2

2 5
( , )
25 25

2 5
( , )
7 7

Page 20 of 55
Polar form of a Complex number:
Let x+iy is a complex number. Let r be modulus of the complex number and 
be the smallest angle (measured in counter clock direction)then (r, ) are called
x  r cos
the polar coordinates
y  r sin 
y
Then r  x 2  y 2 and   tan 1( )
x

Q1: Find the polar coordinates of the complex number of 1  i .

x =1 and y =1

r  12  12

r 2
y
  tan 1( )
x
1
  tan 1( )
1

  tan11
  45
Polar coordinates are (r,  ) =( 2 , 45 )
Q2: Write the polar form of ( 3  .) .
x = 3 and y =1

r  ( 3)2  12

r  3 1

r  42
y
  tan 1( )
x
1
  tan 1( )
3

  30
Polar form  r (cos  i sin  )

 2(cos30  i sin30 )

Page 21 of 55
Q3: Write the polar form of ( 3  .)
x =  3 and y=1

r  ( 3)2  12

r  3 1

r  42
y
  tan 1( )
x
1
  tan 1( )
 3

  150 (as the number lies in 2nd quadrant)

Polar form  r (cos  i sin  )

 2(cos150  i sin150 )

Q4: Write the polar form of (2  2.) .

x = 2 and y= –2

r  (2)2  (2) 2

r  44

r  82 2

2
  tan 1( )
2

  225 (as the number lies in 3rd quadrant)

Polar form  r (cos  i sin  )

 2 2(cos 225  i sin 225 )

Q5: Express 2(cos300  i sin300 ) as a complex number in standard form.

Ans:

1  3
2[  i ( )]
2 2
1 3
2 i 2
2 2
1 i 3

Page 22 of 55
Rule: [r1(cos1i sin1)][r2 (cos 2i sin 2 )]  r1.r2[cos(1   2)  i sin(1   2)]

r1(cos1  i sin 1) r1

Rule:  [cos( 1   2)  i sin( 1   2)
r2 (cos 2  i sin  2) r2

Q1: Find the product of 3(cos 45  i sin 45 ) and 2(cos135  i sin135 )
Ans:

3(cos 45  i sin 45 )  2(cos135  i sin135 )

3  2[cos(45  135 )  i sin(45  135 )]

6(cos180  i sin180 )
6(1  i 0)  6  i 0  6

 
Q2:Simplify to find real and imaginary parts of 10(cos 210  i sin 210

)
.
5(cos60  i sin 60 )
Ans:

10(cos 210  i sin 210 )

5(cos60  i sin 60 )
10
[cos(210  60 )  i sin(210  60 )]
5

2(cos150  i sin150 )

2(.866  i sin 0.5)

1.732  1i

Real part =-1.732

Imaginary part =1

De Movie’s rule: (cos  i sin )n  cos n  i sin n

Page 23 of 55
Q1: Write the polar form of (1  . 3) and using De Movie’s theorem find real and
imaginary parts of (1  . 3 ) 8 .
Ans:

First we convert (1  . 3) into polar form x =1 y= 3

r 1 2  ( 3) 2

r  1 3

r 2

3
  tan 1( )
1

  60 (as the number lies in 1st quadrant)

x  iy  r (cos  i sin  )

1  i 3  2(cos60  i 60 )

(1  i 3)8  [2(cos60  i 60 )]8

(1  i 3)8  28 (cos8  60  i sin8  60 )

(1  i 3)8  256(cos 480  i sin 480 )

(1  i 3)8  256(0.5  0.866i )

(1  i 3)8  128  221.7i

Real part = –128

Imaginary part = 221.7

Page 24 of 55
Q2: Find all 4th roots of –8 + 8 3 i

For a complex number r (cos   i sin  )

1
n th
root  r n (cos   i sin  )
where
  360  k

n

Ans:

We first write –8 + 8 3 i into polar form

x = 8 and y= 8 3

r  (8)2  (8 3) 2

r  64  192

r  256  16

8 3
  tan 1( )
8

  60 (as the number lies in 2nd quadrant)

  60 +180  =120  (180 is period of tan function)

Page 25 of 55
   360  k
Using the rule  to find argument (polar angle)
n
120  360  0
k 0,   30
4
120  360  1
k 1,   120
4

120  360  2
k 2,   210
4

120  360  3
k 3,   300
4
Using the angles we write the 4th root as
1
n th
root  r n (cos   i sin  )
4 16(cos30  sin30 ) =2(0.866+0.5 i) = 1.732 + 1i

4 16(cos120  sin120 ) =2(- 0.5+0.866 i) = -1 + 1.732i

4 16(cos 210  sin 210 ) =2(- 0.866-0.5 i) = -1.732 - 1 i

4 16(cos300  sin300 ) =2(0.5-0.866 i) = 1 - 1.732 i

Page 26 of 55
The slope and tangent line
The slope of the curve changes from point to point. A useful way to measure the
slope at any point is to draw atangent to the curve at that point.
The tangent is astraight line that touches the curve at one point only.

Note:
The slope of acurve at any point is equalto the slope of the tangent at that point.

Page 27 of 55
Q:
Find the slope of the tangent (slope of the curve) at point A and B.

Take two points on the tangent line at point A.

(3, 8), (2, 5)  y1  8, y2  5, x1  3, x2  2
y2  y1
slope  m 
x2  x1
5 8 3
slope  m    3
2  (3) 1

Take two points on the tangent line at point B.

(2,1), (4,11)  y1  1 y2  11, x1  31, x2  4
y2  y1
slope  m 
x2  x1
11  1 10
slope  m   5
42 2

Page 28 of 55
Q:
Find the slope of the tangent (slope of the curve) at point wherex= 1
Take two points on the tangent line at x=1

(1,  5), (2, 4)

Page 29 of 55
Limits and continuity

Q1: Evaluate: lim 3x2  5x  4

x2
3 lim x 2  5 lim x  4
x2 x2

 3(2)2  5  2  4
6

x3  5 x  4
Q2:Evaluate: lim
x 3 x2  2
x3  5 x  4
lim
x 3 x2  2
lim x3  5 lim x  4
x 3 x 3

lim x  2
2
x 3

33  5  3  4

32  2
27  15  4

92
16

7

Page 30 of 55
 x2  4
Q3: Evaluate lim
x2 x  2
x2  4
lim
x2 x  2

( x  2)( x  2)
 lim
x2 x2
 lim ( x  2)
x2

4

x2 2
Q4: Evaluate lim
x 0 x

x2 2
lim
x0 x
( x  2  2)( x  2  2)
 lim
x0 x( x  2  2)

( x  2)2  ( 2) 2
 lim
x  0 x( x  2  2)

x 22
 lim
x0 x( x  2  2)
x
 lim
x0 x( x  2  2)
1
 lim
x  0 ( x  2  2)

1 1
 
2 2 2 2

x3  
Q5: Evaluate: lim Sin( )
x 0 2
x3   0 
lim Sin( )  Sin( )  Sin( )  1
x 0 2 2 2

Page 31 of 55
 x3  8
Q6: Evaluate: lim
x2 x  2
x3  8
lim
x2 x2
( x3  23 )
 lim
x2 x2
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)
 lim
x2 x2
( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)
 lim
x2 x2
 lim ( x 2  2 x  4)
x2

 4  4  4  12

x 1
Q7: Evaluate lim sin 1 ( )
x0 2

x 1 0 1 1 
lim sin 1( )  sin 1( )  sin 1( )   30
x0 2 2 2 6

Q8: Verify that lim f ( x) does not exist, where f is given by

x0
 x 2  2cos x  1, x  0
f ( x)  
 e  4, x0
x

Answer:
Left limit:

Right limit:

Left limit  Right limit

So limit does Not exist
Page 32 of 55
Continuity:

Q1: Examine the continuity of the following function at x = 2.

 x2 , x  2

f ( x)   3, x2

 x  1, x  2

Left limit : lim f ( x)  lim x 2

x  2 x2

4

Right limit : lim f ( x)  lim( x  1)

x  2 x2

 (2  1)
1

valueoffunction : lim f ( x)  3
x2

Left hand limit  right hand limit  value of function

f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2(Not contionuous)

Page 33 of 55
Q2: Examine the continuity of the following function at x = 2.
3x  2, x  2
f ( x)  
 x  2, x  2
Left limit : lim f ( x)  lim (3x  2)
x  2 x  2

 62 4

Right limit : lim f ( x )  lim( x  2 )

x  2 x2

 2 2
4

Value of function: lim f ( x)  4

x2

Left hand limit= right hand limit = value of function

f(x) is continuous at x = 2

 3x  5, x  1
Q3: Find the value of a, such that lim f(x) exists, f ( x)  
x1  2 x  a, x  1

left lim it : lim f ( x)  lim(3x  5)

x 1 x 1

 3 5 8

right lim it : lim f ( x)  lim(2 x  a)

x 1 x 1

 2 a

lim f(x) exists  left limit  right limit

x1

lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
x 1 x 1

2+a=8
a =8  2=6
Page 34 of 55
  ax  5, x  2
Q4: Find the value of a, such that lim f(x) exists, f ( x)  
x 2  x  1, x  2

left limit : lim f ( x )  lim( ax  5 )

x  2 x2

 2a  5

right limit : lim f ( x)  lim ( x  1)

x  2 x2

 2 1
1

lim f  x  exists  left limit  right limit

x 1

2a+5=1
2a=1-5=-4
a = -2

Page 35 of 55
Differentiation
dy
The gradient of a function y is written as , read as ‘deey by dee x’
dx

Examples:
a) If y = x3+ x2, then
d 3 d
y  ( x )  ( x2 )
dx dx
 3x31  2 x 2 1

 3x 2  2 x1

 3x 2  2 x

b) If y = x4  x, then
d 4 d
y  ( x )  ( x)
dx dx
 4 x 41  1

 4 x3  1

Page 36 of 55
 d 4
c) If y = 5x4, then y  5 ( x )  5  4 x41  20 x3
dx
Q1: Find the derivative of Q(t )  2sin t  2t 2  4
d d
Q(t )  (2sin t  2t 2  4)
dt dt
d d d
 (2sin t )  (2t 2 )  (4)
dt dt dt
 2cos t  2  2t  0

 2cos t  4t

Q2: Find the gradient of y  3sin 2t  4cos 2t whent = 2.

Answer: y (t )  3sin 2t  4cos 2t

y(t )  3  2cos 2t  4  2sin 2t

y(2)  6cos 2(2)  8sin 2(2)

 6cos 4  8sin 4

 2.1328

dy
Q3:Given that y  2sin 3x  5cos 2 x , evaluate when x = 2.8
dx
y  6cos3x  10sin 2 x
 x  2.8  6cos(3  2.8)  10sin(2  2.8)
yat

 6cos8.4  10sin5.6
 9.4

Q4:Find the gradient of y  2 x  x3  e2 x when x = 1.

y ( x)  2 x  x 3  e 2 x
y( x)  2  3 x 2  2e 2 x
y(1)  2  3(1) 2  2e2(1)
 2  3  2(7.3891)
 13.7782

Page 37 of 55
The product rule
y  A B
dy
 y  A  B  B  A
dx

Q1: Find the derivative of f ( x)  x5 cos x

d 5 d  d
( x cos x)   ( x5 )  cos x  x5 (cos x)
dx  dx  dx

 5 x 4 cos x  x5 ( sin x)

 5 x 4 cos x  x5 sin x

Q2: Use the product rule to differentiate: y  (e2 x  1)( x2  3)

y  (e2 x  1)(2 x  0)  ( x 2  3)(2e2 x  0)

y  2 x(e2 x  1)  2e2 x ( x 2  3)
Q3:

The

Page 38 of 55
quotient rule
A
y
B
dy B  A  A  B
 y 
dx B2

e2 x dy
Example:For y  2 , find .
x 1 dx
A
let A  e and B  x  1 . Then y  .
2x 2
Answer:
B

A  2e2 x and B  2 x

Using the quotient Rule,

B  A  A  B
y 
B2
( x 2  1)2e2 x  e2 x (2 x)
y 
( x 2  1)2

2e2 x ( x 2  x  1)
y 
( x 2  1)2

x2  1
Q1:Use the quotient rule to differentiate y  .
sin 4 x

sin 4x .(2x )  (x 2  1)4cos 4x

y
(sin 4x )2

2x sin 4x  4(x 2  1)cos 4x

y
(sin 4x )2

Page 39 of 55
 x2  2
Q2:If f ( x)  2 , find f ( x )
x 1

x2  2
f ( x)  2
x 1
d  d
( x 2  1)  ( x 2  2)   ( x 2  2) ( x 2  1)
f ( x)   dx  dx
( x  1)
2 2

( x 2  1)(2 x)  ( x 2  2)(2 x)
f ( x) 
( x 2  1)2

2 x3  2 x  (2 x3  4 x)
f ( x) 
( x 2  1)2

2 x3  2 x  2 x3  4 x
f ( x) 
( x 2  1)2
6x
f ( x) 
( x 2  1)2

The chain rule

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

dy
Q3:Use the chain rule to find for y  ( x3  x  1)5
dx
dy dy du
  , u  ( x3  x  1), y  u5
dx du dx
dy d
 5u 4 ( x3  x  1)
dx dx
dy d
 5( x3  x  1)4 ( x3  x  1)
dx dx
dy
 5( x3  x  1)4 (3x 2  1)
dx

Page 40 of 55
 dy
Q4:Use the chain rule to find for y  ( x2  2 x  1)2
dx

dy dy du
  , u  ( x 2  2 x  1), y  u2
dx du dx
dy d
 2u1 ( x 2  2 x  1)
dx dx
dy d
 2( x 2  2 x  1) ( x 2  2 x  1)
dx dx
dy
 2( x3  x  1)(2 x  2)
dx

Q5: Find the derivative of f ( x)  sin 2 x

y  sin 2 x

dy dy du
  , u  sin x, y  u2
dx du dx
dy dy
 2u1 (sin x)
dx dx
dy
 2sin x cos x
dx

Q6: Find the stationary points of y  3x2  6 x  8

y  3x 2  6 x  8
y  3  2 x  6  1
y  6 x  6
or the stationary points put derivative =0
6x-6=0
6x=6
x=1
x= 1, y= 3(1)2-6(1)+8=5

Page 41 of 55
Applications of derivatives
Example1:
Suppose that a product currently sells for dollars 25, with the price increasing at
the rate of 2 per month. At the current price, consumer will buy 150 thousand d
items. But the revenues sale is decreasing at the rate of 8 thousand per year.
At which rates the total revenue is changing. Is the total revenue increasing or
decreasing?
Answer:
revenue  quantity  price
R(t )  Q(t ) P(t )
R(t )  Q(t )  P(t )  P(t )  Q(t )
We have the information that
P  25 and the change in price
P  2 dollars Per year
Initial quantity Q  150 thousand
And rate of change of quantity = Q  8 thousand
R(t )  Q(t )  P(t )  P(t )  Q(t )
R  150  2  25  8
R  100
Since the rate of change is positive. The revenue is increasing.

Example2:
Suppose that the price of an object is 20 and 20000 units are sold. If the price is
increased at the rate of 1.25 dollars per year. And the quantity sold increase at the
rateof 2000 per year. At which rate the revenue will increase.
revenue  quantity  price
R(t )  Q(t ) P(t )
R(t )  Q(t )  P(t )  P(t )  Q(t )
We have the information that
P  20 and the change in price
P  1.25 dollars Per year
Initial quantity Q  20000 thousand
And rate of change of quantity = Q  2000 thousand
R(t )  Q(t )  P(t )  P(t )  Q(t )
R  20000  1.25  20  2000
R  65000

Increase of 65000 per year.

Page 42 of 55
Functions of several variables
Q: If f ( x, y)  3e x  2e y  x2 y3 find f (1,2)
Answer: put x= 1, y=2
f ( x, y)  3e x  2e y  x 2 y 3
f (1,2)  3e1  2e2  (1)2 (2)3
f (1,2)  1.376

z z
Partial derivative:Ifz = f(x, y), then the derivatives and are called the
x y
partial derivatives of z, where
z
1. denotes the derivative of z with respect to x, considering y as though it
x
were
a constant.
z
2. denotes the derivative of z with respect to y, considering x as though it
y
were
a constant.

Page 43 of 55
Page 44 of 55
Questions:
1)
If z  4 x  3 y  5 , then
2 2

z
 8x  0  0  8x.
x
z
 0  6y  0   6y .
y

w
2) What is for w  3t 7  4 p t  p 2 ?
t

w
 21t 6  4 p
t
z
3) What is for z  cos( x y ) ?
x
z
  y sin( x y )
x

w
4) What is for w  2 x2 y3
x
w
 4 xy 3
x

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 INTEGRATION

 Indefinite Integration
 Definite Integrals

Indefinite Integration:
The differentiation in reverse is called integration or more precisely indefinite integration.
Since 2x is the derivative of all these functions
y= x2
y = x2 + 5
y = x2  7
y = x2+ 11
. .
. .
y = x2+ c (where c is a constant)
sox2 + c is the indefinite integral of 2x. We write
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 2 xdx  x  c
2

Where  sign indicates the integration of 2x and dx indicates the independent variable, in this
case x.
Every time we integrate, the constant of integration must be added.

Integral of y = xn:

n 1
n x
 x dx  c
n 1

Examples:

x 41 x5
a)  x dx 
4

4 1 5

2 x 21 x 1 1
b)  x dx     x 1 
2  1 1 x

1 3
1 1 2 3
x2 x 2
c)  x 2 dx    x2
1 3 3
1
2 2

Integrals of Some Common Functions:

f(x)  f ( x )dx, all 'c' Notes

k kx k is a constant

x n 1 n  1
xn
n 1
ex ex

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 e kx
k is a constant
e kx k

 cos x
sin x

sin x
cos x
cos k x
sin kx  k is a constant
k
sin k x
cos kx k is a constant
k
1
ln x
x

Examples:

2x e2 x
a)  e dx 
2
sin3x
b)  cos3xdx 
3

Some Rules for Indefinite Integrals:

a)   f ( x )  g( x )dx   f ( x )dx   g( x )dx

b)   f ( x )  g( x )dx   f ( x )dx   g( x )dx

c)  k  f ( x )dx  k   f ( x )dx, where k is a constant

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Example:

 (3x  7 x  5 x)dx
3 2

3 x3dx  7  x 2 dx  5 xdx

3 x 4 7 x3 5 x 2
  
4 3 2
PROBLEMS
Q1: Find the following indefinite integrals:
1 / 6
a)  5dx b)   4 x 5 dx c)  x dx d)  e 3 x dx

e)  dx f)  4 sin 2 xdx g)  cos 

5 3x  1
dx h)  dx
x  4  x

Solution:
a)  5 dx  5 x
 4 x51  4 x6
 4x dx = 
5
b)
5 1 6
1 5
1  1 5
x 6 6 x6
c)  x 6 dx 
1
  x6
5 5
 1
6 6
e3 x
d)  e dx  3x
3
5 1
 x dx  5 x dx  5ln x  ln x
5
e)

 4cos 2 x
f)  4sin 2xdx  2
 2cos 2 x

 3x 
sin  
g)  cos   dx.   4   sin  
3x 4 3x
 4 3/ 4 3  4
1 1
 1
1 x 2 x2
h)  dx   x 1/2 dx    2x1/ 2  2 x
x 1 1
 1
2 2
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Q2: Find

2 x5 3 x3 2 5 3
a)  (2 x  3 x )dx 
4 2
  x x
5 3 5

3 7   1 2  7 x 21 7
b)    2  dx    3   7x  dx  3ln x   3ln x 
x x    x  2  1 x

sin 4 x
c)  (sin x  cos 4 x)dx   cos x 
4

3e3 x 2e x
d)  (3e3 x  2e x )dx    e3 x  2e x
3 1

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Definite integrals

b
 f (x )dx
a
is called the definite integralof f(x) between the limitsx = a and x = b.
The value x = a is called the lower limit and x = b is called the upper limit.
If F(x) is the indefinite integral of f(x), then

b
 f (x )dx = f (x ) ba = f (b )  f (a)
a
Examples:
1
2
 (3x  7)dx
1
1
 3 x3 
  7 x
 3  1

 [(1)3  (1)3 ]  7[1  (1)]

 2  14
 16

1
b)  (e x  1)dx  [(e x  x)]10  (e1  e0 )  (1  0)  e  1  1  e
0

Areas under Curves:

b
area   f ( x)dx
a

Example1:
In order to find the area
under the curve y = x2

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and above the x-axis, between x = 2 and x = 5, we proceed as following:
5
5 x3  53  23 117
A =  x dx       39
2
2  3  2 3 3
The required area is 39 square units.

Example2:
4
Find  x 2dx
1

4
4
x3  43  13 63
 x dx  3   3  3  21
2

1  1

3
Q1:Find  x3dx
2

3
3
x4  34  (2)4 81  16 65
 x dx  4      16.25
3

2  4 4 4
2


2
Q2:Find  cos x dx
0

 /2 
 /2
 cos x dx  sin x 0  sin( 2 )  sin 0  1  0  1
0

Q3: Evaluate the following definite integrals:

3 3
3
 x3 4 x 2   x3 2 33  03
a)  ( x  4 x)dx   
2
    2x    2(32  02 )
0  3 2  3
0   0 3

 9  18  27

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b)  ( 3e x  1)dx  3e x  x 0  3(e2  e0 )  (2  0)  19.167  2  21.167
2 2

2
2 sin 2 x  3 cos 2 x 
c)  ( 2 cos 2 x  3 sin 2 x )dx  
2
 
1  2 2 1

2
 3 
 sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
 2 1

3
 sin 2(2)  sin 2(0)  [cos 2(2)  cos 2(0)]
2
 (0.75680  0)  1.5(0.6536  1)
 0.75680  2.4798
 3.2366

3
32 x  x2 
d)    dx   2ln x  
1 x 2  2  2 
1

3
 x2  32  12
  2ln x    2[ln(3)  ln(1)] 
 4 
1
4

 2.197  2  4.197

Q4: Find the area bounded by the curve y  4  x 2 , the x axis and the lines x = -1 and x = 4.

4
 x3 
 
4
Solution:A =  4  x dx   4 x  
2

1  3 
1

 (4)3  (1)3 
 4 4  (1)   
 3 

 20  21.66
 1.66

Area = 1.66 square units.

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Q5: Find the area bounded by the curve y  x 3  3 , the x axis and the lines x =2 and x = 5.

5
 x4 
 
5
Solution:A =  x  3 dx    3x 
3
2 4 2
 54  24 
   3(5  2)  152.25  9  161.25
 4 

Area = 161.25 square units.

EXERCISE

Q1: Find the following indefinite integrals:

a)  4dx  4 dx  4 x

x8 x8
b)  4 x7 dx  4 x 7 dx  4 
82 2

e4 x
c)  e dx 
4x
4
4
d)  dx  4ln x
x
3( cos5 x)  3cos5 x
e)  3sin 5 xdx  3 sin 5 xdx  
5 5
 4x 
 sin  
 4x 
f)  cos   dx   7   7 sin  4 x 
 
 7  4 4  7 
7
 1 1 1
5  12 5x 2 5x 2 1 1
g)  dx  5 x dx  1   2  5 x 2  10 x 2
x  2 1 12

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Q2:
3x8 2 x6
a)  (3x  2 x )dx 
7 5

8 6
5 2 
b)    4  dx =
x x 
dx 4 x41 2 2
5  2 x  5ln x  2  5ln x  x 2  5ln x  2
x 4  1 3 3x
3( cos 2 x) sin 5 x 3cos 2 x sin 5 x
c)  (3sin 2 x  cos5 x)dx    
2 5 2 5

4
Q3:  2 x dx  8k , find K.
0
4
 2 x dx  8k
0
4
x2
2  8k
2
0
4
x 2  8k
0

42  0  8k
16  8k
k2

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