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Database Design And Development

HND in Computing (ESOFT Metro Campus)

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Table of Contents
Table of Figures ................................................................................................................. 3

Table Of Tables .................................................................................................................. 4

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. 5

Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6

Part 1.1: Poster Presentation ............................................................................................. 8

Part 1.2: Introduction to Database Design & Development ................................................ 9

Types of Databases .................................................................................................................... 9

Functions of DBMS..................................................................................................................... 9

Database Design ...................................................................................................................... 10

Keys ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Relationships in Database ........................................................................................................ 13

Normalization .......................................................................................................................... 15

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) ........................................................................................... 22

................................................................................................................................................ 23

ER Diagram of Norman Hospital ............................................................................................... 24

Enhanced Entity Relational Diagram ........................................................................................ 27

EER Diagram.................................................................................................................... 29

ER Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 30

Part 1.3 Mockups and Report. ......................................................................................... 31

Report About the Prototype System ........................................................................................ 31

Part 1.4 Evaluation Report ....................................................................................................... 38

User Requirements..................................................................................................................................... 38

Part 2.1 Physical Relational Database....................................................................................... 40

Part 2.2 Privilege Matrix .......................................................................................................... 54

How To Grant Different User Permissions ................................................................................................. 54

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.................................................................................................................................................................... 58

Part 2.2 Inner Join, Outer Join, Full Join.................................................................................... 59

Trigger ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Before Update Trigger ................................................................................................................................ 79
Before Update Trigger ................................................................................................................................ 80

Part 3.1: Explain the Data Validation & Verification Process. ........................................... 83

Data Verification ...................................................................................................................... 84

Steps of Verification ................................................................................................................................... 84
Outputs of Verification ............................................................................................................................... 85

Data Validation ........................................................................................................................ 86

Steps of Validation ..................................................................................................................................... 87
Outputs of Validation ................................................................................................................................. 88

Part 3.2: Error Report ...................................................................................................... 90

Common Data Errors .................................................................................................................................. 90
Minimum Error ........................................................................................................................................... 92
Alter Table Error ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Database Error ........................................................................................................................................... 93
Sum Error ................................................................................................................................................... 94
Delete Error ................................................................................................................................................ 94

Part 4.1: Produce a user and Technical Manual................................................................ 95

Technical Manual ..................................................................................................................... 95

User Manual ............................................................................................................................ 96

Part 4.2: Future Improvements. ..................................................................................... 102

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 103

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Table of Figures
Figure 1:Sample Database Design 10
Figure 2:Primary Key in Database 11
Figure 3:Foreign Key Sample Image 12
Figure 4:One to One Relationship 13
Figure 5:One to Many Relation 13
Figure 6:Many to Many Relationship 14
Figure 7:Symbols of ER Diagram 22
Figure 8:Sample ER Diagram 23
Figure 9:Create a Database 27
Figure 10:Inserting Table in to Database 27
Figure 11:Inserting Details to Table 28
Figure 12:Sample Database 28
Figure 13:EER Diagram 29
Figure 14:Entity Relationship Diagram 30
Figure 15:Mockups User Id 31
Figure 16:Main Page of DBMS 32
Figure 17:Patient Information Page 32
Figure 18:To Make Appointments 33
Figure 19:Norman Hospital Doctors Information 33
Figure 20:In this picture the doctors will know about their patient 34
Figure 21:This about the house officers 34
Figure 22:Patient visit time information 35
Figure 23:Ward information of patients 35
Figure 24:Admission of every patient 36
Figure 25:ICU patients Information 36
Figure 26:Discharge information of patients 37
Figure 27:Pharmacy details 37
Figure 28:before Forward Engineering 40
Figure 29:Example 40
Figure 30:Previleges matrix 55

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Figure 31:Account limits 56

Figure 32:Privilege’s user and password 56
Figure 33:Previlege roles 57
Figure 34:Password previleges 57
Figure 35:Previlege actions 58
Figure 36:Previlege access denied 58

Table Of Tables
Table 1:Table of User Information 15
Table 2:Patient Information 17
Table 3:1st normalization Doctor table 17
Table 4:Prescription 17
Table 5:Hospital Admit 17
Table 6:Patient Visit 18
Table 7:Patient Info 19
Table 8:Patient Appointment 19
Table 9:Doctor Info 19
Table 10:Consultation Prescription 19
Table 11:Admission Appointment 20
Table 12:Admission Counter 20
Table 13:Ward Information 20
Table 14:Doctor patient visit 20
Table 15:House officer info 20
Table 16:Discharge info 21
Table 17:ICU Info 21
Table 18:Pharmacy information 21

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Acknowledgement

The success of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance from my
classmates, lectures and I am extremely thankful to get this all along the completion
of my assignment work.

Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them. I respect and thank Mr. M. Kartheeban for giving me an
opportunity to do this assignment on time, I extremely grateful to him for providing
such a nice support and guidance.

I am really grateful because I managed to complete this assignment within the time
given by my lecturer. This assignment cannot be completed without the effort and co-
operation from my class mates. I would like to express my gratitude to my friends and
respondents for support and willingness to spend some time with me.

A. Stany Nirojan

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Introduction

Databases are at the Centre of most information systems in everyday use, therefore
it is important that they are designed and built using appropriate methods to ensure
that they meet users’ requirements while being robust and maintainable.

A database system is usually regarded as the database which contains related tables
of data maintained by a database management system (DBMS), along with
applications that provide controlled access to the database.

And able to identify how we qualified in database development and how to solve the
problems in easy ways and implement the solution. Finally, I have prepared the
documentation to define what we achieve.

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L01

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Part 1.1: Poster Presentation

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Part 1.2: Introduction to Database Design & Development

Databases are the main in the most of the system in the modern world. It is designed
and buildup with the user requirements, software requirements and hardware
requirements. A database which contains databases, tables of data and maintain by
the Database Management System (DBMS) with applications controlled that
databases.
Databases are like Backend work process because the Frontend (Applications) are
direct the databases.

Types of Databases
• Transactional Databases – Main function of this database is to add new data,
change existing data, delete existing data. Eg: Client – Server Database

• Decision Support System (DSS) Database– They support decisions.

• Hybrid – It is a mixture of OLTP (On -line transaction processing) and data

warehouse throughout requirements.

Functions of DBMS

• Data Storage – Database can access by many users so they can storage,
retrieve and update data.
• Retrieve Data
• Update Data
• Data Communication Interfaces – Telecommunications can allow to
transactions of data through remote so, DBMS must provide an interface to
assist the transactions.

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Database Design

• Collecting Information
• Strategy & Planning Process
• Design & Implement Process

Data collecting is the main purpose in creating a database system because users will
tell about their requirements (They can have a imagination that is how our system
would be like). As a Database designer we need to consider about the software
requirements and hardware requirements.

Planning will make the system more accurate and we will find the new needs to fulfill
the customers(users).

Designing will allow to create a logical and physical design and able to identify what
are additional use to make the system effectively and after that the development phase
will start.

Figure 1:Sample Database Design

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Keys

Primary Key

Primary key is used to uniquely identify the record in the tables. A table wants a unique
identification because there is no way to find a record without possible of finding more
than one record. So, primary key is a heart of a table.

Figure 2:Primary Key in Database

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Foreign Key

Foreign key is the copy of the primary keys. If you get a primary key from a table and
when you put that key into another table it will be as foreign key. After that we will
derive all data to that primary key located table to foreign key located table.

Figure 3:Foreign Key Sample Image

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Relationships in Database

All entities in a database will connected through the relationship. They are:

One – to – One

This relationship implements exactly one entry in both tables. One to one relationship
is a type of 4th Normalization.

Figure 4:One to One Relationship

One – to – Many

One to many implements one entry to many entries between tables. If you take doctors
and patients, one doctor will treat many patients so doctor is in one and patients will
act as many.

Figure 5:One to Many Relation

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Many – to – Many

Every record in a table there are many possible records in another related table. If we
take patients entity and ward entity many patients admit in many wards at Norman
hospital so they have a many to many relationships.

Figure 6:Many to Many Relationship

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Normalization

Normalization is a process of determining the redundancy exist in the tables (multiple

values). If we want to reduce the redundancy, the main is Primary Key to Foreign Key.
If we assign a primary key in one table and put that same primary key as foreign key
in other table then, that table will derive the table details.

Benefits of Normalization
• Storage data will reduce
• The data will be organized correctly
• Easy to search the fields.

Types of Normalization

• 1st Normal Form

• 2nd Normal Form
• 3rd Normal Form
• BCNF

0 Normal Form

Details Collected from Norman Hospital For Database System

Table 1:Table of User Information

Patient_id Doctor department

Patient name File no
Patient age Date visited
Patient address Description
Patient contact no Disease
Appointment no Drugs
Doctor_id Gender
Doctor name Parent/guardian name
House officer id Guardian Contact no
House officer name Address
Working time Ward number
Reference no Bed no

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1st Normal Form

Eliminate the repeating groups such as similar records in all tables will be become
unique by primary key in each of the tables and the other tables are depend on the
primary key. Rules are:

• Eliminate the repeating groups in individual tables.

• Create a separate table for each set of related data.
• Identify each set of related data with the primary key.
• Primary key will uniquely identify attribute value (Patient_id, Doctor_id).

Patient
§ Patients id
§ Patient name
§ Patient Address
§ Patient age
§ Patient Contact no
§ Appointment no
§ Doctor id
§ Doctor name
§ Doctor Department
§ Patient id
§ Patient name
§ Doctor name
§ Disease
§ Drugs

• We will see the first normalization in this tables. In the Patients entity for every
patient the doctor id, name, doctor name will be repeat. So, we want to create
an entity names doctor and include these columns:

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Patient

Table 2:Patient Information

Patient name
Patient age
Patient Address
Patient Contact no
Appointment no
Doctor name
Doctor department

Doctor
Table 3:1st normalization Doctor table

Doctor name
Doctor Department

Prescription
Table 4:Prescription

Patient name
Patient age
Doctor name
disease
Name of the drugs

Hospital Admit
Table 5:Hospital Admit

Patient name
Patient age
Patient gender
Doctor name
Parent/guardian name
Parent/guardian contact no
address
Date and time
Ward number

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Bed number
House officer

Patient Visit

Table 6:Patient Visit

Date
Time
Patient condition
Drugs
House officer
Nurse no

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2nd Normal Form

All non-key values fully function on the primary key. No partial dependencies are
allowed. A partial dependency exists when a field is fully dependent on a part of a
composite primary key.
Composite primary key is a candidate key, that is when two primary keys in a table so
one is primary key and another one is composite primary key.

Patient

Table 7:Patient Info

Patient id <<PK>>
First name
Last name
Patient age
Gender
City
Street
Patient Contact no
Doctor id <<FK>>

Patient Appointment

Table 8:Patient Appointment

Appointment no <<PK>>
Patient id <<FK>>

Doctor

Table 9:Doctor Info

Doctor id <<PK>>
Doctor name
Department

Consultation Prescription

Table 10:Consultation Prescription

Prescription no <<PK>>
Disease
Patient Type
Patient Appointment no <<FK>>

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Admission Appointment

Table 11:Admission Appointment

Admission no <<PK>>
Admit Date
Admit Time
Doctor id <<FK>>
Patient id <<FK>>

Admission Counter

Table 12:Admission Counter

Guardian name
Guardian Contact no
Date
Admission no <<FK>>
Ward no <<FK>>
Bed no <<FK>>
Prescription no <<FK>>

Ward Information

Table 13:Ward Information

Ward no <<PK>>
Bed no <<PK>>
Patient Condition
House officer id <<FK>>

Doctor Patient Visit

Table 14:Doctor patient visit

Nurse no <<PK>>
Nurse name
Doctor id <<FK>>
House officer id <<FK>>

House officer Information

Table 15:House officer info

House officer id <<PK>>

House officer name
Working time

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Discharge Information

Table 16:Discharge info

Reference no <<PK>>
Date
Time
Admission no <<FK>>

ICU Information

Table 17:ICU Info

ICU officer id <<PK>>

Record no <<PK>>
Patient Condition
Admission no <<FK>>
House officer id <<FK>>

Pharmacy Information

Table 18:Pharmacy information

Pharmacy customer no <<PK

Drug Description
Reference no <<FK>>
Prescription no <<FK>>

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Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Entity Relationship Diagram is a visual representation of data and which shows how
the data are connected or related to each other. ER diagrams are frequently used
during the design stage of a development process in order to identify different system
elements and their relationships with each other.

ER Diagram is defined by the set of entities and an entity is represented by a set of

attributes.

In the Norman Hospital system, we already did the normalization up to 3rd and made
a plan of 12 entities. Before that we will see about the Entity Relational Diagram
Symbols and their meanings.

Figure 7:Symbols of ER Diagram

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Figure 8:Sample ER Diagram

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ER Diagram of Norman Hospital

We have separated the Norman hospital system informations using the

Normalizations so easy to make the ER diagram.

First, we need to prepare the entity diagrams for the informations we have made. So,
I have 13 entities and these entities are patient, doctor, patient appointment, ward
admission, ward information, visit time, file information, house officer, pharmacy,
discharge, ICU, admission counter and prescription.

M 1
Patients Consult Doctors

The relationship between doctor and patients is one to many because one doctor
consults many patients.

Admission M 1
Register Patient
Counter

The relationship between admission counter and patients is many to one because
many patients register in one admission counter.

M 1
Prescription Check Patient

The relationship between patients and prescription is many to one because one patient
will have many prescriptions.

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Patient M 1
Register Patient
Appointment

The relationship between patient appointment and patient is many to one because one
patient will have many appointments.

1 M
Doctor Register Prescriptio
n

The relationship between doctor and prescription is one to many because one doctor
will have many prescriptions.

1 M
Prescription Buy Pharmacy

The relationship between prescription and pharmacy is one to many because one
prescription will accept in many pharmacies.

1 M
House officer Check Visit Time

The relationship between House officer and doctor visit time is one to many because
one house officer will visit in many wards.

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1 M Discharge
Ward Leave Informatio
n

The relationship between Ward and discharge is one to many because one ward will
have many discharges.

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Enhanced Entity Relational Diagram

Enhanced entity-relationship models, also known as extended entity-relationship
models, are advanced database diagrams very similar to regular ER diagrams.
Enhanced ERDs are high-level models that represent the requirements and
complexities of complex databases.
A well-designed EER will help you build storage systems that are long-lasting and
useful.

Figure 9:Create a Database

Figure 10:Inserting Table in to Database

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Figure 11:Inserting Details to Table

Figure 12:Sample Database

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EER Diagram

Figure 13:EER Diagram

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ER Diagram

Figure 14:Entity Relationship Diagram

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Part 1.3 Mockups and Report.

Report About the Prototype System

Prototype is used to demonstrate the system like an original view for the users. So,
the users will easily understand how the real system will look like. Adobe XD is a
software tool used to create the prototype of this Database management System

Figure 15:Mockups User Id

In this page the user of the Norman hospital should enter their user id and password
to go through the database system.

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Figure 16:Main Page of DBMS

In this page the users of the Norman Hospital will have different options so they will
select to go to separate pages for that.

Figure 17:Patient Information Page

In this page the new patient’s will be added and after added press the submit button
so, the details will be go to the database so the patient’s information will be available
through it.

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Figure 18:To Make Appointments

Patients will able to make appointments to come for checkups to doctors. If you are
new patient our details will be add to patient information page after that they make
appointments.

Figure 19:Norman Hospital Doctors Information

In this page we have doctors’ details so all doctors in the Norman Hospital will be in
this page so we can access the doctor details by their doctors id.

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Figure 20:In this picture the doctors will know about their patient

In this page we have all patient’s prescription information and it will be accessed by
the prescription numbers.

Figure 21:This about the house officers

In this page we have all the house officers who are worked in Norman hospital and
their information’s are accessed by their id.

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Figure 22:Patient visit time information

In this page the visit time of the doctors to the patient and which house officer and
nurse are hire for that specified time are included.

Figure 23:Ward information of patients

In this page the ward, bed, admission, and house officer information of every patients
are included.

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Figure 24:Admission of every patient

If the patient wants to admit in the ward the following informations are collected
through this page.

Figure 25:ICU patients Information

In this page the patient’s who are admit to the ICU ward will fill up in this page.

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Figure 26:Discharge information of patients

In this page the patients who are discharged from the hospital will be included in this
page.

Figure 27:Pharmacy details

This page will include the patient’s drugs information.

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Part 1.4 Evaluation Report

Evaluation is a report containing pros and cons of that specific software. So, the
developers will able to make the program or system more accurate and perfect.

In this Database Management System, the details are given by the Norman Hospital
users so we need to make it perfect and accurate.

Norman Health Care Hospital is a public hospital providing treatments for the patients
live in around the city of Galle. This hospital has been started early in 2000 and all the
works are maintained manually up to now. So, I created this database system to make
the work easily.

The details in the database system is more accurate because there is no repeating
values or details. All details in this system are connected each other. If we take the
patients table all new patients will added to that entity (Table) and in prescription the
patient id is as a foreign key so the patient entity details are available or connected to
the prescription entity. Like that all entities are connected so we have fulfilled user
requirements and system requirement like Processor, Ram, Operating System.

User Requirements

Patients

All patient’s have appointment numbers so, we have two entities such as patient,
appointment and patient entity has first name, last name, age, gender, address,
contact number etc.

Doctor

In a hospital system doctors are the most important and this table should have the
doctor_id, doctor name, department and doctor information accessed by the doctor_id
and this attribute act as foreign key in other tables to derive the doctor details.

Admission Counter

If a patient wants to admit in the hospital the patient information should be added to
this table and this table has admission_no, guardian name, guardian contact number,
bed no, ward no and lots of details.

These are some informations of data required by the users so we need to fulfill their
needs and get their satisfaction.

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L02

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Part 2.1 Physical Relational Database

I created all the entities or tables needed for the Norman hospital system then going
to forward engineer the schema to get a physical relational database.

Figure 28:before Forward Engineering

Figure 29:Example

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Some Examples

Table name: Patient

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Patient` (

`Patient_id` INT NOT NULL,
`First_name` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Last_name` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Patient_age` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Gender` ENUM ('Male', 'Female') NOT NULL,
`City` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Street` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Patient_Contact_No` INT NOT NULL,
`Doctor_Doctor_id` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Patient_id`, `Doctor_Doctor_id`),
INDEX `fk_Patient_Doctor1_idx` (`Doctor_Doctor_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Patient_Doctor1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Doctor_Doctor_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Doctor` (`Doctor_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

In this I created a table patient using workbench to input all the patient’s details. So, I
put patient id attribute as primary key to access all the patient’s detail to everywhere
in the database system. In this Doctor table Doctor id is become as a foreign key to
view the doctor details.

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Table name: Patient Appointment

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Patients_Appointment` (

`Appointment_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Patient_Patient_id` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Patient_Patient_id`, `Appointment_no`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_Patients_Appointment_Patient`
FOREIGN KEY (`Patient_Patient_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Patient` (`Patient_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

In this table we have appointment information they make their appointments. If they
are new patients first their information fills up in the patient table after that come to this
table and make their information. I assign appointment no as a primary key and put
patient’s id as foreign key to access the patient details in the appointment.

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Table name: Doctor

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Doctor` (

`Doctor_id` INT NOT NULL,
`Doctor_name` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Department` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Doctor_id`))
ENGINE = InnoDB;

The table contains one primary key name as doctor id and by this primary key the
doctor’s details will be available throughout the database system. It has some int
values and varchar values.

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Table name: Consultation Prescription

CREATETABLEIFNOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Consultation_Prescription`

(
`Prescription_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Disease` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Patient_Type` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Patients_Appointment_Appointment_no` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARYKEY (`Prescription_no`,
`Patients_Appointment_Appointment_no`),
INDEX `fk_Consultation_Prescription_Patients_Appointment1_idx`
(`Patients_Appointment_Appointment_no` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Consultation_Prescription_Patients_Appointment1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Patients_Appointment_Appointment_no`)
REFERENCES`NormanHospital`. `Patients_Appointment`
(`Appointment_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

In this table the disease of the patient, patient type out patient or not they are specified
and we have a specified primary key for this table named as prescription no and this
table access two foreign key named Appointment no and table has int, varchar values.

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Table name: Hospital Ward Admission

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`.

`Hospital_ward_Admission` (
`Admissiont_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Admit_date` DATE NOT NULL,
`Admit_time` INT NOT NULL,
`Doctor_Doctor_id` INT NOT NULL,
`Patient_Patient_id` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Admissiont_no`, `Doctor_Doctor_id`,
`Patient_Patient_id`),
INDEX `fk_Admission_Appointment_Doctor1_idx` (`Doctor_Doctor_id`
ASC) VISIBLE,
INDEX `fk_Admission_Appointment_Patient1_idx`
(`Patient_Patient_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Admission_Appointment_Doctor1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Doctor_Doctor_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Doctor` (`Doctor_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Admission_Appointment_Patient1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Patient_Patient_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Patient` (`Patient_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

In this table a primary key named admission no and this table used for the hospital
admission to admit the patient to ward. And this table has two foreign keys named
patient Id and doctor id and has int and varchar values.

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Table name: House officer

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `House_officer` (

`House_officer_id` INT NOT NULL,
`House_officer_name` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Working_time` ENUM ('Morning', 'Afternoon', 'Evening') NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`House_officer_id`))
ENGINE = InnoDB;

For each ward there are some house officers to take care of their patients and this
table has their details. All the house officers’ details will be available in this table and
this table has some int, varchar and enum values.

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Table name: Ward Information

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Ward Information` (

`Ward_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Bed_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Patient_Condition` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`House_officer_House_officer_id` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Ward_no`, `Bed_no`,
`House_officer_House_officer_id`),
INDEX `fk_Ward_Information_House_officer1_idx`
(`House_officer_House_officer_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Ward_Information_House_officer1`
FOREIGN KEY (`House_officer_House_officer_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `House_officer` (`House_officer_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

This table is used to describe the ward information for separate patients. If the person
who admit in this hospital their ward information bed information and all the
information’s will be available in this table.

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Table name: Admission Counter

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Admission_Counter` (

`Guardian_name` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Guardian_Contact_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Date` DATE NOT NULL,
`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Ward_Information_Ward_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Ward_Information_Bed_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no`,
`Ward_Information_Ward_no`, `Ward_Information_Bed_no`,
`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no`),
INDEX `fk_Admission_Counter_Ward_Information1_idx`
(`Ward_Information_Ward_no` ASC, `Ward_Information_Bed_no` ASC)
VISIBLE,
INDEX `fk_Admission_Counter_Consultation_Prescription1_idx`
(`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Admission_Counter_Admission_Appointment1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`.`Admission_Appointment`
(`Admissiont_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Admission_Counter_Ward_Information1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Ward_Information_Ward_no` ,
`Ward_Information_Bed_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Ward_Information` (`Ward_no` ,

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`Bed_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Admission_Counter_Consultation_Prescription1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Consultation_Prescription`
(`Prescription_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

In this table before the going to admit in the ward the patient’s information should be
fill up in this table and all the patients have a specific admission no so, they can be
easily identified by the doctors, house officers and nurse.

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Table name: Doctor Patient Visit

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Doctor_patient_visit'(

`Nurse_no` INT NOT NULL,
`nurse_name` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Doctor_Doctor_id` INT NOT NULL,
`House_officer_House_officer_id` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Nurse_no`, `Doctor_Doctor_id`,
`House_officer_House_officer_id`),
INDEX `fk_Doctor_patient_visit_Doctor1_idx` (`Doctor_Doctor_id`
ASC) VISIBLE,
INDEX `fk_Doctor_patient_visit_House_officer1_idx`
(`House_officer_House_officer_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Doctor_patient_visit_Doctor1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Doctor_Doctor_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Doctor` (`Doctor_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Doctor_patient_visit_House_officer1`
FOREIGN KEY (`House_officer_House_officer_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `House_officer` (`House_officer_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

When the doctor’s visit the patients there will be a nurse and house officer so in this
table the doctor visit will be added.

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Table name: Discharge information

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Discharge_Information`

(
`Reference_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Date` DATE NOT NULL,
`Time` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Reference_no`,
`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no`),
INDEX `fk_Discharge_Information_Admission_Appointment1_idx`
(`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Discharge_Information_Admission_Appointment1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Admission_Appointment`
(`Admissiont_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

When the patients discharge from the hospital this table will be fill up and after that
they will be discharged.

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Table name: ICU information

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `ICU_Information` (

`ICU_officer_id` INT NOT NULL,
`Record_no` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Patient_Condition` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no` INT NOT NULL,
`House_officer_House_officer_id` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`ICU_officer_id`, `Record_no`,
`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no`,
`House_officer_House_officer_id`),
INDEX `fk_ICU_Information_Admission_Appointment1_idx`
(`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no` ASC) VISIBLE,
INDEX `fk_ICU_Information_House_officer1_idx`
(`House_officer_House_officer_id` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_ICU_Information_Admission_Appointment1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Admission_Appointment_Admissiont_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Admission_Appointment`
(`Admissiont_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
CONSTRAINT `fk_ICU_Information_House_officer1`
FOREIGN KEY (`House_officer_House_officer_id`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `House_officer` (`House_officer_id`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

If the patient admits to ICU the following information’s will be fill up and for the ICU
there is an officer head for the ICU department and this table has foreign keys like
admission no, house officer id and has a primary key named ICU officer id and has

int, varchar values

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Table name: Pharmacy information

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `NormanHospital`. `Pharmacy_Information` (

`Pharmacy_Customer_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Drugs` VARCHAR (45) NOT NULL,
`Discharge_Information_Reference_no` INT NOT NULL,
`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no` INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`Pharmacy_Customer_no`,
`Discharge_Information_Reference_no`,
`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no`),
INDEX `fk_Pharmacy_Information_Consultation_Prescription1_idx`
(`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no` ASC) VISIBLE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Pharmacy_Information_Discharge_Information1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Discharge_Information_Reference_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Discharge_Information`
(`Reference_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION,
CONSTRAINT `fk_Pharmacy_Information_Consultation_Prescription1`
FOREIGN KEY (`Consultation_Prescription_Prescription_no`)
REFERENCES `NormanHospital`. `Consultation_Prescription`
(`Prescription_no`)
ON DELETE NO ACTION
ON UPDATE NO ACTION)
ENGINE = InnoDB;

After discharge the patient need to take medicines so that when the patient go to
pharmacy the table will be fill up.

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Part 2.2 Privilege Matrix

MySQL is an open source database management software that helps users to store,
organize and retrieve data. It has lot of options to grant specific users nuanced
permissions within the tables and databases.

How To Grant Different User Permissions

Here is a short list of other common possible permissions that users can enjoy.

• ALL PRIVILEGES- as we saw previously, this would allow a MySQL user full
access to a designated database (or if no database is selected, global access
across the system).
• CREATE- allows them to create new tables or databases.
• DROP- allows them to them to delete tables or databases.
• DELETE- allows them to delete rows from tables.
• INSERT- allows them to insert rows into tables.
• SELECT- allows them to use the SELECT command to read through
databases.
• UPDATE- allow them to update table rows.
• GRANT OPTION- allows them to grant or remove other users' privileges.

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The users and privileges are used to administrate the privileges and if you are users
in the Norman hospital, you have several permissions such as delete, update and drop
so you can only do these permissions you can’t access other permissions like insert
etc. The user privileges will not allow you to do other privileges.

Figure 30:Previleges matrix

This the user’s privileges tab you can click this to create a new user and give that user
their privileges.

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Figure 31:Account limits

This tab will allow the users how many queries they can do their job and we can set
the account limits.
In the administration level of a system there are roles apply for every users and DBA
is the main role which means it can perform all works and other roles are applied for
specific tasks. It will make our system more accurate because never grant more
access to user accounts and the privileges are added according to their needs.

Figure 32:Privilege’s user and password

Sample picture of workbench when create user privileges.

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Figure 33:Previlege roles

This tab will allow to select the other users these are some privileges and decline
others when user select update privileges and use the insert privileges So, that they
can’t access other details.

Figure 34:Password previleges

This a user of Norman hospital and we use the password to access the database.

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Figure 35:Previlege actions

This privilege are allow to alter, drop but I need to change the table details it will have
some errors.

Figure 36:Previlege access denied

This is an error when alter drop column because drop column is not in my privileges.

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Part 2.2 Inner Join, Outer Join, Full Join

Inner Join

mysql> select A.first_name,B.drugs,C.doctor_name from patient as A

inner join doctor as C on A.doctor_doctor_id=C.doctor_id inner join
pharmacy_information as B on
B.discharge_information_doctor_id=C.doctor_id;

In this I select first name, drugs, doctor name from patient entity, doctor entity and
pharmacy entity.

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Left Outer Join

mysql> select
patient.first_name,patient.gender,consultation_prescription.disease
from patient left join patients_appointment on
patient.patient_id=patients_appointment.patient_patient_id left join
consultation_prescription on
consultation_prescription.patients_appointment_doctor_id=patients_ap
pointment.patient_doctor_doctor_id;

I used patient, consultation_prescription and patients_appointment tables to make left

outer join.

+------------+--------+--------------+
| first_name | gender | disease |
+------------+--------+--------------+
| Nirojan | Male | Chikunkuniya |
| Sanjsi | Male | Malaria |
| Antony | Male | Dengu |
| Mathu | Male | Fever |
| Prana | Male | LooseMotion |
| Anistan | Male | Aids |
| Anton | Male | NULL |
| Thaas | Male | NULL |
| Kunam | Male | NULL |
| Mohammad | Male | NULL |
| Mohammad | Male | NULL |
| Thananji | Male | NULL |
| Aravinthan | Male | NULL |
| Thiviyan | Male | NULL |
| Mayooran | Male | NULL |
| Prathap | Male | NULL |
| Shankavi | Female | NULL |
| Samitha | Female | NULL |
| Saranya | Female | NULL |
| king | Male | NULL |
| Delaselp | Male | NULL |
+------------+--------+--------------+
21 rows in set (0.11 sec)

mysql>

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Right Join

mysql> select
patient.first_name,patient.gender,consultation_prescription.disease
from patient right join patients_appointment on
patient.patient_id=patients_appointment.patient_patient_id right
join consultation_prescription on
consultation_prescription.patients_appointment_doctor_id=patients_ap
pointment.patient_doctor_doctor_id;

In this also I have chooses 3 tables and get this result.

+------------+--------+--------------+
| first_name | gender | disease |
+------------+--------+--------------+
| Nirojan | Male | Chikunkuniya |
| Sanjsi | Male | Malaria |
| Antony | Male | Dengu |
| Mathu | Male | Fever |
| Prana | Male | LooseMotion |
| Anistan | Male | Aids |
+------------+--------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

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Full Join

select patient.first_name,consultation_prescription.disease
-> from patient
-> left join consultation_prescription on
consultation_prescription.Patients_Patient_Patient_id
=patient.patient_id
-> union all
-> select patient.first_name,consultation_prescription.disease
-> from patient
-> left join consultation_prescription on
consultation_prescription.Patients_Patient_Patient_id=patient.patien
t_id;

Full join is a combination of right join and the left join and here is the output of full join.

+------------+--------------+
| first_name | disease |
+------------+--------------+
| Nirojan | Chikunkuniya |
| Sanjsi | Malaria |
| Antony | Dengu |
| Mathu | Fever |
| Prana | LooseMotion |
| Anistan | Aids |
| Anton | NULL |
| Thaas | NULL |
| Kunam | NULL |
| Mohammad | NULL |
| Mohammad | NULL |
| Thananji | NULL |
| Aravinthan | NULL |
| Thiviyan | NULL |
| Mayooran | NULL |
| Prathap | NULL |
| Shankavi | NULL |
| Samitha | NULL |
| Saranya | NULL |
| king | NULL |
| Delaselp | NULL |
| Nirojan | Chikunkuniya |
| Sanjsi | Malaria |
| Antony | Dengu |
| Mathu | Fever |
| Prana | LooseMotion |
| Anistan | Aids |
| Anton | NULL |

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| Thaas | NULL |
| Kunam | NULL |
| Mohammad | NULL |
| Mohammad | NULL |
| Thananji | NULL |
| Aravinthan | NULL |
| Thiviyan | NULL |
| Mayooran | NULL |
| Prathap | NULL |
| Shankavi | NULL |
| Samitha | NULL |
| Saranya | NULL |
| king | NULL |
| Delaselp | NULL |
+------------+--------------+
42 rows in set (0.10 sec)

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Insert, Update, Delete, Alter, Modify

Insert

mysql> insert into

patient(Patient_id,first_name,last_name,patient_age,gender,city,stre
et,patient_mobile_contact_no,patient_landline_no,doctor_doctor_id)
values(22,"Partheeban","Sinthu","31","Female","Chunnakam","Road
Street",0770343223,0215561201,1);

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Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)

In this patient table I inserted an entry as 22nd Patient_id you can see in the last row/

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Update

mysql> update house_officer set

house_officer_name="Gnanan",Working_time="Afternoon" where
house_officer_id=1111;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

In this table I update the name and working time of a worker holding id “1111”.

Delete

mysql> delete from file_info where file_no=001;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Alter

mysql> alter table patient add column status enum("Single","Married")

after last_name;
Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 22 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

In this table I alter patient table and add a column name status.

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Modify

mysql> alter table patient MODIFY Patient_age INT(15);

Query OK, 21 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 21 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

In this I have modified the patient table and change the varchar data type of age into
integer type.

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Minimum, Maximum, Average, Sum, Count

Minimum

mysql> select reference_no as Min_details_referenceno_drugs,

doctors_charge as OUTPUT_Min from discharge_information where
hospital_fees=(select Min(hospital_fees)from discharge_information);

I found the minimum reference numbers that discharges and minimum hospital fees
of Norman Hospital.

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Maximum

mysql> select reference_no as MAX_details_referenceno_drugs,

doctors_charge as OUTPUT_MAX from discharge_information where
hospital_fees=(select Max(hospital_fees)from discharge_information);

Average

mysql> select avg(hospital_fees) from discharge_information;

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mysql> select avg(hospital_fees) and avg(pharmacy_fees) from

discharge_information,pharmacy_information;

In this I find the average hospital fees of patients in the Norman Hospital.

Sum

mysql> select reference_no, format (sum(hospital_fees *

doctors_charge),2) total from discharge_information group by
reference_no order by sum(hospital_fees * doctors_charge)desc;

In this table I find the discharge patients reference numbers and calculate the fees of
a person when discharged from the hospital.

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DATABASE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

Count

mysql> select (select count (appointment_no) from patients_appointment) as

count_appointment, (select count(pharmacy_customer_no) from
pharmacy_information) as count_pharmacy;

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Display Ages Between 10 and 50.

mysql> select
first_name,last_name,dateofbirth,timestampdiff(year,dateofbirth,curd
ate())as age, city,patient_mobile_contact_no from patient where
timestampdiff(year,dateofbirth,curdate())between 10 and 50;

In this I derive the details and age from 10 and 50 from a single table.

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mysql> select
first_name,last_name,dateofbirth,timestampdiff(year,dateofbirth,curd
ate())as age,city,
doctor.doctor_name,patients_appointment.appointment_no from
patient,doctor,patients_appointment where
timestampdiff(year,dateofbirth,curdate())between 10 and 50;

In this table I derive the age information from patient, doctor and patient appointment.

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Stored Procedures

A stored procedure is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational

database management system. Such procedures are stored in the database data
dictionary. Uses for stored procedures include data-validation or access-control
mechanisms

In this I created Stored procedure for Doctors information. And these images are
clearly defined by the steps.

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View

I created a view on Norman view and it show some details.

And I created another view but there is no values and empty set.

mysql> create view norman_view as select

patient.first_name,consultation_prescription.prescription_no,doctor.
doctor_name from patient,consultation_prescription inner join doctor
on doctor.doctor_name=consultation_prescription.
Patients_Appointment_Doctor_id;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> select * from norman_view;

Empty set, 42 warnings (0.00 sec)

mysql>

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Trigger

Before Update Trigger

mysql> create table patient_audit(id int auto_increment primary key,

first_name varchar(30), doc_id int, changedat Datetime default null,
action varchar(50) default null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> delimiter $$
mysql> create trigger Before_Update_Patients
-> before update on patient
-> for each row
-> begin
-> insert into patient_audit
-> set action="update",
-> id=old.patient_id,
-> first_name=old.first_name,
-> changedat=now();
-> end$$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> desc patient;

-> desc patient;
-> end$$

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mysql> update patient set first_name="Albert" where patient_id=01;

-> end$$
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from patient_audit;

-> end$$
+----+------------+--------+---------------------+--------+
| id | first_name | doc_id | changedat | action |
+----+------------+--------+---------------------+--------+
| 1 | Nirojan | NULL | 2019-01-05 09:50:25 | update |
+----+------------+--------+---------------------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Before Update Trigger

mysql> create table patient_afteraudit(id int auto_increment primary

key, last_name varchar(50),doc_id int, changedat Datetime default
null,action varchar(50) default null);
-> end$$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> create trigger After_Update_Patients

-> after update on patient
-> for each row
-> begin
-> insert into patient_afteraudit
-> set action="update",
-> id=old.patient_id,
-> last_name=old.first_name,
-> changedat=now();
-> end$$
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)

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mysql> update patient set first_name="Anton" where patient_id=02;

-> end$$
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from patient_afteraudit;

-> end$$
+----+-----------+--------+---------------------+--------+
| id | last_name | doc_id | changedat | action |
+----+-----------+--------+---------------------+--------+
| 2 | Sanjsi | NULL | 2019-01-05 10:07:19 | update |
+----+-----------+--------+---------------------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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L03

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Part 3.1: Explain the Data Validation & Verification Process.

Data validation and verification are very important in the software industry. It’s mainly
used to avoid the duplicate and wrong data entry in the data basis. The software
systems basically maintained to use in the organizations, companies and shops to
schedule the jobs in the easier manner. Verification and validation identify the
important errors or flaws.

The main concept of verifications is “Are we building the product, right?” and validation
is “are we building the right product?”. The software industries carried out many
projects like management systems and these management related systems are
implemented as web based and window based. In this application data validation part
is very important and there are so many validation methods are carried out by the
developers.

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Data Verification
Data verification is the process of evaluating the completeness, correct and
conformance of a specific data set by various methods.

The project leaders, QA manager, laboratory director, air monitoring personal assist
and the everyone who are participating in the production of data.
Steps of Verification

• Identify the needs, records and technical specifications – Logbooks, Electronic

data.
• Compare records and data documentation against the method and
requirements – quality assurance project plan and standard operating
procedure.

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Outputs of Verification

• Verified Data.
• Data Verified Record – certification statement that should be signed by the
responsible person and it also identify the non-compliance issues.

The data verification process involves the inspection, analysis, and acceptance of the
field data or samples and these inspections can take the form of technical systems
audits that is internal or external or frequent inspections by field operators and lab

technicians.

These are some of the sample questions ask during the process of verification.

01. Were the environmental data operations performed according to the governing
those operations?

02. Were the environmental data operations performed on the correct time and
date originally specified?

03. Did the sampler or monitor perform correctly.

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Data Validation

Data validation is the routine process designed to ensure that reported values meet
the goals of the environmental data operations and data validation is further defined
as examination and provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements
for a specific intended use are fulfilled.

The systematic approach of data validation is used to ensure and assess the quality
of data. The purpose of data validation is to detect and then verify any data values that
may not represent actual air quality conditions at the sampling station. The effective
data validation procedures usually are handled completely independently from the
procedures of initial data collection.

Flags are used alone or in combination to invalidate samples. Specially the appropriate
null data flags be used in place of any routine values that are invalidated. This provides
some indications to data users and data quality assessors to the reasons why data
that was expected to be collected was missing.

There are so many methods such as

• Required field validation

• Range validation
• Compare validation
• Regular expression validation
• Custom validation
• Field validation
• Property validation

These validation methods are very important to develop a software and but mainly
managed systems focus on following validations such as

• Empty field validations

• Numeric field validations
• Text field validation
• Email address validation
• Range validation
• Compare validation

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Most important point is Data validator must not be the person who developed or
producing the data.

Steps of Validation

• Collect verification records and other needed records – Instrument and Site
logbooks.
• Review of the records to determine the quality of data – were the project meet
the needs.

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Outputs of Validation

• Validated Data.
• Data Validation Report.

All data when it initially entered into the system should be checked for errors so that
bad data does not get put into permanent disk files. “Garbage In”, “Garbage Out” this
process of error checking is called validating or editing.

• Validation and. Verification were most important to maintain the proper

database and the most important validation method needs to improve the
database management system. The login form was very important in the
system for the security of the entire system and this contains so many
validations such as empty field, range and compare validations.

• Login boxes are given text box for the users for the user id, password and
button for login and cancellation. The user will access the data when the correct
information given.

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T.NO Action Input Expected Actual Test Test

Result Output Result Command
01 Insert Patient table Patient id Value Should Value Value is Pass
in INT value be add added added.
and show
the
column
02 Update Update the date in the Value should Error Value is not Invalid Test
table discharge not be message added.
information as added. shown in
2018.03.12 date
added
format

03 Insert Insert double values in Value Should Shows the Value Pass
discharge table. be added. values. added.

04 Delete Delete a foreign key in Value should Value Error result. Error
doctors visit. be deleted. should not
delete.

05 update Update only doctor id Value should Value No value Invalid Test
value in doctor table. not be should not added.
added. add.

06 Delete Delete a row in patient Row should No values Get Invalid Test
Row table be deleted deleted. unexpected
result.

07 Insert Insert ward number in Value should Value Get Pass

table be inserted. added expected
result.

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Part 3.2: Error Report

Error report is used to indicate the problems that are faced during the made up of
database system and used to make the system more reliable and accurate.

Common Data Errors

We need to consider about some common errors because that are make the system
difficult. Examples of some common errors in database system.

Name

• First and Last name are not normally the same.

• No numerals in name fields.
• Suffixes not in last name field.
• First name is not “Husband,” “Wife,” “Man,” “Woman,” “Boy,” “Girl,” Child”,
“Baby,” “Baby Girl,” “Baby Boy” or similar.
• Always confirm the spelling of client first and last names.
• Legal first name (do not add nicknames in “quotes” – those are not searchable
elements, add a nickname to the Alias field).

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I have faced so many problems when forward engineer. First, I created the tables and
details through the workbench and forward engineer that but it was showing the
message completed with the errors.

This error was found lots of time because I’m using workbench in MacOS so that some
syntax like Visible error appear so after that I delete visible in all my coding’s after that
is worked.

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Minimum Error

mysql> select * pharmacy_customer_no,drugs,pharmacy_fees from

pharmacy_information where pharmacy_fees=(select min(pharmacy_fees) from
pharmacy_information;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near
'pharmacy_customer_no,drugs,pharmacy_fees from pharmacy_information where
pharmac' at line 1
mysql> select * pharmacy_customer_no,drugs,pharmacy_fees from
pharmacy_information where pharmacy_fees=(select min(pharmacy_fees) from
pharmacy_information);
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near
'pharmacy_customer_no,drugs,pharmacy_fees from pharmacy_information where
pharmac' at line 1

This is a small error found when I get the minimum pharmacy fees then I solved out it.
The reason for the error is I put * symbol near the select.

mysql> select pharmacy_customer_no,drugs,pharmacy_fees from

pharmacy_information where pharmacy_fees=(select min(pharmacy_fees) from
pharmacy_information);

+----------------------+-----------+---------------+
| pharmacy_customer_no | drugs | pharmacy_fees |
+----------------------+-----------+---------------+
| 101 | Vitamin C | 1200 |
+----------------------+-----------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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Alter Table Error

mysql> alter table patient MODIFY Patient_age=int(15);

ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that
corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '=int(15)'
at line 1

This error I found when I change the details by modifying the patient table and the
reason for the error is I put the = sign in between the datatype and name. After that I
solved out that.

mysql> alter table patient MODIFY Patient_age INT(15);

Query OK, 21 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 21 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

Database Error
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| NormanHospital |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use normanhospitl;

ERROR 1049 (42000): Unknown database 'normanhospitl'

This error when I choose the database to implement the database and error comes
out because I made some spelling mistakes for the database name “normanhospital”
as “normanhospitl”. After that I solved out it.

mysql> mysql> use normanhospital;

Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed

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Sum Error

mysql> select reference_no, format (sum(hospital_fees * doctors_charge),2) total

from fees group by reference_no order by sum(hospital_fees * doctors_charge)desc;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'normanhospital.fees' doesn't exist

When I want to find the sum of two calculations there is an error appear that because
the fees table does not exist. After that I solved out it.

mysql> select reference_no, format (sum(hospital_fees * doctors_charge),2) total

from discharge_information group by reference_no order by sum(hospital_fees *
doctors_charge)desc;
+--------------+---------------+
| reference_no | total |
+--------------+---------------+
| 22 | 45,000,000.00 |
| 21 | 40,000,000.00 |
| 24 | 26,250,000.00 |
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Delete Error

mysql> delete from doctor where Doctor_id=001;

ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint
fails (`normanhospital`.`hospital_ward_admission`, CONSTRAINT
`fk_Admission_Appointment_Doctor1` FOREIGN KEY (`Doctor_Doctor_id`)
REFERENCES `Doctor` (`Doctor_id`) ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO
AC)

This error when I want to delete a detail from the doctor table the error says that can’t
delete the parent row. So I solved it.

mysql> delete from file_info where file_no=001;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

These are the error I faced when producing the databases and these errors are make
the database system more reliable and comfort to use.

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Part 4.1: Produce a user and Technical Manual.

Documentation is about documents, which communicate information. Those

documents

provide information for and about a certain object, process or topic. Documentation
can be presented in an interactive manner, which increases ease of use.

Technical Manual

technical software documentation includes: requirement specifications, design

(architectural) documents, source code comments, test documents and defect (bug)
reports.

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Data Types and Primary Key, Foreign Keys

In this program there are lots of data types like integer, varchar, float, double, date,
time, enum and etc. The foreign keys are used in lot of tables to derive information
from one table to another table. All tables has a primary key and some primary key
like Patient_id, doctor_id are act as foreign keys in many tables. Because most of the
tables want to derive informations from the tables by foreign keys.

Primary Key Symbol –

Foreign Key Symbol - …………………

Procedures & Triggers

I created some stored procedures like for doctor table you can view in database and
for the protection of the database I have created user privilege named as
NormanHospital.

I created the before update and after update triggers to keep the security of the system
more flexible. So, if you update any information on the tables it will be added after
update audit table and before update trigger table by triggers.

User Manual

Software user documentation is as old as software development itself. The actual

users of
software systems need information on how to interact with the software system and
know
how to accomplish their tasks efficiently. These aspects and the fact that
documentation
often varies in quality and structure have leads to research and also the development
of
standards around documentation.

It is essential for user documentation to fit the user’s needs. An audience analysis
has
to be done. t is obviously important to capture the purpose of the database system.

Furthermore, the documentation has to capture the work flows which accomplish the
various tasks of the domain and what to do in case of errors (troubleshooting). It should

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guide the user on the way of accomplishing certain tasks with the database system.
Another approach
is to explain the database system itself.

Steps of Installing MySQL

Step 1: Download MySQL

Download MySQL from dev.mysql.com/downloads/.

Step 2: Open and Run MySQL

Press Run to Start the configuration and this popup show the location where the mysql
will install.

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Step 3: Check Physical Require

Here you choose what you want to do. You can install MySQL products, inquire about
MySQL, or check physical resource components. Provided you installed the pre
requisites listed above, you should be prepared to install MySQL Products. Click
the Install MySQL Products ink to proceed or one of the others to explore.

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Step 4: MySQL Servers and Products Installation

Some of the are we need to press next only and after that this step will appear. Installer
screen performs displays the products that it’ll install, which are listed below and available in
the full image to the left. Click the Execute button to install the products.

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Step 5: User name and Password

In this page we can set the specific account password and keep our account secure.

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Step 5: Completion

After the execution of MySQL products some steps appear press only next and after
that the installation will complete and you can start using it.

My SQL Table:

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Part 4.2: Future Improvements.

The improvement on the database system will be more flexible and data will be easier
to access and use. More processing will be done on the edge to facilitate real time
computations and decision making.

It’s very important for our database community to understand these changes and
embrace them, because otherwise they are swept away in the future.

The database systems in the future are going to be very different than what we have
today.

• Making data easier to use. Data allows us to learn faster. Gather data
implicitly by watching what people do.\

• Real-time computation, less off-line computation. Rather than pre-

computing a recommendation off line there will be a lot more real-time
responsiveness.

• Big Data Linked to Existing Data - Companies generate big data when
pursuing strategies such as the Internet of Things, or tracking web clickstream
data for customer trends. But the deep insights come from blending that new
big data with data companies already have.

• Complete Data Protection - When disk-based database backups came on the

scene about a decade ago, they brought two big advances over tape: more
accessibility to data and deduplication that reduced the volume of data and
that’s where it stopped in the last decade. The expectation will be that data
backups happen constantly, in real time, so that data never gets lost.

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Conclusion

I got the knowledge about the database systems, future improvements and some
methods in mysql like Creating Prototypes and some exercises like example minimum,
finding age, average, create trigger, join many tables etc. finally all above I have got
some ideas of creating one database management and Adobe XD. I think I have got
expected output in this assignment. thank you.

A. Stany Nirojan.

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References

dev.mysql, 2018. https://dev.mysql.. [Online] Available at:

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/workbench/en/wb-news-5-2-10.html [Accessed 4
01 2018].

google, Available at: [Accessed 04 01 2018].

2018. /www.researchgate.net. [Online]

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318204712_Data_Verification_and_Validati
on_Process_in_the_Management_System_Development

google, 2018. blog.stibosystems. [Online] Available at:

https://blog.stibosystems.com/5-ways-to-improve-your-data-management [Accessed
04 01 2018].

google, 2018. Epa.gov. [Online] Available at:

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-10/documents/approach_to_data.pdf
[Accessed 04 01 2018].

http://www.dbta.com/, 2018. BigDataQuarterly. [Online] Available at:

http://www.dbta.com/BigDataQuarterly/Articles/The-Database-Technologies-of-
the-Future-109659.aspx
[Accessed 04 01 2018].

google, 2018. sitepoint.com. [Online] Available at: https://www.sitepoint.com/how-to-

install-mysql/ [Accessed 04 01 2018].

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